欧美文化概论课程论文
欧洲文化的论文2
欧洲文化的论文(2)关于欧洲文化的论文范文德国构建社会保障的思想主要来源于德国社会市场经济思想，其基本特点是在强调市场作用的同时，注意社会公正与社会平等的发展。
德国强调社会政策与经济政策的一致性，社会福利政策执行的效率取决于国民经济健康有序发展，社会政策不能间接损害国民经济生产率，也不能违背市场经济制度的基本原则。
这一原则也就决定了德国在面临危机时仍能从容面对，仅仅通过政策的调整来缓解并走出危机，并保障其经济发展的有序。
此外，德国主张个人享受福利权利必须与义务相对应，集体性社会福利必须有限度。
政府通过有效的社会福利政策，促使国民摆脱原始的利己主义、进行自我发展。
(三)南欧：父爱主义的天主教福利观以希腊为代表的南欧国家社会福利文化的核心是天主教福利观形成的国家非干预意识形态观，施行家庭―市民社会主供的福利资源供给制度，家庭和教会在福利供给方面占主导地位。
天主教的意识形态观强调社会网络、社会互动和社会意义，倡导家庭伦理，主张家庭福利和使用社会资源。
天主教坚持家庭时最基本的社会单位，反对国家干预，倡导国家“辅助性原则”的意识形态。
因此，希腊最初的福利文化来源于天主教意识形态观，强调家庭伦理观念的家庭福利主义。
四、欧洲社会福利文化对中国的启示社会福利制度安排是其自身所具备的福利文化的外在反应，深厚的福利文化根基对构建社会福利体系具有重要作用。
本文通过对欧洲社会福利制度文化渊源进行探究和分析，从而针对我国未来构建社会福利文化得出一些启示和经验。
(一)坚持发扬传统核心文化理念根据前文对瑞典、德国和希腊社会福利文化的分析，可以看到各国的社会福利思想理念都和本国的传统文化中密不可分，甚至可以说正是传统文化的精髓在历史的沉淀中逐渐形成了社会福利思想理念。
在国家发展过程中，文化作为软实力一直在潜移默化地影响着每一代国民，因此，传统文化的力量不可忽视。
尤其就我国目前的状况而言，国家经济处于高速发展的阶段，公民意识逐渐觉醒，市民社会的力量在加强，在这种社会转型的复杂背景下，外来思想理念的诱惑力极强，在吸收其他福利思想的同时，必须要保持传统文化的精髓，发扬中国本土文化对国民的强大影响力，将传统文化与现代理念结合起来，构建适合我国国情的社会福利文化。
英美文化概况论文
The Differences of Teenagers’ Life Between China and AmericaIt is universally known that teenagers are the expectation of their parents and the hope of a nation, and almost all the countries in the world, including C hina and America of course, pay much attention to the teenagers’ life. However, because of the differences of culture in different countries, teenagers are obviously not living a same life. And in this article, I want to talk about some differences of teenagers’ life between China and America, for life of teenagers in these two countries are both typical.First of all, let’s go into schools and find out how teenagers s pending a day at school.As a Chinese student, I really know the teenagers’ life at school in China. We have to get up early so as not to be late for classes in the weekdays, and there are nearly ten lessons, which contain Chinese, maths, physics, chemistry, English and so on, from moning to night so that many students, especially the highschool students, prefer to spend most of time staying in the classrooms rather than go to play games. As there are too many tasks of learning for us, sometimes we even think that doing things which have nothing to do with studing is just a waste of time. So now you should know that Chinese teenagers’ life at school seems to be alittle monotonous and there are few things to do except listening to the teachers in classes, reading books and doing exercises. And at the end of the day, we are always feeling very tired.Compairde with Chinese teenagers’ life at school, American teenagers’ is easier and more colourful. American teenagers attend classes for an everage of only five hours a day, while Chinese teenagers spend about 10 hours a day. What’s more, although American teenagers should also learn a lot of subjects like mathematics, science, social studies (a subject that includes history, geography, citizenship and economics) and so on, the contents of these courses are much easier than Chinese students’. In result, American teenagers have relatively few tasks of learning, and they have far more free time to do things which they like.After classes over, American teenagers will have more activities. For example, doing a part-time job is universal among the teenagers.There is an interesting fact that a ccording to a survey, it is found that “About 54 percent young students have no pocket money in America, and there are fewer chances to get money from their parents as their ages increase. It is also found that 68 percent American stude nts earn pocket money through doing part-time job in their spare time.”(Tin Jennifer, 2005) By this way, American teenagers not only earn pocket money, but also get many chances to train themselves to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently.However, it seems to be hard for Chinese teenagers to do the same things like doing a part-time job as American teenagers. One of the reasons is that Chineseteenagers have less spare time and just within the little spare time, they have to finish much homework. Besides, Chinese parents always protect their children excessively in social activities. Many parents fear that their children will face a lot of difficulties or become bad boys in society; they always reduc e their children’s chances to contact with society or do not let them go to the outside alone. As result, Chinese teenagers live a relatively safe life, with the protection of their parents and teachers, but they may lose a large quantity of chances for themselves to kown the reality of society and develop the aware of independence. And now we should somewhat understand the reason why American teenagers often seems to be more confident and mature.In a word, compared with American teenagers, Chinese teenages live a more tired and simple life. The most important things for them is to finish quite a large number of tasks of studying and they do not need to care about other things too much, because their parents always try to do almost everything for them.But why do these differences above appear? In my opinion, the key reason is that, as we all know, now the only way to select talented person in China is examination. That is to say, we test a person’s level by mark, whith sounds a little cruel. Due to this policy, Chinese teenagers have to undertake the heavy tasks of studyi ng, which is just like Zhengqiang’s(a professer of Zhejiang university) words“In the nowadays, the heavy tasks of studying brings too much pression to our Chinese teenagers but take too much happiness of the teenagers’ life away”. Their parents and teachers also put the children’s mark in an very important place,so they often urge the teenagers to sduty hard and hardly let them to other things. However, owing to the rich resources of education and the relatively variety of ways to select talented person, American teenagers have more choices and they needn’t pay so much attention like Chinese teenagers to study.And secondly, the parents’ conceptions of family education have an great effect on the teenagers’ life too.In China, parents will regard their son or daughter as a child and try to protect their child forever, and the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. What Chinese parents do makes Chinese teenagers live a comfortable life. The teenagers is just like the flowers which are planted in the greenhouses, with no hurt by the wind or snow, beautiful but fragile.However, on the contrary, in America, parents often encourage their children to contact with society. For instance, They let their children do a part-time job by controling the amount of children’s pocket money, which is mentioned in the previous paragraph. What American parents do is to cultivate children’s awareness of frugality and train their children’s ability of independence. Thus, American teenagers may meet more touble in the daily life, but if they overcome the trouble by themselves successfully, they will get a lot of precious social experience that will help them grow up more smoothly.By comparing and contrasting Chinese teenagers’ life with American teenagers’life, we can see that the American mode is better for teenagers to grow up healthily and there are some disadvantages about the Chinese mode. Fortunately, the Chinese government has realized this situation. For example, considering the teenagers’ heavy tasks of studying, the government makes some new education policy such as the policy of quality education to increase ways of talented person selecting to encourage the teenagers to do some other things. Besides, with society developing, Chinese parents also realize that it’s of great importance for children to for a self-supporting will, because it’s the basic quality that help a person succeed in society. Then the parents no longer help their children make all the decisions but they sometimes let their children do same choices. So Chinese teenagers’ life is not so monotonous as before, and I think the teenagers’ life will be more and more colourful, and they can grow up more healthily.参考文本文献以及电子文献：[1] 朱永涛，王立礼。
