词汇学知识点总结
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习(C1-C7)Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form(最小的自由形式)(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity(meaning)(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.(具有句法功能)二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说,词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical(正字的)record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因:①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化,书写标准化。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说,掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中,我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料,帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位,是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中,词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如,英语中的词汇主要由字母组成,而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成,可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如,单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”(表示否定)和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成,可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如,汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”,表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类,例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念,动词用来表示动作或状态,形容词用来描述人或事物的特征,副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,代词用来代替名词,介词用来表示位置、时间或方式,连词用来连接词语或句子,感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如,可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类;将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类;将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如,可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词,它们在句子中起到实际的意义;虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词,它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中,词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类:英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词,是能独立存在并具有词义的词类;虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词,是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。
2.词根与词缀:英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀,词根是词的核心部分,词缀是附加在词根上的,可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。
3.词义:英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。
词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。
4.词汇建构:英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。
合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词,派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词,转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词,缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。
5.词汇变化:英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。
词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。
6.外借词:英语词汇中存在大量的外借词,这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。
外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。
7.同源词:英语词汇中存在一些同源词,这些词源于同一词根或词源,并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。
了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。
8.词汇扩展:英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展,即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。
词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。
这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点,通过对这些知识点的学习和理解,可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。
词汇学知识点
词汇学知识点词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究词汇的形态、构词法、含义、语法功能和使用规律等方面的知识。
词汇学知识点有助于我们更深入地了解语言的结构和规律,提高我们的语言运用能力和沟通能力。
下面将就词汇学的一些重要知识点进行详细介绍。
1. 词汇的分类根据词性的不同,词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同种类。
名词是表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的词,如“学校”、“朋友”;动词是表示动作或状态的词,如“看”、“跑”;形容词是用来描述名词或代词的性质或特征的词,如“美丽”、“聪明”;副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词,如“很”、“非常”。
2. 词汇的构词法构词法是指词汇的构成规律和方法。
词汇可以通过加前缀、后缀、派生、复合、缩略、转化等方式形成新词。
比如,“美”+“丽”=“美丽”;“快”+“速”=“快速”;“快速”+“度”=“快速度”。
3. 词汇的含义词汇的含义是指词汇所代表的概念或事物。
词汇的含义可以根据词义的延伸、转义、比喻、象征等方式进行词义推论。
比如,“明星”原指天空中的星星,后引申为受人尊敬或崇拜的人。
4. 词汇的语法功能词汇在句子中具有不同的语法功能,如名词可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语等;动词可以表示主谓关系、宾语关系、状语关系等;形容词和副词可以修饰名词或代词等。
5. 词汇的使用规律词汇在语言运用中有一定的使用规律,比如词的搭配、语法环境、语言风格等。
正确地运用词汇有助于提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性。
通过以上对词汇学知识点的介绍,我们可以更系统地了解词汇在语言中的作用和重要性,进一步提高我们的语言水平和表达能力。
希望大家都能在学习词汇学知识点的过程中取得更好的成绩,展现自己在语言运用方面的能力。
