专业英语考试--TG
gct英语复习资料及技巧
gct英语复习资料及技巧gct英语复习资料及技巧GCT报名工作即将启动，不少考生已经进入复习阶段。
如何提前做好GCT英语复习工作,提高GCT英语整体水平?下面店铺为大家收集了GCT英语简单句的复习要点及技巧，希望能帮助到大家。
英语中,只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做简单句。
在简单句中主语和谓语是句子的主干,是句子的核心。
1.主语+谓语主语+不及物动词:They are dancing.2.主语+系动词+表语系动词to be:We are students.系动词为turn, get, become, look:Things become complicated.The leaves are turning yellow.You will get older.3.主语+谓语+宾语主语+及物动词+宾语:He loves sports.主语+不及物动词+介词/副词+宾语:She picks up the coin.主语+动词+to do作宾语:I prefer to take a walk.主语+动词+doing作宾语:We like having a party.一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配，有时可译成否定句。
1. These goods are in short supply.这些货物供应不足。
2. This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程一定也不复杂。
二、为了使译文自然流畅，读起来顺口，在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字。
1. It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.这是我度过最愉快的一天。
2. It is easy to compress a gas.气体很容易压缩。
三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构1到100的英语单词。
民航专业英语考试
民航专业英语考试引言概述：民航专业英语考试是评估民航从业人员英语水平的重要考试之一。
具备良好的英语能力对于从事民航工作的人员来说至关重要。
本文将从五个大点出发，详细阐述民航专业英语考试的相关内容。
正文内容：1. 英语基础知识1.1 语法和词汇：民航专业英语考试要求考生掌握英语的基本语法规则和常用词汇，包括动词时态、名词复数形式、形容词和副词的用法等。
1.2 句型和语法结构：考生需要熟悉并掌握各种常用句型和语法结构，如倒装句、被动语态、条件句等。
2. 专业词汇2.1 航空词汇：民航专业英语考试中会涉及大量的航空词汇，如飞机部件、航空器性能、航空安全等。
考生需要掌握这些专业词汇的英文表达。
2.2 航空术语：考生需要了解并掌握航空术语的用法和意义，如航班号、航空公司代码、机场代码等。
3. 阅读理解3.1 理解文章主旨：考生需要能够快速准确地理解文章的主旨和核心内容，抓住关键信息。
3.2 掌握细节信息：考生需要能够从文章中获取细节信息，如数字、日期、地点等。
3.3 推理判断能力：考生需要根据文章内容进行推理判断，理解作者的观点和意图。
4. 听力理解4.1 听取关键信息：考生需要能够听取并理解关键信息，如航班信息、机场指示等。
4.2 掌握口音和语速：考生需要适应不同的口音和语速，确保准确理解对话内容。
4.3 掌握听力技巧：考生需要掌握一些听力技巧，如预测答案、注意关键词等。
5. 写作能力5.1 书面表达：考生需要具备良好的书面表达能力，包括写作格式、语法和词汇的正确运用等。
5.2 写作思路清晰：考生需要能够清晰地表达自己的观点和意见，组织合理的段落结构。
5.3 文章连贯性：考生需要注意文章的连贯性和逻辑性，确保文章内容的一致性和完整性。
总结：民航专业英语考试对于从事民航工作的人员来说具有重要意义。
通过掌握英语基础知识、专业词汇，提高阅读和听力理解能力，以及良好的写作能力，考生可以更好地应对民航专业英语考试，并在实际工作中有效运用英语。
pcb线路板专业英语(中英)
3
h-9 UV烘烤 (UV Cure) h-10 文字印刷 ( Printing of Legend ) h-11 噴砂 ( Pumice)(Wet Blasting) h-12 印可剝離防焊 (Peelable Solder Mask)
化學蒸著鍍 圓周性之孔破 包夾金屬 無塵室 間隙 鍍外表 防焊覆蓋錯誤
8
coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 熱澎脹系數
cold solder joint
冷焊點
cold-weld
金屬粉末冷焊
color
顏色
color error
顏色錯誤
compensation
1
* Process Module 說明 :
A. 下料 ( Cut Lamination) a-1 裁板 ( Sheets Cutting) a-2 原物料發料 (Panel)(Shear material to Size)
B. 鑽孔 (Drilling) b-1 內鑽 (Inner Layer Drilling ) b-2 一次孔(Outer Layer Drilling ) b-3 二次孔 (2nd Drilling) b-4 雷射鑽孔 (Laser Drilling )(Laser Ablation ) b-5 盲(埋)孔鑽孔 (Blind & Buried Hole Drilling)
突出
coordinate list
資料清單
copper claded laminates (CCL)
銅箔基板
copper exposure
線路露銅
加速試驗
2024年专业技术人员电力英语和计算机水平考试
2024年专业技术人员电力英语和计算机水平考试全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Big Exam for Grown-Ups Who Work with Electricity and ComputersWow, there's a really important exam happening next year that a lot of adults have to take! It's called the 2024 Professional Technical Personnel Electric Power English and Computer Proficiency Exam. That's a really long name, but I'll try my best to explain what it's all about.You see, there are lots of grown-ups who work with electricity and computers, like engineers and technicians. They make sure that our lights turn on, our phones and computers work, and all sorts of amazing machines and gadgets keep running. It's a really important job!But it's also a very difficult job, because electricity and computers can be pretty complicated. That's why thesegrown-ups need to take a special exam to show that they know a lot about these subjects. The exam tests their knowledge ofEnglish too, because a lot of the technical words and manuals are written in English.The exam has two main parts: one part is all about electric power, and the other part is all about computers. I'll tell you a bit about each part.The electric power part tests how well these grown-ups understand things like generators, power lines, transformers, and all the different ways that electricity is made and transported. They need to know about safety rules too, because electricity can be dangerous if you don't handle it properly.The computer part tests their skills with programming, databases, networks, and all the different software and hardware that makes computers work. They need to know how to troubleshoot problems, write code, and keep everything running smoothly.I can imagine that studying for this exam is really hard work. There's so much to learn and remember! But these grown-ups are really dedicated to their jobs, and they want to be the best they can be at what they do.The exam happens every year, and thousands of people take it all across the country. Some of them are just starting theircareers, while others have been working in these fields for a long time. But no matter how much experience they have, they all have to take the exam and prove their skills.I think it's really impressive that these grown-ups are willing to go through such a tough exam. It shows how committed they are to their jobs and how much they care about doing things the right way.So if you know any grown-ups who are taking this exam next year, you should wish them good luck! It's not going to be easy, but if they've been studying hard and paying attention in their jobs, I'm sure they'll do just fine.And who knows, maybe one day when I grow up, I'll be the one taking this big exam! For now, I'll just have to keep working hard in school and learning as much as I can. But I'll always remember how amazing it is that we have people who are willing to dedicate themselves to mastering these complex and important fields.篇2The Big Exam For Grown-Ups Who Work With Electricity and ComputersHi friends! Today I want to tell you all about a very important exam that some grown-ups have to take. It's called the Professional Technical Personnel Electrical English and Computer Proficiency Exam. That's a really long name, so I'll just call it the Big Exam.The Big Exam is for grown-ups who work with electricity and computers as part of their jobs. Maybe their job is to fix electrical wires or build new power plants. Or maybe their job is to write code and make websites or apps. Whatever their exact job is, they have to know a lot about electricity and computers.The Big Exam tests how well these grown-ups know English related to their jobs. It also tests their computer skills to make sure they can use different programs and do coding if needed. Getting a good score on the Big Exam shows that someone is really good at the English and computer parts of their job.From what I understand, the Big Exam has two main sections - one for English and one for computers. The English part has reading, writing, listening, and speaking sections. The reading has passages about electrical and computer topics that the grown-ups have to read and answer questions on. The writing section has them write reports, emails, and instructions related to their work.For the listening, there are recordings they have to listen to, like lectures or conversations about electrical or computer things. Then they answer comprehension questions. And for the speaking, they have to give presentations and have conversations to show their English speaking skills.The computer part seems really hard! There are sections testing their skills with common computer programs like word processors, spreadsheets, and presentation software. They might have to create documents, enter data, or build slide decks.But the hardest part is probably the coding and programming section. The grown-ups have to write code, identify errors, and explain how different programs work. They get tested on coding languages like Python, Java, C++, and more.I don't really understand coding that much yet since I'm just a kid. But I know it's super important for a lot of electrical and computer jobs.From what my parents tell me, studying for the Big Exam is a huge amount of work. The grown-ups have to review tons of technical English vocabulary and grammar related to their fields. They read books, take classes, and practice examples for months to get ready.Same goes for the computer part - they use study guides, take online courses, and just spend hours and hours practicing on different programs and coding languages. It's like having to study really hard for a final exam in school, except way more difficult since it covers such complex topics.The exam happens once a year and lasts for several hours over multiple days. I can't even imagine having to take a test that long on such hard subjects! Lots of grown-ups get really nervous and stressed while preparing. But they know that passing the Big Exam can help them get better jobs and higher pay. It proves they have great skills.If a grown-up passes the Big Exam, they get a certificate. The certificate shows their score and that they have the required English and computer levels for their profession. It's an important achievement that they can share with employers. Some grown-ups even frame their certificates and hang them on the wall!The Big Exam happens every year in lots of countries around the world. Millions of electrical and computer professionals take it annually. From what I've heard, the tests are always being updated with the latest terms and technologies to make sure the grown-ups stay on top of their fields.That's the basics of the Professional Technical Personnel Electrical English and Computer Proficiency Exam! It sure seems like a tough test. I'm just glad I don't have to worry about it for many more years. For now, I'll stick to my math homework and spelling tests. Let me know if you have any other questions! Time for a snack break.篇3The Big Tests for Grown-Ups in 2024Hey kids! Did you know that grown-ups have to take really important tests too? It's true! Every year, there are these huge exams called the Professional and Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exams. They're kind of like the tests you take at school, but way harder and more serious.The Power English test is all about seeing how wellgrown-ups can read, write, listen and speak in English. You know how we learn English in school? Well, the grown-ups need to prove they're really good at it for their jobs. The test has listening sections where they hear recordings and have to answer questions. Then there's reading, where they read passages and answer comprehension questions. Writing is a big part too - they have to write essays, letters, reports and more. Speaking isprobably the scariest part - they have to actually talk out loud and have conversations in English!The Computer test looks at how skilled grown-ups are with computers and technology. They get tested on using different programs like word processors, spreadsheets and presentation software. There are questions on computer basics too, like hardware, networking and security. A lot of the test is about coding and programming in different languages. The grown-ups really have to know their stuff!I got to look at some practice questions for these exams and they were super hard! Way harder than anything I've ever seen. The English reading passages used crazy advanced vocabulary that I didn't recognize at all. The writing prompts wanted grown-ups to write about complex topics like international trade and environmental policies. As for the Computer section, just forget about it! I couldn't make any sense of the coding questions or technology concepts.Every year, millions of grown-ups across the country take these enormous exams. They have to sign up months in advance and pay expensive fees. On the test days, they get assigned to huge test centers and have to sit there for hours. Can you imagine?! My legs would fall asleep after the first hour! Thegrown-ups are not allowed to bring any food or drinks, use the bathroom except during breaks, or make any noise at all. One tiny peep and they'll get kicked out! No wonder everyone looks so stressed when they leave the test site.The results take forever to come back too. Grown-ups have to wait weeks and weeks to see if they passed or failed the exams. If they do well, they get nationally recognized certificates that can help them get better jobs or promotions. But if they fail... oh no! All that studying and stress for nothing! Many grown-ups have to retake the tests year after year until they finally pass. I don't know how they do it!So the next time your parents or teachers seem stressed, maybe they're getting ready for the Professional and Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exams. Just be glad you're not old enough for those difficult tests yet! As kids, we should enjoy the simple life while we can. Who knows, in a few decades it could be us sweating over those crazy exams. But for now, bring on the finger painting and nap time!