outcome3国际实物配送

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国外配送中心发展的趋势

国外配送中心发展的趋势

国外配送中心发展的趋势
国外配送中心发展的趋势包括以下几个方面:
1. 供应链数字化:随着物流技术的发展,供应链管理日益数字化。

国外配送中心将借助物联网、大数据分析等技术,实现物流信息的实时监控和追踪,提高配送效率和准确性。

2. 自动化技术应用:国外配送中心将借助自动化技术,如机器人、自动搬运设备等,提高物流操作效率,减少人力成本和人为错误。

自动化技术使得配送中心能够更快速、精确地处理订单和分拣货物。

3. 多模态运输:国外配送中心将逐渐实现多种运输方式的无缝衔接。

通过整合陆运、海运、航空运输等多种运输方式,实现门到门的全球物流服务。

这将提高国外配送中心的运输效率和服务质量。

4. 环境友好和可持续发展:国外配送中心将越来越关注环境友好和可持续发展。

减少碳排放、节能减排成为配送中心发展的重要目标,采用电动车辆、可再生能源等绿色技术,实现更可持续的物流运作。

5. 跨境电商发展:随着跨境电商的兴起,国外配送中心将面临更多的跨境物流需求。

国际物流合作将加强,实现更方便、快速、安全的跨境配送服务。

总体而言,国外配送中心将通过数字化、自动化、多模态运输等技术手段,不断提高物流效率、服务质量和可持续发展水平,以满足日益增长的国际物流需求。

进口食品物流方案

进口食品物流方案

进口食品物流方案进口食品物流是指国外生产的食品进入中国市场的物流流程,这个过程中涉及多个环节,如国际运输、清关、仓储、配送等。

由于进口食品需要符合中国的相关法律法规和标准,因此需要建立合适的物流方案来保证进口食品的安全、快速、高效地进入中国市场。

国际运输国际运输是进口食品物流中非常重要的一环。

进口食品通常通过海运、空运或陆运方式运输到中国。

其中,海运由于时间较长且存在港口堵塞等问题,因此往往不适用于需要快速进入市场的进口食品。

空运由于速度快、稳定性高等优点,是进口食品物流中的首选方式之一。

而陆运则主要用于跨国铁路联运。

在选择合适的国际运输方式时,需要考虑多种因素,如货物类型、货值、时效等。

通常需要进行多种方案比较,选择最优方案。

清关进口食品需要经过海关的清关审核,以确保进口食品符合中国的进口标准和相关法律法规。

因此,清关是进口食品物流不可或缺的一个环节。

清关需要提供多种资料,如运输单证、商品归类及申报资料、支付税款等,同时还需要进行商品抽检、样品检测等多项工作。

因此,合作的清关服务商必须具备专业的资质和经验,以确保清关工作的顺利进行。

仓储进口食品需要在中国境内的仓库进行储存和保管。

在选择合适的仓库时,需要考虑多种因素,如仓储设施、环境卫生、安全管理等。

同时,还需要考虑到进口食品的特殊性质,如需要进行低温或恒温储存等。

在进口食品物流中,还需要提供库内操作、库存管理、预定出库、实时库存信息查询等服务。

配送配送环节是进口食品物流中的最后一环。

在进口食品配送过程中,需要考虑到配送范围、时效、安全性等因素。

同时,还需要提供上门配送、冷链配送等特殊服务,以满足不同的客户需求。

在配送过程中,需配备专业的配送人员和配送设备,并实施严格的安全管理和食品安全控制措施。

总结进口食品物流是一个复杂而系统的流程,需要在各个环节进行精细化的管理和控制,以确保进口食品的安全和质量。

在物流方案的设计和实施过程中,应充分考虑货物的特殊性质,并依据客户的实际需求量身定制。

物流术语中英文对照

物流术语中英文对照

物流术语英汉对照基本概念术语∙物品Article∙物流Logistics∙物流活动Logistics activity∙物流作业Logistics operation∙物流模数Logistics modulus∙物流技术Logistics technology∙物流成本Logistics cost∙物流管理Loglstics management∙物流中心Logistics center∙物流网络Logistics network∙物流信息Logistics information∙物流企业Loglstics enterprise∙物流单证Logistics documents∙物流联盟Logistics alliance∙供应物流Supply logistics∙生产物流Production logistics∙销售物流Distribution logistics∙回收物流Returned logistics∙废弃物物流Waste material logistics∙绿色物流Environmental logistics∙企业物流Internal logistics∙社会物流External logistics∙军事物流Military logistics∙国际物流International logistics∙第三方物流(Third-party logistics)∙第四方物流(Fourth party logistics)∙定制物流Customized logistics∙虚拟物流Virtual logistics∙增值物流服务Value-added logistics service ∙供应链Supp1y chain∙条码Barcode∙电子数据交换Electronic data interchange ∙有形损耗Tangible loss∙无形损耗Intangible loss[编辑]物流作业术语∙运输Transportation∙联合运输Combined transport∙直达运输Through transport∙中转运输Transfer transport∙甩挂运输Drop and pull transport∙集装运输Containerized transport∙集装箱运输Container transport∙门到门Door-to-door∙整箱货Full container load∙拼箱货Less than container load∙储存Storing∙保管Storage∙物品储备Article reserves∙库存Inventory∙经常库存Cycle stock∙安全库存Safety Stock∙库存周期Inventory cycle time∙前置期(或提前期)Lead time∙订货处理周期0rder cycle time∙货垛Goods stack∙堆码Stacking∙搬运Handling/carrying∙装卸Loading and unloading∙单元装卸Unit loading and unloading ∙包装Package/packaging∙销售包装Sales package∙定牌包装Packing of nominated brand ∙中性包装Neutral packing∙运输包装Transport package∙托盘包装palietizing∙集装化Containerization∙散装化In bulk∙直接换装Cross docking∙配送Distribution∙共同配送Joint distribution∙配送中心Distribution center∙分拣Sorting∙拣选0rder picking∙集货Goods collection∙组配Assemb1y∙流通加工Distribution processing∙冷链Cold chain∙检验Inspection[编辑]物流技术装备与设施术语∙仓库warehouse∙库房Storehouse∙库房Depot∙自动化仓库Automatic Warehouse∙立体仓库Stereoscopic Warehouse∙虚拟仓库virtual warehouse∙保税仓库Bonded Warehouse∙出口监管仓库Export supervised warehouse∙海关监管货物Cargo under custom’Ssupervision ∙冷藏区Chill space∙冷冻区Freeze space∙控湿储存区Humidity controlled space∙温度可控区Temperature controlled space∙收货区Receiving space∙发货区Shipping space∙料棚Goods shed∙货场Goods yard∙货架Goods shelf∙托盘Pallet∙叉车Forklift truck∙输送机Conveyor∙输送机Conveyor∙箱式车Box car∙集装箱Container∙换算箱Twenty-feet equiva1ent unit∙特种货物集装箱Specific cargo container∙全集装箱船Full container ship∙铁路集装箱场Railway container yard∙公路集装箱中转站Inland container depot∙集装箱货运站Container freight station∙集装箱码头Container terminal∙国际铁路联运International through raiIway transport∙国际多式联运International multimodal transport∙大陆桥运输Land bridge transport∙班轮运输Liner transport∙租船运输Shipping by chartering∙船务代理Shipping agency∙国际货运代理International freight forwarding agent∙理货Tally∙国际货物运输保险International transportation cargo insurance ∙报关Customs declaration∙报关行Customs broker∙进出口商品检验Commodity inspection[编辑]物流管理术语∙物流战略Logistics strategy∙物流战略管理Logistics strategy management∙仓库管理Warehouse management∙仓库布局warehouse layout∙库存控制Inventory control∙经济订货批量Economic order quantity∙定量订货方式Fixed-quantity system∙定期订货方式Fixed-interval system∙ABC分类管理ABC classification∙电子订货系统Electronic order system∙准时制Just in time∙准时制物流Just-in-time logistics∙零库存技术Zero-inventory Technology∙物流成本管理Logistics cost control∙物料需求计划Material requirements planning MRP∙制造资源计划Manufacturing resource planning MRP∙配送需求计划Distribution requirements planning DRP∙配送资源计划Distrlbution resource planning∙物流资源计划Logistics resource planning∙企业资源计划Enterprise resource planning∙供应链管理Supp1y chain management∙快速反应Quick response∙有效客户反应Efficient customer response∙连续库存补充计划Continuous replenishment program∙计算机辅助订货系统Computer assisted ordering ∙供应商管理库存Vendor managed inventory∙业务外包Outsourcing。

欧洲第三方物流

欧洲第三方物流

欧洲第三方物流2010-12-20 来源:《国际商务技术》作者:标签: 物流企业第三方物流欧洲第三方物流物流服务物流发展摘要:欧洲第三方物流(3PL)重工业比重要远远大于美国,在欧洲物流服务市场中,约1/4是第三方物流。

企业希望利用第三方物流的杠杆作用,减少分销总成本,把精力放在主要核心的竞争方面。

摘要:欧洲第三方物流(3pl)重工业比重要远远大于美国,在欧洲物流服务市场中,约1/4是第三方物流。

企业希望利用第三方物流的杠杆作用,减少分销总成本,把精力放在主要核心的竞争方面。

第三方物流在提供增值服务方面做了大量的工作。

由于美国第三方物流扩大增值服务,营业收入以2位数持续发展。

许多公司决定寻求外部仓储运作,使合同制物流不断增加。

第三方物流(以下为3pl)作为一项外包服务行业,在欧洲已经有好几百年,物流领域许多著名的企业在中世纪就有踪迹,其祖先提供组配、仓储、运输以及在几百个公国和候爵领地之间的通关服务。