【正文结束】。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form:不统一的四个原因(1)the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each other(2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years(3)some of the difference were creates by the early scribes(4)the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary词汇Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary词语分类Classification of English Words:1.By use frequency: basic word stock & non basic vocabulary基本词汇的特征:1)All-National character(全民通用性most important)2)Stability3)Productivity(多产性) 4)Polysemy(多义性)5)Collocability(可搭配性)没有上述特征的词:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon(行话)(3)slang(俚语)(4)Argot(暗语)(5)Dialectal words (6)Archaisms(古语) (7) Neologisms(新词语):Neologisms2.By notion: content words实词 & functional words虚词3.By origin: native words & borrowed wordsNative words(本族语词): Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)1) denizens(同化词,融入英语): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens(非同化词/外来词,可以看出源头): kowtow3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see / tofu4) semantic loans(借义词):they are not borrowed withreference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed pioneer本指开拓者,先引申为先锋。
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究的是词汇的形成、结构和意义等方面的问题。
在学习英语等外语的过程中,词汇是其中一个重要的组成部分。
下面,本文将对词汇学的一些知识点进行总结与归纳。
一、词的形态学词的形态学是词汇学中必须掌握的一个重要方面,主要包括词的构词法、屈折变化和派生变化等。
词的构词法指的是如何通过组合原有的词来创造新词,包括派生法、合成法、缩略法、转化法等。
屈折变化指根据语法要求,变化词的形态以表示不同的格、时、数、性等。
派生变化则指通过在原有词基础上添加字母或词缀等来产生新的词。
掌握词的形态学是很有必要的,因为它和词汇的理解和使用密切相关。
二、词的分类在英语中,词可以根据其不同的语法特征被归为不同的类别,常见的类别包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
不同的词在句子中扮演着不同的角色,掌握各类别之间的区别以及它们在句子中的作用,可以帮助我们更好地理解和表达语言。
三、词义词义是从语言学的角度定义词的意义,包括原义和引申义。
原义指的是一个词最基本的意思,而引申义则是在原义基础上经过延伸、扩展而得到的新意义。
同一个词的不同意义和语言环境等也会导致其含义的变化,例如“bank”既可以表示银行,也可以表示河岸等。
在学习外语的过程中,掌握词义是十分重要的。
四、词汇的学习方法词汇的学习是英语学习中最基础也最重要的部分之一,因此选择适合自己的学习方法对于提高词汇量、扩大词汇面积至关重要。
常用的学习方法包括反复背诵、积累单词簿、整理词根词缀、阅读和听力等。
在学习方法上,以选择适合自己和有用的方法为主,同时注意与语言运用的联系,不断地推广和实践。
五、词汇的应用掌握了词汇学的知识和学习方法后,其实就迈出了学习英语的第一步。
在实际运用中,如何运用得当也是至关重要的环节。
为了提高语言的流利度,需要在口语和书面语两个方面加强实践,增强实际运用能力。
另外,可以较晚多在社交网络等平台上与外国人联系,使用所学的词汇,将知识应用到实际交流之中,效果更佳。
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习(C1-C7)Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form(最小的自由形式)(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity(meaning)(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.(具有句法功能)二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说,词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical(正字的)record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因:①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化,书写标准化。
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是研究词汇的学科,它是语言学的一个重要分支,涉及了语言的构成、变化和使用等方面。
词汇学对于语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义,它不仅可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言知识,还可以帮助我们提高语言运用能力。
在这篇文章中,我们将对词汇学的知识点进行总结,帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一学科。
一、词的定义和分类词是语言中的最小意义单位,是构成句子和表达意思的基本单位。
按照在句子中的功能和语法特征,词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等,它们能够表示具体的事物或抽象的概念;虚词包括代词、连词、介词、助词等,它们通常用来连接或修饰实词,没有明确的词义。
二、词汇的构成词汇的构成是指词的组成方式和形态特征。
在词汇的构成中,我们可以看到一些常见的构词法,如前缀、后缀、派生、合成、转化等。
通过这些构词法,我们可以对词汇进行灵活组合和创造,丰富语言的表达能力。
1.前缀前缀是指加在词根前面的一个字,可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如,“un-”表示否定,“re-”表示再次,“pre-”表示在前面等。
2.后缀后缀是指加在词根后面的一个字,同样可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如,“-ing”表示进行时,“-ful”表示充满的意思,“-ment”表示名词化等。
3.派生派生是指通过词根和词缀的组合来创造和衍生新的词。
比如,“happy”是一个形容词,通过加上“-ness”后缀就可以派生出名词“happiness”。
4.合成合成是指两个或多个词汇组合在一起,形成一个新的词。
比如,“blackboard”由“black”和“board”两个实词组合而成。
5.转化转化是指一个词汇的词类发生改变,但词形不变。
比如,“work”可以作为动词,也可以作为名词,它的词形都不发生变化。
词汇的构成方式是多种多样的,通过学习这些构词法,我们可以更好地理解和掌握词汇的形态特征,有助于提高我们的语言表达能力。
三、词汇的语义特征语义是指词汇所携带的意义,它是语言交流和理解的基础。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科,主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。
以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。
1. 词汇分类:英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。
原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇,而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。
2. 词根、前缀和后缀:许多英语单词都有共同的词根,通过添加前缀和后缀,可以构成各种派生词。
例如,'un-'是一个常见的前缀,表示否定,如'unhappy'(不快乐)。
3. 同义词和反义词:同义词具有相似的意思,可以在不同的上下文中互换使用,例如'big'和'large'。
反义词则是意思相反的词汇,如'hot'和'cold'。
4. 合成词:合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。
例如,'sunflower'(向日葵)由'sun'(太阳)和'flower'(花)组成。
5. 词源学:词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。
许多英语单词来自其他语言,如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。
了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。
6. 词义的变化:词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。
一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。
例如,'mouse'(老鼠)最初是指一种小动物,现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。
7. 词汇的语法功能:词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色,如名词、动词、形容词等。
了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。
8. 语义关系:词汇之间存在各种语义关系,如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。