篇4The Big Test for Grown-Ups Working with Electricity and ComputersNext year, there's going to be a super important test for all the grown-ups who work with electricity and computers. It's called the 2024 Professional Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Examination. That's a really long name, isn't it? I'll just call it the Big Test.The Big Test is for making sure that all the grown-ups who work with electricity and computers are really good at understanding English and using computers. Because electricity and computers are so important these days, it's really important that the people who work with them know what they're doing!If you work with electricity, like at a power plant or fixing the electrical lines that bring electricity to our homes, you need to understand lots of words and instructions in English. That's because a lot of the machines and tools they use have English words and labels on them. If you can't read the English, you might make a mistake and get hurt or break something!It's the same for people who work with computers. So many of the computer programs and websites we use have English words and messages. If you can't understand the English, you won't be able to use the computer properly. That's why the grown-ups who work with computers need to be good at reading and understanding English.The Big Test will have different sections to check how good the grown-ups are at English and computers. There will probably be a reading section, where they have to read something in English and answer questions about it. There might also be a listening section, where they have to listen to someone speaking English and answer questions.For the computer part, there will likely be questions about using different computer programs and coding (that's like giving instructions to the computer). The grown-ups will have to show that they can use a computer properly and make it do what they want.If the grown-ups pass the Big Test, it means they are really good at English and computers, and they can keep working with electricity and computers. But if they don't pass, they might have to take more classes or training to get better.I think the Big Test is really important, because we need the grown-ups who work with electricity and computers to be the best they can be. Electricity keeps our lights on and our phones charged, and computers help us do so many things like watch movies, play games, and learn new things.We're so lucky to have all these amazing grown-ups who know how to work with electricity and computers. But they haveto keep learning and getting better, which is why they need to take the Big Test next year. I'm sure they'll all do great!Even though it's a test for grown-ups, maybe someday when I'm older, I'll get to take a test like that too. For now, I'll just keep practicing my English and computer skills in school. Who knows, maybe I'll grow up to be one of those amazing grown-ups who gets to work with electricity and computers!篇5The Awesome Power and Computer Test for Grown-Ups in 2024!Hi there, kids! Are you ready to hear about a super cool test that grown-ups have to take? It's called the Professional Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exam, but let's just call it the Awesome Power and Computer Test!This test is kind of like the tests you take in school, but it's wayyyy harder because it's for adults who work with electricity and computers. Can you imagine having to know everything about power lines, generators, coding, and all that crazy stuff? I sure can't!The English part of the test checks if the grown-ups can read, write, listen and speak English really well. English is super important because a lot of the technology words and manuals are written in English. If the grown-ups can't understand English properly, they might make big mistakes with the power and computers!The computer part tests if they know all about different programs, coding languages, networks, cybersecurity and more. It's like being a computer genius! They have to be experts at typing, troubleshooting problems, and keeping systems running smoothly.Now, I'm just a kid, but I've heard this Awesome Power and Computer Test is no joke. The grown-ups have to study really, really hard for months! They read ton of books, take classes, watch videos, and practice like crazy. My dad even has practice test books that are thicker than my school backpack!If the grown-ups pass the test, they get a special certificate that proves they know their stuff. It's like a gold star, but for adults! With that certificate, they can get better jobs and make more money. Pretty cool, right?Some parts of the test are multiple choice, where you pick the right answer from a few options. Other parts arefill-in-the-blank, short answers, or even essays and coding problems! The grown-ups have to speak English too by recording themselves or doing video chats. Talk about challenging!I can't even imagine having to know so much about power grids, electrical systems, hardware, software, programming languages and all that grown-up mumbo jumbo. It makes my head spin just thinking about it! Thank goodness I'm just a kid and can focus on things like riding my bike, playing video games, and bugging my parents.But you know what? Even though the Awesome Power and Computer Test sounds incredibly difficult, I have a lot of respect for the grown-ups who take it. It's not easy keeping our lights on, computers running, and the whole world powered up and connected. We owe the hardworking power and computer professionals a huge thank you!So there you have it, kids - the 2024 Awesome Power and Computer Test for Grown-Ups! Maybe someday if you study real hard, listen to your teachers, and become a total brainiac, you can take the test too. But for now, just be glad you're a kid who can have fun, dream big, and leave the really hard stuff to the adults. Don't grow up too fast!篇6The Awesome 2024 Power English and Computer Test!Hey there, kids! Are you ready to hear about the coolest test ever? It's called the 2024 Professional Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exam, but don't let the fancy name scare you! This test is all about showing off your skills with English and computers, and it's going to be a total blast!First things first, let's talk about the English part of the test. You know how you learn all those cool words and grammar rules in your English classes? Well, this test is your chance to show off everything you've learned! You'll get to read some fun stories and answer questions about them, and you'll also need to write a little bit. Don't worry, though – if you've been paying attention in class, you'll do just fine!Now, let's talk about the computer part of the test. You know how much fun it is to play games and watch videos on the computer, right? Well, this test is all about showing how good you are at using computers for other cool stuff, too! You'll get to solve some puzzles and challenges that will test yourproblem-solving skills and your ability to use different programs and tools.But wait, there's more! The best part about this test is that it's not just for students – it's for grown-ups, too! That's right, even your parents, teachers, and other adults have to take this test if they want to work in certain jobs that involve English and computers. Can you imagine your parents having to take a test just like the ones you take at school? Crazy, right?Now, you might be wondering, "Why do I need to take a test like this in the first place?" Well, it's because English and computers are super important in today's world. Being able to communicate in English and use computers effectively can help you get all sorts of cool jobs and opportunities when you grow up. Plus, it's just really fun and useful to know how to do these things!So, what do you say? Are you ready to start studying for the 2024 Professional Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exam? It might sound like a mouthful, but trust me, it's going to be a total blast! Just imagine how proud your parents will be when you ace this test and show off your amazing English and computer skills.Alright, kids, that's all for now. Remember, this test is all about having fun and showing off your skills, so don't stress too much. Just keep practicing, keep learning, and keep beingawesome! Who knows, maybe one day you'll be the one writing the questions for this test instead of taking it. Wouldn't that be cool?Happy studying, and good luck!。
TG——英语语言学理论
1.TG:transformational grammar:has seen five stages of development.the classical theory aims to make linguistics a science.the standard theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistics theory.the extended standard theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.the revised extended standard theory(or GB)focuses discussion on government and binding.the lastest is the minimalist program,a further revision of the previous theory.the development of TG grammar can be regarded as a process of constantly minimalising theories and controlling the generative powers.although it has involved putting forward,revising,its aims and purposes have been consistent,to explore the nature,origin and the uses of human knowledge of language.2.PS rules:a grammar is seen as a system of finite rules generating an infinite number of sentences,and the rules must meet the following requirements:(1)generative:the rules must automatically generate sentences;(2)simple:the rules must be represented by symbols and formulae; (3)explicit:everything must be stated precisely,leaving nothing to chance; (4)exhaustive:the rules should cover all linguistic facts,leaving nothing uncovered;(5)recursive:the rules can be repeatedly applied so as to generate an infinite number of sentences.this is phrase structure grammar.nguage culture and society:it has long been recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and that the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and nguage is an indispensable carrier of culture.culture finds a better representation througe language use.a joint study of these two subjects will definitely broaden the horizon of human knowledge in general and enrich the research of these sciences in particular.firth :context of situation;sapir-whorf hypotheses language and society:metaphorically,language is regarded as a mirror of society,through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better.functionally,society provides language with a suitable context of use,in which we can enjoy aspects of language vividly and truthfully.with the occurrence of sociolinguistics ,the relationships between the two has been emphasized.4.Some social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context :class;gender;age;ethnic identity;education background;occupation and religious belief.5.Sociolinguistics contribute to language:1,sociolinguistics has contribute to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching;2,it has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom;3,it has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use;4,it has contributed to a more fruitful research in this field.6.Cross-cultural communication:intra-cultural communication is not an easy job if some basic rules are not followed.we need to know some basic principles :1,Rogers:tripartite model for successful communication(1)(2)(3);basic guidelines:1,successful communication occurs when the hearer can see,feel,and understand issues from the speaker's point of view;2,successful communication occurs when the speaker and hearer know each other ' s intention ;3,...occurs when the two parties adopt a dynamic dialogue