这些历史悠久的服务商已经成长为象Schenker、Kuehne&Nagle和Danzas 那种规模的企业,目前为欧洲大多数制造企业、零售商和批发商提供物流服务。

现在欧洲第三方物流企业行列里已经加入了象Ryder物流、BAX环球、Penske物流、Schneider物流和UPS环球物流等以美国为基地的公司。

这些后来者发现如果能够提供差异性服务,欧洲仍然有很多的发展空间。

目前,第三方物流在欧洲的比重要远远大于美国。

根据UPS环球物流提供的资料显示,欧洲1290亿欧元的物流服务市场,约1/4(310亿欧元)是第三方物流,而美国的比重则远远低于10%。

该公司预测,2002年欧洲第三方物流将达到28%。

第三方物流在欧洲真正启动是在80年代末和90年代初,欧洲经济一体化之前。

到80年代末为止,新开设的欧洲配送中心(EDC),大多数是美国公司自己运作。

直到这些美国公司认识到第三方物流服务更具灵活性,并且提供多样性服务才能满足新成立的欧洲联盟的需求。

第三方物流概念给我国物流中心带来的机遇

第三方物流概念给我国物流中心带来的机遇

第三方物流概念给我国物流中心带来的机遇第三方物流(the third-party logistics)的概念源自于管理学中的Out-souring。

Out-souring意指企业动态地配置自身和其它企业的功能和服务,利用外部的资源为企业内部的生产经营服务。

将Out一souring引人物流管理领域,就产生了第三方物流的概念。

所谓第三方物流是指生产经营企业为集中精力搞好主业,把原来属于自己处理的物流活动,以合同方式委托给专业物流服务企业,同时通过信息系统与物流服务企业保持密切联系,以达到对物流全程的管理和控制的一种物流运作与管理方式。

因此第三方物流又叫合同制物流(Contract logistics)。

提供第三方物流服务的企业,其前身一般是运输业、仓储业等从事物流活动及相关的行业。

从事第三方物流的企业在委托方物流需求的推动下,从简单的存储、运输等单项活动转为提供全面的物流服务,其中包括物流活动的组织、协调和管理、设计建议最优物流方案、物流全程的信息搜集、管理等。

第三方物流的概念已广泛地被西方流通行业所接受,亚太物流协会副主席澳大利亚墨尔本理工大学教授哈蒙德到我国参观考察时曾在多种演讲场合宣传第三方物流的概念及其应用。

1.2第三方物流产生的原因1.2.1第三方物流产生是社会分工的结果。

在Out-souring等新型管理理念的影响下,各企业为增强市场竞争力,而将企业的资金、人力、物力投人到其核心业务上去,寻求社会化分工协作带来的效率和效益的最大化。

专业化分工的结果导致许多非核心业务从企业生产经营活动中分离出来,其中包括物流业。

将物流业务委托给第三方专业物流公司负责,可降低物流成本,完善物流活动的服务功能。

1.2.2第三方物流的产生是新型管理理念的要求。

进人20世纪90年代后,信息技术特别是计算机技术的高速发展与社会分工的进一步细化,推动着管理技术和思想的迅速更新,由此产生了供应链、虚拟企业等一系列强调外部协调和合作的新型管理理念,既增加了物流活动的复杂性,又对物流活动提出了零库存、准时制、快速反应。