了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量,提高语言表达能力。
9. 词汇的习得和记忆:习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。
采用合适的记忆方法,如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等,可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。
以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!1. 词汇分类:动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、代词、介词、数词等。
2. 词性转换:同一单词的不同词性有不同的用法和含义,如:think(动词)和thought(名词),slowly(副词)和slow(形容词)。
3. 词义辨析:同一单词有不同的含义,如:bank可以指银行,也可以指河岸。
4. 词源研究:研究单词的来源和变化过程,了解其背后的文化、历史和社会等方面的知识。
词汇学的基本知识
词汇学的基本知识词汇学是研究词语的学问,它是传统语言学(语法、语音、词汇)的一个分支。
词汇学的主要研究的内容是:词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系(同音、同义、反义等)。
一、什么是词词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位,它具有固定的语音形式。
汉语词的划分有一定的困难,因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。
就“独立运用”而言,许多虚词和量词是不能独立运用的。
于是增加了一条补充,一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去,剩写的也是词。
如:“我把这本书包了个书皮。
”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。
汉语中词和短语的界限也不很清楚。
一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。
能插入的是短语,不能插入的是词(意义不能变)。
比如:钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。
“钢笔”不能插入词,“白菜”插入后意思变了,它们肯定是词。
“白布”可以插入且意思不变,可以做为短语。
“吃饭”可以插入,“鸡蛋”可以插入,但“鸡蛋”的频度很高,可以把它做为词。
睡觉可以插入,但两个语素的组合是固定的,把这类词做为离合词(理发、洗澡、打仗等)。
一个语素(有意义的汉字)能独立运用就是词。
(米、吃、红、个、从)两个语素组合后,意义不是它们的简单相加,就是词。
(钢笔、金鱼、)两个语素组合后,不能扩展插入词,就是词。
(钢笔,白菜)两个语素组合后,虽能扩展插入词,但它们是不能用别的语素替换的,则是一种特殊的词——离合词。
两个语素组合后,虽能扩展插入词,但它们的使用频度很高,且大家约定俗成认为它是词。
(“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语)。
综上所述,汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。
人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念,词是反映概念的,但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。
比如,“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念,“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。
二、现代汉语词汇的构成词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。
英语词汇学汪榕培知识点
英语词汇学汪榕培知识点汪榕培是一位著名的英语词汇学家,他在英语词汇学领域有着丰富的知识和研究成果。
以下是一些关于英语词汇学的知识点,涵盖了汪榕培的研究内容:1. 词汇的定义,汪榕培认为,词汇是语言的基本单位,是由音、形、义三个方面组成的。
他强调了词汇在语言中的重要性,指出词汇是语言的核心和基础。
2. 词汇的分类,汪榕培将英语词汇分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词,用来表示具体的事物、行为和属性。
虚词包括介词、连词、冠词和代词,用来连接、修饰和限定实词的意义。
3. 词汇的构成,汪榕培研究了英语词汇的构成方式,包括派生、合成、转化和缩略等。
他指出,通过这些构词方式,可以创造出大量的新词汇,并丰富语言的表达能力。
4. 词义的演变,汪榕培关注了英语词汇的词义演变问题。
他研究了词义的扩展、缩小、转义等现象,揭示了词义变化的原因和规律。
他认为,词义的演变是语言发展的重要方面。
5. 词汇的语法功能,汪榕培探讨了词汇在句子中的语法功能。
他研究了词汇的句法位置、词序、语法关系等问题,揭示了词汇与句子结构的关系,对句子的理解和构建具有重要意义。
6. 词汇的语用功能,汪榕培关注了词汇在交际中的语用功能。
他研究了词汇的语用意义、语用规约和语用推理等问题,揭示了词汇在语言交际中的作用和影响。
7. 词汇的教学应用,汪榕培的研究成果对英语词汇教学具有指导意义。
他提出了一些教学方法和策略,帮助学习者更好地掌握和运用词汇,提高语言表达能力。
以上是关于英语词汇学的一些知识点,涵盖了汪榕培的研究内容。
英语词汇学是一个广阔而有趣的领域,通过深入学习和研究,我们可以更好地理解和运用英语词汇。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成:单词由不同的字母组合而成,可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。
2.词根和词义:词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分,在单词形态变化
时不会改变。
词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。
词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加,以及音变等形式进行变化。
3.前缀和后缀:前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母,可以改
变单词的意义或词类。
后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母,可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。
4.同义词和反义词:同义词是意义相近或相同的词,可以在表达时相
互替换。
反义词则是意义相反的词,通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。
5.词义的变化:词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化,有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。
6.词义的分类:词义可以分为字面意义(词义的最基本的意义)、引
申义(从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义)和隐喻义(使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念)。
7.词义的搭配:词义可以和其他词搭配使用,形成固定的词组或短语,这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。
8.词法关系:词汇学研究不同词之间的关系,如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。
9.词源学:词源学研究词语的起源和发展,并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。
10.词汇扩充:词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量,如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法,以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。
词汇学第二章知识点总结
词汇学第二章知识点总结第一节语言单位1. 语言单位:词、词组、句子和语法结构词:语言的最小单位词组:由几个词构成的语言单位句子:由词或词组构成的具有完整意义的语言单位语法结构:句子的组织形式,包括层次结构、句子成分、语法关系等2. 词的构成词素:构成词的最小语音和语义单位,可以独立存在或在词中进行构词词根:词的核心,在构词中起着基本作用词缀:附着在词根上,用于构成新词或改变词的词类、意义等词素内部结构:构成词素的内部组合形式3. 词的分类词的词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词和介词词的形式:词的屈折、派生、合成等形式第二节词的意义和词的结构1. 词的意义词义:词语所标示的概念、概括和概念内的发展词语义变化:词义的泛化、特指和引申等变化词的义位:构成词义的回路和成分词的词义关系:近义词、异义词和词义关系2. 词的结构词汇结构:构成词的词素和语音等结构形式词的成分结构:构成复词的内部词结构词语构词法:构成词的词缀、合成等构词手段第三节词义关系和词义演变1. 词义关系上下位关系:词义之间的概括和被概括关系同类词关系:在特定范畴或范围内词义之间的同类关系词语义联系:在使用中词义之间的联系和联系表达2. 词义演变词义的演变:在历史发展和使用中词义的变化和扩展词义变化类型:词义的泛化、转移、借代、内涵、外延等变化类型词义变化因素:历史、社会、文化、语言接触等诸多因素第四节词在句法中的功能和语意1. 词的句法功能词的句法功能:在句中词所承担的成分和功能句法结构:构成句子的各种句法成分的组织形式2. 词的语义特征词的语义特征:词的语义属性和特别意义词的意义转换:词义在句法中的隐喻、比喻、借代和辞让等转换方式词义在句法中的表现:词义在句中所呈现的语义特征和语义表达第五节词汇的心理基础1. 词汇的心理组织词的心理存储:词的存储方式和内部心理结构词汇记忆:词的认知和记忆方式及其规律词的心理连接:词之间在心理中的联结和联系2. 词汇的心理活动词的心理组织:词的认知、思维、理解、表达等心理活动词的心理过程:词的产生、使用、决策、回忆、判断等心理过程第六节词汇习得和使用1. 词汇的习得语言习得:语言学习者获取和掌握词汇的过程词汇习得理论:第一语言习得和第二语言习得的理论及其实践词汇习得策略:词汇习得过程中的学习策略和方法2. 词汇的使用词汇的应用范畴:词汇在语言和交际中的各种应用范畴和方式词汇的使用规律:词汇在使用中的频率、变化、地域差异等规律词汇的使用技巧:词汇使用中的技巧、技能、风格等第七节词汇学的理论和研究方法1. 词汇学的理论词汇研究理论:词汇研究的主流理论和方法词汇学派别:各种词汇学派别对词汇研究的探索和发展词汇发展趋势:未来词汇研究的方向、趋势、发展和应用2. 词汇学的研究方法词汇的研究方法:词汇的描述、分析、解释的研究方法和手段词汇的实证研究:词汇在使用中的实证研究方法和技术词汇的应用研究:词汇在语言学、教育学、心理学等领域的应用研究以上是词汇学第二章的知识点总结。