pattern.principles:1,when in Rome do as the Romans do(linguistic forms are different from one language to another.semantic selections vary across separate language systems.one thing you can conveniently say in a language may not be so in another language.this difference makes cross-cultural communication not an easy job to deal with.for example,greeting expressions.when two British people meet,they may greet each other by saying something about the weather. Wile when two chinese people meet,they may greet in this way:"where are you going?"or "have you eaten?"for most westerners,these lines sound far too personal or private,if not nosy.2,put yourself in other's shoes(successful communication in a cross-cultural setting depends much on a sensible interpretation and prediction of what the other party will think ,feel,and behave when some crucial things occur.3,oneculture's meat is another culture's poison(proverbs epitomize the essence of culture and the value system of society. A cross-linguistic survey of proverbial expressions will capture another point of interest:how do people from different cultures look at their relationships with animals? A ready example is found in English"love me ,love my dog". An equivalent in chinese will be "love me ,love my bird".these two proverbs reveal different attitudes English and Chinese speakers cherish toward these pets. This disparity ,if not cautioned,will invite unpleasantness in society. An expression is likely to take on different social significance,goos or bad,friendly or hostile,depending on a very important sociolinguistic rule of communication:who speaks what,to whom,when,where,and for what purpose(fishman).similarly, correct interpretation and smooth communication rely on a group of relevant factors.the implication the speaker wants to convey is one,the social relationships between interlocuters become another and a specific setting where communication takes place constituents a third.if these pre-conditional requirements are not met,it will produce compliant,unpleasantness and misunderstanding in a new cultural context.7.What are the three important points of the Prague School?First, it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretical barrier is erected to separate diachronic study. Second, there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. No element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. Third, language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.8.How do you understand Chomsky’s L anguage Acquisition device:Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with a Language Acquisition Device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge of the nature of the world, and specifically with the knowledge of the nature of language. According to this view, children are born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. The categories and relations exist in all human languages and all human infants are born with knowledge of them. According to him, the study of language, or the structure of language, can throw some light on the nature of the human mind. This approach to language is a reaction against behaviourism in psychology and empiricism in philosophy, making linguistics a branch of psychology.9.Three objectives to teach culture in our language class:1,to get the students familiar with cultural differences;2,to help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will;3,to emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices.1.Philosophers use connotation to mean the properties of the entity a word denotes.2.In the middle of 1960s, William Labov, a famous sociolinguist, conducted a rather meticulous survey at several departments in the City of New York.to examine the relationship between the speakers’ social stat us and their phonological variations.3.Applied linguistics serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user-friendly to the language teacher and learner.4.Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure who is often described as “father of modern linguistics”.5.The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology.Saussure......structuralism Roman Jacobson.......distinctive features P.Grice.......Theory of conversational implicature; cooperative principle John Lanoshaw Austin.....speech act theory Chomsky.....TG,LAD(language acquisition device)G.Leech......7 types of meaning in<senmantics> Radford.....MOP Hjemslev......Paradigmatic relations Katz and Fodor.......an integrated theory(compositionality) Firth........theory of context of situation;prosodic or analysis phonology M.A.K Halliday.........SF(systemic-functional grammar) Lakoff.........You are what you say Rogers........tripartite model municative dynamisn Franz Boas.......American structuralism。
新编汽车专业英语课后答案及题目
一．1.the internal combustion engine 内燃机2. a reciprocating engine 往复发动机3.exhaust emissions 废气排放4.fuel consumption燃料燃烧5.fuel economy 燃油经济性bustion chamber燃烧室7.hybrid-electric vehicle 混动汽车8.mass production大规模生产9.dual-fuel vehicle 双燃料汽车10.air-cooled engine 风冷式发动机二．1. A diesel engine compresses its cylinder air on its compresstion stroke before anyfuel enters the cylinder2.The internal combustion engine is the one most commonly used in theautomotive field.3.According to the fuel energy used,the internal combustion engines are alsodivided into gasoline engines,and diesel engine.4.The piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy.5.The power production cycle consists of four strokes of the position in areciprocating engine.6.The engine is generally considered the “heart” of an automobile7.This four strokes cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again topush the vehicle foreard.8.There are actually various types of engines such an electric engines,steamengines,and internal combustion engines.1. compression ratio : the total volume divided bv the compression volume2. internal combustion engine : burning their fuel inside their cylinders3. engine : a heart of an automobile4. stroke : the movement of the piston within the cylinder and the distance of piston travel5. reciprocating : the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder6. gasoline : a mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum.四．1.If you know something about ordinary gasoline engines, you will have notice thatdiesel engines, in many respects, work in the same way as gasoline engines.（柴油机的工作方式在很多方面和汽油机是一样的）2.The engine is the source of power that makes the car and the truck move.(使得汽车行驶)3.As it would not be reasonable to have to stop the engine every time it wasrequired to stop the car.(每次都到停车)4.Some of parts make the car move comfortable or better looking, but most ofthem are to make it run.(有些部件使得汽车更舒适或更美观)5.Not all of this heat can be used, and if allowed to remain in the engine, it wouldsoon destroy it.(如果让其热量保留在发动机中)一、1.gasoline engine 汽油机2.in low-speed driving condition在低速行车条件下3.achieve a variety of different objectives 达到各种不同的目的4.higher energy density高能量密度5.electric motor 电动机6.air conditioning空调装置7.regenerative braking 反馈制动8.power source动力源9.resource consumption 资源消耗10.dashboard display汽车仪表板显示二、1.The engine converts the expanding force of combustion into rotary force used topropel the vehicle.2.The gasoline engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy isnot wasted in idling.3.Clean cities uses hybrid electric vehicles as a way for coalitions to reducepetroleum consumption.4.Any vehicle without a transmission could be made to move but not smoothly.5.The electric motor applies resistance to the drive-train causing the wheels toslow down.6.The engine turns a high-speed generator, producing electricity.7.An intelligent power-control system determines the most efficient operation ofthe engine and energy storage system.8.If 10000 hybrid-electric vehicles were on the road rather than current standardvehicles, substantial reductions in emissions and fuel use would occur annually.1. transmission: an automotive assembly of gears by which power is transmitted from the engine to a driving axle.2. parking : to put or leave (a vehicle) for a time in a certain location.3. start : to set into motion , operation, or activity.4. battery : a single cell, such as a dry cell, that prouduces an electric current.5. braking : to reduce the speed of with or as if with a brake.四、1.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)2.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)3.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)4.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhausted emissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)5.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)6.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)7.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)8.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)9.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhaustedemissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)10.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)U5E11. The power train has two maan functions :it conveys powerfrom the engine to the wheels , and it changes the amount of torque2. The power train consists of an engine , a transmission ,a clutch , a drive shaft and differential3. The feature of a manual transmission is to deliver enginepower to the front wheels and rear wheels4. manual transmissions usually have five speeds , which means that the output shaft can rotate faster than the input5. There are several basic components in the clutch , suchas the flywheel , clutch disk , pressure plate , release bearing and linkage.6 Automatic transmissions are used not only in many rear-wheel-dnve and four-whe el-dnve ve- lcles, but In most front-wheel-dnve ones1.T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. FE21. manual transmission 手动变速器2. automatic transmission自动变速器3.planetary gear set 行星齿轮组4. Transaxle assembly驱动桥总成5. differential gear 差速器6. clutch pedal离合器踏板7.gearshift lever 变速杆8. release bearing分离轴承9. engine braking 发动机制动10.torque converter液力变矩器E31.If you’ve read about manual transmissions you know hat an engine is connectedto a transmission by way of a clutch.2.Cars with an automatic transmission have no clutch that disconnects thetransmission from the engine. Instead, they use an amazing device called a torque converter.3.One important function of the power train is to transmit the power of the engineto the wheels.4.The type of transmission ( manual or automatic) determines how the slip joint isconnected to the drive shaft.5.The clutch is located between the back of the engine and the front of thetransmission6.The face of the flywheel that touches the clutch disc is made of iron Even if theflywheel were aluminum , the face is iron.7.When the operator presses the clutch pedal ,the clutch release lever or fork .8.The clutch release bearing in most cases, is a ball bearing assembly with amachined face on one side.E41.clutch : any of various devices for engaging and disengaging two working engagingand disengaging two working parts of a shaft2.shaft: a long, generally cylindrical bar, especially one that rotates and transmits power3.transmission : a speed and power changing device4.gearshift : a mechanism for changing from one gear to another in a5.transaxle : an automotive part that combines the transmission and the differential and is used on vehicles with front-wheel drive6.flywheel: a heavy-rimmed rotating wheel used to minimize variations in angular velocityE51.The power is then carried from the engine through the power train to the car (通过传动系扒发动机传递到车轮) so that the wheels turn and the car moves.2.( 如果汽车变速器需要修理和更换)If your car transmission needs repairs orreplacement，you’ve come to the right phone.3.If you wanted a top speed of 80 km/h，then the gear ratio would be similar tothird gear ( 速比相近于3 挡) ,in most manual transmission cars .4.The torque converter does not require any regular maintenance or adjustments( 不要求定期维护或调整) ，but it may be possible to change the transmission fluid .5.The drive shaft can be. either open or enclosed , depending on the type of driveused (取决于所使用的驱动类型)U6E11 If your brakes can work properly , good brakes are essential for safety during dn、ruvtg.2. The disk brake is the best brake which is generally due to its simpler design , lighteri .elju Ind better braking performance.3 Brake linings used to be made maxnly of metals., because of ats heat absorbing propertlcb4Caliper is an important part, and it must be replaced if it indicates a sign of leak！