国际实物配送outcome

国际实物配送outcome

国际实物配送outcome————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:Technical report 1--- International Transport Modes Table – International transport modesMod e TotalmodecostCost perpalletTransittimeMode advantages ModedisadvantagesSea £620 £24.8 7days 1.lowest expense of freight.2. large quantities.3.long distance1.slowest2.vulnerable tobad weather3.less punctual4.high riskAir £1265 £253 4hours 1.improve efficiencyoperations2.increase securitye information technology4.faster speed1.high total cost2.the weightlimit3.not too farfrom the airportRail £1275 £51 2days rge capacity2.relatively punctual3.economical4.relatively high speed5.less prone to interruptionsby proo wether1.confined torailroad2.less flexibleDire ct road £1350 £67.5 3days1.better for short-shipped2.flxible and convenient1.small capacity2.high transportcost3.high rate ofgood s damage4.disrupted byweatherMult i-mo de £1185 £47.4 7daysand18hours1.reduce handing of cargo2.permit door-to-door service3.reduce the risk of pilferagewith subsequent savings oninsurance premiums4.quicker transit times5.enable the quotation ofthrough rates to the distance1.investmentcost are high2.not all cargo issuitable forcontainersationThe Explanation of DataSea:the total cost is £620, this is because of the sea transport is 40ft container carrying 25 pallets and the price is £620 per container. Cost per pallet= total mode cost/ pallet, thus the cost per pallet= £620/25= £24.8. The transit time is 7 days in the basic data.Air: the total cost is £1265, this is because of the air will be by airplane cargo hold , at maximum of five pallet and the price is £1265 per 5 pallets. Cost per pallet=total mode cost /pallet, thus the cost per pallet=£1265/5=£253. The transit time is 4 hours.Rail: Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet. Thus the cost per pallet=£1275/25=£51. The transit time is 2 days. the total mode cost is £1275, this is due to that the rail transport will be by 40ft container carrying 25 pallets, thus the price is £1275.Direct road: the total mode cost equal to £1350, the price is £1350 per flat bed container lorry and the direct road will be by curtain side rigid lorry carrying 20 pallets. Thus the total mode cost is £1350. Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet, thus the cost per pallet=£1350/20=£67.5, the transmit time is 3 days.Multi-mode: first of all, the price is £125 from the Milan Glass Works to Genoa Calata , add the sea mode £620 and the rail cost £295 ,then, add the road form Coatbridge Railport to Kirriemuir Bottling, the cost is £145. Thus Total mode cost=£125+£620+£295+£145=£1185. Total pallet= 25. The total mode cost = £1185/25=£47.4. The time =6 hours+7days+5 hours+7 hours=7 days and 18 hours. the total cost equal to £1185.Technical report 2--- Consignment delivery terms Table- Incoterms and their definitionInitial Incoterm DescriptionEXW Ex Works(namedplace ofdelivery)The buyer is responsible for uploading. This term places the maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligation on the seller. The Ex Works term is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of goods without any costs included. EXW means that a seller has the goods ready for collection at his premises on the data greet upon. The buyer pays all transportation costs and also bears the risks for bringing the goods to their final destination. The seller doesn’t load the goods on collecting vehicles and doesn’t clear them for export.FCA Free Carrier(namedplace ofdelivery)A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods to a named airport, terminal, or other place where the carrier operates. Cost for transportation and risk of loss transfer to the buyer after deliver to the carrier. The seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed the goods over, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place. When used in trade terms, the word “free”means the seller has an obligation to deliver goods to a named place for transfer to carrier.CPT CarriagePaid to(namedplace ofdestination)The risk of damage or loss to the goods being transported is transferred from the seller to the buyer as soon as the goods have been delivered to the carrier. The seller is responsible only for arranging freight to the destination, and not for insuring the goods shipment when it is being transported. It has been designed to suit the needs of modem business.CIP Carriageand It refers to that the seller deliver the goods to the carrier or first carrier and pay for the carriage of goods up to the namedInsurance Paid to (named place of destination)place of destination. Meanwhile, the seller must obtain the insurance for the goods while it transit. After the seller deliver the goods to the carrier, the risk will transmit to buyer.DAT Deliveredat Terminal(namedplace ofdestination)It means the seller covers all the costs of transport such as the export fees, carriage, unloading from main carrier at destination port and destination port charges.meanwhile, it must assumes all risk until destination port or terminal. The terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland freight interchange. Import duty/taxes/customs costs are to be borne by Buyer. The risk is transmit to buyer when the buyer control the goods.DAP Deliveredat place(namedplace ofdestination)Refers to the seller to ship the goods within the specified destination, need to prepare for unloading without unloading the complete delivery term referring to the arrival of vehicles including ships, including destination port, the seller shall bear all costs and risks of the goods shipped to the specified destination and charges(except import charges) this term applies to any mode of transportation and milti-mode transport by sea.DDP DeliveredDuty Paid(namedplace ofdestination)It means the Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The seller is not responsible for unloading. When the seller complete the deliver in the named place of destination, the risk transmit to buyer. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyerExplanation:Incoterms 2010 is the eighth set of pre-defined international contract terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce. It include 11 terms, such as the EXW, FCA, FAS,FOB,CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP,DAP,DAT and DDP. These terms improve the efficiency of international trade and simplify the process and stages.The previous version, the rules are divided into four categories, but 11 incoterms 2010 predefined terms based on the delivery method only can be divided into two categories. The rules of a larger group of seven (g7) can be informs The chopped of The method of transmission, and a small group of four applies only to The sales, only involves The transport of water can verify The condition of The goods The loaded on board The ship. They therefore is not 2 for container transportation.Table – Allocations of cost buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010Explanation:EXW is ex factory (place of delivery). Where the word's biggest obligation to the buyer and the seller's minimum obligations. The buyer will pay the cost of many parts, such as the export declaration, transportation, port of export, etc.FCA is free carrier (designated place of delivery), the seller is responsible for the shipment, the carrier of the buyer, the buyer is responsible for unloading and loading the goods to the carrier. When the goods delivered to the carrier, the risk will transfer the buyer.The CPT is carriage paid to (destination) is responsible for the origin of the shipper cost includes transportation export customs clearance and freight named place (usually a destination port or airport). The shipper is not responsible for delivery to the final destination (usually the buyer's facilities), or to buy insurance.CIP is the freight and insurance paid to (designated destination), the seller is responsible for most, such as the export customs declaration form, loading and unloading charges at the port of import and export. Insurance is the responsibility of the seller. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.The delivery DAT is terminal (designated destination), the seller is to cover all shipping costs such as export charges, transportation, unloading from the main carrier at the port of destination and the destination port cost. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.Bounce is (specify the destination of delivery), the seller is responsible for arranging transportation and delivery of goods, from traffic tools ready at discharge, at the specified place. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.DDP delivery duty paid (designated destination), the seller is responsible for the goods sent to the designated place in China buyers, the goods to the destination and pay all fees including import duties and taxes. Where the word's largest responsibility on the seller and the buyer minimum obligation.\3.0 Technical report 3---Consolidation and groupage arrangements Chart – Consolidation and groupage arrangementsDefinition ofGroupage To fill a whole box of goods receipts. Thiskind of goods usually by the carrier,respectively, inland freight and in containerfreight station or freight station, and thenwill be more than two ticket cargo in acontainer, also want to stand at thedestination of inland container depot ordevanning delivery respectively. For thisking of goods, the carrier should afford toboxing and unboxing operations, loadingdevanning fee still charge the goods theresponsibility of the carrier for LCL goods,basically the same as the traditional cargotransportation.This type of cargo suits well micro, smalland medium-sized enterprise(SMEs) wheremost of the time cargo to export or import ismuch less than the required weight orvolume to be efficient.Consolidation Consolidation is refers to that theconsolidator will form a whole batch ofmany different and separate batches ofgoods shipped, then it will shipment in theairline ,using an air waybill and shipped tothe same destination.By the air freightrepresentative company to the destinationspecified in the agent receiving, then makecustoms clearance and distribution to the mode of transportation of the actual consignee. This is one of the main business of air freight agent. The periods of consolidation can be found in charts covering any time interval, such as the hours and days. These period can last for days, months or even a year..Circumstances when they could be used 1In less than one FCL loaded small consignment situation, usually are canvassing by the carrier and container freight station or inland freight stations concentrated, and after more than two votes cargo consolidation in a container, the same should in container freight station or inland stations were unpacking destination delivery. could be used.2. When to be required faster thanmulti-mode transport, consolidation could be used.3. Air transport could be used in case of emergency .Cost effective pallet load level From the report 1, we can know the cost is£1350, and we can know the £108 per pallet.Then we calculate the 1350/108, it can getthe answer 12.5. And then it should acquirethe effective pallet load level, so it shouldchoose the best answer, and the best is costeffective load level is 12.Explanation:from the first report, we can get the total cost of £1350, as a result, we can know each tray £108. As a result, cost effective pallet load level [1] = total price = £1350 /bed/tray £108 = 12.5. Thus the cost effective pallet load level = 12.4.0 Technical report 4---Least total cost concept Recommendation ChartsRoute ARoute A Mode CostKirriemuir—Coatbridge R oad £145+£28 =£173 Coatbridge—Southampton Rail £315+£15+(2×£12) +£24.5+£55 =£433.5sea £1880+£24.5+£34 = £1938.5 Southampton—port demontreal canadaTransit time 2+11+1=14daysHire Fee £6*(1+1+3+14+10+1+2)=£192Insurance[2]£80*(1+10%)=£88Total cost £173+£433.5+£1938.5+£488+£192+£88=£3313 Route B Mode CostKirriemu—Tilbury Road £505+£32+(6×£15)=627sea £2010+£32+£34 =£2076Tilbury—Port demontreal Canadaroad £420+(2×£18)+£32 =£488Transit time 1+1+10+1=13daysHire Fee 6*(2+8+11+1+2)=£144Insurance £80Total cost £627+£2076+£488+£144+£80=£3415According to the graph, we can find that the cost of Route A is £3313 but the Route B only use £3415. The Route A < Route B. Thus the best Route is Route A and the mode is road-rail-sea . Recommendation Chart5.0 Technical report 5---Procedures and documentationRoute AModesRoad ,Rail and Sea Least total cost (Excluding standard on cost such as customs etc) £3313Procedures and documentation tableArea Procedures DocumentationTransport[4 ]Firstly, goods should bemoved. Angus Glen Watershould find a freightforwarder. The report of goodsto the port. Formalities andcontract will be prepared.Then, HM customers and UKborder agency need relaterdocumentations that thecompany should offer. Releaseof goods transportation oncecleared. Imports of goods tothe port. In addition, thecompany simplifies proceduresof export to pass the customsfreight. British goods intoCanada customs warehouse orsecurity area, unless specialarrangements, such ascensorship(PARS)beforetravel. Release began totransport to clear goods.Pre-Arrival Review Systemalso should be passed buyershave an enquiry, the sellersgive quotation, next the sellerwill give the pro-formainvoice, the buyer willacknowledge the order, andcontract United NationsFIATA Combined Transport Bill ofLanding[3]Insurance, Packing ListCommercial InvoiceGoods ClassificationCertification of OriginManufacturing DeclarationAccurate ConsigneeInformationPre-Arrival review systemInsurance documentationCustoms declarationUK and Canadian Customs InvoiceConvention on contract for the international Sale Of Goods, seller prepare the goods for export.Commerce Firstly, the buyers enquiry,then the sellers give quotation,next the seller will give thepro-forma invoice, the buyerwill acknowledge the order,and contract United NationsConvention On contract ForThe International Sale OfGoods, seller prepare thegoods for export. Internationalrules for the Interpretation ofTrade Term, INCOTERMS Proforma Invoice[5]Export InvoicePacking listUnited Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale Of GoodsInternational Commercial ContractTitle to sueCustoms The UK and Customs mustensure that there is nounauthorized good, poisonouscargo and other forbiddengoods. On departure andarrival , the UK custom staffmay check goods foranti-smuggling,animal andplant health and others. Theprocedure is that at first,entering data of customsclearance, electronicdeclaration, then thedeclaration checking andchoosing the passageway.Next, printing the tax list and Certification of OriginExport LicensePre-Shipment Inspection certification, International Sales Contact and so onThe buyer should have the packing list, bill of lading and the certification of origin of products export, customs declaration and it will import declaration formCustoms InvoiceCustoms DeclarationGoods Classificationpat for the tax. Finally,clearance.Explanation:In the Transport, the procedure is the include many parts, to the as the CFSP and PARS, the documentation of the include many things,, such as the bill of lading, commercial invoice, insurance, packing list, certificate of origin. Business process including CISG and UCC. These are used for commercial and documents are necessary, such as commercial invoice, pro forma invoice. Customs procedures including input data, declaration, check and pass. In the UK at the same time, the customs will prohibit certain commodities, such as revenue, the health of animals and plants. Documents including the certificate of origin of goods, etc.6.0 Reference[1] Grande, Joseph A. (September 2008). Plastic Pallets Gain Ground In anEco-Conscious World. Plastics Technology. Retrieved 29th April 2015.[4] C. J. Campbell, L. Goldberg, A. Rai. (2003). The Impact of the European Union Insurance Directives on Insurance Company Stocks. The Journal of Risk and Insurance.[3] Levi, Maurice D. (2005). International Finance, 4th Edition. New York, NY: Routledge[4] Data on the barriers and motivators to more sustainable transport behaviour is available in the UK Department for Transport study "Climate Change and Transport Choices" published in December 2010. Retrieved 1 may 2015.[5]"pro forma session". Senate Glossary. United States Senate. Retrieved 2015-5-1.。

进口食品物流方案

进口食品物流方案

进口食品物流方案1. 市场背景现代人的生活水平越来越高,对食品的品质要求也越来越高,很多人喜欢食用来自国外的食品,但是进口食品的物流过程相对较为复杂,需要建立高效的物流体系才能保证食品的品质。

