曼昆经济学原理微观第一章答案
曼昆经济学原理答案全解1
第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
3．水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。
4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。
如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。
通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。
因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。
在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。
曼昆经济学原理-习题答案
曼昆经济学原理-习题答案第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理1(列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取合的例子。
答:?大学毕业后(面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;2、在学习为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答:因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的话动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。
通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。
因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。
在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6(市场巾的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢，答:市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此(他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着干百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7 解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
答:市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。
外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者棉利的影响。
当一个人小完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。
举例:如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。
在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。
市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。
例如:某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。
在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。
8(为什么生产率是重要的?答:因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。
生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。
9什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀?答:通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值生活中价格总水平上升。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第5版)课后习题详解 第1篇 导 言【圣才出品】
第1篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。
微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。
宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。
3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。
效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》第6版课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1.稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。
2.经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3.效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或收益大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4.平等平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。
5.机会成本机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6.理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7.边际变动边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。
8.激励激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9.市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
10.产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也可以理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利益上受益或受损的权力。
经济学原理 曼昆课后答案 chapter 1
Problems and Applications1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the costof the car and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying thecar might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years.So the real cost of the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what theymust give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on nationalparks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. Ifmore money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending onnational defense or on the police force. Or, instead of spending more moneyon the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, thedecision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profitscompared to other alternatives. For example, the company could upgradeexisting equipment or expand existing factories. The bottom line is: Whichmethod of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoffbetween the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to otherthings she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn'teasy to compare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what youwould do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like anew set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost ofskiing includes its monetary and time costs, plus the opportunity cost of the wagesyou're giving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to thelibrary to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs plus the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of investing it for a year and earning 5 percent interest,you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea thatmoney has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore,since that money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at themargin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'llearn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't beincreasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity iscertainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost pergallon of potion. Harry wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron are missing the other side of the equation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. In addition,Hermione is the only one who’s thinking at the margin.7. a. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his orher income, there's an incentive not to save for retirement. If you save a lot,your income will be higher, and you won't get as much after-tax Social Securityincome as someone who didn't save as much. The unintended consequenceof the taxation of Social Security benefits is to reduce saving; yet the SocialSecurity system arose because of worries that people wouldn’t save enoughfor retirement.b. For the same reason, you'll tend not to work (or not work as much) after age65. The more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits willbe. Thus the taxation of Social Security benefits discourages work effort afterage 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off aftertwo years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were tolast forever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get noincome at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. But theeconomy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greaterincentive to find jobs. Thus the change in the law is one that increasesefficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly.If you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would takeyour roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example,suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spainand France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and Frenchworkers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by theright artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amountof information. You need to know about production techniques and costs inthe CD industry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and whichartists they want to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll beproducing too many CDs by artists that people don't want to hear, and notenough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions.You have to make the right number of CD players for people to use. If youmake too many CDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassetteplayers will be stuck with CDs they can't play. The probability of makingmistakes is very high. You will also be faced with tough choices about themusic industry compared to other parts of the economy. If you produce moresports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making CDs. So alldecisions about the economy influence your decisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable TVfirm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harmsnonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopolypower.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There's an externality because of accidents caused by drunkdrivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of ournation's output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case.Would that be efficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopolyand restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiencywould increase by providing more health care. But more likely, if thegovernment mandated increased spending on health care, the economy wouldbe less efficient because it would give people more health care than theywould choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people areless likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care wouldrepresent an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of theeconomic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less ofother goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemploymentbenefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs.After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form ofinsurance. But there’s an efficiency problem why work if you can getincome for doing nothing? The economy isn’t operating e fficiently if peopleremain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourageunemployment. Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. Themore generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by anunemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remainunemployed. So greater equity reduces efficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we arelikely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thusincomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be anincrease in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will havemore equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to boththe workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factoryowners, who will get a return on their investments. There's no such thing as a freelunch, though, because when people save more, they're giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they're probably going to spend more on goodsand services.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then outputmay increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand ratherthan raising prices.c. If prices can adjust, then people's higher spending will be matched withincreased prices, and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker wouldneed to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Because prices are sticky, an attempt to reduce inflation willlead to higher unemployment. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》第 6 版课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、看法题1.稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供应老是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲念无穷性之间的矛盾。
2.经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给互相竞争的用途，以令人类的欲念获取最大限度知足的科学。
此中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主风光对既定资源拘束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个公民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3.效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或许是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或利润大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4.同等同等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都符合社会发展的需要，即经济成就在社会成员中公正分派的特征。
它是一个历史范围，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不一样而不一样，不存在永久的公正；它也是一个客观范围，只管在不一样的社会形态中内涵不一样对其的理解不一样，但都是社会存在的反应，拥有客观性。
5.时机成本时机成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其余用途所放弃的最大预期利润。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源拥有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6.理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假定的、在必定条件下拥有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7.边沿改动边沿改动是指对行动计划的细小增量调整。
8.激励激励是指惹起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9.市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和公司在市场上的互相交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置本质上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
10.产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也能够理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或别人在经济利益上得益或受损的权利。
曼昆经济学原理(5版)_课后答案(超全)
第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
3．水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。
4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。
如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。
通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。
因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。
在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。
曼昆《经济学原理》答案
曼昆《经济学原理》答案第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么? 答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
8．为什么生产率是重要的? 答：因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。
生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。
9．什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀?答：通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值，由此产生经济生活中价格总水平上升。
货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。
10．短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关? 答：短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。
政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量减少又引起企业解雇工人。
在短期内，对通货膨胀的抑制增加了失业量。
问题与应用3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。
去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么?并解释之。
答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。
如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。
5．你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500万美元，但开发工作还远远没有完成。
在最近的一次会议上，你的销售人员报告说，竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300万美元。
曼昆经济学原理微观答案
曼昆经济学原理微观答案1. 市场经济体系的基本特征是什么？市场经济体系的基本特征包括：- 私有产权：个人或企业拥有并控制资源和生产要素。
- 自由交易：由供求双方自愿达成协议进行交换。
- 自由进入与退出：个人或企业可以自由地进入或退出市场。
- 价格机制：通过供求关系形成合理的市场价格来指导资源配置和决策。
- 竞争机制：个人或企业在竞争中追求自身利益，从而推动经济发展。
- 通过市场机制进行资源配置和决策。
2. 边际效用是什么？边际效用递减法则是什么？边际效用是指每增加一单位消费或产出所带来的额外满足程度。
边际效用递减法则是指当某种商品或服务的消费或产出量逐渐增加时，其边际效用逐渐减少。
换句话说，随着消费或产出的增加，每单位增加的效用越来越少。
3. 需求曲线的斜率代表什么？需求曲线的斜率代表商品价格相对于商品数量的变化速率。
通常来说，需求曲线的斜率为负数，表示价格上升时，需求量下降的幅度。
斜率的绝对值越大，表示需求的价格弹性越高，即消费者对价格变化更为敏感。
4. 供给曲线的斜率代表什么？供给曲线的斜率代表商品价格相对于供给数量的变化速率。
通常来说，供给曲线的斜率为正数，表示价格上升时，供给量增加的幅度。
斜率的绝对值越大，表示供给的价格弹性越高，即生产者对价格变化更为敏感。
5. 市场均衡是如何形成的？市场均衡是指市场上供给和需求达到平衡时的状态。
在市场均衡状态下，商品的需求与供给量相等，不存在过剩或短缺。
市场均衡的形成是通过价格的调节和供需双方的互动实现的。
当市场价格高于均衡价格时，供给量会超过需求量，导致过剩；当市场价格低于均衡价格时，需求量会超过供给量，导致短缺。
通过价格的自由调整，市场上需求和供给逐渐趋于平衡，最终形成市场均衡。
北大课程-曼昆经济学原理(上)微观部分-第一次作业答案
第一次作业答案一、你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。
你可以选择现在花掉它或者在利率为5%的银行账户中存一年。
现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢？解：一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西。
同样，一种选择的机会成本是执行这种选择所必须放弃的其它选择。
更确切地说，一种选择的机会成本是除这种选择之外，其它所有选择中的最大收益。
古人常说“有一得必有一失”，实质上就包含了机会成本的含义。
就本题而言，100美元存在银行里，一年后的收益是5美元，因此，现在花掉100美元的机会成本是5美元。
如果你还可以用100购买彩票，且期望获利是110美元，那么本题的答案就会变为：消费（方式1）的机会成本是10美元，（方式2和3中的最大收益）；储蓄（方式2）的机会成本是10美元，（方式1和3中的最大收益）；购买彩票（方式3）的机会成本是5美元，（方式1和2中的最大收益）。
显然理性的消费者是不会马上消费或储蓄，他最好的选择是购买彩票。
（注：本题只是考虑机会成本，忽略了其它一些因素，如果考虑彩票收益的不确定性等因素，答案会不一样）二、一个经济由Larry、Moe、Curly这三个工人组成。
每个工人每天工作10小时，并可以提供两种服务：割草和洗汽车。
在一个小时内，Larry可以割一块草地或洗一辆汽车，Moe可以割一块草地或洗两辆汽车，而Curly可以割两块草地或洗一辆汽车。
a、计算在以下情况（即我所标的A、B、C和D）时，各能提供多少每种服务：·三个工人把他们所有的时间都用于割草。
（A）·三个工人把他们所有的时间都用于洗汽车。
（B）·三个工人都分别把一半时间用于两种活动。
（C）·Larry分别把一半时间用于两种活动，而Moe只洗汽车，Curly只割草。
（D）b、画出这个经济的生产可能性边界。
用你对a的回答来确定图形上的A、B、C和D点。
c、解释为什么生产可能性边界的形状是这样的。
(完整版)曼昆宏观经济学原理答案
第一篇导言复习题第一章宏观经济学的科学1、解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。
微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境况更好。
而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。
应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。
因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。
2、为什么经济学家建立模型？【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。
经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。
这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。
另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。
3、什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。
市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。
但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。
比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。
因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。
现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。
因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。
曼昆经济学原理答案全解1
第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
3．水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。
4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。
如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。
通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。
因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。