ng lbfa_e Eutd. .lc5 The reason why we still have cars wlth drum brakes ls cheap.6.Drum brakes consist of some parts , such as a backing plate, brake shoes , brake dm. .1, wheel cylnder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system.. brake shoes a brake1.T2. T3. F4. T5. T6. FE21.brake system制动系统2. the parking brake驻车制动器3.the service brake system行车制动系统4. the disk brake盘式制动器5.the hand brake 手制动6.the brake shoe制动蹄片7.drum brake 鼓式制动器8. brake pads制动块9brake performance 制动性能10. brake fluid制动液E31.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is thebreaking system.2.Brake fluid is a special liquid for use in a hydraulic brake system.3.The small forces applied to the brake pedal usually produce relatively largeforces.4.The rate of slowing down or retardation is governed by the speed of conversionof energy.5.Brake is a friction device for converting the power into heat by means of friction6.To decelerate and stop the moving automobile, the service brake are usuallyused.7.The brake lining of a friction maternal are secured to the shoes by brass8.The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub.E41 brake : the means of bringing to rest a moving vehicle in a shortest possible distance.2 service brake : stop or slow a car by depressing and releasing the brake pedal.3 hand brake : keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground.4 drum brake : a backing plate , brake shoes , wheel cylinder , return springs etc.5 parking brake : hold the automobile at rest.E51.An automobile brake system is actually a friction device to change power intoheat（实际上就是一种把动力转变成热量的摩擦装置).2.Basically , automobile brakes are of two types: the mechanical brakes and thehydraulic brakes (机械制动器和液压制动)3.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is theautomobile brake system (汽车制动系统).4.There are two brake shoes at each wheel. The bottoms of the shoes are heldapart by an adjuster. The tops of shoes are held apart by a wheel cylinder（蹄片顶部由轮缸分别固定）5.Brake lines are steel tubing with copper and lead coating to prevent rust andcorrosion ( 以防锈蚀)U7EXERCISE 11. T2. F3. F4. F5. T6. F1 . The most important function of the suspension system ls to supply comfortable , safe nde cot- trol2. According to the article , we know that there are five basic types of spnngs used ln sus,eT"-sions ：coil spring , leaf spring , torsion bar spring , traction,barand air spnngn3. The disadvantage of a coil spring ls its compactness , lack of moving parts , and excellentweight supporting characteristics.4. According to e passage , leaf springs are often used on the front suspension of front drive vehtcles5. When the coil springs , leaf springs , torsion bar spring ,L air springs ls defected , thls couldd cause the car to bounce up and down without any control6. Shock absorber movement ls limited by forcing fluid , d which causes the shock absorber to causes the shock absorbercompress or extend at a slow rate.EXERCISE 21.suspension system 悬架系统2.front suspension system前悬架系3.air compressor 空气压缩机4.torque tube传递转矩管5.axle housing alignment 桥壳定位6.coil spring 螺旋弹簧7.lower control arm 下控制臂8.rebound clip缓冲夹9.traction bar 牵引杆10.control arm控制臂EXERCISE 31.The leaf springs or leaves. most commonly used tn automobiles is' made up ofseveral long plates ,2.Suspension refers to the use of the front and rear springs to suspend a vehicle ' srear springs to suspend a vehicle sprung weight3.Shock absorber are hydraulic restricting devices used to hmt the speed of springaction.4.The car frame is connected to the axles by springs which absorb road shock5.The coil springs is made from a length of steel rod wound Into a coil.6.The front-suspension system must allow the wheels to move up and down.7.In operations, the lower control arms pivot up and down , twisting the torsionbars spring.8.Rebound clips are place along the spnng to prevent separahon of the leaveswhen the spring rebounds.EXERCISE 41.coil spring : a round bar of spring steel wound into the shape of a coil2.leaf spring : several layers of spring steel stacked one upon the other3.torsion ba r : spring a long solid steel shaft held at one end to the suspension s control arm4.air spring : a rubber bag or bladder full of air5.shock absorber : a hydraulic device by forcing fluid through passages or orifices6 suspension : use of the front and rear spring to suspend a vehicleEXERCISE 51.We all Know that springs are the major component（弹簧是主要部件) .nautomobile suspension.2.The automobile suspension is one of the major automobile system (汽车的主要系统之一。
酒店职业英语等级考试大纲
酒店职业英语等级考试大纲1. 考试概述酒店职业英语等级考试是一项旨在评估酒店从业人员英语能力的考试。
该考试旨在衡量酒店从业人员在英语听、说、读、写方面的能力，以及其在酒店专业领域中的语言运用能力。
通过参加酒店职业英语等级考试，酒店从业人员能够提升自身的英语水平，为更好地服务客户提供帮助。
2. 考试内容酒店职业英语等级考试涵盖以下几个方面的内容：2.1 听力理解该部分考察酒店从业人员对英语听力材料的理解能力。
考试内容包括对酒店相关对话、电话沟通、客户需求等进行听力理解，并回答相关问题。
2.2口语表达该部分考察酒店从业人员的口头表达能力。
考试内容包括日常酒店业务对话、客户沟通、问题解决等，部分考题需要酒店从业人员进行角色扮演。
2.3阅读理解该部分考察酒店从业人员对英语文本的理解和阅读能力。
考试内容包括酒店服务指南、客户需求、酒店预订信息等相关文本，酒店从业人员需要阅读文本并回答相关问题。
2.4书面表达该部分考察酒店从业人员的书面表达能力。
考试内容包括写邮件、填写表格、撰写客户报告等，要求酒店从业人员用正确的语法和适当的语言表达酒店相关事务。
3. 考试等级根据酒店职业英语等级考试的成绩，酒店从业人员可以获得以下等级证书：3.1 初级酒店英语证书该证书授予通过酒店职业英语等级考试的初级人员。
初级酒店英语证书表明持有人具备基本的酒店英语听、说、读、写能力，可以胜任一些常见的酒店业务。
3.2 中级酒店英语证书该证书授予通过酒店职业英语等级考试的中级人员。
中级酒店英语证书表明持有人具备较强的酒店英语听、说、读、写能力，可以熟练应对各类酒店业务，并与国际客户进行有效沟通。
3.3 高级酒店英语证书该证书授予通过酒店职业英语等级考试的高级人员。
高级酒店英语证书表明持有人具备卓越的酒店英语听、说、读、写能力，可以胜任高级酒店管理和高级客户沟通等职位。
4. 考试准备为了顺利通过酒店职业英语等级考试，酒店从业人员可以采取以下几个准备措施：4.1 学习英语基础知识酒店从业人员可以通过参加英语培训课程或自学英语教材来提高英语基础知识。
职称英语考试大纲
职称英语考试大纲一、考试背景及目的职称英语考试是一种被广泛认可和接受的专业英语水平测试。
它的目的是为了评估考生在特定领域内使用英语的能力，以便对其专业素质进行评价和认定。
二、考试内容职称英语考试主要包括听力、阅读、翻译、写作四个部分。
1.听力：通过听取录音，考察考生对于日常生活和工作场景中的对话和短文的理解能力。
2.阅读：测试考生对于专业文献、文章、新闻等的阅读理解能力。
3.翻译：考察考生将中文材料准确翻译为英文的能力。
4.写作：测试考生在特定主题下以英文进行写作的能力。
三、考试大纲1.听力部分–题型：听力理解题、听写题–题量：15道听力理解题、5道听写题–考察内容：日常生活对话、工作场景对话、短文理解–考试时间：约25分钟2.阅读部分–题型：阅读理解题–题量：20道题–考察内容：专业文献、文章、新闻–考试时间：约30分钟3.翻译部分–题型：汉译英、英译汉–题量：2篇，每篇1道题–考察内容：中文材料准确翻译为英文，或者英文材料准确翻译为中文的能力–考试时间：约30分钟4.写作部分–题型：写作–题目类型：议论文、说明文、应用文等–题量：1道题–考察内容：根据题目要求，以英文进行写作–考试时间：约30分钟四、考试评分标准1.听力部分：每题1分，总分20分。
2.阅读部分：每题1分，总分20分。
3.翻译部分：每题10分，总分20分。
4.写作部分：根据内容、语言、结构、词汇的准确性、连贯性、逻辑性等方面进行综合评分，总分40分。
五、考试准备1.考生可通过参加模拟考试、刷题等方式进行复习和训练。
2.掌握职称英语考试的考试要点和技巧，了解各个部分的题型和难度。
3.关注当前领域的英语资讯和文献，提高专业词汇和术语的掌握程度。
4.多进行听力练习，提高听力理解能力。
5.阅读英文文章、新闻，提高阅读理解能力。
6.多进行翻译练习，提高翻译准确性和速度。
7.练习写作，积累写作素材，提高写作表达能力。
六、考试建议1.提前规划好复习时间，合理分配各个部分的复习时间。
电子与通信工程硕士专业英语part 2
.
电场可由空间存在的任何电荷所产生。
空间存在的任何电荷均会产生电场。
0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法
0.3.3 省略 Ellipsis 通常省略冠词、介词、代词等 e.g. Any substance is made of atoms, whether it is a gas, a liquid, or a solid .
0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法
0.3.1 直译 Literal Translation
e.g. In computer we use bit to represent the minimum data. 在计算机中我们用位来表示最小的数据。
翻译中，能够直译的情况较少，一般都需要做适当的变换、省略、增补等以 符合中文的规范和习惯，达到“达”的标准。
A double /treble/quadruple/quintuple …… 增加到二倍/三倍/四倍/五倍 e.g. We double the voltage.
0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities
0.4.3 数量的增减 Increase and Decrease
• increase N times increase to N times increase by N times＊ increase by a factor of N increase N-fold increase N times as much/many/… as 增加为N倍，或增加了N-1倍 （＊有另解） increase by x% 增加了x％
0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法
0.3.2 变换 Changes in Translation 0.3.2.1 词性的变换
2006年GCT入学资格考试外语运用能力试题及参考答案
2006 年GCT 入学资格考试外语运用能力试题（50 题，每题2 分，满分100 分，考试时间45 分钟）Part One Vocabulary and StructureDirections:There are ten incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Every plant, animal, and human being needs water to ________ alive.A. stayB. makeC. runD. glow2. It ________ commonplace to think of sport as a "leisure industry" now.A. becameB. will becomeC. is becomingD. had become3. Changes in climate ________ slowly through the years.A. make progressB. take placeC. keep paceD. set sail4. Scientists can predict regions ________ new species are most likely to be found.A. whereB. whenC. whyD. how5. You should use ________ and natural language when you write a personal letter.A. formalB. politicalC. magicD. plain6. Radios today seldom need ________ or the attention of a technician.A. to repairB. repairedC. repairingD. to have repaired7. It is a great pity for ________ to be any quarrel in the school board meeting.A. whereB. hereC. thereD. why8. Magicians ________ use techniques from science and the arts to deceive the mind and eye.A. generouslyB. geneticallyC. cleverlyD. subsequently9. To get the best view of Sydney Harbour, take a Sydney Seaplane flight ________ the Harbour and Bondi Beach.1A. aboveB. underC. overD. across10. Chocolate manufacturers blend many types of beans to yield ________ and color desired in the final product.A. the shapeB. the flavorC. the functionD. the brandPart Two Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this part there are three passages and one announcement, each followed by five questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:Jessica Bucknam shouts "tiao!" (tee-ow) and her fourth-grade students jump."Dun!" (doo-wee) she commands, and they crouch（蹲）. They giggle（吃吃地笑）as the commands keep coming in Mandarin Chinese.Half of the 340 students at the K-5 school are enrolled in the program. They can continue studying Chinese in middle and high schools. The goal: to speak like natives.About 24,000 American students are currently learning Chinese. Most are in high schools. But the number of younger students is growing in response to China's emergence as a global superpower."China has become a strong partner of the United States," says Mary Patterson, Woodstock's principal. "Children who learn Chinese at a young age will have more opportunities for jobs in the future."Isabel Weiss, 9, isn't thinking about the future. She thinks learning Chinese is fun. "when you hear people speaking in Chinese, you know what they're saying," she says. "And they don't know that you know."11. What do the fourth-grade students seem to be doing in the first paragraph?A. They are learning how to jump.B. They are learning how to crouch.C. They are learning how to giggle.D. They are learning Chinese.12. The purpose of the program for Jessica's students is to ________.A. enable them to learn how to commandB. get them enrolled in the language programC. help them to speak like a ChineseD. continue enrolling more students to learn Chinese13. In response to the fact that ________ , more American students are learning Chinese.A. the United States is the only superpower in the worldB. international trading is becoming globalizedC. partnership is encouraging business and tradeD. China is emerging as a new superpower in the world14. Why do more and more young students personally choose to learn Chinese in the United States?A. They will have more job opportunities in the future.B. They are more interested in the international trade.C. They will visit China for further education.D. They are curious about the corporate partnership.15. Isabel Weiss has also chosen to learn Chinese because ________ .A. she wants a brighter futureB. she finds it fun to learn the languageC. she likes to do business in ChinaD. she watches people speak the languageQuestions 16-20 are based on the following passage:The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has announced plans to return people to the moon by 2018. "And this time," according to a NASA press release, "we're going to stay."NASA wants to make a new spaceship for the missions using parts from the Apollo program, which first took people to the moon in 1969, and the space shuttle. NASA says the new Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) will be "affordable, reliable, reliable, and sage."The CEV will be able to hold four astronauts. The plan is to have the CEV dock（对接）in space with the lunar lande—the vehicle astronauts will use to land on the moon—which will be launched separately into space. The CEV will then travel to the moon and all four astronauts will walk on the moon.The first moon missions are expected to last up to seven days. Exploration