欧洲文化的论文（3）
欧洲文化的论文（3）关于欧洲文化的论文范文”[7]基督教教义在一定程度上成为了高级文化的载体，它促进了欧洲人的思想开化。
这一过程使得基督教成为欧洲人精神世界的统治者，奠定了其在欧洲人统一意识形态与价值观念中的统治地位。
作为中世纪意识形态的主导，基督教的教条成为了欧洲文化中伦理道德的规范。
基督教在中世纪时期有着其整体化的机构与活动。
其教义的传播者教士是文化的象征，而其物质载体修道院则成为教化民众的场所，是当时社会主要的文化中心。
修道院因其重要的文化地位和影响成为现代大学的前身。
可以说，基督教对欧洲人统一性的精神统治在欧洲认同观念的形成中起到了中流砥柱的作用。
综上所述，欧洲认同观念有着深刻的文化根源。
古希腊罗马文化是欧洲文明的起源，基督教文化是欧洲人共同的精神家园，二者为欧洲认同的形成奠定了坚实的基础。
只有深入探究欧洲认同形成的文化根源才能深刻地认识欧洲及其不断加强的一体化进程。
参考文献：[1] 郑晓云. 文化认同与文化变迁[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，1993.[2] 马克思，恩格斯. 马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷)[M]. 北京：人民出版社， 1972.[3] 伊迪丝·汉密尔顿. 希腊方式—通向西方文明的源泉 [M]. 杭州：浙江人民出版社，1988.[4] W. Fleming. Arts and Ideas [M]. New York， 1968.[5] 陈乐民，周弘. 欧洲文明扩张史[M]. 北京：东方出版中心，1999.[6] Anthony Pagden. The Idea of Europe [M]. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press. U.K. 2002.[7] 惠一鸣. 欧洲联盟发展史(上). 北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003年第1版.。
英美文化概论课程论文
英美文化概论课程论文－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－What I've Learnt in This CourseAuthor name: 杨坤student number : During this course，we have get the knowledge about America and Britain of their history , language , literature , education , politics and so on .United Kingdom covers only a small part area of the earth's surface , but its people share many different origins and cultures including the Scots , the Welsh , the Irish and the English .The English we use today has experienced too many changes . Old English of Anglo-saxon ,although it is the ancestor of modern English ,appears quite different from today's language .During AD 587-1066 , They used both Latin and Germanic scripts but always called their language Englisc .With the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror in 1066 , norman French became the official language of English .The following phases are Middle English , Modern English ,Standard English .British government system The monarchy is the oldest secular institution in the United Kingdom .The British constitution is consisted of Acts of Parliament , the Prerogative of the Grown , Conventions of the Constitution , Common Law and Parliamentary Privilege . There are three elements in Parliament——the Crown , the House of Lord , the House of Commons . English literature begins around the 8th century in a language called Old English or Anglo-saxon . During this time the master work is Beowulf , a story of a great king who fought against monsters. The middle English period , generally defined as 1100 to 1500 , sees the true beginning of the magnificent heritage of English literature .During t his period many outstanding writers appeared as like Chauccer and the Shakespeare . Chaucer was the first to use English creation of court writer. He lived in London, use natural central England each county English, not dialect in northern or south England . His works made great contribution to the formation of modern English . when he was young , Chaucer translated part of the love poem "rose legend "into English. His first work is "the duchess's book. "Especially Roy Russ and klein west Germany based on boccaccio , show the great poem talent of Chaucer . His last longest and most famous work is the Canterbury tales. His work in Britain has always been treated as the best until Shakespeare's time. Shakespeare wrote tragic (Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, as king Lear) , comedy(The merchant of Venice, a midsummer night's dream, happy, twelfth night) , tragicomedy(Romeo and Juliet) ,historical play(Henry iv, Henry v, Henry vi, Henry viii, king John, Richard ii, Richard iii) and sonnet (Lover's complaint, LuKeLi silk non-virgins remember, Venus and adonis, enthusiasm of pilgrims, phoenix and doves) .Everybody knows that the Britain is Christians . The church of England is one of the many "Protestant" sects which broke away from the more ancient and more orthodox Roman Catholic Church several centuries ago , during the great religious upheaval called the Reformation.Being different from the Britain , the America has a very big land . In its vast area the United States comprehends most of the physical condition known to men : heatand cold , forest and desert , tropical-awamp and Arctic waste , mountains and endlessplain , empty apace and megalopolis , and the world's largest river system .Around the year 1000 , a party of Icelandic Vikings under Leif Ericson sailed to the eastern coast of North America . 500 years later , the need for increased trade and anerror in navigation led to another European encounter with America .Since 1607 , England began build the permanent colonies, in 150 years, after a lot of settlers poured in, settled in coastal regions, including many from Britain, it is partly from France, Germany, the Netherlands and Ireland and other countries. Middle of the 18th century, 13 British colonies had formed. Because of the climate and geographical environment, the 13 colonial area formed the different economic , political system and ideas . On April 19 ,1775 , revolution erupted .In 1782 30 November, Britain and America sign the Paris peace treaty, 1783 September 3rd, Britain formally recognized American independence .Each American is subjected to two governments , that of his state and that of the Union , and each has its own distinct function . In America each state made a constitution of its own and in its own way .That is very different from us . Every state constitution divided political power among three element .Each state entrusted the executive power to a governor . Finally , Each state had a system of courts ,and the judges in the courts were not to be subject to the executive or the legislative authorities .From the beginning of American history to the present today , American literature has recorded the story of quest . At different times the quest taken the different forms . In the 16th century Europeans came to this new world in search of the lost constinent of Atlantis.They came looking for golden " cities of Cibola " that haunted Coronado's imagination . They searched for the fabled northwest Passage to the Orient . Cooper , Poe , Emerson , Melvile , Mark Twain and Henry James were very outstanding in the history of American literature .Most of American belief in Christian and Catholic. America is a multi-ethnic, many religious country. Christian and Catholic, orthodox Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and other religious also have many followers. Religious belief in the citizens of the population accounted for about 91%.America has many idiomatical festival as like the thanksgiving and Christmas . The thanksgiving day is on the 4th Thursday in November . On this day , Americans give thanks for the blessings they have enjoyed during the year and celebrate with dinners and happy reunions. Christmas season is the most festive time of the year in the United States. Students from grammar school through college have to two weeks' vocation .Many families go away for the holidays ,perhaps to ski in Colorado or to swim and sunbathe in Florida . People also decorate their house with christmas tree and red stars and color lights .They sing Christmas Carols,and sending Christmas cards .When I have learned this course ,I know that there is some reason for the rapid development of the Britain and the United States . The answers maybe are the democratic politics and good education . So ,if our we want our nation to be strong ,we have to built our politics and education .感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。