2. 物流方案的重要性对于进口食品而言,物流方案的选择至关重要。

不同的物流方案会对食品的保质期、品质和价格等产生不同的影响。

一个高效、科学的物流方案能够将食品在最短的时间内从国外运输到国内,同时保证食品的品质、安全,最终将其送达消费者手中。

3. 进口食品物流方案3.1 物流方案的选择在选择物流方案时,要考虑到食品的特性,包括质量标准、保质期、运输温度和储存环境等因素。

目前主要有以下三种物流方案:•空运:适用于高品质、易变质的食品,例如海鲜等。

空运速度快,但成本较高。

•海运:适用于容易储存、价格较低的食品,例如饮料、面包等。

海运成本较低,但运输时间较长。

•多式联运:结合了多种运输方式,例如海、陆、空等。

适用于高品质、高价值、易变质的食品。

3.2 物流方案的执行在执行物流方案时,需要考虑到以下几个方面:•运输温度控制:对于易变质的食品,需要控制运输温度。

应选用适合食品特性的运输设备,并进行温度监控,确保食品在安全范围内运输。

•包装标准:进口食品需要进行严格的包装,在包装中应该采用防潮、防震、防摔、防压等措施,确保食品在运输中不受损坏。

•进口手续:需要按照相关规定进行进口手续,如卫生检疫、海关检验等。

4. 物流方案的优势采用进口食品物流方案的优势主要有以下几个方面:•提高食品品质:在运输和仓储过程中,采取科学的措施能够有效保证食品的新鲜度和品质。

•减少损失:科学的物流方案能够降低损失的风险,从而减少成本。

•加快市场响应速度:高效的物流方案能够快速将进口食品运送到国内市场,满足消费者需求,提高市场响应速度。

5. 总结对于进口食品而言,高效、科学的物流方案不仅可以保证食品的品质安全,也能够降低成本,提高市场响应速度。

SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome1

SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome1

SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome11.Explain the various tasks which would come under your remit as Physical Resource Manager.As a physical resource manager we have various task such as planning, organising, coordinating, budgeting, controlling and monitoring/evaluating.The first task is planning,as a Physical resource manager we must need know and understand the plan and role in the planning.It is conclude three level of logistics planning:strategic planning, tactical planning, operational planning.The strategic planning is medium to long term planning spanning one to five years. In this case, the Angus Glen Water cooperate with Ecosse Hotels and offer the water to all of the hotel. Due to that the hotel operate in many different countries, Angus Glen Water will enter the international market and this is an big strategy and decision for the company, so they need make the strategic planning.Therefor the manager also need the tactical planning,from we study we can know this planning spanning six months to a year.This planning will deal with annual budgets,which provide the financial basis.Finally we need operational planning,it is controlled the standards and rules and is day to day planning.Manager need detect the weekly and monthly reports to understand the operation of department and take some measures to deal with the problem.The second task is organization,the manager absolutely need to ensure that the plans scheduled and the right task are being done at the right time and by the right person.Dividing up the work is really importance to the manager in organization too.In this task the manager have two small task, the first is find more more manufacturer to produce the glass bottle and find new haulier to transport the product to other countries.The second task is make decision of the transportation mode, such as airline, ship or train,include the production enter in to the new market.After ensure the transportation the manager have to consider the export document.In one word the manager need consider and makesure every process is right and really be done in the whole process from the old market to the new market.Thirdly, coordinating in this task manager have to keeping control at all time to ensure that all plans are met. And this task consist of some small task such as delegating, objective setting. Delegating is one of the most importance coordinating tasks, in this task manager absolutely need to sure that the members of the team understand what is expected of them, just by the way the manager can croodinating. First of all manager must ensure that the person being given the task has the right level of skill to carry out the task[1]. Secondly, is that the manager should tell them what state required results and the resources required. The staff should understand what is the required results and discuss the resources. The manager should set a deadlines and support to them, if the staff meet any problem ,the manager can communicate with them and solve the problem. Finally the manager need evaluate the final results and obtain the feedback. If the manager can delegate the right people , the task will be coordinate. In this case the manager need to coordinate the department and by coordinating improve they work efficiency. Absolutely, setting a target is importance for coordinating, the work person objective. The manager use the objectives to measure the performance and offer some suggestion to others, it will coordinate the task.Fourth task is budgeting, from study we can know the budgeting are cost goal set by top manager, it means through the budgeting the distribution manager can know what the organization goals and objectives are, and what resources will be needed to achieve those goals and objective. Then ensure that distribution activities are profitable and efficient.Fifth is controlling. This task is to ensure that the goals is achieved and comparing the actual results and original objectives. then, the manager canevaluate the detail things and find some good activities and some terrible things.Finally is monitoring and evaluation, as a manager monitoring [2] is essential, because by the way can improve efficient of work such as “independent check ” and “double check ”. In the last task, the manager need make a evaluation about this work. Such as the target, plan,the result is good or bad.2.Explain how the International Trade Department would be structured and how this would benefit Angus Glen over a structure that did not include this department.International trade department can help companies to further expand overseas markets. Including import and export of international trade department, for example, overseas procurement, marketing the three points. Here are some staff to deal with the export or import problem, to the as the export certificate, the document of import and export. The purchasing oversea is in charge of the managementSeniorGeneralProduction Transport andwarehouse Sales and Marketing Research and Developmen Internatio nal trade department Accounts and General administratPurchasing Import andExport Sales and Marketingpurchasing in the world, to the as the material, the bottle and others. The sales and marketing is responsible for the sales and marketing in other countries, and find new customer and sell the product to them.There are some benefit when the company establish the international trade department. At first, this department can help the company expand in the oversea market more convenience and quickly. The second, by establish the department can improve the strength of corporation and improve the popularity of brand. The company has the international trade department and the staff will sell their product to other countries and increase the sales. Finally the company can decrease the cost by international trade department oversea purchasing.3.Describe the links that would operate between the International Trade Department and other departments within the organization. Transport and warehouse department is responsible for transport and preservation stores. Transport department major task is distribution the goods between different city and ensure the goods quality and quantity. Warehouse department have two major task, the first one is preservation the goods this is also the most importance task for warehouse department such as unified the various business processes, periodic inventory system and make sure the consistent of warehouse[3]account, content and card.. The second one is make sure the production is satisfaction.Production department is really important for a company, because this department is link to customers, if the production can’t get satisfaction of customers the company may can not get profit. This department major task is ensure the production activity will finish in time. And this department need have de good corporation with development department and marketing department, because this department need accuracy data to make goods[4].The international trade department is important for the company and it will connect with other department, meanwhile, other department also will get information from the department. Such as, the production department, the international trade department obtain a customer from Canada, so the international trade department will tell the production department to produce the goods and tell them the entail of customer. And the the international trade department is really important to decrease the cost through oversea purchasing. The transport and warehousing department will offer the information of warehousing to international trade department, then the international trade department will help the department to manage the inventory. For the D&R department, the international and trade department can bring some new technology to D&R department from other country. The R&D department will help the international trade department to introduce the goods and offer the technical training. The sales and marketing department will offer the situation of domestic market and help the department to find new customer. Meanwhile, the international trade department can offer the international situation and help the department to adjust their strategy.4.Describe the links the International Trade Department would have with external integrating bodies and why these would exist.There are several external integrating bodies, such as the freight forwarder,import agent, import dealers and others.A freight forwarder, forwarder, or forwarding agent, is a person or company that organizes shipments for individuals or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution. Freight can be booked on a variety of shipping providers, including ships,airplanes, trucks, and railroads. It is not unusual for a single shipment to move on multiple carrier types. International freight forwarders typically handle international shipments. International freight forwarders have additional expertise in preparing and processing customs and other documentation and performing activities pertaining to international shipments.First, it can help companies choose the best transportation and the best transport routes. International trade sector choose to accept orders,, freight forwarding department will contact the production sector. Second, it can help companies to handle different documents, such as customs procedures and other documents, then give the product to the haulier [6]. It also helps the company to pay the freight and customs duties. From freight forwarding task, it can help reduce the cost of international trade sector and risk. At the same time, it can ensure transportation safety products and products.The import agent is a person or company that by accepting the delegation of exporter and help the exporter to handle the import business, It receive some commissions. In general, the import agents do not assume the credit risk, exchange and market, it has no the ownership . of products, there are four types of import agents, such as brokers, factors, manufacturer;. s representatives and managing agents that can help international trade sector to purchase some materials from other countries in order to reduce costs. Because import agency is specialized in importing stuff, so it can ensure the quality and cost. At the same time, it can help the international trade sector input and analysis of the local market. it can help the international trade department to enter and analyze the local market. In this case, if the company need some material, they can use this agent to solve the problem.5.Reference[1] SQA. International Physical Distribution Unit student Guide, Part three.[2] Continent's only press release wire service, African Press Organization PR Week - May 10, 2013[3] Ortega-Argiles, Raquel; Potters, Lesley; Vivarelli, Marco,2011 R&D and productivity: testing sectoral peculiarities using micro data. Empirical Economics 41 (3)[4] Moroney, J. R. (1967) Cobb-Douglass production functions and returns to scale in US manufacturing industry, Western Economic Journal, vol 6, no 1, December 1967, pp 39–51.[5] Kenya Clearing & Forwarding Agents | Kenya Freight Forwarders - Customs Clearance | Aeromarine Logistics - Freight Clearing Forwarding Kenya". Aeromarine.co.ke. Retrieved 2013-01-17.[6] Blaszak, Michael W. "ABC's of Railroading: Trackage and Haulage Rights," Trains, 1 May 2006, accessed 30 August 2011。

国外商品到国内的物流流程

国外商品到国内的物流流程

国外商品到国内的物流流程English Answer:Step 1: Order Placement.The customer places an order for a product from an international online retailer.Step 2: Order Processing and Payment.The retailer processes the order and verifies payment.Step 3: Product Selection and Packing.The retailer selects the ordered product from their inventory and packs it securely.Step 4: Customs Clearance.The shipment is declared to customs authorities in theexporting country.Customs officials inspect the shipment and determine if any duties or taxes need to be paid.Step 5: International Shipping.The shipment is transported from the exporting country to the importing country via air, sea, or land.The shipping method and carrier depend on the size, weight, and urgency of the shipment.Step 6: Customs Clearance in the Importing Country.The shipment arrives at the customs office in the importing country.Customs officials inspect the shipment and assess any applicable duties or taxes.Step 7: Delivery to Customer.Once customs clearance is completed, the shipment is released to a local delivery carrier.The carrier delivers the shipment to the customer's address.Step 8: Order Confirmation and Customer Service.The retailer provides order confirmation and tracking information to the customer.The customer can contact customer support for any inquiries or issues.Chinese Answer:步骤 1,下单。