and construction of a moon base will be the astronauts' top priorities（最优先考虑的事）.NASA hopes to have a minimum of two moon missions a year starting in 2018. This will allow for quick moon base construction, constant scientific study, and training for future missions to Mars.16. What is new in NASA's plan to return to the moon by 2018?A. People will land and remain on the moon.B. Equipment will be carried and installed there.3C. More CEVs will be made regularly.D. A special device will be used in landing.17. How will NASA make its new spaceship?A. It will base its design on that of the Apollo program.B. It will use parts only from the Apollo program.C. It will make use of the Apollo program and the space shuttle.D. It will develop new designs and make new components.18. How will CEV and the moon lander be launched?A. They will be launched separately.B. CEV will dock with the moon lander.C. They will be launched together.D. The moon lander will hold four astronauts.19. What will be the astronauts' top priorities?A. Entering the orbit and landing on the moon.B. Landing and walking on the moon surface.C. Exploration and researches into the moon composition.D. Exploration and construction of a moon base.20. The reason why NASA hopes to carry out at least two moon missions a year starting in 2018 is to ________.A. ensure the moon traveling and the moon base constructionB. speed up the moon base construction and other activitiesC. guarantee the quality of the researchers' scientific studyD. set up new training laboratories for future missions to MarsQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:At the end of the U.S. Civil War, about four million slaves were freed. Now, people around the world can hear some of the former slaves' stories for the first time ever, as told in their own voices."That was in slavery time," says Charlie Smith in one interview. "They sold the colored people. And they were bringing them from Africa. They brought me from Africa. I was a child."The Library of Congress released the collection of recordings, Voices from the Days of Slavery, in January. The recordings were made between 1932 and 1975. Speaking at least 60 years after their emancipation（解放）, the storytellers discuss their experiences as slaves. They also tell about their lives as free men and women.Isom Moseley was just a boy at the time of emancipation, but he recalls that things were slow to change. "It was a year before the folks knowed they was free," he says.[黑人说英语有时不合语法，因此，这里他把knew说成了knowed, 把were 说成了was.]Michael Taft, the head of the library's archive of folk culture, says the recordings reveal something that written stories cannot. "The power of hearing someone speak is so much greater than reading something from the page," Taft says. "It's how something is said—the dialect, the low pitches, the pauses—that helps tell the story."21. What is new about the slaves' stories?A. They are told in the slaves' own voices.B. People travel around the world to hear them.C. Colored people were sold.D. They happened in the slavery time.22. What is the title of the collection of recordings?A. The End of the U.S. Civil WarB. The Library of CongressC. Voices from the Days of SlaveryD. The Recordings of Written Stories23. How many years did it take to complete the collection of recordings?A. 26 years.B. 33 years.C. 44 years.D. 57 years.24. What do the storytellers tell us about?A. How they were brought to the United States from Africa.B. The release of the collection of recordings.C. What happened 60 years after their emancipation?D. Their experiences as slaves and their lives as free men and women.25. The recordings differ from written stories in that ________.A. the tellers and the government are contributing togetherB. the dialect, the low pitches, and the pauses are more revealingC. the hearing and reading both help tell the storiesD. the power of watching someone write is more engagingQuestions 26-30 are based on the following announcement:526. In order to be chosen, applicants must send in ________ before Nov. 30, 2006.A. their papers and application formsB. their papers and degree certificatesC. their application forms and diplomasD. their applications and registrations27. The number 92354 is the ________ of Loma Linda University SD.A. fax codeB. phone numberC. zip codeD. street number28. The qualifications for the application for the award include all of the following EXCEPT ________.A. hospital interns, resident or clinical fellowsB. undergraduates, masters or Health Science degree candidatesC. doctorial degree candidates or equivalentsD. Ph. D. supervisors or former student award winners29. Journal of Biomaterials Research will publish ________.A. the abstract of the paper of the applicant chosenB. the presented paper of the applicant chosenC. the abstract and paper of the applicant selectedD. the application form and paper of the applicant30. It can be inferred that the criterion/criteria for the selection of qualified candidates is/are ________.A. the qualification of the applicantsB. the quality of the applicants' papersC. the number of the papers presentedD. the abstract of the papers submittedPart Three ClozeDirections:There are ten blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.The hobby of collecting autographs（亲笔签名）is called philography, from a Greek word meaning love of writing. People 31 many kinds of autographs. Some collect signatures or other handwritten materials of authors, composers, movie stars, or sports heroes. Others focus on certain 32 such as the signing of the Declaration of Independence, a presidential election, or the space program.33 collectors try to acquire a complete set of autographs of Novel Prize winners or Academy Award winners.Collectors may request autographs 34 celebrities either in person or by letter. Most beginning autograph collectors do not have the knowledge to determine 35 an autograph is genuine（真实的）. They may mistake other kinds of signatures for 36 handwritten signatures. For example, some people have secretaries who sign their mail. Some individuals send out mass-produced letters or signed photographs to collectors who 37 their autographs. Many famous people use a mechanical device called an Autopen to sign autographs. The 38 can7sign 3,000 signatures in eight hours. The only way to recognize an Autopen autograph is to compare two of them. All Autopen autographs are 39 , but no two handwritten autographs are 40 alike.31．A．neglect B．arrange C．read D．collect32．A．stories B．events C．actions D．plans33．A．Some B．Any C．No D．Several34．A．from B．in C．for D．to35．A．what B．how C．whether D．where36．A．false B．indirect C．open D．genuine37．A．copy B．request C．write D．mail38．A．actor B．machine C．collector D．secretary 39．A．genuine B．false C．different D．identical 40．A．fluently B．initially C．exactly D．convenientlyPart Four Dialogue CompletionDirections:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that most appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41. Steve: Hi, my name is Steve. It's nice to meet you.Jack: I'm Jack.A. My name is Jack, you know.B. How are you, Steve?C. It's pleasure to meet you, Steve.D. You're busy, aren't you?42. Jill: Hi, Jane, this is Jill. Do you have time to talk?Jane: Hi, Jill, . I was just watching TV.A. so whatB. no doubtC. sometimeD. sure43. Salesman: Good morning, sir. May I help you?Customer: That's OK. .Salesman: Fine. Please take your time.A. I'm just looking aroundB. I'm just playing aroundC. I'm just sneaking aroundD. I'm just hanging around44. Customer: Could you hold the door open for a moment, please?Salesman: Certainly. .A. please take your timeB. I'm sorry I can'tC. No worry, pleaseD. Never mind it45. Harry: I didn't know you play billiards. Are you having fun?John: I'm having a great time. What are you doing?A. Great!B. How about you?C. I miss it so much.D. Do you know billiards?46. Bob: Why didn't you come to my party last night?Bill: I'm sorry, . I had to visit my grandmother at the hospital.A. I did itB. I still remember itC. I couldn't make itD. I will come47. Cashier: How can I help you, Miss?Nancy:Cashier: Sure. How do you want it?A. Why didn't you say it then?B. No, I don't need your help.C. Could you break a 20 for me?D. No, I can manage it.48. Friend A: This meal is on me. .Friend B: Thanks, but isn't it my turn to treat you?A. It's none of your businessB. I'll treat youC. I invite youD. My pleasure49. Stewardess: Please put your seat up. We'll be serving dinner shortly.Passenger: I'd like to, but there seems to be something wrong with it.A. Can you help with it?B. Can you stay a few minutes?C. It's your duty to fix it.D. Hold on, please.50. Student A: Thanks a lot. I really enjoyed your company.Student B: Don't mention it. .A. Sorry to keep you outB. Many happy returns of the dayC. Same hereD. You're too polite2006 年GCT 入学资格考试外语运用能力试题参考答案与解析Part One Vocabulary and Structure1．【答案】A【解析】“stay … alive”意为“使（某人或某物）活着，维持生命，生存下去”。
GCT考试英语辅导教材词汇6
GCT考试英语辅导教材--词汇（六）第四节词汇考试中的解题思路及对策语言中词汇，犹如建造摩天大楼的砖瓦，是构成语言的基础。
掌握好这一部分不仅有利于做好词汇试题，也对答好全套试卷中的其它试题起着至关重要的作用，当然，对于能否学好一门语言，词汇的重要性自是不言而喻。
但是，掌握词汇乃至它们的用法并非一日之功，需要日积月累，方能见效。
一、优选法词汇试题中都有一些题型无需仔细研读或分析就能直接选出正确答案，比如说熟悉的词语，固定搭配词语，习语等。
考试中遇到这类题型时，只需找到题干中的信息词语，即能快速、准确地选定答案。
如(1). The students _________ to the new environment shortly after they came to the university.A. adoptedB. adaptedC. suitedD. regulated【答案】B。
【解析】在该题中，只要看题干中有哪一个动词能和介词to搭配，就能顺利地选出正确答案了。
除了选项B之外，意为“使…适应”，A的意思是“采纳，收养”；C倒是符合题意，但它是个及物动词，其后不能用介词；选项D的意思为“调节，校准”，均与题意不合。
(2). With his funny performance, Charlie Chaplin __________ the Little Tramp successfully in the film.A. discoveredB. inventedC. madeD. created【答案】D。
【解析】这四个选项意思较为接近，但属于一种习惯表达法。
(3). Facing the present economic depression, he kept worrying about the future, not knowing what was to __________him.A. become ofB. become toC. become withD. happen【答案】A。
【专业英语】13-The Glass Transition Temperature
The Glass Transition TemperatureThe glass transition, T g, is a phenomenon observed in linear amorphous polymers, such aspoly(styrene) or poly(methyl methacrylate). It occurs at a fairly well-defined temperature when thebulk material ceases to be brittle and glassy in character and becomes less rigid and more rubbery.Many physical properties change profoundly at the glass transition temperature, includingcoefficient of thermal expansion, heat capacity, refractive index, mechanical damping, and electricalproperties. All of these are dependent on the relative degree of freedom for molecular motion within agiven polymeric material and each can be used to monitor the point at which the glass transitionoccurs. Unfortunately, in certain cases, the values obtained from these various techniques can vary 13 widely. An example is the variation found in the measured values of T g for poly(methyl methacrylate),which range from 110 °C using dilatometry (i.e. where volume changes are monitored) to 160 °Cusing a rebound elasticity technique. This, though, is an extreme example; despite the fact that themeasured value of T g does vary according to the technique used to evaluate it, the variation tends to beover a fairly small temperature range.The glass transition is a second-order transition. In this it differs from genuine phase changes thatsubstances may undergo, such as melting or boiling, which are known as first-order transitions. Theselatter transitions are characterized by a distinct volume change, by changes in optical properties (i.e. inthe X-ray diffraction pattern and the infrared spectrum) and by the existence of a latent heat for thephase change in question. By contrast, no such changes occur at the glass transition, though the rate ofchange of volume with temperature alters at the T g, as illustrated in Figure 3.5.The glass transition can be understood by considering the nature of the changes that occur at thetemperature in question. As a material is heated to this point and beyond, molecular rotation aroundsingle bonds suddenly becomes significantly easier. A number of factors can affect the ease withwhich such molecular rotation takes place, and hence influence the actual value that the glasstransition temperature takes. The inherent mobility of a single polymer molecule is important andmolecular features which either increase or reduce this mobility will cause differences in the value ofT g. In addition, interactions between polymer molecules can lead to restrictions in molecular mobility,thus altering the T g of the resulting material.Briefly, the following features are known to influence the glass transition temperature:(a) The presence of groups pendant to the polymer backbone, since they increase the energyrequired to rotate the molecule about primary bonds in the main polymer chain. This is especially trueof side chains or branches.