英美文化概况结课论文
The Differences between the United States and China in Education “Better be unborn than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune.” Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, said. As we all know, education is necessary to ourselves and even our society. But people in different countries receive various educations because of diverse culture. Let us see the differences in education between America and China and the influence of different education on people.First, there is much distinction between those two countries in ideals of education. American asserts equality. She claims that as many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want so that American can produce a society of literacy and local control. She places emphasis on the basic nature of knowledge and learning. Students in America should learn to discover and create new approaches to understand what is already known. American students prefer to practice by themselves instead of listening to the teachers sitting in the classroom. However, students in China are taught to learn not creative thinking but basic skills. Chinese require that students should acquire knowledge as what teachers teach and what teaching materials tell. Chinese always instill into kids’minds a thought that what teachers and teaching materials say are definitely right so that Chinese students lack the critical thought since they are children. Thus, it becomes that American students possess great abilities though get low grades and Chinese students have low abilities while get high scores, as is known to all.Second, the atmospheres in the classroom show the divergence of the two countries’education. Chinese teachers are good at drawing conclusions from a question for students to make them have no question. But American teachers are efficient at enlightening students on a question and enable every student to put forward more new questions. A student in Chinese class has to put up his hand to be allowed to stand up by teachers to answer questions while in American class students are encouraged to speak freely. If a Chinese student disagree what his teacher say, he will suffer some criticisms; nevertheless, an American students will be awarded praise if he does that. We can find out that the Chinese class pays more attention to discipline and the United States focuses on human rights.Three, the ways to further education are entirely different in China and America. There is no annual college entrance examination. Applicants are chosen on the basis of four aspects: high school records, high school teachers’recommendations, the impression they make during interviews at the university, scores on Scholastic Aptitude Test. In an American soap opera called Gossip Girl, an actor called Dan, who wants to study in Yale and passed the SAT, struggles to get three recommendations from his high school teachers or famous writers. But every Chinese student knows that if they want to go to university they must pass the college entrance examination and if they hope to go to key colleges, they have to get higher scores. So the purpose of American education system is to make students find out their shortcomings and straighten them up and Chinese educational system is elimination.Four, students’ extra-curricular life in United States is more colorful than Chinese students’. There are many students’organizations----clubs and activities in the American school helping students become successful when pursuing hobbies. Inaddition, they often do some part-time jobs to make money, which may be for activities or other things. However, Chinese students don’t have so many activities and in their extra-curricular life they will spend most of time attending cram school or doing their homework. So, they are losing their hobbies gradually.In general, I think our government should make reformation on our educational system immediately. Not only should our grades be focused on, but also students’practical ability and creative thinking should be paid more attention. Thus, our country will be more thriving and prospering and we Chinese will be more happiness!。
《西方文化概论》课程论文及参考书目
《你的第一本哲学书》，托马斯.内格尔（美），宝树 译，当代中国出版社。 《哲学的邀请》，费尔南多.萨瓦特尔（西班牙），林 经纬译，北京大学出版社。 《苏菲的世界》，乔斯坦·贾德 （挪威），萧宝森译， 作家出版社。 《西方哲学简史》，赵敦华，北京大学出版社。 《西方哲学史》，邓晓芒，赵林，高等教育出版社。
参考书目
年至今》 《从黎明到衰落:西方文化生活五百年 1500年至今》，雅 从黎明到衰落 西方文化生活五百年 年至今 巴尔赞（ ），林华译 世界知识出版社， 林华译， 克·巴尔赞（美），林华译，世界知识出版社，2002。 巴尔赞 。 古典主义时期的大师》 余丁著，安徽美术出版社， 《古典主义时期的大师》，余丁著，安徽美术出版社， 2004。 。 帕斯卡尔思想录》 帕斯卡尔（ 何兆武译， 《帕斯卡尔思想录》，帕斯卡尔（法）著，何兆武译，陕 西师大出版社， 西师大出版社，2003。 。 第一周波——西方自由主义的文化革命 从文艺复兴宗 西方自由主义的文化革命(从文艺复兴宗 《第一周波 西方自由主义的文化革命 教改革到对旧神学批判的经验主义和理性主义)》 教改革到对旧神学批判的经验主义和理性主义 》 ，马林 韬著，社会科学文献出版社， 韬著，社会科学文献出版社，2005。 。
参考书目
沃尔夫林（ 《文艺复兴与巴洛克》，海因里希·沃尔夫林（瑞士）著， 文艺复兴与巴洛克》 海因里希 沃尔夫林 瑞士） 沈莹译，上海人民出版社， 沈莹译，上海人民出版社，2007。 。 意大利文艺复兴的起源与模式》 朱龙华著， 《意大利文艺复兴的起源与模式》，朱龙华著，人民出 版社，2004。 版社， 。 欧洲风化史：文艺复兴时代》 爱德华·傅克斯 傅克斯（ 《欧洲风化史：文艺复兴时代》，爱德华 傅克斯（德） 侯焕闳译，辽宁教育出版社， 著，侯焕闳译，辽宁教育出版社，2006。 。 欧洲文艺复兴史》丛书（已出版宗教卷、哲学卷、 《欧洲文艺复兴史》丛书（已出版宗教卷、哲学卷、艺 术卷、教育卷、科学技术卷、城市和社会生活卷）， ），人 术卷、教育卷、科学技术卷、城市和社会生活卷），人 民出版社， 民出版社，2008。 。
选修课欧洲文化概况论文
欧洲文化概况之发展史欧洲文化的发展，带有其自身的色彩。
从其发展演变过程来看，我们可大致将其分为五个时期：一、古典时期（the Classic Age，1200 B.C～476 A.D）欧洲“古典时期”的文化是由地处南欧的希腊人创立的，那是整个欧洲文化的发源地，他们创造了古希腊文明及古罗马文明。
主要是古希腊文明（the Ancient Greek Civilization）及古罗马文明（the Ancient Roman Civilization）。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践（Paganism）。
异教徒指非基督教徒，非犹太教徒，非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚，实践中享受人生，个性突出，热情奔放，创造力旺盛，风格多姿多彩。
那个年代理念上鲜有束缚，丰裕的物质条件、欢愉的精神生活和足够的闲暇时间，雅典人民或去露天广场出席公民大会，聆听别人演讲，高兴了慷慨激昂地发表自己的高见；或通宵达旦地看戏剧；或去柏拉图学院去听大师讲学；或去运动，扔铁饼；或约三五好友，在澡堂子里穿着浴袍高谈阔论直至天将破晓……在享乐主义的旗帜下求得个人才智的增长与道德品质的完美——直到今天，南欧诸国的子民，仍旧保持着那个时代的鲜明烙印。
他们说，现在南欧人习惯在早上和下午或晚上各喝一杯咖啡，而且最好是那种一小杯暗黑、浓郁、半苦半甜且带着焦味的咖啡，上层浮着热牛奶油沫、带着一点点的沉淀在杯底，喝咖啡的人以只手捧着碗或杯子，以咖啡的热度来温热他们的手掌或用鼻孔来感觉咖啡香，如果可能的话，他们甚至希望能跳入碗或杯中洗澡。
二、中世纪时期（the Middle Ages，476～1453）公元500年至1500年，被看成是人类进步征途中一个漫长而毫无目标的迂回时代——穷困、迷信、黯淡的一千年，将罗马帝国黄金时代和意大利文艺复兴新黄金时代分隔开来。
”于是，中世纪无异于“黑暗时代”的代名词。
可是，如果以相因而持续的眼光来观看这三个世代相承的历史阶段的时期更替，“史学家现在认识到中世纪欧洲具有巨大的创造力”，因为“经年累月的研究已经表明，中世纪社会仍在持续发生变化”，这就是“约在公元1500年左右，中世纪时代结束时，欧洲的技术与政治的和经济的结构，已在世界上所有其他文明当中占有决定性的优势”。
《西方文化概论》课程论文
古希腊-罗马文化体现了原始初民无穷的生命活力，而希伯来-基督教文化既抑制了人的原始生命力，又表现出对人的理性本质的寻求，既有人的主体性的萎缩，又有人对自我理解的进步和升华。这种尊重理性、群体本位、崇尚自我牺牲和忍让博爱的宗教人本意识，是以后欧洲文化内核的又一层面。“两希”文学中对人性追寻的这种对立和互补，构成了西方文学人性探索的基本价值核心，也是西方文学贯穿始终的人文主题。
三、古希腊罗马文化对西方文化的影响
古希腊是西方文明的摇篮，人类智慧的象征。古希腊文化是西方文化的渊源，她以其独特的风采与卓越的成就享誉世界，以至有“言必称希腊”之说。古代希腊文化在文学、艺术、哲学、宗教神话、政治学以及自然科学等方面大放异彩，被西方学者称之为古典文化。古希腊文化之所以在世界文化史中占有突出地位，就是因为古希腊文化在其历史发展进程中，创造了无数璀璨夺目的文化成果，达到人类文明史上的一个高峰。由此，古希腊文化及以后作为希腊文化继承者的罗马文化，启迪了14—17世纪的欧洲文艺复兴运动,对世界文化的发展起着巨大而深远的推动作用。正如恩格斯曾指出的：“没有古希腊文化及罗马帝国所奠定的基础,也就没有现代的欧洲。”希腊文明始于公元前二十世纪,在经历了几千年的积累与沉淀之后,古希腊人民创造出了无数夺目的精神财富和文化艺术瑰宝。古代希腊文化在宗教神话、哲学、文学艺术及科学等诸多方面取得辉煌成就，对其后的西方文明乃至当今的世界文化发展都起到了巨大而深远的影响。那时候所创造的艺术作品，直到现在还能给我们以艺术的享受,而且就某方面说还是一种规范和高不可及的范本；而哲学、科学思想则奠定了人类对自然、社会和思维认识的基础。
欧洲文化概况论文参考范文
欧洲文化概况论文参考范文在经济全球化的今天，来自各种文化的人群在各个领域的接触日益频繁，欧洲的一些国家也都在纷纷重视文化的作用。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化概况论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化概况论文篇1试谈欧洲文化线路发展概述摘要：“欧洲文化线路”由欧洲委员会于1984年提出并于1987年正式施行，其目标为“以文化合作的形式提升对欧洲一体化和文化多元化的认同，保护欧洲文化的多样性，鼓励文化间的交流，协助调解地区矛盾”。
经过四十余年理论研究与实践，“欧洲文化线路”计划在文化线路的管理体系、标准设立、资金筹措以及与其他国际组织相关项目合作等方面形成了一套完整成熟的体系。
体系、主题、形式的多元化构成了欧洲文化线路最大特点。
“欧洲文化线路”以推动新兴旅游业(如文化游、体验游等)促进当地发展，对欧洲地区的遗产保护和地区发展具有深远意义。
关键词：文化线路;欧洲委员会;多元化欧洲，作为文化线路概念的发源地，在欧洲委员会的指导下历经三十年的磨合形成了一个顺应时代背景、凝聚欧洲认同感、推动区域经济可持续发展的文化线路体系，成为提升欧洲遗产共享意识、维系民众关系、促进社会、经济、文化发展必不可少的工具。
该体系为其他国家和国际组织文化线路体系的发展奠定了理论和实践基础，对我国正在进行的文化线路和相关线性文化遗产的研究和实践工作具有参考价值。
一、概况(一)发展背景欧洲的“文化线路”(Cultural Routes)起源于欧洲委员会的“欧洲委员会文化线路”(Cultural Routesof the Council of Eur ope，以下简称“欧洲文化线路”)计划。
欧洲委员会是欧洲历史最悠久成员国最多的国际组织，其宗旨是“通过实现成员间相互团结，以维护其被视为共同遗产与促进经济和社会进步的理想和准则”。
多年来，欧洲委员会同欧盟不断致力于开展区域间文化遗产的修复与保护，并通过能力建设、文化交流等方式维护区域稳定，如保护战后科索沃地区文化多样性、格鲁吉亚战后恢复、基辅区域保护计划等。