第三方物流公司(3PLs)

第三方物流公司(3PLs)

什么是第三方物流公司(3PLs)3PLs(第三方物流公司)是指为公司提供全部或部分物流服务的外部供应商。

3PL供应商提供的物流服务一般包括运输、仓储管理、配送等。

在此过程中3PL供应商即非生产方,又非销售方,而是在从生产到销售的整个物流过程中进行服务的第三方,它一般不拥有商品,而只是为客户提供仓储、配送等物流服务。

3PLs(第三方物流公司)的发展90年代物流工业(logisticsIndustry)的杰出成就之一是第三方物流服务供应商(Third-partyLogisticsServiceProvider,简称3PLs(第三方物流公司))的广泛兴起,将公司核心业务以外的作业外包(Outsourcing)通常被认为是现代的高效率供应链管理的标志。

过去的10年中第三方物流在美国获得很大发展。

1997年,美国3PLs(第三方物流公司)业务年增长40%,98年增长15%,由97年的342亿美元增长至396亿美元。

尽管3PLs(第三方物流公司)被视为一个新兴工业,在信息技术的基础上融合运输、仓储和包装等古老行业,为其他行业提供大范围的综合服务,但在欧洲,3PLs(第三方物流公司)却不是一个新概念。

因为外包作为一个商业运作方式在欧洲已有数百年的历史。

许多著名的物流公司如Schenker,Kuehne&Nagle和Danzas,可追溯到中世纪,那时,它们就提供仓储,运输和报关经纪等综合业务。

现在依然为欧洲主要的制造商、销售商及批发商提供物流服务。

外包的真正兴起始于80年代末90年代初,即欧洲经济一体化之前。

直到80年代末,美国公司新建的欧洲配送中心(EDCs)还都是自行运作的,但这些公司发现需要更多的柔性和不同类型的服务来满足新欧盟的需要,它们开始转向物流外包。

这样在90年代,由第三方管理的EDCs的数量急剧增长。

目前,3PLs(第三方物流公司)的市场份额占物流费用的比例在世界各地有所不同。

在英国,这一比例高达35%;在欧盟,1290亿美元的物流服务市场中有310亿美元分包给第三方物流公司,约占25%;而在美国这一比率要低于10%。

港口与航运管理物流专业英语词汇

港口与航运管理物流专业英语词汇

物流中级英语(共145个)基本概念术语1.物品article2.物流logistics3.物流活动logistics activity4.物流作业logistics operation5.物流模数logistics modulus6.物流技术logistics technology7.物流成本logistics cost8.物流管理logistics management9.物流中心logistics center10.物流网络logistics network11.物流信息logistics information12.物流企业logistics enterprise13.物流单证logistics documents14.物流联盟logistics alliance15.供应物流supply logistics16.生产物流production logistics17.销售物流distribution logistics18.回收物流returned logistics19.废弃物物流waste material logistics 20.绿色物流environmental logistics21.企业物流internal logistics22.社会物流external logistics23.军事物流military logistics24.国际物流international logistics25.第三方物流third-part logistics (TPL) 26.定制物流customized logistics27.虚拟物流virtual logistics28.增值物流服务value-added logistics service 29.供应链supply chain 30.条码bar code31.电子数据交换electronic data interchange (EDI) 32.有形消耗tangible loss33.无形消耗intangible loss 奖罚物流作业术语1.运输transportation2.联合运输combined transport3.直达运输through transport4.中转运输transfer transport5.甩挂运输drop and pull transport6.集装运输containerized transport7.集装箱运输container transport8.门到门door-to-door9.整箱货full container load (FCL)10.拼箱货less than container load (LCL11.储存storing12.保管storage13.物品储存article reserves14.库存inventory15.经常库存cycle stock16.安全库存safety stick23.装卸loading and unloading24.单元装卸unit loading and unloading25.包装package/packaging26.销售包装sales package27.定牌包装packing of nominated brand28.中性包装neutral packing29.运输包装transport package30.托盘包装palletizing31.集装化containerization32.散装化containerization33.直接换装cross docking34.配送distribution35.共同配送joint distribution36.配送中心distribution center37.分拣sorting38.拣选order picking39.集货goods collection40.组配assembly41.流通加工distribution processing42.冷链cold chain43.检验inspection 奖罚物流技术装备及设施术语1.仓库warehouse2.库房storehouse3.自动化仓库automatic warehouse4.4立体仓库stereoscopic warehouse5.虚拟仓库virtual warehouse6.保税仓库boned warehouse7.出口监管仓库export supervised warehouse 8.海关监管货物cargo under customer’s supervision9.冷藏区chill space10.冷冻区freeze space11.控湿储存区humidity controlled space12.温度可控区temperature controlled space 13.收货区receiving space14.发货区shipping space15.料棚goods shed16.货场goods yard17.货架goods shelf18.托盘pallet19.叉车fork lift truck20.输送机conveyor21.自动导引车automatic guided vehicle (AGV) 22.箱式车box car23.集装箱container24.换算箱twenty-feet equivalent unit (TEU) 25.特种货物集装箱specific cargo container 26.全集装箱船full container ship27.铁路集装箱场railway container yard28.公路集装箱中转站inland container depot 29.集装箱货运站container freight station (CFS) 30.集装箱码头container terminal31.国际铁路联运international through railway transport32.国际多式联运international multimodal transport33.大陆桥运输land bridge transport34.班轮运输liner transport35.租船运输shipping by chartering36.船务代理shipping agency37.国际货运代理international freight forwarding agent38.理货tally39.国际货物运输保险international transportationcargo insurance40.报关customs declaration41.报关行customs broker42.进出口商品检验commodity inspection 奖罚物流管理术语1.物流战略logistics strategy2.物流战略管理logistics strategy management 3.仓库管理warehouse management4.仓库布局warehouse layout5.库存控制inventory control6.经济订货批量economic order quantity (EOQ) 7.定量订货方式fixed-quantity system (FQS) 8.定期订货方式fixed-quantity system (FIS) 9.ABC分类管理ABC classification10.电子订货系统Electronic order system (EOS) 11.准时制just in time (JIT)12.准时制物流just-in-time logistics13.零库存技术zero-inventory logistics14.物流成本管理logistics cost control15.物料需要计划material requirements planning (MRP)16.制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)17.配送需要计划distribution requirements planning (DRP)18.配送资源计划distribution resource planning (DRP II)19.物流资源计划logistics resource planning (LRP) 20.企业资源计划enterprise resource planning (ERP)21.供应链管理supply chain management (SCM) 22.快速反映Quick response (QR) 23.有效客户反映efficient customer response(ECR) 24.连续库存补充计划continuous replenishment program (CRP)25.计算机付诸订货系统computer assisted ordering (CAO)26.供应商管理库存vendor managed inventory (VMI)27.业务外包outsourcing一、基本概念术语1物品Article2物流Logistics3物流活动Logistics activity4物流作业Logistics operation5物流模数Logistics modulus6物流技术Logistlcs technology7物流成本Logistics cost8物流管理Loglstics management9物流中心Logistics center10物流网络Logistics network11物流信息Logistics information12物流企业Loglstics enterprise13物流单证Logistics documents14物流联盟Logistics alliance15供应物流Supp1y logistics16生产物流Production logistics17销售物流Distribution logistics18回收物流Returned logistics19废弃物物流waste material logistics20绿色物流Environmental logistics21企业物流Internal logistics22社会物流External logistics23军事物流Military logistics24国际物流Interriational logistics25第三方物流Third一part logistics (TPL)26定制物流Customized logistics27虚拟物流Virtual logistics28增值物流服务Value一added logistics service29供应链Supp1y chain30条码Bar code 同义词:条码符号bar code symbol 31电子数据交换Electronic data interchange (EDI)32有形损耗Tangible loss33无形损耗Intangible loss二、物流作业术语1运输Transportation2联合运输Combined transport3直达运输Through transport4中转运输Transfer transport5甩挂运输Drop and puIl transport6集装运输Containerized transport7集装箱运输Container transport8门到门Door一to一door 9整箱货Full container load(FCL)10拼箱货Less than container load (LCL)11储存Storing12保管Storage13物品储备Article reserves14库存Inventory15经常库存Cycle stock16安全库存Safety Stock17库存周期Inventory cycle time18前置期(或提前期)Lead time19订货处理周期0rder cycle time20货垛Goods stack21堆码Stacking22搬运Handling/carrying23装卸Loading and unloading24单元装卸Unit loading and unloading25包装Package/packaging26销售包装Sales package27定牌包装Packing of nominated brand28中性包装Neutral packing29运输包装Transport package30托盘包装palietizing31集装化Containerization32散装化In bulk33直接换装Cross docking34配送Distribution35共同配送Joint distribution36配送中心Distribution center37分拣Sorting38拣选0rder picking39集货Goods collection40组配Assemb1y41流通加工Distribution processing42冷链Cold chain43检验Inspection三、物流技术装备与设施术语1仓库warehouse2库房Storehouse3自动化仓库Automatic Warehouse4立体仓库Stereoscopic Warehouse5虚拟仓库Virtual varehouse6保税仓库Boned Warehouse7出口监管仓库Export supervised warehouse8海关监管货物Cargo under custom’S supervision 9冷藏区Chill space10冷冻区Freeze space11控湿储存区Humldity controlled space12温度可控区Temperature controlled space13收货区Receiving space14发货区Shipping space15料棚Goods shed16货场Goods yard17货架Goods shelf18托盘Pallet19叉车Fork lift truck20输送机Conveyor21自动导引车Automatic guided vehicle (AGV)22箱式车Box car23集装箱Container24换算箱Twenty一feet equiva1ent unit (TEU)25特种货物集装箱Specific cargo container26全集装箱船Full container ship27铁路集装箱场Railway container yard28公路集装箱中转站Inland container depot29集装箱货运站Container freight station(CFS)30集装箱码头Container terminal31国际铁路联运International through raiIway transport32国际多式联运International multimdal transport 33大陆桥运输Land bridge transport34班轮运输Liner transport35租船运输Shipping by chartering36船务代理Shipping agency37国际货运代理Tnternational freight forwarding agent38理货Tally39国际货物运输保险International transportation cargo insurance40报关Customs declaration41报关行Customs broker42进出口商品检验Commodity inspection四、物流管理术语1物流战略Logistics strategy2物流战略管理Loglstics strategy management3仓库管理Warehouse management4仓库布局warehouse layout5库存控制Inventory control6经济订货批量Economic order quantity (EOQ)7定量订货方式Fixed一quantity system(FQS)8定期订货方式Fixed一interval system(FIS)9ABC分类管理ABC classification10电子订货系统Electronic order system(E0S)11准时制Just in time(JIT)12准时制物流Just一in一time 1ogistics13零库存技术Zero一inventory Technology14物流成本管理Logistics cost control15物料需求计划Material requirements planning (MRP)16制造资源计划Manufacturing resource planning (MRPⅡ)17配送需求计划Distribution requirements planning (DRP)18配送资源计划Distrlbution resource planning (DRPⅡ)19物流资源计划Logistics resource planning (LRP)20企业资源计划Enterprise resource planning (ERP)21供应链管理Supp1y chain management (SCM)22快速反应Quick response (QR)23有效客户反应Efficient customer response (ECR)24连续库存补充计划Continuous replenishment program(CRP)25计算机辅助订货系统Computer assisted ordering (CA0)26供应商管理库存Vendor managed inventory (VMI)27业务外包0utsourcing。

