跨文化交际重点梳理.docx

重点 1 Definition of culture

Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.

重点 2 Characteristics of culture(10)

1、Culture is shared

Culture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.

It is not property of any individual.

2、culture is cumulative

Human beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.

Every generations can discover the new things.

The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.

3、culture is learned

Culture is not inherent with any people.

Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from

previous generations.

And it should be taught and learned by people.

4、culture is adaptive

Culture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive

5、culture is dynamic

At the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.

6、culture is symbolic

Symbols generally serve as communicative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.

7 、culture is relational

Culture is an organic whole. All the components of culture are interlinked.

8 、culture is implicit and explicit

Some layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating , dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know.

Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.

9、CuIture is UniVerSal

10、CUItUre is diversified

重点 3 Hall'dimensions

High COnteXt

High-C On text com muni catio n relies heavily On nonv erbal, Con textual and

Shared CUItUraI meanin gs.

The meanings are not fully expressed.

MeaningS are determined by how ” things are Said , rather than What ” is said.

日本欧洲东部和南部阿拉伯

Collectivism

Low COnteXt

VerbaI codes rather tha n the in formati on implies

Clear Straight and to-the-poi nt com muni Cati on

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In dividualism

Monochromic CUItUre

Do one thing at one time, COnCentrate on the job, take time SeriOUsly, low-context and need information, commit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptness

Polychromic culture

Do many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, high-context and already have information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.

重点 4 Triandis's individualism & collectivism

Individualism

Fosters independence and individual achievement,

Promotes self-expression ,personal choice, individual thinking Associated with egalitarian relationships and flexibility in roles Understand the physical world as knowable apart of human life Collectivism

Interdependence and group success

Promotes adherence to norms Associated with stable, hierarchical roles Shared property, group ownership