英美文化概论期末英文论文1
American MusicThe music of the U.S. reflects the country’s multi-ethnic population through a diverse array of styles. Rock’n roll, rhythm, country, blues, jazz, and hip hop are among the country’s most internationally-renowned genres. The U.S. has the world’s largest music industry and also its music is heard around the world. Since the beginning of the 20th century, some types of American popular music have gained a near global audience. Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the U.S. and played its first music. Begining in the 17th century, immigrants from the British, Spain, Isles, and France began arriving in large numbers, bringing with them new styles and instruments. African slaves also brought musical traditions, and each subsequent wave of immigrants contributed to a melting pot.Much of modern popular music can trace back to the emergence in the late 19th century of African American blues and the growth of gospel music in the 1920s. The African American basis for popular music used elements derived from European and indigenous music. The U.S. has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of the Ukrainian, Polish, Hispanic, Irish, Scottish and Jewish communities, among others. Many American cities and towns have vibrant music scenes which, in turn, support a lot of regional musical styles. Aiong with musical centers such as Detroit, Chicago, New Y ork, Nashville and Los Angeles, many smaller cities have produced distinctive styles of music. The Creole and Cajun traditions in Louisiana music, the bluegrass and old time music of the Southeastern states and the folk and popular styles of Hawaiian music are a few examples of diversity in American music.Folk musicFolk music in the U.S. is varied across the country’s numerous ethnic groups. The native American tribes play their own varieties of folk music, most of it spiritual in nature. The native Americans played the first folk music in what is now the U.S., using a wide variety of techniques and styles. Some commonalities are near universal among native American traditional music, however, especially the lack of polyphony and harmony, and the use of vocables and descending melodic figures. Tradional instrumentations uses the flute and many kinds of percussion instruments, like rattles, drums, and shakers. Since African and European contact was established, native American folk music has grown in new directions, into fusions with disparate styles like European folk dances and Tejano music. Modern native American music may be best known for pan-tribal gatherings, powwow gatherings at which traditionally styled music and dances are performed.Blues and SpiritualsSpirituals were primarily expressions of religius faith, sung by slaves on southern plantations. In the mid to late 19th century, spirituals spread out of the United States South. In 1871 Fisk University became home to the Jubilee Singers, a pioneering griup that popularized spirituals across the country. In imitation of this group, gospel quartets arose, followed by increasing diversification with the early 20th century rise of jackleg and singing preachers.Blues is a combination of African field hollers, work songs and shouts. It developed in the rural south in the first decade of the 20th century. The most important features of the blues is its use of the blue scale, with a flatted or indeterminate third, as well as the typically lamenting lyrics;through these elements had existed in African American folk music prior to the 20th century, the codified form of modern blues did not exist until the early 20th century.Classical musicThe European classical music tradition was brought to the U.S. with some of the first colonists.European classical music is rooted in the traditions of European art, concert and ecclesiastical music. The central norms of this tradition developed between 1550 and 1825, centering on what was known as the common practice period. Many American classical composers tried to work entirely within European models until late in 19th century. When Antonin Dvooak, a prominent Czech composer, visited the U.S. from 1892 to 1895, he iterated the idea that American classical music needed its own models instead of imitating European composers. He also helped to inspire subsequent composers to make a distinctly American style. By the beginning of 20th century, many American composers were incorporating disparate elements into their work, ranging from blues and jazz to native American music.Popular musicThe U.S. has produced many popular composers and musicians in the modern world. Beginning with the birth of recorded music. American performers have continued to lead the field of popular music, which out of “all the contributions made by Americans to world culture...has been taken to center by the whole world”. Most histories of popular music start with American Tin Pan Alley or ragtime. Other, however, trace popular music back to the European Renaissance and through ballads and other popular tradions. Other authors typically look at popular sheet music, tracing U.S. popular music to minstrel, spirituals shows and vaudeville, or the patriotic songs of the Civil War.JazzJazz is a tpye of music characterized by swung and blue notes, call and response vocals, improvisation and polyrhythms. Though originally a kind of dance music, jazz has been a major part of popular music, and has also become a major element of Western classical music. Jazz has roots in West African musical and classical expression, and in African music traditions including ragtime and blues, as well as European military band music. Early jazz was closely related to ragtime, with which it could be distinguished by the use of more intricate rhythmic improvisation. The earliest jazz bands adopted many vocabularies of the blues,including bent and blue notes, instrumental “growls” and smears otherwise not used on European instruments. Jazz’ro ots come from the city of New Orleans,Louisiana,populated by black Creoles and Cajuns, who combined the French-Canadian culture of the Cajuns with their own styles of music in the 19th century. Large Creole bands that played for funerals and parades became a major basis for early jazz, which spread from Chicago to New Orleans and other northern urban centers.Country musicCountry music is a combination of popular musical forms originally found in the southern U.S. and the Appalachian Mountians. It has roots in traditional folk music, blues, gospel music, Celtic music, hokum, and old-time music and evolved rapidly in the 1920s. The term country music began to be used in the 1940s when the early term hillbilly music was deeded to be degrading, and the term was widely embraced in the 1970s, while western and country have declined in use since that time, except in the U.K., where it is still commonly used.While album sales of most musical genres have declined, country music expericed one of its best years in 2006, when, during the first six months of the year, United States sales of country albums increased by 17.7% to 36 million. Furthermore, country music listening nationwide has remained steady for almost a decade, reaching 77.3 million adults every week.The term “country music” is used to describe many genres, styles, or subgenres and so on.。
欧洲文化论文(中西文化对比)