在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。
曼昆经济学原理第五版答案(第1-3篇)
第1篇导言第1章经济学十大原理问题与应用1．描写下列每种情况所面临的权衡取舍：A．一个家庭决定是否买一辆新车。
答：如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如：外出旅行，购置新家具；如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。
B．国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。
答：对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。
但同时，政府可用于交通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。
C．一个公司总裁决定是否新开一家工厂。
答：开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。
但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。
这样，企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。
D．一个教授决定用多少时间备课。
答：教授若将大部分时间用于自己研究，可能会出更多成果，但备课时间减少影响学生授课质量。
E．一个刚大学毕业的学生决定是否去读研究生。
答：毕业后参加工作，可即刻获取工资收入；但继续读研究生，能接受更多知识和未来更高收益。
2．你正想决定是否去度假。
度假的大部分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资))都用美元来衡量，但度假的收益是心理的。
你将如何比较收益与成本呢??答：这种心理上的收益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。
对于这个行动前就会作出的既定目标，我们一定有一个为实现目标而愿意承担的成本范围。
在这个可以承受的成本范围内，度假如果满足了既定目标，如：放松身心、恢复体力等等，那么，就可以说这次度假的收益至少不小于它的成本。
3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。
去滑雪的真实成本是什么？现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么？请解释之。
答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。
如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。
4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。
你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。
现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢?答：现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金)。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》课后习题详解(第1篇)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》课后习题详解（第1篇）第1篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。
微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。
宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。
3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。
效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。
曼昆《微观经济学》答案(英文版)_Chapter_1~5[1]
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Chapter 1Problems and Applications1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of thecar and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying the car mightmean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. So the real costof the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks,the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. If more moneygoes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on thepolice force. Or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes couldbe reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision isbased on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profits compared to otheralternatives. For example, the company could upgrade existing equipment orexpand existing factories. The bottom line is: Which method of expandingproduction will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between thevalue of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could dowith her time, such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn't easy tocompare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiingincludes its monetary and time costs, plus the opportunity cost of the wages you're giving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs plus the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of investing it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, youare giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore, sincethat money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't be increasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity is certainlyimportant, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion.Harry wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron are missing the other side of the equation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. In addition, Hermione is the only one who’s thinking at the margin.7. a. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his or herincome, there's an incentive not to save for retirement. If you save a lot, yourincome will be higher, and you won't get as much after-tax Social Security income assomeone who didn't save as much. The unintended consequence of the taxation ofSocial Security benefits is to reduce saving; yet the Social Security system arosebecause of worries that people wouldn’t save enough for retirement.b. For the same reason, you'll tend not to work (or not work as much) after age 65.The more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits will be. Thusthe taxation of Social Security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after twoyears, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to lastforever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get no income atall, so the distribution of income will become less equal. But the economy will bemore efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. Thusthe change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. Ifyou divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by the rightartists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount ofinformation. You need to know about production techniques and costs in the CDindustry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and which artists theywant to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll be producing too many CDsby artists that people don't want to hear, and not enough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions. Youhave to make the right number of CD players for people to use. If you make toomany CDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuckwith CDs they can't play. The probability of making mistakes is very high. Youwill also be faced with tough choices about the music industry compared to otherparts of the economy. If you produce more sports equipment, you'll have fewerresources for making CDs. So all decisions about the economy influence yourdecisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable TV firm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopoly power.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There's an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nation'soutput would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. Would that beefficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict healthcare to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase byproviding more health care. But more likely, if the government mandated increasedspending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would givepeople more health care than they would choose to pay for. From the point of viewof equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing morehealth care would represent an improvement. Each person would have a more evenslice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and lessof other goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemploymentbenefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs.After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form ofinsurance. But there’s an efficiency problem why work if you can get income fordoing nothing? The economy isn’t o perating efficiently if people remainunemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment.Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. The more generous areunemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but themore that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. So greater equity reducesefficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likelyto have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increasein production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. There's no such thing as a free lunch, though, because when people save more, they're giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they're probably going to spend more on goods andservices.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output mayincrease, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raisingprices.c. If prices can adjust, then people's higher spending will be matched with increasedprices, and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would needto know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Because prices are sticky, an attempt to reduce inflation will lead to higher unemployment. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.Chapter 2Problems and Applications1. Many answers are possible.2. a. Steel is a fairly uniform commodity, though some firms produce steel of inferiorquality.b. Novels are each unique, so they are quite distinguishable.c. Wheat produced by one farmer is completely indistinguishable from wheat producedby another.d. Fast food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much asnovels.3. See Figure 2-5; the four transactions are shown.Figure 2-54. a. Figure 2-6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It isbowed out because when most of the economy’s resources are being used to pr oducebutter, the frontier is steep and when most of the economy’s resources are being usedto produce guns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot ofguns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to makeguns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter;thus the production possibilities frontier is flat. When the economy is producing alot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used tomake butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the productionof butter; thus the production possibilities frontier is steep.b. Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside the productionpossibilities frontier. Point B is feasible but inefficient because it’s inside theproduction possibilities frontier.Figure 2-6c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. TheDoves might choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few guns.d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount,the Hawks would get a bigger peace dividend because the production possibilitiesfrontier is much steeper at point H than at point D. As a result, the reduction of agiven number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in thequantity of butter produced than when starting at point D.5. See Figure 2-7. The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintaina clean environment the productivity of the environmental industry. Gains inenvironmental productivity, such as the development of a no-emission auto engine, lead to shifts of the production-possibilities frontier, like the shift from PPF1 to PPF2 shown in the figure.Figure 2-76. a. A family’s decision about how much income to save is microeconomics.b. The effect of government regulations on auto emissions is microeconomics.c. The impact of higher saving on economic growth is macroeconomics.d. A f irm’s decision about how many workers to hire is microeconomics.e. The relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money ismacroeconomics.7. a. The statement that society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation andunemployment is a positive statement. It deals with how the economy is, not how itshould be. Since economists have examined data and found that there’s a short-runnegative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact,thus it’s a positive statement.b. The statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate ofinflation is a positive statement. Economists have found that money growth andinflation are very closely related. The statement thus tells how the world is, and soit is a positive statement.c. The statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money isa normative statement. It states an opinion about something that should be done,not how the world is.d. The statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is anormative statement. It doesn’t state a fact about how the world is. Instead, it is astatement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement.e. The statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is apositive statement. Economists have studied the relationship between tax rates andwork, as well as the relationship between tax rates and saving. They’ve found anegative relationship in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, andis thus a positive statement.8. Two of the statements in Table 2-2 are clearly normative. They are: “5. If the federalbudget is to be balanced, it should be done over the business cycle rather th an yearly” and “9.The government should restructure the welfare system along the lines of a ‘negative income tax.’” Both are suggestions of changes that should be made, rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative statements.The other statements in the table are positive. All the statements concern how the world is, not how the world should be. Note that in all cases, even though they’re statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economists agree with them. You could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but not everyone agrees about what the facts are.9. As the president, you’d be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists,but you’d probably be most interested in their positive views. Economists are on your staff to provide their expertise about how the economy works. They know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you’d be most likely to call on them about questions of fact posit ive analysis. Since you’re the president, you’re the one who has the make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the political consequences. The normative statements made by economists represent their views, not necessarily ei ther your’s or the electorate’s.10. There are many possible answers.11. As of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of theCouncil of Economic Advisers is Martin N. Baily, and the secretary of the treasury is Larry Summers.12. There are many possible answers.13. As time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy becausethey’ll have opportunities to observe different policies that are put into place. As new policies are tried, their results will become known, and they can be evaluated better. It’s likely that the disagreement about them will be reduced after they’ve been tried in practice.For example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would be a good idea for keeping inflation under control, while others thought it was a bad idea. But when the controls were tried in the early 1970s, the results were disastrous. The controls interfered with the invisible hand of the marketplace and shortages developed in many products. As a result, most economists are now convinced that wage and price controls are a bad idea for controlling inflation.But it’s unlikely that the differences between economists will ever be completely eliminated.Economists differ on too many aspects of how the world works. Plus, even as some policies get tried out and are either accepted or rejected, creative economists keep coming up with new ideas.Chapter 3Problems and Applications1. In the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmer’s opportunity cost of producingone pound of meat is two pounds of potatoes because for every 20 hours of work, he can produce one pound of meat or two pounds of potatoes. With limited time at his disposal, producing a pound of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce two pounds of potatoes. Similarly, the rancher’s opportunity cost of producing one pound of meat is 1/8 pound of potatoes because for every hour of work, she can produce one pound of meat or 1/8 pound of potatoes. With limited time at her disposal, producing a pound of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 1/8 pound of potatoes.2. a. See Figure 3-2. If Maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. Ifshe spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so that is thehorizontal intercept. The time costs are constant, so the production possibilitiesfrontier is a straight line.Figure 3-2b. It takes Maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. In that time, she couldread 40 pages of economics. So the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is40 pages of economics.3. a.Workers needed to make:One Car One Ton of GrainU.S. 1/4 1/10Japan 1/4 1/5b. See Figure 3-3. With 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if eithereconomy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. Since aU.S. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the U.S. produced only grain it wouldproduce 1,000 million tons. Since a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, ifJapan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. These are theintercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. Note thatsince the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilitiesfrontier is a straight line.Figure 3-3c. Since a U.S. worker produces either 4 cars or 10 tons of grain, the opportunity cost of1 car is 2½ tons of grain, which is 10 divided by 4. Since a Japanese workerproduces either 4 cars or 5 tons of grain, the opportunity cost of 1 car is1 1/4 tons of grain, which is 5 divided by 4. Similarly, the U.S. opportunity cost of1 ton of grain is 2/5 cars (4 divided by 10) and the Japanese opportunity cost of 1 tonof grain is 4/5 cars (4 divided by 5). This gives the following table:Opportunity Cost of:1 Car (in terms of tons ofgrain given up) 1 Ton of Grain (in terms ofcars given up)U.S. 2 1/2 2/5Japan 1 1/4 4/5d. Neither country has an absolute advantage in producing cars, since they’re equallyproductive (the same output per worker); the U.S. has an absolute advantage in producing grain, since it’s more productive (greater output per worker).e. Japan has a comparative advantage in producing cars, since it has a loweropportunity cost in terms of grain given up. The U.S. has a comparative advantage in producing grain, since it has a lower opportunity cost in terms of cars given up. f. With half the workers in each country producing each of the goods, the U.S. wouldproduce 200 million cars (that’s 50 million workers times 4 cars each) and 500 million tons of grain (50 million workers times 10 tons each). Japan would produce 200 million cars (50 million workers times 4 cars each) and 250 million tons of grain(50 million workers times 5 tons each).g. From any situation with no trade, in which each country is producing some cars andsome grain, suppose the U.S. changed 1 worker from producing cars to producinggrain. That worker would produce 4 fewer cars and 10 additional tons of grain.Then suppose the U.S. offers to trade 7 tons of grain to Japan for 4 cars. The U.S.will do this because it values 4 cars at 10 tons of grain, so it will be better off if thetrade goes through. Suppose Japan changes 1 worker from producing grain toproducing cars. That worker would produce 4 more cars and 5 fewer tons of grain.Japan will take the trade because it values 4 cars at 5 tons of grain, so it will be betteroff. With the trade and the change of 1 worker in both the U.S. and Japan, eachcountry gets the same amount of cars as before and both get additional tons of grain(3 for the U.S. and 2 for Japan). Thus by trading and changing their production,both countries are better off.4. a. Pat’s opportunity cost of making a pizza is 1/2 gallon of root beer, since she couldbrew 1/2 gallon in the time (2 hours) it takes her to make a pizza. Pat has anabsolute advantage in making pizza since she can make one in two hours, while ittakes Kris four hours. Kris’s opportunity cost of making a pizza is 2/3 gallons ofroot beer, since she could brew 2/3 of a gallon in the time (4 hours) it takes her tomake a pizza. Since Pa t’s opportunity cost of making pizza is less than Kris’s, Pathas a comparative advantage in making pizza.b. Since Pat has a comparative advantage in making pizza, she will make pizza andexchange it for root beer that Kris makes.c. The highest price of pizza in terms of root beer that will make both roommates betteroff is 2/3 gallons of root beer. If the price were higher than that, then Kris wouldprefer making her own pizza (at an opportunity cost of 2/3 gallons of root beer)rather than trading for pizza that Pat makes. The lowest price of pizza in terms ofroot beer that will make both roommates better off is 1/2 gallon of root beer. If theprice were lower than that, then Pat would prefer making her own root beer (she canmake 1/2 gallon of root beer instead of making a pizza) rather than trading for rootbeer that Kris makes.5. a. Since a Canadian worker can make either two cars a year or 30 bushels of wheat, theopportunity cost of a car is 15 bushels of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of abushel of wheat is 1/15 of a car. The opportunity costs are the reciprocals of eachother.b. See Figure 3-4. If all 10 million workers produce two cars each, they produce atotal of 20 million cars, which is the vertical intercept of the production possibilitiesfrontier. If all 10 million workers produce 30 bushels of wheat each, they produce atotal of 300 million bushels, which is the horizontal intercept of the productionpossibilities frontier. Since the tradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same,the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.If Canada chooses to consume 10 million cars, it will need 5 million workers devotedto car production. That leaves 5 million workers to produce wheat, who willproduce a total of 150 million bushels (5 million workers times 30 bushels perworker). This is shown as point A on Figure 3-4.c. If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues toconsume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars.So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept of the production possibilitiesfrontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume200 million bushels of wheat, along with the 10 million cars. This is shown as pointB in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number ofcars and 50 million more bushes of wheat.Figure 3-46. Though the professor could do both writing and data collection faster than the student (that is,he has an absolute advantage in both), his time is limited. If the professor’s comparative advantage is in writing, it makes sense for him to pay a student to collect the data, since that’s the student’s comparative advantage.7. a. English workers have an absolute advantage over Scottish workers in producingscones, since English workers produce more scones per hour (50 vs. 40). Scottishworkers have an absolute advantage over English workers in producing sweaters,since Scottish workers produce more sweaters per hour (2 vs. 1). Comparativeadvantage runs the same way. English workers, who have an opportunity cost of1/50 sweaters per scone (1 sweater per hour divided by 50 scones per hour), have acomparative advantage in scone production over Scottish workers, who have anopportunity cost of 1/20 sweater per scone (2 sweaters per hour divided by 40 sconesper hour). Scottish workers, who have an opportunity cost of 20 scones per sweater(40 scones per hour divided by 2 sweaters per hour), have a comparative advantagein sweater production over English workers, who have an opportunity cost of 50scones per sweater (50 scones per hour divided by 1 sweater per hour).b. If England and Scotland decide to trade, Scotland will produce sweaters and tradethem for scones produced in England. A trade with a price between 20 and 50scones per sweater will benefit both countries, as they’ll be getting the traded good ata lower price than their opportunity cost of producing the good in their own country.c. Even if a Scottish worker produced just one sweater per hour, the countries wouldstill gain from trade, because Scotland would still have a comparative advantage inproducing sweaters. Its opportunity cost for sweaters would be higher than before(40 scones per sweater, instead of 20 scones per sweater before). But there are stillgains from trade since England has a higher opportunity cost (50 scones per sweater).。
曼昆《经济学原理》答案
第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
8．为什么生产率是重要的?答：因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。
生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。
9．什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀?答：通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值，由此产生经济生活中价格总水平上升。
货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。
10．短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关?答：短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。
政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量减少又引起企业解雇工人。
在短期内，对通货膨胀的抑制增加了失业量。
问题与应用3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。
去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么?并解释之。
答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。
如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。
5．你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500万美元，但开发工作还远远没有完成。
在最近的一次会议上，你的销售人员报告说，竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300万美元。
曼昆微观经济学第一章课后答案
．提供社会保障如何影响人们在工作时的储蓄激励?