麦德龙配送

麦德龙配送

麦德龙在中国的物流一、麦德龙简介德国麦德龙集团(Metro)全球零售业排名第三,欧洲第二,2001年世界财富五百强第75位,营业额达433.71亿美元,在全世界21个地区拥有2 000多家大型百货商场、超大型超市折扣连锁店和专卖店。

二、麦德龙的现购自运配销制现购自运配销制彻底改变了传统的商业分工方式,使顾客分摊了一部分传统上应由商业企业来负责的工作——商品的配送,而麦德龙能够以较低价格供应优良的产品和服务,因而大幅度降低了其运营成本,具体体现在:(1)降低资金占用。

商品在供应商、麦德龙、买方之间能以最低的运营成本和最少的资金占用时间完成流通(9~12天的周转时间大大低于一般的标准),减少经营风险。

(2) 降低采购价格。

现金支付和借助麦得龙巨大的销售网络销售商品对于供应商是一种极大的便利,一则货出款到,利于厂家回笼资金;二则可依托麦德龙广泛的营销体系,便于寻求生产的均衡点;三则利于节约进一步拓展市场的各种成本;四则利于企业提高知名度。

因此,供应商愿以较低的出厂价提供商品。

(3)降低商场的运输成本和服务成本。

公司不设配送中心,厂家直接送货到商场,商场不需要到厂家提货和向买方送货,减少了运输支出和服务成本。

总之,麦德龙提供给买方和供应商的这种“分工、合产”安排,让后者看待价值方式也有了新的角度:买方成了供应商 (提供时间、劳动、信息和运输等),而麦德龙本身成为了由服务、管理、支援、设计和娱乐等构成的价值星系中最耀眼的一颗关键之星。

现付自运制的主要特点是:进销价位低,现金结算,勤进快出,自备运输工具,降低流通成本,缩短流通时间。

C&C中的Cash即现金结算,顾客用现金购物,公司用现金接受工厂供货,公司与工厂结算时间在10天至30天,守信誉、不拖欠、保证资金及时回笼,与供货方保持良好的关系。

Carry即自己运送,商品由工厂送货上门,客户自己来车选购,麦德龙免费提供停车场地。

三、物流配送中心1、配送中心总体方案流程图麦德龙配送中心(DC) 供货商2、紧急情况处理流程图车辆驾驶员调度中心客户四、物流配送中心具体服务内容(1)收货服务1.1收货数量检查:根据麦德龙物流部订单核对实收数量。

跨境电商背景下物流配送国际标准对接方案

跨境电商背景下物流配送国际标准对接方案

跨境电商背景下物流配送国际标准对接方案第一章:跨境电商物流配送概述 (2)1.1 跨境电商物流配送现状 (2)1.2 跨境电商物流配送挑战 (3)第二章:国际物流配送标准体系分析 (3)2.1 国际物流配送标准概述 (3)2.2 主要国家和地区物流配送标准 (4)第三章:我国物流配送标准现状 (5)3.1 我国物流配送标准概述 (5)3.2 我国物流配送标准与国际标准的差异 (5)第四章:跨境电商物流配送国际标准对接策略 (6)4.1 国际标准对接总体策略 (6)4.2 关键环节标准对接策略 (6)4.2.1 信息交换环节 (6)4.2.2 包装与标识环节 (6)4.2.3 运输环节 (6)4.2.4 仓储环节 (7)4.2.5 清关环节 (7)4.2.6 服务质量环节 (7)第五章:物流配送包装标准对接 (7)5.1 包装材料标准对接 (7)5.2 包装设计标准对接 (7)第六章:物流配送运输标准对接 (8)6.1 运输工具标准对接 (8)6.1.1 国际运输工具标准概述 (8)6.1.2 运输工具标准对接策略 (8)6.1.3 运输工具标准对接具体措施 (9)6.2 运输过程标准对接 (9)6.2.1 国际运输过程标准概述 (9)6.2.2 运输过程标准对接策略 (9)6.2.3 运输过程标准对接具体措施 (9)第七章:物流配送仓储标准对接 (9)7.1 仓储设施标准对接 (9)7.1.1 设施规划与建设标准 (9)7.1.2 设施改造与升级标准 (10)7.2 仓储管理标准对接 (10)7.2.1 管理体系标准 (10)7.2.2 作业流程标准 (10)7.2.3 信息化管理标准 (10)第八章:物流配送信息标准对接 (11)8.1 信息传输标准对接 (11)8.1.1 标准概述 (11)8.1.2 对接策略 (11)8.2 信息安全标准对接 (11)8.2.1 标准概述 (11)8.2.2 对接策略 (11)第九章:物流配送服务质量标准对接 (12)9.1 服务质量评价指标对接 (12)9.1.1 评价指标体系构建 (12)9.1.2 评价指标对接 (12)9.2 服务质量提升措施对接 (12)9.2.1 优化物流配送流程 (12)9.2.2 提升服务态度与客户满意度 (12)9.2.3 提高物流配送安全性 (13)9.2.4 降低物流成本 (13)第十章:跨境电商物流配送国际标准对接实施与监控 (13)10.1 国际标准对接实施步骤 (13)10.1.1 明确国际标准 (13)10.1.2 制定对接方案 (13)10.1.3 实施对接方案 (13)10.2 国际标准对接效果评估与监控 (14)10.2.1 效果评估 (14)10.2.2 监控机制 (14)第一章:跨境电商物流配送概述1.1 跨境电商物流配送现状全球电子商务的迅速发展,跨境电商逐渐成为国际贸易的新趋势。