Eastern and western cultureAbstract：Culture is a term that has various meanings. In general terms, culture is a kind of social phenomenon; it is the product of a long-term creation. And at the same time, it is a historical phenomenon as well as the social and historical sediment. To be precise, culture refers to the history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, way of life, literature and art, behavior standards, the mode of thinking, the value of a state or nation.key words：Western culture/eastern culture/difference and similarity/attitude1．western culture1.1.What is western culture?European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element, and there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.Then what is western culture?Western culture refers to cultures of European origin. Roots of the Western civilization may be traced back to 9000 BC, when the firstgreat cultures grew out of agricultural cores in South-West Asia, China, Pakistan, Mexico, and Peru. The Westernmost of this Old World's agricultural cores, the area around the headwaters of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Jordan Rivers in South-West Asia, spread outwards across Europe. Western culture in its strictly European geographical range began with the Greeks, was enlarged and strengthened by the Romans, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation, and globalize by successive European empires that spread the European ways of life and education between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. European Culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism and mysticism, Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, and socialism. With its global connection, European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt, and ultimately influence other trends of culture.2. Eastern cultureWhen it comes to Chinese culture, we will first thinkabout Confucianism. And we will call Confucius to our mind. Now, let me give you some other examples that related to Chinese culture.2.1. Study of Chinese Folklore in ChinaThe Book of Songs, the earliest known Chinese collection of poetry, contains 160 folk songs in addition to courtly songs and hymns. It is believed that Confucius did encourage his followers to study the songs contained in the Shi Jing, helping to secure the Shi Jing’s place among the Five Classics. After Confucian ideas became further entrenched in Chinese culture, Confucius’ end orsement led many scholars to study the lyrics of the Shi Jing and interpret them as political allegories and commentaries.2.2. Numbers in Chinese cultureIn Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (吉利) or inauspicious (不利) based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to. However some Chinese people regard these beliefs to be superstitions. Since the pronunciation and the vocabulary may be different in different Chinese dialects, the rules are generally not applicable for all cases. Because of the supposed auspiciousness of certain numbers, some peoplewill often choose, attempt to obtain, or pay large sums for numbers that are considered to be lucky for their phone numbers, street addresses, residence floor, driver's license number, vehicle license plate number, bank account number, etc.Lucky numbers are based on Chinese words that sound similar to other Chinese words. The numbers 6, 8, and 9are believed to have auspicious meanings because their names sound similar to words that have positive meanings.2.3. Table mannersChinese table manners are the traditional styles that are used for eating in the region of China. In most dishes in Chinese cuisine(烹饪), food is cooked in bite-sized pieces and easy to grab and eat. Therefore, chopsticks are used at the table instead of forks and knives. Eating is a dominant aspect of the Chinese culture. In China, eating out is one of the most accepted ways to treat guests. Similar to Westerners drinking in a bar with friends, eating together in China is a way to socialize and deepen friendship.There are many traditions that govern table manners in China such as the correct treatment of guests and how touse chopsticks correctly. Although each Chinese household has its own set of table manners and rules, the foundational traditions used to welcome guests are the same.3. The difference between western culture and eastern culture.As we know, there are so many differences between east and west culture. And I can not list all of their different aspects. For your better understanding, I will focus on the differences of some common customs of China and America.3.1.It is no doubt that using chopstick is a traditional custom for Chinese people. But people in America prefer to forks and knives. This difference is based on different food they like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak, bread, and salad, while Chinese people choose noodles, pancakes and rice. What’s more, the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are standing out particularly.3.2.Greeting and PartingIn China, when people meet acquaintances or friends, we always say, “Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” but In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Goodmorning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn’t it? ” “How is everything going?” etc3.3. Compliments and ResponseFor example, if a hostess is complimented for her cooking skill, how she will response in west and china?A Chinese hostess will apologize for giving you “Nothing”. She will say“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty.”But an western hostess is likely to say, “Oh, I am so glad that you liked it. I cook it especially for you.”3.4. Thanks and ResponsesIn China,“Thank you” is not frequently used between intimate friends and family members because it may imply a certain distance between the addresser and the addressee. But “Thank you” is widely used in English to show gratitude in such cases as being invited, helped, given a gift, etc. So much examples, I hope you could have a better understanding of Chinese and European culture.4. The attitude we should take toward different culture. There are so many difference between two culture background. For our Chinese, there is no denying that the European culture is worthy to be learned by us. But during thisprocess, how will we treat this civilization and use it? It’s really necessary for us to think over.Someone says that the western culture is superior. It is one of the reasons they learn about it. But on the contrary, many people strongly disagree with this, they believe our own culture is the best, and we should keep it without any change. In my opinion, in order to develop our culture, we should do like the following.4.1. remove the dross while keeping the essence.First, the advantage such as education system, we should learn from other country. But the disadvantage like our own festival, we should keep it going from generation to generation. Only by doing this can our culture developed in the right way.4.2 Borrow the foreign cultures while using our brains.In the second place, we should borrow the foreign cultures while using our brains. Have you realized that you are the sacrificial lamb instead of flaunting the individuality when you are going for the western-cultured skirt and the junk food? Today, our traditional culture which should be carried forward is destroyed seriously by the culture abroad. If one day Confucius possibly revives,don’t you feel that it is so dismal to point at the classical roofs of the skyscrapers beside the Chang’an Street and tell him, “This is our Chinese civilization”? Looking at our Chinese architecture, except the so-called classical architecture “culture heritage” es tablished by the culture protection association, most of the architectures are of “modern style”. Maybe the reason is that they are the product of imitating the style of western architecture. They have no origins as well as belongings. So we can just cal t hem “modern”. Can we say that we learn from the west well? Many parents bring their children to the KFC without minding waiting for a long time because there are so many people queuing up and waiting for there turn. This kind of improper