答：社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可以获得收入，以保证生活。因此，人们不用为不能工作时的生活费
而发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。
B
．收入提高时津贴减少的政策如何影响65
岁以上的人的工作激励?
答：这会使65 岁以上的人在工作中不再积极进取。因为努力工作获得高收入反而会使得到的津贴减少，所
伙伴。在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6
．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?
答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭
在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。从而，这只“看
不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
明专业化和贸易如何使两个国家的状况变得更好。
答：我们俩各自承担自己擅长的工作比我们平均分摊两种家务时，我要花费的时间少了，因为娴熟的技巧使
工作效率提高。
举例：假设A 国比B 国擅长生产丝绸，而B 国生产皮毛制品的效率比A 国高，如果A 国专门生产丝绸，B
国专门生产皮毛制品，由于它们各自在相关生产上的优势，会使两种商品的生产率提高，有更多的丝绸和皮毛制
效的配置。在这种情况下，规定有线电视频道的价格会提高市场效率。
B
．向一些穷人提供可用来购买食物的消费券。
答：这是出于关注平等的动机，政府这样做是想把经济蛋糕更公平地分给每一个人。
C
．在公共场所禁止抽烟。
答：这是出于关注效率的动机。因为公共场所中的吸烟行为会污染空气，影响周围不吸烟者的身体健康，对
曼昆《经济学原理》答案(DOC)
第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
8．为什么生产率是重要的?答：因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。
生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。
9．什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀?答：通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值，由此产生经济生活中价格总水平上升。
货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。
10．短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关?答：短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。
政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量减少又引起企业解雇工人。
在短期内，对通货膨胀的抑制增加了失业量。
问题与应用3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。
去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么?并解释之。
答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。
如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。
5．你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500万美元，但开发工作还远远没有完成。
在最近的一次会议上，你的销售人员报告说，竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300万美元。
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第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理经济学十大原理复习题1.列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子.答:①大学毕业后,面临着是否继续深造的选择,选择继续上学攻读研究生学位,就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作, 赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍,如果学习《经济学》,就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间;③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍,要多买书,就要减少在吃饭,买衣服等其他方面的开支.2.看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答:看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益,例如:看书,打零工.3.水是生活必需的.一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答:这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝,如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水, 那么他的边际利益很小,有可能为负;如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水,那么他的边际利益将会极大.4.为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答:因为人们会对激励做出反应.如果政策改变了激励,它将使人们改变自己的行为, 当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时, 他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果. 5.为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答:因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动,并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务.通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加,经济状况变得更好.因此,各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手,又是经济合作伙伴.在公平的贸易中是"双赢"或者"多赢"的结果.6.市场中的那只"看不见的手"在做什么呢?答:市场中那只"看不见的手"就是商品价格,价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本, 市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格. 