(b) The presence of inherently rigid structures in the backbone of the molecule, e.g. phenylenegroups.(c) Crosslinking.(d) Hydrogen bonds between polymer chains.(e) Relative molar mass, which influences T g because higher molar mass polymers have less ease ofmovement and more restrictions in their overall molecular freedom than polymers of lower molarmass. 13 (f ) The presence of plasticisers.The glass transition temperature is usually insensitive to the relative molar mass of the polymerabove degrees of polymerisation of about 200. Below this, T g is related to relative molar mass, lowermolar mass specimens having lower values of T g. This is because the chain ends tend to haveinherently greater degrees of freedom of motion than the other segments of the macromolecule, andhence the more chain ends per unit volume of material, the greater the overall freedom of themolecules, leading to reduced values of T g.Random copolymers having an amorphous morphology generally exhibit a single T g having a valuebetween the T g s of the individual homopolymers. The exact value depends on the relative proportionsof the respective monomers in the copolymer.In certain cases polyblends of two very compatible polymers also show just one T g. The value ofsuch a T g can be predicted from either of the following equations:where f A and f B are the volume fractions of A and B respectively, orwhere M A and M B are the mass fractions of A and B.The latter equation may also be used to predict the approximate T g of a random copolymer, usingthe mass fractions of the respective monomers from which the copolymer was prepared.Both of these are equations are approximate and are useful only for giving estimates of the value ofthe T g of the polyblend or copolymer. To calculate values of T g more accurately requires additionalinformation such as the coefficients of thermal expansion of both components in both their liquid andglassy states. Given the uncertainty in the numerical value of T g, which as we have seen depends onthe method by which T g has been determined, there is little point in developing such arithmeticalrefinements.More usually, as has been described earlier, polyblends are made from incompatible polymers thatgive a two-phase structure. These polyblends show two T g s, one for each phase. The temperatures ofthese transitions correspond closely to the T g s of the respective homopolymers.(The Chemistry of Polymers (Third Edition), John W. Nicholson. (School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK) The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006)。
2023年单招考试英语试卷(+答案) (4)
2023年高职对口单独招生统一考试英语试卷（满分120分，考试时间90分钟）一、选择题：（本题共20小题，每小题3分，共60分）1. Each year 1 million smokers quit, but only 3 to 5 per cent ____ stay off cigarettes for a year or more.A. succeed inB. manage toC. stick toD. keep on2. There was an explosion in London but up to now nobody has______responsibility for it.A. declaredB. announcedC. claimedD. required3. I think a cold drink can ___ you after your long hot journey.A. recoverB. refreshC. relieveD. relax4. — Do you know our town at all?（）— No, this is the first time I _____ here.A. have beenB. was isC. came canD. am coming5. I didn’t hear the phone. I _____ asleep.（）A. must beB. should beC. must have beenD. should have been6. It was in ____ friendly a way that he talked with us.（）A. suchB. how isC. tooD. so7. _____ you’re trying to do is really too difficult for you.（）A. What isB. That atC. WhoD. If8. He acted ____ nothing had happened to him.（）as if B. if C. as if C. whom9. A bridge was built _____ the river.（）A. on inB. atC. overD. above10. You can ____my surprise when I heard the news.（）A. think isB. supposeC. guessD. imagine11. I was leaving for home, but on second ___, I decided to go on working until I finished all the typing.A. opinionsB. thinkingC. thoughtsD. ideas12. Don't always find ___ with others. Otherwise, you'll make no Mends.A. faultB. mistakeC. crimeD. guilt13. So hardworking was he that nothing ______ him from his study remained in the room.A. distractingB. distractC. distractedD. to distract14. ---- Why don’t we take a little break ?---- Didn’t we just have ______ ?A. itB. thatC. oneD. this15. ____,Internet writers do make impressive progress.A.Encouraging and praisingB.To be encouraged and praisedC.Encouraged and praisedD.To encourage and praised16. In the west, people make ___ a rule to send Christmas presents to their relatives and friends.A. thisB. thatC. itD. the following17. --Is there a flight to London this evening?--There ____ be. I’ll phone the airport and find it out.A. mustB. has toC. mightD. ought to18. He called the police for help, ____ that the problem was more than he could deal with.A. having been realizedB. to realizeC. realizedD. realizing19. --- How much is the desk?---it__ninety-nine pounds.( )A. costsB. Pays toC. spendsD. Takes is20. I am afraid I won't be able to keep in touch__him.( )A. To goB. For ifC. withD. By too二、单词拼写（共5小题，每小题3分；共计15分）1.Mr. Li moved to the seashore in his f______(四十来岁).2.H______(听到) the good news, we all jumped with joy.3.I changed into my sports shoes so that I could walk more c_______(舒服).4.W_______(星期三) is the fourth day of a week.5.Walking every day keep me f_____(健康) than before.三、阅读理解：(共30分)阅读理解（一）BeninBenin is one of the smallest African states. It lies in West Africa on the Gulf (海湾) of Guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east.Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960, when it became independent (独立). In 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew (推翻) the first president. Maga. Soglo set up an army government and called himself head of state in 1965, but was overthrown and replaced (取代) by a civilian (非军人) government in 1967. In December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over (接管). In May 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years. However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man Ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrown by the army once more and General Kerekou became president. In November 1975 Kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to Benin, Benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place. Kerekou also announced that Benin would be a People’s Republic based on Marxism-leninism.1. Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries?(Bn=Benin;Tg =Togo;Nr=Niger;BF=Burkina Faso;Na=Nigeria;GG=Gulf of Guinea)2. For how long was Benin under France?A. For over a century.B. For roughly a century.C. For over half a century.D. Under half a century.3. For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People’s Republic?A. 15 years.B. 25 years.C. 20 years.D. 30 years.4. Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin.(Ah=Ahomedegbe;Ke=Kerekou;Ma=Maga;So=Soglo)A. So, Ma, Ah, Ma, KeB. Ma, So, Ma, Ke, AhC. So, Ma, Ke, Ma, AhD. Ma, So, Ma, Ah, Ke5. When and how did Benin get its two names--Benin and Dahomey?A. Dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Benin.B. Benin was its oldest name. The name Dahomey was used later, but has been replaced by Benin again.C. Dahomey was its oldest name. The name Benin was used later, but has been replaced by Dahomey again.D. Benin was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Dahomey. 阅读理解（二）Have you eaten too much over the holidays? You should try fidgeting for a while. Those around you might not like it, but scratching (moving your nails (指甲) against a part of your body) and twitching (moving suddenly and quickly when you don’ t want to) is an important way of burning up calories (卡路里).American researchers have found that some people’s squirming (continuously turn your body when nervous) and wigging (move in small movements, especially from side to side) equals (等于) several miles of slow running each day.The scientists, based at the National Institute of Health’s laboratory in Phenix, Arizona, are studying why some people get fat and other stay slim.In one study 177 people each spent 24 hours in a room in the institute where the amount (量) of energy is measured by their oxygen and carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) levels. By the end of the day, some people had burned up 800 calories in toe-tapping, (moving the front part of your foot up and down) finger-drumming (hitting your fingers continuously and lightly against something hard) and other nervous habits. However,others had burned up only 100 calories.The researchers found that slim women fidget more than fat women, but there was no significant difference in men. Heavy people burn up more energy when they fidget than do thin people.1. Which of the following can be used to explain the meaning of “fidgeting”?A. scratching and twitchingB. squirming and wiggingC. slow runningD. moving one’s body nervously2. We can know from the passage that scientists believe the reason why some people get fat and other people stay slim is that ____ .A. thin people burn up less calories than fat peopleB. fat people burn up more calories than thin peopleC. those who burn up more calories than others will be thinnerD. those who fidget more than others will be thinner3. Scientists found in the experiment that ____ .A. the energy burned up by fat people when they fidget was more than that burned up by thin people when they fidgetB. some people’s fidgeting burned up more than 800 calories, but some people’s fidgeting burned up less than 100 caloriesC. slim women fidget more than fat women but fat men fidget more than thin menD. thin men fidget more than fat men4. If someone is thin in a pleasant way, we say they are ____ .A. skinnyB. bonyC. slimD. underweight5. Scientists think a fidget habit to be ____ .A. a way to lose fatB. a nervous habit annoying(使讨厌) the people aroundC. a better exercise than slow runningD. a habit of thin people四、书面表达：请你为一个中学生参观团起草一份通知，用一段话说明以下要点：参观日期：3月25日，星期天时间：早上8点钟出发。
国家电网专业技术人员电力英语水平考试(英语单项选择)第5节
Section 5(第五节)1. Such customs were handed down from father to son.译文：这种风俗是由父亲传给儿子的。
2. My brother was such a handsome young man that many girls like him.译文：我的哥哥是一个如此英俊的年轻人，很多女孩喜欢他。
3. Nearly all weather occurs in the lowest layer of the atmosphere .译文：几乎所有的天气都发生在大气层的最低层。
4. The thief broke into the store and helped himself to a lot of money.译文：小偷闯入了商店，偷了很多钱。
5. After the lecture, the students participating in it had a heated discussion on it. 译文：讲座结束后，参与的学生们对讲座进行了热烈的讨论。
6. To be honest, I did n’t agree with what you said.译文：说实话，我不同意你说的话。
7. It has been raining for a week. I hope it will clear up.译文：已经下了一个星期的雨，我希望它会放晴。
8. The terrorists threatened to blow up the building if their demands were not met. 译文：恐怖分子威胁说要炸毁建筑，如果他们的要求得不到满足。
9. –Wh at’s the matter?-The shoes don’t fit properly .They are hurting my feet.译文：- 怎么了?- 弄伤了我的脚。
东华大学 材料学 专业英语翻译 高分子方向