education, which fawning on the foreign things, leads to the distruction of our cultural root which is actually insecure before. We does not imitate well, while gradually lost our tradition. The most fundamental or important things are often been ignored. We have our Confucius(the founder of our dominant culture), Zhuangzi(the most intelligent philosopher), Qin Shi Huang(the most influential statesman), Xuanzang(the most serious adoptionist and scholar)… There is no lack ofsages while people in this generation are lacking mind or ideas.Someone says that pro-human life culture is Western culture. And the extent to which a nation embraces Western culture is the extent to which it is free, prosperous, modern and peaceful. That is supportive of human life. One need only look at life expectancies around the world to see that whether this is true.The civilization of our own was delivered from generation to generation for thousands of years. But today, we can see obviously that citizens of our nation are becoming more and more fa wning on foreign things. It’s so easy to find a shirt with English words. It’s so prevailing to wear jeans. We like going into the European-styled restaurant to enjoy the western food. We say “Bye-bye” instead of “zaijian”. What’s more, our traditional festivals like the Spring Festival are desolated. We celebrate the Valentine’s Day every February instead of the Chinese Valentine’s Day according to the lunar calendar every June.参考文献：。
欧洲文化导论论文
欧洲文化导论论文第一篇：欧洲文化导论论文欧洲文化导论论文：文艺复兴摘要：文艺复兴的兴起既是中世纪黑暗之后的必然后果，也有其复杂的历史背景。
作为一次著名的思想解放运动，它对欧洲甚至全世界都产生了巨大的影响。
一.文艺复兴背景：1.宗教因素：中世纪的文明是基督教的文明，一教统治的文明，它对异教的文明是消极的，甚至是敌视的。
在思维上是超理性的,它的道德规范是安分守己、容忍谦恭和卑视财富。
这些教谕是符合农业社会的自给自足的经济的。
而这些教谕完全禁锢了人们的思想，但同时新兴的资产阶级又急于冲破其思想束缚。
2.阶级因素：资本主义是文艺复兴的前提和基础。
资本主义为文艺复兴奠定了深厚的物质基础。
文艺复兴是一个长达三百年的历史时期,在这个时期内不仅有光辉的艺术,宏伟的建筑,人民的起义,还有连绵的战争,肆虐的黑孔病。
如果当时的意大利城市共和国还建筑在中世纪手工业的经济基础上,很难设想意大利在文艺复兴时期能取得辉煌的成就。
资本主义改变了人民的生活方式,从而使人们的价值观念也发生了变化。
人文主义者对财富、对自由和民主的歌颂,反映了新生资产阶级的要求和世界观。
可以说，正是资本主义引导着文艺复兴发展的方向。
3经济因素：经济方面的因素包括贸易和商业的迅速发展和城市的快速崛起。
由于新的商人阶层的形成，这使商人能够获得较高的社会地位，促进了商业的发展。
商业促进了经济的快速发展和社会的繁荣。
商业和贸易依靠的是市场，而市场恰恰是城市经济的中心。
因而我们可以看到城市的复兴步伐加快，加之市民阶层的兴起以及西欧从古典时代继承下来的民主制度，城市自治运动在这时期兴起并得以发展。
二.文艺复兴成就：1.文学三杰：①但丁（1265—1321年），是新旧交替时代承上启下的一位作家，马克思、恩格斯称他为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。
”其代表作《神曲》主要描写作者在梦中由罗马诗人维吉尔和他的恋人碧雅特丽丝引导他遍游地狱、炼狱、天堂三界的故事。
欧洲文化概论 选修课论文
《十日谈》与“文艺复兴”从初中开始学习世界历史开始，我就知道了这样的一个名词——“文艺复兴”，一个诞生了很多巨星的盛宴，一个产生了无数瑰宝的时代。
曾经，我把但丁的《神曲》、乔万尼·薄伽丘的《十日谈》当成解闷的小品文，我把达·芬奇的画、米开朗基罗的雕塑作品看成打发时间的玩意儿。
其实，“文艺复兴”给当时的社会带来的，给现在留下的不仅仅是这些。
“文艺复兴”一词，原意系指“希腊、罗马古典文化的再生”，是指13世纪末期，在意大利商业发达的城市，新兴的资产阶级中的一些先进的知识分子，借助研究古希腊、古罗马艺术文化，通过文艺创作，宣传人文精神。
以后扩展到西欧各国的，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动。
它带来了一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。
“文艺复兴”对历史的推动作用和意义已属于老生常谈，我也不再赘述。
现在就来说说我曾经最喜欢的一本书《十日谈》与“文艺复兴”的关系。
《十日谈》是薄伽丘最优秀的作品。
它完成于1353年，历时5年，灵感大概源于1348年佛罗伦萨爆发的一场灾难性的瘟疫。
这场瘟疫中，居民死亡过半，城市十室九空。
瘟疫刚平息，薄伽丘即着手写作。
他以丰富的生活知识和出色的概括力，通过叙述故事，概括生活现象，描摹自然，叙写细节，刻画心理，塑造了国王、贵族、骑士、僧侣、商人、学者、艺术家、农民、手工业者等不同阶层，展示出意大利广阔的社会生活画面，抒发了文艺复兴初期的人文主义和自由思想。
意大利评论界把薄伽丘的《十日谈》和但丁的《神曲》相媲美，称之为《人曲》。
《十日谈》是一部故事集，但不是普通的汇集故事的作品。
薄伽丘采用故事会的形式，别出心裁地以框架结构把这些故事有机地组成一个严谨、和谐的叙述系统。
大瘟疫作为一个引子，借以引出10名男女青年，并点明自然祸害导致社会秩序、人际关系的堕落，为整部作品涂抹出时代底色。
西方文化概论结业论文 英文版
My opinion about the western cultureThe western culture comes from the ancient Greek culture and the ancient Hebrew culture, it has a significant influence on the Western people’s daily life. In my opinion, the western culture can be divided into two parts, the first part is the intersection of the ancient Greek civilization and civilization of ancient Rome , the second part is the religious system and the development of the feudal rule .For the first part, the ancient Greek civilization is the first one to establish the system of Western mythology, and the ancient Rome civilization which continued to put religious and feudal rule together, in this terms ,Bronze and painting have achieved a great success, now, we can see the prosperity of ancient Greek society from the Homa's epic , we can also saw the ancient Romans’ brave and battlewise from the dilapidated Colosseum.For the second part, the Western religious system mainly focus on Christianity and Islam, the two religious system have an irreconcilable conflict ,meanwhile , they developed by recruited more and more believers, many famous war was happended in this terms, the famous one is the Crusade, in the last, the Christianity are mainly distributed in the Western Europe, however the Islam mainly distributed in Eastern Europe, which is today in the Middle East, the religious also promoted the development of architecture, form the unique characteristics of the Gothic style of building and the Baroque architecture, The climax of the Western cultural is the rise of the renaissance.It has an important influence on the development of the Modern European Civilization .In general, the western culture is the development of a comprehensive cultural. Itconsisted of Myth,war,religious and heros.Especially for Christian,nowadays,we can see that almost every Europeans is the believer of the Christian.。
英美文化概论论文
英美文化概论论文－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－英美文化概论论文In the past few weeks, we spent 10 lessons on essentials of British & American cultures study. In this course, we learn in brief about the history and government system etc. During the Learning process, what impresses me most is the cowboys.An integral part of the story of America, the cowboy is a national icon, a romantic, rugged metaphor for America’s frontier past, Westward expansion and creation myths. Sensationalizedby Hollywood and by real-life bad boys, the heroic, hard-working, hard-riding, free-thinking cowboy is inseparable from American history itself.America’s first cowboys came from Mexico. Beginning in the 1500s, vaqueros—the Spanish term for “cowboy”—were hired by ranchersto drive and tend to livestockbetween Mexico and what is now New Mexico and Texas. During the early 1800s, and leading up to Texas’s independence from Mexico in 1836, the number of English speaking settlers in the area increased. These American settlers took their cues from the vaquero culture, borrowing clothing styles and vocabulary and learning how to drive their cattle in the same way.The vaquero influence persisted throughout the 1800s. Cowboys came from a variety of backgrounds, and included European immigrants, African Americans, Native Americans and Midwestern and Southern settlers. In the nineteenth century, one out of three American cowboys in the south was Mexican.As America built railroads further and further west, fostering industry, transportation and white settlements in former Indian territories, the cowboy played a crucial part in the nation’s expansion. In the early 1800s, Texas cattleman had herded cows via the Shawnee Trail to cattle markets in St. Louis and Kansas City. During the 1860s and following the Civil War, they began herding via the Chisholm and Western Trails towards the new railroads in Kansas, where livestock was then loaded into freight cars and transported to markets around the country.In less than two decades cowboys herded more than six million cows and steers to the railroads. Most cowboys were young—the average age was 24—and hard-working men in need of quick cash, although the pay was low. The work was exhausting and lonely. Cowboys also helped establish towns, spending their money in the “cowtown” settlements across the wes t during their time off. Townspeople frowned oncowboys as lawless troublemakers who brought nothing but violence and immorality, and some even banned them from town.Ranching, or the raising of cattle or other livestock on range land, also expanded during the late nineteenth century. The forced removal of Native Americans and the clearing of the