跨境电商进口商品高效分拣与配送解决方案

跨境电商进口商品高效分拣与配送解决方案

跨境电商进口商品高效分拣与配送解决方案第一章跨境电商进口商品分拣概述 (2)1.1 分拣流程简介 (2)1.2 分拣系统重要性 (3)第二章分拣系统设计与规划 (3)2.1 分拣系统类型 (3)2.2 分拣系统布局 (4)2.3 分拣系统设备选型 (4)第三章商品信息管理 (4)3.1 商品信息录入与维护 (4)3.2 商品信息标签化管理 (5)3.3 商品信息实时更新 (5)第四章分拣效率提升策略 (6)4.1 分拣作业流程优化 (6)4.2 分拣人员培训与管理 (6)4.3 分拣设备维护与升级 (6)第五章仓储管理 (7)5.1 仓储规划与布局 (7)5.2 仓储安全管理 (7)5.3 仓储信息化管理 (8)第六章配送系统设计 (8)6.1 配送模式选择 (8)6.1.1 模式概述 (8)6.1.2 配送模式分类 (8)6.1.3 配送模式选择原则 (8)6.2 配送路径优化 (9)6.2.1 路径优化概述 (9)6.2.2 路径优化方法 (9)6.2.3 路径优化实施步骤 (9)6.3 配送时效保障 (9)6.3.1 时效保障概述 (9)6.3.2 时效保障措施 (9)第七章配送效率提升策略 (10)7.1 配送作业流程优化 (10)7.2 配送人员培训与管理 (10)7.3 配送车辆调度与维护 (11)第八章物流信息化管理 (11)8.1 物流信息平台建设 (11)8.1.1 平台架构设计 (11)8.1.2 关键技术与应用 (11)8.2 物流数据分析与应用 (12)8.2.1 数据采集与清洗 (12)8.2.2 数据分析方法 (12)8.3 物流信息共享与协同 (12)8.3.1 信息共享机制 (12)8.3.2 协同作业流程 (12)第九章跨境电商进口商品质量监控 (13)9.1 商品质量检测与监管 (13)9.2 商品售后服务保障 (13)9.3 商品质量追溯体系 (13)第十章跨境电商进口商品分拣与配送风险管理 (14)10.1 风险识别与评估 (14)10.1.1 风险识别 (14)10.1.2 风险评估 (14)10.2 风险防范与控制 (14)10.2.1 供应链风险防范与控制 (14)10.2.2 分拣与配送操作风险防范与控制 (14)10.2.3 法律法规风险防范与控制 (15)10.2.4 市场风险防范与控制 (15)10.2.5 信息安全风险防范与控制 (15)10.3 风险应对策略与措施 (15)10.3.1 风险预警与监测 (15)10.3.2 风险转移与分担 (15)10.3.3 风险应对与处理 (15),第一章跨境电商进口商品分拣概述1.1 分拣流程简介跨境电商进口商品的分拣流程,是商品从海外仓库运抵国内后,经过一系列操作处理,最终配送至消费者手中的关键环节。

SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome1

SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome1

SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome11.Explain the various tasks which would come under your remit as Physical Resource Manager.As a physical resource manager we have various task such as planning, organising, coordinating, budgeting, controlling and monitoring/evaluating.The first task is planning,as a Physical resource manager we must need know and understand the plan and role in the planning.It is conclude three level of logistics planning:strategic planning, tactical planning, operational planning.The strategic planning is medium to long term planning spanning one to five years. In this case, the Angus Glen Water cooperate with Ecosse Hotels and offer the water to all of the hotel. Due to that the hotel operate in many different countries, Angus Glen Water will enter the international market and this is an big strategy and decision for the company, so they need make the strategic planning.Therefor the manager also need the tactical planning,from we study we can know this planning spanning six months to a year.This planning will deal with annual budgets,which provide the financial basis.Finally we need operational planning,it is controlled the standards and rules and is day to day planning.Manager need detect the weekly and monthly reports to understand the operation of department and take some measures to deal with the problem.The second task is organization,the manager absolutely need to ensure that the plans scheduled and the right task are being done at the right time and by the right person.Dividing up the work is really importance to the manager in organization too.In this task the manager have two small task, the first is find more more manufacturer to produce the glass bottle and find new haulier to transport the product to other countries.The second task is make decision of the transportation mode, such as airline, ship or train,include the production enter in to the new market.After ensure the transportation the manager have to consider the export document.In one word the manager need consider and makesure every process is right and really be done in the whole process from the old market to the new market.Thirdly, coordinating in this task manager have to keeping control at all time to ensure that all plans are met. And this task consist of some small task such as delegating, objective setting. Delegating is one of the most importance coordinating tasks, in this task manager absolutely need to sure that the members of the team understand what is expected of them, just by the way the manager can croodinating. First of all manager must ensure that the person being given the task has the right level of skill to carry out the task[1]. Secondly, is that the manager should tell them what state required results and the resources required. The staff should understand what is the required results and discuss the resources. The manager should set a deadlines and support to them, if the staff meet any problem ,the manager can communicate with them and solve the problem. Finally the manager need evaluate the final results and obtain the feedback. If the manager can delegate the right people , the task will be coordinate. In this case the manager need to coordinate the department and by coordinating improve they work efficiency. Absolutely, setting a target is importance for coordinating, the work person objective. The manager use the objectives to measure the performance and offer some suggestion to others, it will coordinate the task.Fourth task is budgeting, from study we can know the budgeting are cost goal set by top manager, it means through the budgeting the distribution manager can know what the organization goals and objectives are, and what resources will be needed to achieve those goals and objective. Then ensure that distribution activities are profitable and efficient.Fifth is controlling. This task is to ensure that the goals is achieved and comparing the actual results and original objectives. then, the manager canevaluate the detail things and find some good activities and some terrible things.Finally is monitoring and evaluation, as a manager monitoring [2] is essential, because by the way can improve efficient of work such as “independent check ” and “double check ”. In the last task, the manager need make a evaluation about this work. Such as the target, plan,the result is good or bad.2.Explain how the International Trade Department would be structured and how this would benefit Angus Glen over a structure that did not include this department.International trade department can help companies to further expand overseas markets. Including import and export of international trade department, for example, overseas procurement, marketing the three points. Here are some staff to deal with the export or import problem, to the as the export certificate, the document of import and export. The purchasing oversea is in charge of the managementSeniorGeneralProduction Transport andwarehouse Sales and Marketing Research and Developmen Internatio nal trade department Accounts and General administratPurchasing Import andExport Sales and Marketingpurchasing in the world, to the as the material, the bottle and others. The sales and marketing is responsible for the sales and marketing in other countries, and find new customer and sell the product to them.There are some benefit when the company establish the international trade department. At first, this department can help the company expand in the oversea market more convenience and quickly. The second, by establish the department can improve the strength of corporation and improve the popularity of brand. The company has the international trade department and the staff will sell their product to other countries and increase the sales. Finally the company can decrease the cost by international trade department oversea purchasing.3.Describe the links that would operate between the International Trade Department and other departments within the organization. Transport and warehouse department is responsible for transport and preservation stores. Transport department major task is distribution the goods between different city and ensure the goods quality and quantity. Warehouse department have two major task, the first one is preservation the goods this is also the most importance task for warehouse department such as unified the various business processes, periodic inventory system and make sure the consistent of warehouse[3]account, content and card.. The second one is make sure the production is satisfaction.Production department is really important for a company, because this department is link to customers, if the production can’t get satisfaction of customers the company may can not get profit. This department major task is ensure the production activity will finish in time. And this department need have de good corporation with development department and marketing department, because this department need accuracy data to make goods[4].The international trade department is important for the company and it will connect with other department, meanwhile, other department also will get information from the department. Such as, the production department, the international trade department obtain a customer from Canada, so the international trade department will tell the production department to produce the goods and tell them the entail of customer. And the the international trade department is really important to decrease the cost through oversea purchasing. The transport and warehousing department will offer the information of warehousing to international trade department, then the international trade department will help the department to manage the inventory. For the D&R department, the international and trade department can bring some new technology to D&R department from other country. The R&D department will help the international trade department to introduce the goods and offer the technical training. The sales and marketing department will offer the situation of domestic market and help the department to find new customer. Meanwhile, the international trade department can offer the international situation and help the department to adjust their strategy.4.Describe the links the International Trade Department would have with external integrating bodies and why these would exist.There are several external integrating bodies, such as the freight forwarder,import agent, import dealers and others.A freight forwarder, forwarder, or forwarding agent, is a person or company that organizes shipments for individuals or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution. Freight can be booked on a variety of shipping providers, including ships,airplanes, trucks, and railroads. It is not unusual for a single shipment to move on multiple carrier types. International freight forwarders typically handle international shipments. International freight forwarders have additional expertise in preparing and processing customs and other documentation and performing activities pertaining to international shipments.First, it can help companies choose the best transportation and the best transport routes. International trade sector choose to accept orders,, freight forwarding department will contact the production sector. Second, it can help companies to handle different documents, such as customs procedures and other documents, then give the product to the haulier [6]. It also helps the company to pay the freight and customs duties. From freight forwarding task, it can help reduce the cost of international trade sector and risk. At the same time, it can ensure transportation safety products and products.The import agent is a person or company that by accepting the delegation of exporter and help the exporter to handle the import business, It receive some commissions. In general, the import agents do not assume the credit risk, exchange and market, it has no the ownership . of products, there are four types of import agents, such as brokers, factors, manufacturer;. s representatives and managing agents that can help international trade sector to purchase some materials from other countries in order to reduce costs. Because import agency is specialized in importing stuff, so it can ensure the quality and cost. At the same time, it can help the international trade sector input and analysis of the local market. it can help the international trade department to enter and analyze the local market. In this case, if the company need some material, they can use this agent to solve the problem.5.Reference[1] SQA. International Physical Distribution Unit student Guide, Part three.[2] Continent's only press release wire service, African Press Organization PR Week - May 10, 2013[3] Ortega-Argiles, Raquel; Potters, Lesley; Vivarelli, Marco,2011 R&D and productivity: testing sectoral peculiarities using micro data. Empirical Economics 41 (3)[4] Moroney, J. R. (1967) Cobb-Douglass production functions and returns to scale in US manufacturing industry, Western Economic Journal, vol 6, no 1, December 1967, pp 39–51.[5] Kenya Clearing & Forwarding Agents | Kenya Freight Forwarders - Customs Clearance | Aeromarine Logistics - Freight Clearing Forwarding Kenya". Aeromarine.co.ke. Retrieved 2013-01-17.[6] Blaszak, Michael W. "ABC's of Railroading: Trackage and Haulage Rights," Trains, 1 May 2006, accessed 30 August 2011。