Graft copolymerization is an efficient method to modify polymers .Various vinyl monomers have been investigated to graft onto starch ,and the starch graft copolymers have been used as flocculating agents , superabsorbents,ion exchanges and matrix or filler of thermo plastics. In this paper,mo dified starch paste by grafting with butylacrylate(BA) is firstly investigated as rubber-reinforcing filler. Three types of natural rubber(NR)/starch composites are prepared . Properties and morphology of these composites and corresponding starch powders are examined .The observed reinforcement effect of modified starch powder on NR/starch composites is interpreted.NO20this exploratory investigation examined the structural mechanism accounting for the enhanced compressive properties of heat-treated Kevlar-29 fibers . A novel theory was set forth that hydrogen-bond disruption and concurrent misorientation of crystallites may account for the observed augmentation of compressive properties. To examine the said theory ,as-received Kevlar-29 fibers were characterized by themogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry in an effort to determine if crosslinking and/or hydrogen disruption was responsible for the improved behavior in compression.NO21to prevent the loss of fiber strength , ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were treated with an ultraviolet radiation technique combined with a corana-discharge treatment .the physical and chemical changes in the fiber surface were examined with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance .the gel contents of the fibers were measured by a standard device .the mechanical properties of the treated fibers and the interfacial adhesion properties of UHMWPE-fiber-reinforced vinyl ester resin composites were investigated with tensile testing .NO22bicomponent fiber were wet-spun from soybean protein and poly(vinyl alcohol). the protein core of spun bicomponent fiber was brittle .our effort was then to study the soybean protein solution ,with the aim of trying to understand the cause for fiber brittleness and to determine the optimum solution conditions for fiber spinning . the effectsof alkali ,urea ,and sodium sulfite on the viscosity of the soybean protein solution were examined. the hydrolytic stability of the soybean protein solution was examined at various pH values at two temperatures .NO13a novel natural polymer blend ,namely ,a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN)composed of crosslinked chitosan with glutaraldehyde and silk fibroin was prepared .the FTIR spectra of the semi-IPN manifested that the chitosan and silk fibroin had a strong hydrogen-bond interaction and formed an interpolymer complex . the semi-IPN showed good pH sensitivity and ion sensitivity, and could also act as an "artificial muscle" because its swelling-shrinking behavior exhibited a fine reversibility.a number of papers have been published on the structure of PAN using X-ray diffraction ,infrared spectroscopy ,nuclear resonance ,and molecular simulations .based on the scattering pattern ,PAN is considered either orthorhombic with 3D,or hexagonal with 2D order . it has been proposed that hexagonal packing ,of PAN chains in dry samples becomes orthorhombic due to co-crystallization of PAN with polar solvent molecules .in this study ,we use in still XRD measurements, and draw upon these earlier publication ,to understand the deformation process on microscopic scale in PAN and its nanocompositeNO15new organic-inorganic hybrids based on PS/TiO2 hybrid membranes were prepared by sol-gel and phase inversion process. the membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, structure ,hydrophlicity, UF ,performance and thermal stability .the results showed that macrovoids were nearly suppressed with formation of sponge like membrane structure .the TiO2 particles were uniformly dispersed in membrane . the nanodispersed morganic network formed after sol-gel process and the strong interaction between inorganic network and polymeric chains led to the improvement of porosity and thermal stability.NO16polymers carrying a hydrolyzable ester function and bactericidal quaternary ammonium salts were successfully synthesized in two steps . the first one was the modification of hydroxyl functions of poly(vinyl alcohol) by chloroacetic anhydride . the structure of synthesized polymers was confirmed by infrared ,1H-,and 13C- nuclear magnetic resonance .the kinetic results were consistent with a 1-order reaction ,and the activation energy in the case of total modification was found to be 16.8(J/Mol) . the second step was the quaternization of the pendant chlorine atom with a long alkyl chain or aromatic tertiary amines.NO17blending homopolymers with block copolymers has been proved to be another interesting approach to modify the morphology of the block copolymer self-assembly. by blending homopolymer of identical chemical structure with one block in the copolymer , the dimension of the domains in the final phase separation has been adjusted , by changing either the volume fraction or the molecular weight of the homopolymer .at low volume fraction of the block copolymers , the structure formation is analogous to micelle formation of surfactant molecules in solutions, and the interfacial tension between the copolymer and the homopolymer is a critical factor.NO18differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical zhermal analysis techniques have been used to characterize different Kevlar/epoxy composites. tetra-functional aliphatic amine and anhydride/diglycidyl epoxy have been used as matrix and different quantities of continuous Kevlar fibers as reinforcement .Kevlar fibers had different effects on curing kinetics and final thermal properties depending on epoxy matrix type . a significant decrease in the glass transition temperature(Tg)was observed as Kevlar content increased when anhydride matrix was used .NO10the electrostatic spinning technique was used to produce ultrafine polyamide-6 fibers. the effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the average diameter of as-spun fibers were investigated by optical scanning and scanning electron ,microscopy techniques . it was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity , surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the fibers obtained .among these three properties ,solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect . solutions with high enough viscosities were necessary to produce fibers without beads.NO11ternary blend fibers (TBFs) ,based on melt blends of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) , poly(ethylene terephthalate ), and a thermotropic liquid-crystal polymer (TLCP), were prepared by a process of melt blending and spinning to achieve high performance fibers . the reinforcement effect of the polymer matrix by the TLCP component the fibrillar structure with TLCP fibrils of high aspect ratios and the development of more ordered and perfect crystalline structures by an annealing process resulted in the improvement of the tensile strength and modulus for the TBFs .NO12an amphiphilic AB block copolymer composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as a hydrophilic segment and poly (10-undecenoic acid) as a hydrophobic segment was synthesized . the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymer was 30.8 ..,as determined by the turbidity method . the block copolymer forms micells in an aqueous medium. transmission electron microscopy images showed that these nanoparticles were regularly spherical in shap . the micelle size determined by size analysis was around 160 nm .NO7this work examines the PBT/PET sheath/core conjugated fiber with reference to melt spinning, fiber properties and thermal bonding . regarding the rheological behaviors in the conjugated spinning , PET and PBT show the smallest difference between their melt -viscosity at temperatures of 290 and 260 respectively , which has been thought to represent optimal spinning conditions . the effect of processing parameters on the crystallinity of core material-PET was observed and listed . in order of importance , these factors are the draw ratio, the heat-set temperature , and the drawing temperature.NO8thermoresponsive shape memory fibers were prepared by melt spinning form a polyester polyol-based polyurethane shape memory polymer and were subjected to different postspinning operations to modify their structure . the effect of drawing and heatsetting operations on the shape memory behavior , mechanical properties , and structure of the fibers was studied . in contrast to the as-spun fibers , which were found to show permanent shape , the drawn and heat-set fibers showed significantly higher stresses and complete recovery.NO9the dry-jet-wet spinning process was employed to spin poly(lactic acid) fiber by the phase inversion technique using chloroform and methanol as solvent and nonsolvent ,respectively , for PLA . the as-spun fiber was subjected to two-stage hot drawing to study the effect of various process parameters , such as take-up speed ,drawing temperature , and heat-setting temperature on the fiber structural propertics . the take-up speed speed had a pronounced influence on the maximum draw ratio of the fiber . the optimum drawing temperature was observed to be 90 to get a fiber with the tenacity of 0.6 GPa for the draw ratio of 8 .NO1the purpose of this work is to examine zhe changes in thermal properties and zhe crystallization behavior of polyamide 6(PA6) when filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). the composites were produced by melt mixing starting from an industrial available masterbatch containing as produced MWCNT . the focus of this article is a detailed discussion of results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) ,X-ray ,diffraction (XRD) dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and water sorption . the influence of CNT on zhe thermal transitions (glass transition temperature ,melting ,and crystallization) of PA6 is investigated .NO2the effects of nucleating agents (NAs) on fracture toughness of injection-molded isotactic poly(propylene)/ethylene-diene terpolymer (PP/EPDM) were studied in this work . compared with PP/EPDM blends without any NA,EP/EPDM/NA blends show very small and homo geneous PP sphernlites . as we expected ,PP/EPDM blends nucleated with B-phase NA(TMB-5) present not only a significant enhancement in toughness but also a promotion of brittle-ductile transition . however ,the addition of A-phase NA(DMDBS) has no apparent affect on the toughness of the blends . the impact-fractured surface morphologies of such samples were analyzed via scanning electronic microscope(SEM).NO3solutions of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) or EVOH ,ranging in composition from 56 to 71 wt% vinyl alcohol ,can be readily electrospun at room temperature from solutions in 70% 2-propanol/water . the solutions are prepared at 80 and allowed to cool to room temperature .interestingly, the solutions are not stable at room temperature and eventually the polymer precipitates after several hours . however prior to precipitation , electrospinning is extensive and rapid ,allowing coverage of fibers on various substrates . fiber diameters of ca. 0.2-8.0 um were obtained depending upon the solution concentration .NO4the use of macromonomers is a convenient method for preparing branched polymers . however graft copolymers obtained by conventional radical copolymerization of macromonomers often exhibit poorly controlled molecular weights and high polydispersities as well as large compositional heterogeneities from chain-to-chain . in contrast , the development of "living"/controlled radical polymerization has facilitated the precise synthesis of well-defined polymers with lowpolydispersities in addition to enabling synthetic chemists to prepare polymers with novel and complex architectures .NO5the thermal and electrical conductivities in nanocomposites of single ,walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and polyethylene (PE) are investigated in terms of SWNT loading the degree of PE crystallinity , and the PE alignment . isotropic SWNT/PE nanocomposites show a significant increase in thermal conductivity with increasing SWNT loading , having 1.8 and 3.5 W/m K at a SWNT volume fraction of ———0.2 in low-density PE(LDPE) and high-density PE (HDPE), respectively . this increase suggests a reduction of the interfacial thermal resistance . oriented SWNT/HDPE nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal conductivities , which are attributed primarily to the aligned PE matrix .NO6we previously discovered that isotropic monomer solution show birefringence due to its anisotropic structure after gelation in the presence of a small amount of rod-like polyelectrolyte. here ,we focus on what mechanism is responsible for the formation of anisotropic structure during gelation .various optical measurements are perfected to elucidate the structure change during gelation . it is found that the existence of a large-size structure in monomer solution with the rod-like polyelectrolyte is essentially important to induce birefringence during gelation .。