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。
它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律,旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇,我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。
第一部分:英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言,人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。
最初,人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物,逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。
1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加,语言发生了演变和变异。
英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段,包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等,每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。
第二部分:英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分,它通常具有基本含义,并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。
例如,"write"是一个词根,可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite",通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。
2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前,用于改变词的意义或形态。
常见的前缀包括"un-"(表示否定)、"re-"(表示再次)等。
例如,"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐,"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。
2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后,用于改变词的类别或形态。
常见的后缀包括"-er"(表示职业或性别)、"-able"(表示能力或性质)等。
例如,"act"变为"actor"表示演员,"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。
第三部分:英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性,包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意:笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的,这些是绝对的基础,应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总,再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别,主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German,’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand,the same sound /rait/ can mean right,rite and write,though denoting different things,yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d). Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency,by notion,by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1). Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character (most important)– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action,size,domain,state numerals,pronouns,prep. ,conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life,they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative,some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight – past electricity,machine,car,plane ——now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football,footage,footpath,footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart, a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line,ballpark figures,bargaining chips,hold him back,hold him in,paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread,grass and pot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener,dip,persuader cant,jargon ,argot are associated with,or most available to,specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse,monitor2). Content word (notional word)– denote clear notions.Functional word (empty word,form word)– do not have notions of their own,express the relation between notions,words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3). Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words,50,000-60,000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style (not stylistical specific )2. 2.frequent in use (in academic fields and science French,Latin or Greek are used)(usage 70-90%)Borrowed words (loan words,borrowing)– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing,we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus(L)shift,change,shirt,pork cup from cuppa(L)2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor(F)blitzkreeg(G)emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1). Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal(L)black humor from humor noir long time no see,surplus value,master piece2). Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak(Russ)lama from lama(Tib)ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent,sassy,cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family (Europe,the Near East,India)It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History (时间,历史事件,特征)1)Old English (450-1150)totally 50,000-60,000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts,the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles,Saxons and Jutes and their language,Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century,the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words bycombining two native words. In the 9th century,many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English,our daily life and speech.特点:highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes (full ending)2)Middle English (1150-1500)English,Latin,FrenchUntil 1066,although there were borrowings from Latin,the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century,English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点:fewer inflections leveled ending3)Modern English (1500-up to now)early modern English (1500-1700)late modern English(1700-up to now)The Renaissance(the early period),Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization,British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe,thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II,many new words have been created to express new ideas,inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions,and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English,word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点:ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development(英语发展的三个主要方式:创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词)1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.(played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times)4. (Reviving archaic or obsolete)French 30%,Latin 8%,Japanese Italian 7%,Spanish 6%,German Greek 5%,Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. (The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.)*2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph(词素变体)——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s)has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context,e.g. in cats/s/,in bags/z/,in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences,e.g. cat,walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words,e.g. recollection (re+collect+ion)collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. (include bound root and affix)Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example:it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root,but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before)we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
词汇学期末复习各章知识点
Chapter one The basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.1 The definition of a word(1)一个最小的自由形态(2)一个发音的集合体(3)一个意义单位(4)能独自影响句子的形式因此,我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式,拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”1.2 vocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The general estimate of the English vocabulary is over one million words.1.3Sound and meaning词语是一个符号,代表着世界上其他的事物。
每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人,事,地方,特性,过程,行动,当然是在语言系统之外。
这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的,并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系。
”1.4 sound and form在古英语中,口语比今天更忠实地代表书面语,但随着语言的发展,越来越多的不同出现在口语和书面语之间。
有以下几点原因:1.内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母,罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音,因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
2.另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快,在一些时候还拉开了距离。
在最近五百年里,尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化,却没有相应的拼写变化。
Another reason for this is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3.第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同Those scribes had made some change to the word spelling4.到1500年年末,印刷已经变得非常普及。
语文词汇学知识点梳理
语文词汇学知识点梳理语文词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,它主要研究词汇的构成、分类、意义和使用规律等方面的知识。
掌握语文词汇学知识点对于学习和理解语言的运用具有重要意义。
本文将从构词法、词义、词汇选择和词汇运用等方面,对语文词汇学的一些基本知识点进行梳理。
一、构词法1.词根:词根是构成词汇的最基本的语素,它是词汇的核心。
例如,动词“走”是“步行”的词根。
2.词缀:词缀是附加在词根前缀或后缀的语素,可以改变词的词性、词义或语法功能。
例如,“不”是一个前缀,用于表示否定,“可”是一个前缀,用于表示可能性。
3.合成:合成是通过词根、词缀或其他成分的组合形成新词的过程。
例如,“读书”是由动词“读”和名词“书”合成而成的动词短语。
二、词义1.词义辨析:在语文学习中,我们经常会遇到一些词义相近但用法不同的词汇,如“坚固”和“牢固”。
了解和辨析这些词汇的词义,有助于我们正确使用它们。
2.词义扩展:有些词汇在使用过程中会出现词义的扩展,即原本指代一个具体的事物,后来泛指相关的事物。
例如,动词“吃”最初指的是进食,后来扩展为指消耗、接受等。
三、词汇选择1.同义词:同义词是指在词义上相近或相同的词汇。
在写作中,我们可以根据需要选择适当的同义词,以丰富表达。
2.反义词:反义词是指在词义上相反的词汇。
通过使用反义词,我们可以对比事物的不同方面,使写作更加生动。
四、词汇运用1.词语搭配:词语搭配是指在语言表达中,某些词汇常常与特定的词语搭配使用。