American frontier resulted in the near extinction of the region’s many buffalo and bison. This land, now dominated by white homesteaders, was used for ranching.Public lands on the Great Plains constituted “open range,” where any white settler could buy and raise cattle for grazing. The invention and distribution of barbed wire in the 1870s revolutionized the concept of privately owned land in the Midwest, fencing off homesteads suitable for farming and ranching—but also limiting the work to be done by cowboys.With the rise of private landholdings in the late 1800s, the cattle driving industry had lost its cachet. Private landowners and “free grazers”—vaqueros and cowboys alike—locked horns over what was appropriate use for land whose ownership was also in question. By the 1890s, the wideopen ranges and cattle trails were gone and privatized, and the days of the long cattle drives tothe railroads were over.Smaller-scale cattle drives continued until the mid-1900s, with livestock herded from Arizona to New Mexico and throughout the southwestern United States. Most cowboys left the open trail and took jobs at one of the myriad of private ranches that were settling across the West. But as the work of actual cowboys declined in the U.S., the cowboy lifestyle continued to be popularized—and stereotyped—by a new Hollywood film genre: the Western movie.The late 1900s were tough times for cowboys, ranchers, farmers and anyone working with the land in the U.S. Changing modes of food distribution and production, widespread urbanization and severe economic difficulties forced many to sell their land, go bankrupt, change professions, or take out large loans. As Vern Sager says in The Last Cowboy, “Don’t seem quite fair. A person works hard to make a little and gives it to the bank.”Cowboys in the 21st century might seem like an anachronism, but as Sager demonstrates, their work still needs to be done. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, cowboys—included in the occupation category “support activities for animal production”—numbered 9,730 workers in 2003, making an average of $19,340 per year, working in ranches, stockyards and rodeos. About one-third of these worke rs were listed in the subcategory of “spectator sports,” making their living primarily at rodeos, circuses and theatrical venues as livestock handlers.As the ranchers and cowboys of Sager’s generation age, who will be left to do their jobs? Despite decade s of socioeconomic change, cowboys still don’t have health insurance—and they don’t retire. Times might be changing, but as a symbol of persistence, self-sufficiency and a hard work ethic, cowboys live on.感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。
欧洲文化论文 The Sources of European Civilization
The Sources of European CivilizationThe foundation of European culture was laid by the Greeks, strengthened by the Romans, stabilized by Christianity, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Three of these elements are considered to be the resources of European civilization and they are: the Greco-Roman element, the Judeo-Christian element, and the Germanic element.Part One: Greco-Roman CultureThe Greek civilization is divided into several eras, it was formed in 800 B.C., then after the classical era and the Hellenistic age, The Greek civilization reached the top in the 5th century BC. And in 146 BC, the Greek civilization was replaced by Roman civilization.The first notability we have to know is Homer, and his Epic. In the 12th century BC, with the invasion of the Trojans, Greece came to "dark ages". Homer's epics described the war between Greeks and Troy.The ancient Greeks were curious about many things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination, and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak theirminds. And also, due to the plays the Greeks performed at religious festivals early in their remote past, a powerful drama developed in the 5th century B.C.. The ancient Greece had created many philosophers and playwrights. Mainly represented by philosopher Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates pulled the importance of the free debate forward. Plato's goal was to achieve a society which can both maintains noble, and be accepted by the poor. Aristotle sought for the order for every aspect of nature and human social. The famous playwrights were Aeschylus with his Agamemnon, Sophocles with his Oedipus the King, and Euripides with his Trojan Women.Also, historical writing started early in Greece. Here we have Herodotus, who is often called “Father of History”, wrote about the war between Greeks and Persians, and Thucydides.The Greeks set an example by the bold effort they made to understand the world by the use of human reason. The body of ideas the Greek philosophers expressed, and the variety of questions the raised about the nature of the world and of human thought, knowledge and conduct, have had an abiding interest for later generations. In literature, too, they have exerted an influence which can still be felt today. Countless writers have quoted, adapted, borrowed from and otherwise use Homer’s epics, Sappho’s lyrics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues, etc. so thattheir themes, characters, episodes, their particularly striking passages, phrases, even single words and their derivative are familiar to educated people the world over, a cherished legacy from that splendid period of human history.Then let’s come to Roman Culture. The most important contribution the Romans made to European culture was the foundation of Roman Law. Also, in architecture and art Romans made outstanding contributions, like the Colosseum and the Pantheon.Part Two: Judeo-Christian CultureAmong all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. Every phase of man’s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of Western culture. Judaism and Christianity are closely related. In fact, it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.The Old Testament recorded the history of the Jews. Jews were once called Hebrews,strayed in Middle East Desert in about 3800 BC. In about 1300 BC, they gradually settled down in Canaan, and formed a small kingdom.Christianity and Judaism have close relationship. The core of the Christian is Jesus Christ, its doctrine is: one, Jesus Christ is the son ofgod, god sent him to men, suffer torments with humans and eventually save mankind. Second, the Christ is the only son of god , anyone who believe in Christ finally get eternal life.The major Christian classic is the bible. The "bible" is consist of the new testament and the old testament. The Old Testament has 39 parts writing about the things happened during 1000-B.C. to 100A.D. the most important parts including genesis, the exodus, "Levi remember", "the number of people remember", "deuteronomy". The New Testament came after the rise of Christian, with a total of 27 volumes. The first four volumes talks about the legend of Jesus' words and deeds, and the legend of the Jesus' apostles.Part Three: Germanic CultureIn the latter part of the fourth century the Huns swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing as they came along, and large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths, the Franks, the Angles and Saxons, and the V andals fled their homelands in northern Europe and were pushed to cross the Danube river into the territory of the Roman Empire. In A.D. 476 a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. While the Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone. In its place mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms, which in a few hundred years were to grew into the nations known as England,France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. This