因此, 他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本.从而,这只"看不见的手"指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化.7.解释市场失灵的两个主要原因,并各举出一个例子.答:市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力. 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响.当一个人不完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时,就会产生外部性.举例:如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本,他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟.在这种情况下,政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利. 市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力.例如:某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响, 可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格. 在这种情况下, 规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率.8.为什么生产率是重要的?答:因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力,而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率.生产率越高,一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多.9.什么是通货膨胀,什么引起了通货膨胀?答:通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值,由此产生经济生活中价格总水平上升.货币量增长引起了通货膨胀.10.短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关?答:短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍,这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的. 政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量, 人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了, 但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的,仍居高不下,于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少,消费量减少又引起企业解雇工人.在短期内,对通货膨胀的抑制增加了失业量. 问题与问题与应用1.描写下列各种情况所面临的权衡取舍:A.一个家庭决定是否买一辆车.答:如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支,如:外出旅行,购置新家具;如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适.B.国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少.答:对国家公园的支出数额大,国家公园的条件可以得到改善,环境会得到更好的保护. 但同时,政府可用于交通,邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少.C.一个公司总裁决定是否开一家新厂.答:开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模,生产更多的产品.但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了.这样,企业开发新产品,利用新技术的进度可能会减慢.D.一个教授决定用多少时间备课.答:教授如果将大部分时间用于自己搞研究,可能会出更多的成果,但备课时间的减少会影响给学生授课的质量.2.你正想决定是否去度假.度假的大部分成本(机票,旅馆,放弃的工资)都用美元来衡量,但度假的收益是心理的.你将如何比较收益与成本呢?答:这种心理上的收益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量.对于这个行动前就会作出的既定目标, 我们一定有一个为实现目标而愿意承担的成本范围. 在这个可以承受的成本范围内, 度假如果满足了既定目标,如:放松身心,恢复体力等等,那么,就可以说这次度假的收益至少不小于它的成本.3.你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作,但一个朋友请你去滑雪.去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习,这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么?并解释之.答:去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资,我本可以利用这段时间去工作.如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习,那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识.4.你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100 美元.你选择现在花掉它或者在支付5%利率的银行账户中存一年.现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是什么呢?答:现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金).5.你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500 万美元,但开发工作还远远没有完成.在最近的一次会议上,你的销售人员报告说,竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300 万美元.如果完成这项开发还要花费100 万美元,你还应该继续进行这项开发吗?为了完成这项开发你应该最多花费多少?答:还应该继续这项开发.因为现在它的边际收益是300 万美元,而边际成本是100万美元. 为了完成这项开发我最多能再花300 万美元.只要边际收益大于边际成本,就有利可图.6.三位魔力饮料的经理正在讨论可能的生产增加.每位经理提出了作出这个决策的一种方法: 哈里:我们应该检查一下我们公司的生产率——每个工人生产的加仑数——上升了,还是下降了. 罗恩:我们应该检查一下我们的平均成本——每个工人的成本——上升了还是下降了. 赫尔缪尼:我们应该检查一下多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益大于还是小于额外的成本. 你认为谁对?