例如,“惊喜”常常与“带来”搭配使用,形成“带来惊喜”的固定搭配。
2.词语搭配的规范性:在语言运用中,一些词语搭配有一定的规范性,需要遵循特定的搭配规则。
例如,动词“走”在表示方式时,应该与副词“步”搭配,而不是与“步伐”搭配。
以上是语文词汇学的一些基本知识点梳理。
通过掌握这些知识,我们可以更好地理解和运用词汇,提高语文水平。
同时,在学习过程中,我们也需要多加实践和运用,通过读书、写作等方式不断积累和扩展自己的词汇量,提高语言表达能力。
英语词汇学知识点概括总结
英语词汇学知识点概括总结
一、英语词汇学概述
英语词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究的是词汇的形成、构成、分类和运用规律等。
对于学习英语的人来说,词汇是基础,因此了解英语词汇学知识点对于提高语言水平很有
帮助。
二、英语词汇的分类
英语词汇根据不同的分类标准可以分为不同的类型,按照词性分类,英语词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
此外,英语词汇还可以按照构
词法、语义分类和语法功能等不同标准进行分类。
三、英语词汇的构成
英语词汇的构成主要包括词根、前缀、后缀和词干等部分。
通过不同的组合方式,可以构
成不同的词汇,使得英语词汇系统更加丰富多样。
四、词汇记忆与运用
词汇是语言运用的基础,因此词汇的记忆和运用是英语学习中的重要内容。
学习者可以通
过生词本、词根词缀、语境记忆等方式进行词汇的记忆,同时要注重词汇的运用,积累语感,灵活运用词汇。
五、词汇拓展与应用
在学习英语词汇的过程中,不仅要记忆掌握基础词汇,还需要不断拓展词汇量,了解词汇
在不同语境下的应用,丰富自己的词汇库,使得语言表达更加流畅。
六、英语词汇学研究的意义
英语词汇学的研究对于语言学的发展具有重要的意义,可以帮助我们了解语言规律,促进
语言教学和翻译工作的发展,同时还可以为语言教学提供理论基础和实践指导。
总之,英语词汇学是语言学的重要分支之一,研究词汇的构成、分类和应用等方面,对于
提高语言水平和推动语言学科的发展都具有重要意义。
因此,我们可以在学习中加强对英
语词汇学知识的学习,从不同角度掌握词汇的规律和应用,提高语言表达能力和运用能力。
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学期末复习1.In brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.2.The morpheme (词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Example:One morpheme: nationTwo morphemes: nation-alThree morphemes: nation-al-izeFour morphemes: de-nation-al-ize3. An allomorph (词素变体) is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.For example:go: went, gone-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.4.Inflectional affixes (曲折词缀)Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. For example: cats, walked, walking, John’s book…5.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.For example:re+write, mini+car,work+er6.Connotative meaning (内涵意义)In contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies.Mother (a female parent) is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, ‘tenderness’, ‘forgiving’, etc.Home (a dwelling place) may suggest ‘family, warmth, safety, love, convenience’, etc7.Stylistic meaning (文体意义)Words may have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. Examples: male parent, father, daddy ;residence, home, pad8.Affective meaning (情感意义)Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories:Appreciative or commendatory (褒义): words of positive overtones used to show appreciation or approval. eg: love, cherish, prize, admire, worship, charm .Pejorative or derogatory (贬义): words of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism. eg : hate, vicious .9.Collocative meaning (搭配意义)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In otherwords, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.eg:pretty: girl, woman, flower, etc. handsome: boy, man, car, etc.10.a) Radiation辐射型:It is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.Though all the secondary meanings are independent of one another, they can all be traced back to the primary meaning.face head11.b) Concatenation 连锁型:It is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.E.g.candidate:1) white-roped2) office seeker in white gowns3) a person who seeks an office4) a person proposed for a place, award, etc.12.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.a) lexical context: refers to the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring lexemes.E.g“paper”: a term paper ,today’s paper ;"do " : do one’s teeth: brush ,do fish: cook.13.b) grammatical context: In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.E.g.“become”become + adj./n. , means‘begin to be’become + pron./n. , means ‘suit, befit’become + of, means ‘happen to, often in a bad way’1.Causes of changes in word meaning1)historical cause :It often happens that though a word retain its original form, its meaning has changed because the object it denotes has changed, this is the historical cause of semantic change.eg.pencil (from Latin word meaning)—a little tail or a fine brush, like our Chinese penwhen it was made of wood and graphite石墨,it was still called a “pencil”2)Social cause : Change in word meaning results from a constant verbal traffic between commonwords and various technical words .eg. hot and cold have changed their meaning in the field of politics, as in “cold war”,”hot war”and “hot line”3) Foreign influences : The influence of foreign words is a particularly important cause.eg. stool: any kind of seat for one person including a king’s seatThe French word chair was adopted to denote a more comfortable piece of furniture.4) Linguistic causeTowards ellipsis 省略a general---a general officer ; uniform—uniform dressTowards analogy 类推Energetic(精力旺盛)—formerly meant “to operate, effect”as in “the most energetic