2024广东大学特色专业录取测试英语科目详解及考试概览英文版
2024广东大学特色专业录取测试英语科目详解及考试概览英文版2024 Guangdong University Specialized Major Admission Test: English Subject Detailed Explanation and Exam Overview In the 2024 Guangdong University specialized major admission test, the English subject plays a crucial role in assessing the language proficiency of the candidates. The test aims to evaluate the students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills in English.The English subject test is divided into multiple sections, including reading comprehension, writing composition, listening comprehension, and oral examination. Each section is designed to assess different language skills and abilities of the candidates.In the reading comprehension section, candidates are required to read and understand various passages in English. They must demonstratetheir ability to comprehend the main ideas, details, and inferences presented in the texts.The writing composition section tests the candidates' writing skills in English. They are given prompts or topics to write essays, letters, or reports. The candidates' ability to organize ideas, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and express thoughts coherently is evaluated in this section.The listening comprehension section assesses the candidates' ability to understand spoken English. They listen to recorded conversations, lectures, or presentations and answer questions based on the information they hear. This section evaluates the candidates' listening skills, comprehension, and ability to follow spoken instructions.The oral examination is a crucial part of the English subject test. Candidates are required to speak in English on various topics or respond to questions asked by the examiners. This section evaluates the candidates' speaking skills, pronunciation, fluency, and ability to communicate effectively in English.Overall, the English subject test in the 2024 Guangdong University specialized major admission test is designed to assess the candidates' language proficiency and communication skills in English. It is essential for candidates to prepare thoroughly for each section of the test to demonstrate their abilities and increase their chances of admission to the desired program.。
英语作文tg
英语作文tgIn the contemporary world, the English language has transcended its geographical boundaries and become a global lingua franca. It is the medium of communication in various fields, including business, science, technology, and education. The global impact of English is profound and multifaceted, influencing not only the way we communicate but also the way we think and perceive the world.Firstly, the dominance of English in the business world cannot be overstated. With the rise of multinational corporations and the global economy, English has become thede facto language for international trade and negotiations. This has facilitated smoother transactions and collaborations across borders, as business professionals from diverselinguistic backgrounds can communicate effectively in English.Secondly, the scientific community heavily relies on English to disseminate research findings and scholarly articles. The majority of peer-reviewed journals arepublished in English, ensuring that the latest discoveriesand innovations are accessible to a global audience. This has accelerated the pace of scientific progress and fostered a collaborative environment among researchers worldwide.Moreover, the digital age has further cemented the status of English as the internet's primary language. A significant portion of online content is in English, making itindispensable for anyone seeking to navigate the digital landscape. This has also led to the creation of a globalonline community where ideas and information can be shared instantaneously.However, the widespread use of English has also raised concerns about the potential erosion of local languages and cultures. Critics argue that the dominance of English maylead to a homogenization of global culture, where local identities are overshadowed by the pervasive influence of English-speaking countries.In conclusion, the global impact of English is undeniable. It serves as a bridge connecting people from different partsof the world, fostering international cooperation and understanding. While it is essential to appreciate thebenefits it brings, it is equally important to be mindful of the potential cultural implications and strive for a balanced approach that respects linguistic diversity.。
2020年雅思G类考试详细介绍
2020年雅思G类考试详细介绍对于准备考雅思的同学来说，不知道对于雅思考试有没有了解呢？今天就和店铺一起来了解一下2020年雅思G类考试详细介绍。
IELTS General Training（普通培训类，以下简称G类）针对去英语国家完成中学教育，学习非学位培训课程，以及赴加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国移民定居的人员，主要测试在一般的社会和教育情景下的基本生存技能（basic survival skills）。
在题材、难度及测试技能等方面，G类阅读与旨在测试学术技能（academic skins）的A类阅读或是TOEEL、GRE及我国的四六级考试中的阅读部分有很大不同。
我们从题材、题型、评分方法、做题步骤等几个方面谈谈IELTS普通培训类阅读的特点。
1. 题材与考核技能一一实用性由于近年来为移民目的而考IELTS的人日渐增多并且已经成为IELTS考试的主力军，许多人为了方便，称呼G类为移民类。
严格来说，在G类阅读中，没有任何与＂移民＂（immigration）有关的内容。
考试用到的文章来自于布告、广告、官方文件、小册子、报纸、说明书、时间表、书籍与杂志等。
考到的题目涉及考生在英语国家必备的生存技能，即是否具备获取、理解并处理基本信息的能力。
总的来说，IELTS普通培训类阅读的题材与日常生活息息相关，是考生在英语国家生存时一定会接触到的，这一点与以学习为目的的IELTS学术类阅读及TOEEL、GRE或四六级有很大不同。
就考核技能而言，IELTS普通培训类阅读主要涉及抓主旨、定位细节和比较信息，较少考核推理、判断与得出结论等学术技能。
2. 题型一一多样化IELTS考试题型多样，不像国内外的标准化考试那样大量使用选择题。
IELTS经常考到的题型有：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN（对、错、文中未提及）、matching（配对）、shod-answer questions （简答）、sentence completion（完成句子）、paragraph headings（段落标题）、multiple choice（选择）、summary（摘要）和diagram/fIow chart/table（图表）等。
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专业英语一、选择20%1、The vacuum tube is an electron tube from which all or most of the gas has been removed, permitting electrons to movewith no or low interaction with any remaining gas molecules. 真空管是一种内部气体全部或部分抽空的电子管，从而使电子在不受或少受气体分子的干扰下运动。
2、A transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it, depending on how much electricity isinput to it. In other words, it is a digital switch. However, unlike the vacuum tube , it is solid state . 晶体管是一种依据输入电量大小而传导可变电量的器件。
换言之，晶体管是一种数字开关。
然而，和真空管不同，晶体管是“固态”的。
3、Miniaturization means the reduction in size of components and circuits for increasing package density and reducingpower dissipation and signal propagation delays.微型化是指减少元件和电路的几何尺寸, 从而增加封装密度、降低功耗、减少信号传播延迟。
4、While most materials either insulate from electrical flow (air, glass, wood) or conduct electricity readily (metals,water), there are some that only conduct electricity a small amount, or only under certain conditions. These are called semiconductors.大多数材料要么对电流绝缘（如空气、玻璃、木头），要么很容易传导电流（如金属、水溶液），但也有一些材料只传导少量电流，或者只在特定条件下传导电流。
这些材料被称作半导体。
5、A flip-flop is basically a bi-state circuit in which either a 0 or 1 state can resides. Because of its simplicity, the flip-flop isextremely fast. As a basic element, the flip-flop is used in digital circuits and ICs. A flip-flop will lose its state when the supply voltage is removed. Therefore, it is volatile. 触发器是一种存储“0”或“1”的双态电路。
由于触发器结构简单，所以其速度极快。
触发器是数字电路和集成电路中的基本部件。
由于电源电压去掉后，触发器原有的状态就失去了，因此它是“易失的”。
6、The cache is a temporary storage area for frequently-accessed or recently-accessed data. Having certain data stored in acache speeds up the operation of the computer. There are two kinds of cache: internal (or memory cache) and external (or disk cache). Internal cache is built into the processor, and external cache is on the motherboard. When an item is called for, the computer first checks the internal cache, then the external cache, and finally the slower main storage.7、A technique where the microprocessor fetches the next instruction before completing execution of the previousinstruction, in order to increase processing speed.）流水线是一种在前一条指令全部执行完之前就开始取下一条指令，以提高处理速度的技术。
8、tri-state buffer 三态缓冲器A tri-state buffer is a device that allows you to control when an output signal makes it to thebus. When the tri-state buffer's control bit is active, the input of the device makes it to the output. When it's not active, the output of the device is Z, which is high-impedance or, equivalently, nothing. There is no electrical signal is allowed to pass to the output.9、Period jitter, also called short-term jitter, is a change in a clock’s output transition from its ideal position over consecutiveclock edges. 周期内抖动也称为短期抖动。
它是指在相继时钟边沿的范围内时钟输出状态转换位置偏离理想位置。
10、Clock Buffers：A device in which the output waveform directly follows the input waveform.Duty Cycle：The ratio of the output high time to the total cycle time.Slew：The rate of change of voltage or frequency.Aging：The systematic change in frequency over time due to internal changes in crystal/oscillator.11、Clock Driver Skew (Intrinsic Skew) is the amount of skew caused by the clock driver itself.时钟驱动器相位偏移（内部相位偏移）是由时钟驱动器引起的相位偏移量。
Board Design Skew (Extrinsic skew) is the amount of skew caused by board layout issues such as:电路板设计相位偏移（外部相位偏移）是由下列电路板布线问题造成的相位偏移量：12、decibel 分贝：A unit used to express relative difference in power or intensity, usually between two acoustic or electricsignals, equal to ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two levels.13、Caching - The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPU.14、Virtual memory - Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed.15、Sound card:This is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital informationand back again.Graphics card :This translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor16、While traditional processors follow the Von Neumann architecture model, which assumes a shared single memoryto be used for both program instructions and data, DSPs use the Harvard or modified Harvard architecture , which includes multiple program and data memories, along with multiple buses to access them. 传统的处理器遵循冯 诺依曼结构模型，该结构采用一个单一的共享存储器，同时存储程序指令和数据；而数字信号处理器使用的是哈佛结构或改进哈佛结构，该结构包含多个程序和数据存储器以及访问这些存储器的多套总线。
17、AWG: AWG can produce any waveform you can imagine. You can use a variety of methods - from mathematicalformulae to “drawing” the waveform - to create the needed output.18、Simulation: “Building” an event or sequence of events, based on a specific waveform definition (often from asimulator or a library of waveforms)Replication: Capturing an existing signal on an oscilloscope and sending it to the signal source for reproductionSubstitution: Creating and/or modifying a defined signal to substitute for a signal from unavailable circuitry二、缩写30%1、IC (Integrated circuit) 集成电路2、LSI (large scale integration)大规模集成电路3、CMOS (complementary) 互补MOS4、MOS (metal oxide semiconductor)金属氧化物半导体5、PMOS (P-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) P沟道MOSFET6、NMOS (N-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) N沟道MOSFET7、EPROM (erasabl e programmable read only memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器8、EEPROM (el ectrically EPROM) 电可擦可编程只读存储器9、DRAM (dynamic rand om access memory) 动态随机存储器10、SRAM (static rand om access memory) 静态随机存储器11、GBW（gain-bandwidth product）增益带宽乘积12、DC (direct current) 直流/AC (alternating current) 交流13、ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) 模-数转换器/DAC14、PLL(phase-l ocked l oop) 锁相环路15、VCO(voltage controlled oscillator) 压控振荡器16、CPU(central processing unit)中央处理单元17、USB(universal serial bus) 通用串行总线18、IDE(Integrated Device El ectronics ) 集成驱动电路19、PCI( Peripheral Component Interconnect)互连外围设备20、OS (Operating System) 操作系统21、CD( Compact Disc) 激光唱片22、CAD (computer assisted d esign) 计算机辅助设计23、EDA: Electronic Design Automation. 电子设计自动化24、HDL: Hardware Description Language. 硬件描述语言25、ASIC Application Specific Intergrated Circuits 专用集成电路26、RTL(resistor transistor l ogic) 电阻晶体管逻辑(电路)27、FPGA : Field programmabl e Gate Array 现场可编程门阵列28、DSP(Digital Signal Processor)数字信号处理器29、SOC（System on a Chip ）片上系统30、PCB(printed circuit board) 印刷电路板31、DMM(Digital Multimeter) 数字万用表32、CRT (Crystal Ray Tube) 阴极射线管三、翻译50%1、Large-scale integration ("LSI") came to refer to the creation of integrated circuits that had previously been made frommultiple discrete components. 大规模集成是指将先前多个分立部件构成的电路集成化。