为什么?答:我认为赫尔缪尼提出的决策方法正确.因为只有多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益大于它的额外成本时,多卖一加仑饮料才是有利可图的.理性人应该考虑边际量.7. 社会保障制度为65 岁以上的人提供收入. 如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱,他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少.A.提供社会保障如何影响人们在工作时期储蓄的激励?答:社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可以获得收入,以保证生活.因此,人们不用为不能工作时的生活费而发愁,人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少.D.与较高收入相关的津贴减少如何影响65 岁以上的人的工作激励?答:与较高收入相关的津贴减少会使65 岁以上的人在工作中不再积极进取.因为努力工作获得高收入反而会使得到的津贴减少, 所以对65 岁以上的人的努力工作的激励减少了.8.最近改革政府反贫困计划的法案限制许多福利领取者只领取两年的津贴.A.这些变动如何影响对工作的激励?答:这项反贫困计划法案的改革会激励那些只能领取两年津贴的福利领取者努力寻找工作,如果在两年内不能使自己获得工作,两年之后,这些福利领取者就没有收入了.B.这些变动如何反映平等与效率之间的权衡取舍?答:这些变动反映了法案改革者提高效率和适当降低公平性的意图.9.你的室友做饭比你好,但你清扫房间可以比你的室友快.如果你的室友承担全部做饭工作,你承担全部清扫工作,这比你们平均分摊每一项工作时你要花费的时间多了,还是少了?试举一个类似的例子,说明专业化和贸易如何使两个国家的状况变得更好.答:我们俩各自承担自己擅长的工作比我们平均分摊每一项工作时,我要花费的时间少了,因为娴熟的技巧使工作效率提高. 举例:假设A 国比B 国擅长生产丝绸,而B 国生产皮毛制品的效率比A 国高,如果A 国专门生产丝绸,B 国专门生产皮毛制品,由于它们各自在相关生产上的优势,会使两种商品的生产率提高,有更多的丝绸和皮毛制品在市场上供应.这样,A,B 两国间的专业分工和相互贸易使两国消费者有更多的丝绸和皮毛制品可供消费,两国的生活水平都提高了.10.假设美国经济采用了中央计划,而且你成为主要计划者.在你需要为下一年作出的千百万决策中包括生产多少激光唱片, 录制哪些艺术家的激光唱片, 以及谁应该得到这些激光唱片.A.为了理智地做出这些决策,你需要有关激光唱片行业的哪些信息?你需要有关在美国的每个人的哪些信息?答:我需要知道激光唱片行业的年销售量及其发展趋势,每种唱片的销售情况,激光唱片行业的生产能力,生产成本,利润水平等. 对于美国的每个人,我需要知道他们喜欢谁的唱片,一年会买多少唱片及对不同唱片的支付意愿.B.你关于激光唱片的决策如何影响你的其他决策,例如,要生产多少激光唱机,或者生产多少盒式录音带?你的一些其他经济决策会如何改变你对激光唱片的看法?答:由于激光唱片存在着替代品和互补品,对激光唱片的生产决策会影响对它的替代品和互补品的生产决策.如果要增加激光唱片的产量,就要增加它的互补品的产量,相应减少替代品的产量,例如,增加激光唱机的生产,减少盒式录音带的生产.反过来说,激光唱片的生产决策也将受到它的替代品和互补品的生产决策的影响.11.解释下列每一项政府活动是出于关注平等的动机还是出于关注效率的动机.在关注效率的情况下,讨论所涉及的市场失灵的类型.A.管制有线电视频道的价格.答:这是关注效率,市场失灵的原因是市场势力的存在.可能某地只有一家有线电视台, 由于没有竞争者, 有线电视台会向有线频道的消费者收取高出市场均衡价格的价格, 这是垄断.垄断市场不能使稀缺资源得到最有效的配置.在这种情况下,规定有线电视频道的价格会提高市场效率.B.向一些穷人提供可用来购买食物的票证.答:这是出于关注平等的动机,政府这样做是想把经济蛋糕更公平地分给每一个人.C.在公共场所禁止抽烟.答:这是出于关注效率的动机.因为公共场所中的吸烟行为会污染空气,影响周围不吸烟者的身体健康,对社会产生了有害的外部性,而外部性正是市场失灵的一种情况,而这也正是政府在公共场所禁止吸烟的原因.D.把美孚石油公司(它曾拥有90%的炼油厂)分解为几个较小的公司.答:出于关注效率的动机,市场失灵是由于市场势力.美孚石油公司在美国石油业中属于规模最大的公司之一,占有相当大的市场份额,很容易形成市场垄断.垄断市场的效率低于竞争市场的效率.因此,政府出于关注效率的动机分解它.E.对收入高的人实行高个人所得税税率.答:出于关注平等的动机,让高收入者多缴税,低收入者少缴税,有助于社会财富在社会成员中更公平的分配.F.制定禁止酒后开车的法律.答:出于关注效率的动机,市场失灵是市场外部性造成的.酒后开车对其他人的生命造成威胁,禁止酒后开车可以提高人们的安全保障.12.从平等和效率的角度讨论下面每种说法:A."应该保证社会上每个人尽可能最好的医疗保健."答:这个观点是出于平等的动机.但这样做会以降低效率为代价,每个人都拥有最好的医疗保健,人们就不会为了争取好的医疗保健条件而努力工作,会降低工作的激励.B."当工人被解雇时,应该能使他们在找到一份新工作之前一直领取失业津贴."答:从公平的角度来讲,这种说法极大地体现了平等性.在工人被迫失去工作后到找到新工作之前的这段时间里,失业津贴的发放使他们能够维持生活.从效率的角度来讲,这种说法减少了对工作的激励.既然在找到新工作之前,不劳动也可以获得维持生活的收入,被解雇者就不会急于寻找工作.13.你的生活水平在哪些方面不同于你的父母或祖父母年轻时的生活水平.为什么会发生这些变化?答:在衣,食,住,行各个方面,我的生活水平均高于我的父母或祖父母年轻时的生活水平. 发生这些变化是因为生产率大大地提高了. 几乎所有生活水平的变动都与生产率的变化有关,高生产率可以生产出更多的物品和劳务供人们消费.14.假设美国人决定把他更多的收入用于储蓄.如果银行把这笔钱借给企业,企业用这笔钱建设新工厂, 这种高储蓄会如何加快生产率增长呢?你认为谁会从更高生产率中获益呢? 社会会得到免费午餐吗?答:高储蓄使银行可以有更多的资金贷给企业,于是企业可以从银行那里获得更多更便宜的贷款投入到生产中去,扩大生产规模,引进先进技术和设备,培训工人,改善生产条件等等.这样就会提高生产率.但是从长期来看,高储蓄意味着用于消费的资金减少,会造成市场需求降低.生产出来的商品销售不出去,市场陷人疲软之中,生产企业的利润减少.于是,企业减少产量,甚至解雇工人以降低成本.社会经济发展减缓,甚至停滞.所以高储蓄换来的生产率提高只能使社会暂时获益,无法持久.15.假设每个人在第二天醒来时发现,政府给了他们一笔等于已有钱数的额外津贴.解释货币供给量翻一番对以下情况会有什么影响:A.支出于物品与劳务的总量.答:支出于物品与劳务的总货币量会增加.但收入的边际效益是递减的,总货币量的增长幅度会低于人们收入的增长幅度,不会比过去翻一番.D.价格是粘性时的物品与劳务的购买量.答:如果价格是粘性的,所购买的物品与劳务量会大大增加.因为人们现在手中有比过去多一倍的钱,而商品与劳务的价格还和过去一样.C.价格可以调整时的物品与劳务的价格.答:如果价格可以调整,物品与劳务的价格会因为需求的增加而上升,甚至会翻上一番.16.设想你是一个决策者,正要决定是否降低通货膨胀率.为了作出理智的决策,你对通货膨胀,失业和两者之间的权衡取舍需要了解哪些情况?答:我要了解通货膨胀率,失业率,通货膨胀和失业各自对经济产生的影响有多大,即通货膨胀率每增加一个百分点经济会有多大的反应, 失业率每增长一个百分点会对社会产生多大的冲击, 以及抑制通货膨胀的措施对失业率的影响程度, 还要估算通货膨胀与失业的权衡取舍在不同的政策措施下会维持多长时间.。