chemicals”, now energetic means “of , having or showing energy, vigorous, forceful”as if it had been derived from energy5)Psychological cause1)Euphemism(委婉词):It refers that the word changed after people use mild, agreeable language when speaking of an unpleasant or embarrassing fact and of taboo subjects as sex and the excretive processes of the body such as death can be used as '' go west''.2)Grandiloquence(夸张):It refers to the use of long, important-sounding words for effect. The desire to upgrade or raise the social status of a position, occupation, or institution by changing its common name to one felt to confer greater dignity or importance is another psychological factor in the change of word meaning. In a sense, it is a form of euphemism. e.g. ''hair stylist'' was upgraded as ''hairologist'' for barbers.3)Cynicism(挖苦语):It refers that the desire to sneer (冷笑) and to be sarcastic (讽刺) cause the semantic change. e.g. sanctimonious (假装神圣) means ''devoted, holy or scared'' and now means ''pretending to be very holy or pious''.2.The difference between suffixation and conversionThe difference between suffixation and conversion is whether the addition of an affix is needed. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems , and mainly change the word class. They may also add attached meaning to the stem. eg: hard harden,attract attractive. Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).eg:Verb-noun conversion : a three-year wait. It is a good buy.3.The fundamental features / the character of the basic word stock基本词汇All national character 全民性:The basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us , which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.eg: rain, head,brother.Stability稳定性: They are likely to remain relatively unchanged.Productivity 能产性:They are mostly root words, means they can form new words with other roots and affixes. eg. postman, chairman, workman.Polysemy : They often possess more than one meaning.Collocability 搭配性: many of them have many set expressions, proverbial sayings and so on.eg,heart: a heart of gold, learn by heart.4.. The characteristics /features of compounds1) Phonological featurese.g. Compound Free phrasea ’fat cat a fat ’cat’greenhouse green ’housea ’dark horse a dark ’horse2) Semantic features : ‘one-wordness’: every compound should express a single idea just as one word; the elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features :Tend to fill a single grammatical slot in a sentence.e.g. He bad-mouthed me.In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.e.g. hot line, red tape5.homonymy。
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LanguageLanguage is a system of symbol based on physiology, psychology, and physics. It’s a special social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society.The relationship between Language, Society, and Thought: 1. any language reflects the culture of the society in a particular period. Therefore language is the mirror reflecting the culture of a society. 2. Language is a product of society. Language is inseparable from human society. 3. Language is used as a means of communication in a society. Outside society there is no language. 4. Society depends upon language for its existence. For example, there are many words connected with carriage. Buggy, a light one-horse carriage with two wheels. Coach, a large closed four-wheel horse-drawn carriage. 5. moreover, man’s thought is indispensable to language just as language is indispensable from society. We know that language is used to express man’s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. That is to say, without thinking, there would be no human language. 6. language serves society as a means of intercourse between people.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.The scope of linguistics include phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, philology, lexicology, stylistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics……Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning, and application.Aim of English Lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. It offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary.The significance of English Lexicology: help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use the words.Two approaches to the study of English Lexicology: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one period of time. Diachronic means concerned with the historical development of a language. For example: January, February, march, synchronically, they are the words of the months of one year. Diachronically, they are all borrowed words. Synchronically, we consider words like eventful, talkative as derivatives. Diachronically, they are hybrids, that is, words that are made of two parts, each from a different language.Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings.Significance: 1.to provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language. 2. To increase the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spelling and pronunciation to that of meanings. English is classified as a Teutonic language, that is, a Germanic language. English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family.Division of the history of the English language: 1. the period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It’s described as the period of full inflection. 2. The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period, also as the period of leveled inflections. 3. The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period, also as the period of lost inflection.There are two classes of language in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of word in a sentence largely by means of inflection. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, preposition or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflection. Old English the a synthetic language, while Modern English is an analytic language. Modern English can be divided into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. Dean Swift was a conservative and he opposed the tendency to shorten words, such as ad(advertisement), bus (business). The publication in 1755 of a Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language. Etymological Twins: at the beginning of formation of words they are similar not only in form but also in meanings. For example: human and humane, urban and urbane, german and germane.The English vocabulary can be divided into two groups according to its origin: native words and borrowed words. The native words are the foundation and the core of the English language. Borrowed words or loan-words or adapted words are words taken from foreign languages. Latin, Greek and French are the three languages that have contributed most the English language.Four groups of borrowed words: 1. Aliens: borrowed without change,(automobile, coup d’etat, rlite ). 2. Denizens: borrowed with a transformation of the foreign sound and spelling. (egg give skin take, poorness,eventful). 3. Translation-loans: borrowed form foreign language by means of translation. (black humor from humor noir) 4. Semantic borrowings: acquiring a new meaning. (gift, the four modernization, three represents.).Latin abbreviations: a.m./cf./e.g./i.e./p.m./What’s the interrelation between the native and foreign elements in the English vocabulary?In spite of the large-scale borrowings, it’s the native words that form the basic stock of Modern English vocabulary. Although the actual number of native words is much smaller than the number of loan-words in the English vocabulary, native words are used in everyday speech and writing more frequently than borrowed words. In the course of historical development borrowed words have extended the total number of the English vocabulary, and Latin or Greek roots, prefixes or suffixes have changed the structures of English words.Saussure is the Swiss linguist who pointed out that a sign consists of a signifier(能指) and a signified(所指), that is, a sound image and a concept. According to Ogden &Richards, the symbol is the linguistic element, that is, the word, sentence, etc. and the reference is the object. While the shought or reference is concept. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle defined “words are the smallest significant units of speech.” According to Leonard Bloomflield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation.Motivation is the relationship between the structure of a word and its meaning. three motivation of the word-structure:1. phonetic motivation 2. grammatical motivation 3. motivation by meaning. Classification of words: 1. there are two kinds of words classified according to their lexical meaning and grammatical function: full words (实词) and form words(虚词). 2. according to their usage: popular words and learned words. Most of learned words are of foreign origin. But some popular words are also of foreign origin. 3. according to their character: abstract words and concrete words. 4. according to motivation: transparent or motivated words and opaque or non-motivated words. 5. according to polysemy and monosemy: polysemic words and monosemic words. 6. according to the origin: native words and loan-words.。