is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged. And it is this fusion and blending of different ideas and practices that paved the way for the development of what is present-day European culture.Christianity played a very important role in Europe political life of the feudal society; it became the spiritual pillar of the feudal system. Christian world rejected alien and militant control (o ne of the most famous was the Crusades). Especially a few times to invade Palestine. Although it ended in failure, but promoted the cultural exchange between east and west, and prepared for the formation of the monarchy.In the academy and science, Charlemagne and his Carolingian Renaissance, Alfred the Great and his academic centre, St. Thomas Aquinas’ Scholasticism and Roger Bacon, all did great contribution to the preserve and development of the culture.In literary, there was a long Epic. The Anglo-Saxon's epic "the Europe of Woolf" is the most complete one spread until now, and the song of Roland is the most famous French epic. There were also great poets, Dante and Chaucer. And the famous Italian poet Dante's "divine comedy" is the landmark in the world literature history, expressing the upcoming Renaissance humanistic ideas. Geoffrey Chaucer is called the first short story writer in English literature history and the first modern poet, his most famous work is the Canterbury tales.The architecture and art is mainly the Romanesque and gothic, they are the extension of classical art.To sum up, European Civilization has inherited a lot from the Classical Civilization, including ancient Greek philosophy sense, ancient Roman laws, Latin language, and most significantly, Christianity.And those three cultures we have talked about are the main resources of European culture; they are all of vital importance in the development of European culture.。
欧洲文化概况论文（2）
欧洲文化概况论文(2)欧洲文化概况论文篇3浅论欧洲浪漫主义音乐的文化特征摘要：欧洲浪漫主义音乐与古典主义音乐相比，已经具有新的文化性质。
浪漫主义音乐没有把自己尘封在历史的话语里，它与古典主义音乐之间，存在着文化内层断裂而形式外壳连接的关联，即通过对传统的断裂，从文化内层来延续着未来的音乐。
关键词：欧洲浪漫主义音乐文化一引言舒曼曾说过“浪漫主义不是形象和形式的问题，而是作曲家是不是诗人的问题。
”音乐是一种感官的表述，其形式是意识形态的载体，是内心体验的外化。
欧洲浪漫主义音乐更多地是用心灵的感悟和体验来把握世界。
当我们站在历史的高度以新的视点重新审视欧洲浪漫主义音乐时，会发现浪漫主义音乐与古典音乐相比已具有新的文化性质。
二浪漫主义音乐的理性反叛浪漫主义音乐从追求独特、不受约束的情感、反叛的理性主义开始。
但这并不意味着浪漫主义音乐背弃了理性。
理性是人的一种相对的、自由的精神，而理性主义则是一种绝对的、僵化的观念，是一种渊源于西方古希腊文化的理性传统，其间经过宗教主义的补充和近代人文精神的阐释，最终形成以片面高扬人的理性性质为特征的思想传统。
浪漫主义者反对理性主义，他们认为理性主义并不能改变现实，不过是一个美丽的谎言。
相反，浪漫主义音乐注重人的本能，他们认为世界的本质要靠直观去领悟，靠心灵去体验。
浪漫主义之前的古典主义音乐对感情的表达与浪漫主义有本质的区别，古典主义时期音乐家传达的是“我们”的情感。
而浪漫主义音乐表现的情感极富个性化，是“我”的情感。
李斯特的辉煌宏大，柏辽兹的泼辣奇异，肖邦的款款深情等，构成了浪漫主义音乐异彩纷呈的情感世界。
古典主义音乐强调的是理性对感情的支配或理性与情感的协调平衡;而浪漫主义音乐重视的则是感情对理性的统治和超越。
正如华兹华斯《抒情歌谣集》序言里所说：“诗歌是强烈感情的自然流露”，这成了浪漫主义音乐艺术对感情追求的宣言。
古典主义音乐家的创作要在理性规则不受破坏下放置自己的感情;而到了浪漫主义时期，规则必须服从感情表达的需要，浪漫主义者的共同心声是将人的感情从理性主义的束缚下解脱出来，浪漫主义作曲家为了表现内心感情的涌动，往往热衷于标新立异。
欧洲文化概况论文
欧洲文化概况论文欧洲文化是人类社会重要的精神和物质财富，其以民主与法制精神，科学与理性精神，极大地推动了欧洲现代化的进程。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化概况论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化概况论文篇1浅探欧洲地区鹤的文化意蕴摘要：本文旨在搜集欧洲地区鹤的文化，归纳总结出在欧洲，鹤主要承载的文化意蕴，分析得出鹤在欧洲的文化意蕴主要可以分为三大类，褒义文化意蕴、贬义文化意蕴和中性文化意蕴，并对其中有更多文化内容的中性文化意蕴的产生原因作出分析，主要有两大成因：一是欧洲的审美标准，二是欧洲的宗教信仰。
关键词：欧洲;鹤;文化意蕴文化存在着多层次性，有全人类的文化，也有各个民族的文化、各个社会的文化，在同一个民族、同一个社会中也会因为地域的不同、信仰的不同，产生出天线不同民族、不同社会、不同地域的文化。
鹤在中国主要是有着长寿、吉祥的美好文化意蕴，但是在欧洲，鹤所承载的文化意蕴有别于中国。
一、文化意蕴在欧洲，从感情色彩来分析，鹤的文化意蕴主要存在着三大类，一是褒义文化意蕴如美好愿望，二是贬义文化意蕴如厄运，三是中性文化意蕴如生殖、家族谱系、皈依者。
首先是鹤的褒义文化意蕴，即美好的愿望。
不论是哪个民族，春天都是人们美好的愿望、期盼、希望的开始，尤其是在农耕时代，春暖花开时节，人们开始播种，第一只飞回来的鸟就会成为春天的象征，但是由于纬度的差异，导致不同地区的春天里出现的第一只鸟各有不同。
为中国报春的鸟是燕子，尤其是在中国南方，种植水稻的时间完全按照燕子回巢的时间制定，民间歌谣《小燕子》传遍大街小巷。
还有鸭子，如诗词“春江水暖鸭先知”。
欧洲的保加利亚地区的春天也是鸟类迁徙后回巢的时间，其中鹤扮演着核心角色：当第一只鹤出现，意味着春天真得到来了!因此在保加利亚的传说中，鹤是春天的象征。
鹤带来的春天，让人们意识到已经到了播种的季节，也是对新的一年的希望，因此鹤就责无旁贷的承载起人们对新的一年的美好愿望。
其次是鹤的贬义文化意蕴，即厄运。
欧美文化论文
欧美文化论文
杨小奇
工商管理5班
021120510
文化的吸取与糟粕
摘要：世界文化无处不在，博大精深，优秀的文化需要发扬和吸取；糟粕的文化需要我们用睿智的头脑和明亮的眼睛去识别和拒绝。
文化的博大在于不同的文化互相学习，相互取长补短，共同进步。
各个国家的文化都源于几千年文人志士智慧的结晶和传统的精髓。
它们有着不同的风格和底蕴。
更象征着每一个民族的文化特色的多样性。
因为有着不同的文化才造就了今天五彩缤纷的世界。
文化需要差异更需要互补。
关键词：博大精深，发扬和吸取，识别和拒绝，差异和互补。
对于文化，我们总抱着一种好奇的态度去求知，一种认真的态度去学习，这种求知欲从古至今从没间断过，就像博大精深，源远流长的文化一样影响着我们一代代人，推动着社会的进步和发展。
这种精神鼓舞着我们不断去求知和挖掘，每一种文化的风格和特色。
因为有着文化的渗透，科学才得以进步和发展，经济也有着快速的发展。
文化无处不在，只有文化全面提高的前提下，其他才得以实现。
在这个复杂多样的世界，毫无疑问，文化的差异是众所周知的，所以对于这不同特色和风格的文化，需要我们放下骄傲的姿态，端正我们的态度，认真，努力的学习和研究其他民族的
文化，去探讨，去深思不同文化的精髓和底蕴。
做到文化的相互渗透和共同进步和发展。
西方文化课程论文英语作文
When approaching a paper on Western culture,its essential to have a clear understanding of the topic and a wellstructured approach to your essay.Here are some steps and tips to help you craft an effective English composition on this subject:1.Choose a Specific Aspect:Western culture is vast and encompasses various elements such as literature,art,philosophy,music,and social norms.Narrow down your focus to a specific aspect that interests you or is relevant to your course.2.Define Your Thesis Statement:Your thesis statement should clearly express the main argument or point of your paper.It should be concise and guide the reader through the rest of your essay.3.Conduct Research:Gather information from reliable sources such as academic journals, books,and reputable websites.Make sure to note down the references for your bibliography.4.Outline Your Paper:Organize your thoughts and the information youve gathered into a coherent structure.A typical outline includes an introduction,body paragraphs,and a conclusion.Introduction:Introduce the topic,provide background information,and present your thesis statement.Body Paragraphs:Each paragraph should focus on a single point that supports your e evidence from your research to back up your arguments.Conclusion:Summarize your main points and restate your thesis.You may also include a call to action or a thoughtprovoking statement to leave a lasting impression. 5.Write with Clarity and Cohesion:Use clear and concise language.Ensure that your sentences are wellstructured and that your paragraphs flow logically from one to the next.6.Cite Your Sources:Properly cite all the sources you use in your paper to avoid plagiarism.Familiarize yourself with the citation style required by your instructor e.g., APA,MLA,or Chicago.7.Revise and Edit:After writing your first draft,take the time to revise and edit your work.Check for grammatical errors,clarity of expression,and consistency in your arguments.8.Peer Review:If possible,have a classmate or friend read your paper and provide feedback.A fresh pair of eyes can help you spot errors or areas for improvement that youmight have missed.9.Finalize Your Paper:Incorporate the feedback youve received and make any necessary changes.Ensure that your paper is polished and ready for submission.10.Proofread:Before submitting your paper,proofread it one last time to catch any typos or errors that may have been overlooked.Remember,a wellwritten paper on Western culture should not only demonstrate your understanding of the topic but also engage the reader with a clear and compelling argument.。
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欧美文化概论课程心得
——关于婚姻一学期的欧美文化概论课程学习已经结束了。
我在这门课上收获很多，包括对于节日、婚姻、宗教等等方面都有了与以前不同的认识。
上一次的心得，我写了一些关于对于宗教的认识，这次我想说一说有关婚姻，或者准确来说是结婚这个仪式的一些感想。
显然，中西方的婚姻仪式有很大的不同，这种不同不仅存在于形式上，也更多的存在于意识上。
举个例子，欧美的婚姻前一天，男女方的朋友们会各自举行单身派对，做一些很疯狂的事情，这些在老友记等美剧中我们都看到过，常常作为非常有趣的笑料出现。
而在中国这是令人难以想象的。
中国的新娘子，在传统的婚礼中，婚礼前一天理应安分的呆在家里，甚至早早盖上红盖头，不让别人看到。
我认为这种巨大差异的原因可能是东西方对于婚姻的认识的不同。
在西方，人们认为婚姻是两个人从放纵不羁的单身生活走向平静和睦的家庭生活的过程，所以在婚礼前一天，人们尽情狂欢，意寓着过了今晚，再无这样的crazy life。
而我国对于婚姻的认识，可能主要是一个女人嫁到一个男人家里，开始了她的贤妻良母的角色，忠贞不渝，所以女方需要内敛、含蓄的等待夫家的迎娶。
我认为这在一定程度上也体现了我国男尊女卑的思想。
当然，在今天，这种思想已经非常的淡化，但是传统的婚姻仪式并没有过大的改变。
还有一个课上让我印象深刻的是，老师讲到朋友送礼物的方式的区别。
在欧美，新人会将自己需要的礼物列一个单子，让朋友们自己选择送什么。
这在中国更是难以想象。
因为即便是平常过生日，我们也很难告诉朋友：“我需要xx，你给我买那个就好了。
”而在婚礼上，普遍的方式就是礼金。
事实上，礼金的形式作为一种传统，延续了这么久，真是让人又爱又恨。
我认为这种列清单送礼物的方式的确是一种更合理的方式，但是这对含蓄的中国人来说的确也是一种巨大的挑战。
所以说，礼金或许是更方便的一种解决形式。
感谢李老师在课上给我们讲解的欧美文化知识，也非常高兴能够选到这样一门有趣的课。
20125986
工商管理2012级2班
盛天雨。