HND_国际实物配送2

HND_国际实物配送2

1Transportation modesTake sea as an example, because the shipping requires 25 pallets and the total cost is 620, the cost per pallet is 620/25=24.8. In the similar way, other result also can be calculated, except the Multi-mode. The Multi-mode’cost is 1185 including 125, 620, 295, and145, thus the cost per pallet is 1185/25=47.4.Air transportation is optimum choice. Air transportation can use the least time to convey goods due to faster speed. Besides, it also ensures the security to a large extent relatively. However, it also has some disadvantages. Air transportation has expensive cost, and airport is distant from municipal center.Sea transportation also can be chosen. Though it is the slowest method and vulnerable to bad weather in ocean, it is the lowest expenses offreight and carries the largest quantities.Angus Glen also can select rail. Rail has a large capacity and is less refrained by bad weather. Rail has these disadvantages, it is not much flexible and can not work without railroad.2 Consignment delivery termFor incoterms’importance, it can ensure that transactions are finished successfully and safely. By negotiating, sellers and buyers can sign contract containing right and duty and other pertinent item. It also explicitly shows the price and cost between buyers and sellers. In general, buyers should pay cost, freight and insurance. It is good for solving conflict. In the end, incoterms is beneficial for relevant agencies to carry out operational activities3 Consolidation and groupage arrangementBy calculating, the result is 12.5, so, when the load is equal to or bigger than 12.5 pallets, the direct road mode is effective. However, according to method, the result should be rounded to the nearest integer, thus the result is 13 finally.4 Least total costBy above chart, Route A-- Kirriemuir Bottling Plant to CoatbridgeRailport to Southampton Container Terminal to Port de Montreal Canada to Ecosse Hotel is optimum choice. Because the cost of Route A is lower than Route B.5 Procedures and documentation tableIn the transportation, this procedure’s flow chart perhaps is warehouse, station, container freight yard, customs and destination, which involves these documents such as Insurance list, commercial invoice, goods classification, etc. In commerce, the flow chart, consulting, contract, order form and preparation goods, whose relevant documents have p roforma invoice, export invoice, CISG, international commercial contract. In custom, the pertinent procedure is uploading, checking, taxing and permitting through and its documents have customs invoice, customsdeclaration, good classification and so on.。

第三方物流配送流程图

第三方物流配送流程图

第三方物流配送流程图发布时间:2011-06-19|浏览:4896|评论:0|评分:∙∙∙∙∙步骤/方法第三方物流的五种发展模式是:企业内部物流模式;配送模式;运输企业模式;货运代理和报关行模式,以及冷冻仓储模式。

1.企业内部物流模式大企业通常都设有材料部,运输部,配送部或物流部,负责企业原材料采购和成品交付的运输,以及原材料,半成品,成品的库存管理。

有些企业可能拥有自己的车队,有些企业则使用独立的运输公司。

当现代物流管理理论刚刚出现在舞台时,这些企业就给予充分关注。

随着信息技术的发展,它们建立了发达的配送网络和信息系统,以远远高于行业水平的配送速度,成为行业的物流先锋。

这些企业看到自己的物流优势,於是将其物流部与母公司分割,成为一个独立的第三方物流公司。

位於多伦多的Progistix-SolutionInc.就是一个典型的例子。

它是加拿大的几个最大的第三方物流公司之一。

它的前身是贝尔加拿大公司的物流部,负责贝尔零配件的配送,通过与加东,加中,加西三个快递公司的伙伴关系,将它们纳入自己的信息网络,贝尔保证它的现场技术服务人员在电话下订单后的三十分钟内收到所需要的零配件。

贝尔意识到将自己的物流专长服务于其它公司的潜能,於是在1995年将其物流部分割出来,成立了Progistix-SolutionInc.,提供客户最快速反应的零件配送。

施乐加拿大公司就是其客户之一。

2.配送模式配送模式的企业其实最早起源于运输公司,但由於引入了物流管理的理论,所以较早蜕出其初期的运输外壳,进化成为一个提供配送服务的物流管理公司。

它的专长在于拥有成熟的技术,先进的信息系统,专业的物流管理队伍。

当它进入新的市场,或获得新的物流外包合同时,它往往只是注入自己的专业队伍和信息系统,在客户企业的固有设施和硬件设备的平台上进行配送运作。

它会为每一个客户企业成立一个子公司来专门为其服务。

天美百达公司(TibbettBritten)就是这一模式的佼佼者。

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Packing:Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. The first,In this case Angus Glens’ water needs packing by glass bottle. Because the use of glass bottles of mineral water to avoid water evaporation, but also to avoid water pollution.Second,The Angus Glens puts the water bottles and glass bottles to the wooden box.Because before the use of glass bottles of this product, if the use of cartons, then it is likely to cause the broken glass bottles, and the use of wooden boxes to avoid this result.But to note is in between the glass bottles also need to put some cotton or sponge like things, so you can avoid them in the transit of the collision.Third,in this case Angus Glens make the 25 full of mineral water packed in wooden containers loaded in 1200 × 1800 pellets. Because of the quantity of this product, Angus Glens can only use the container. But in the process of packing it is needed to put some sponges or cotton between the wooden box in order to prevent the collision between the wooden box.Marking:In the first The Angus Glens can mark the production date on the glass bottle so that consumers can see more clearly whether this bottle of water can be used.Can also be marked on the glass bottle this glass bottles can be recycled. Also can be in this glass bottles affixed to their own trademarks.Second,Can be marked on the wooden box inside the number of bottles, so that it can be convenient to count the number, but also can be marked on the wooden box this is a fragile product.In the process of handling should be handled with care.Third,The order number of these products can be marked on the container as well as the city to be shipped. And some detailed information, such as the name of the shipping company, the date of shipment, the destination of the contract number, etc.①Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance involves pooling funds from many insured entities (known as exposures) to pay for the losses that some may incur. The insured entities are therefore protected from risk for a fee, with the fee being dependent upon the frequency and severity of the event occurring. In order to be an insurable risk, the risk insured against must meet certain characteristics. Insurance as a financial intermediary is a commercial enterprise and a major part of the financial services industry, but individual entities can also self-insure through saving money for possible future losses.The purpose of insurance is to compensate the loss of the insured, the insured will be re placed in the position where they have lost.In this case The Angus Glens’ goods in the waterway, railway, highway and transportation in the process of transportation, namely, the liability insurance due to natural disasters or accidents loss can get financial compensation, and strengthen traffic safety and loss prevention work to promote commodity production and the commodity circulation.②According to the situation and the type required, there are several sets of terms that can be attached to the policy of the Institute.It is usual practice to insure under clauses A,B or C and Pay extra premium for war risk or strike.All risks of loss or damage to the insured subject to the terms and conditions of the goods must be excluded from all the usual terms of the goods.Cargo B&C are similar to clause A with additional exclusions.③Open cover :The is an insurance company which is insured by the insurer to ship the goods within a certain period of time, and the insurance policy for the export of the goods at the price of CIF or the import of the goods at the price of CFR FOB. It stated the scope of the insurance coverage, the insurance premium, the premium rate, the maximum amount of insurance for each shipment and the calculation of the premium.Where belongs to the open cover insurance within the scope of import and export cargo, shipment automatically according to the appointment insurance policyconditions listed underwriting, but was the insurer was informed that the shipment of each batch of goods, should immediately to notice of shipment or other written form will be the goods name, quantity, amount of insurance and transport type and name, a range of origin destination location, sailing date and notify the insurance company.Q3Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. The movement of people into and out of a country is normally monitored by immigration authorities, under a variety of names and arrangements. The immigration authorities normally check for appropriate documentation, verify that a person is entitled to enter the country, apprehend people wanted by domestic or international arrest warrants, and impede the entry of people deemed dangerous to the country.Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, which its customs authority enforces. The import or export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden. In most countries, customs are attained through government agreements and international laws. A customs duty is a tariff or tax on the importation (usually) or exportation (unusually) of goods. Commercial goods not yet cleared through customs are held in a customs area, often called a bonded store, until processed. All authorized ports are recognized customs areas.Q4①Sea model: The advantage of ocean transportation is that his cost is low, and they are relatively large.But its disadvantage is that the speed is slow, the navigation risk is big, the sailing date is not accurate. Ocean shipping mode is the most important mode of transport in international trade.Rail model:The Characteristics of rail model are the low energy consumption;Transport capacity; high speed; low transportation cost; universal; natural environment and good influence; continuity.Air model:The best advantage of air model is very fast. It can save much time. But the cost of the air model is highly. The construction and maintenance of the airport requires a lot of money.D irect road:The cost of the direct road is highly, And the per pallet cost is also a bit of expansive. But it is shipped every day, and the model is very cyclical.In addition,Direct road transport time is not long.Multi-model:The cost of the Multi-model’s per pallet is cheap. In addition,the model is very cyclical. But in this modes. The cost of this model is not cheap. And it will spend more time in change the model.②First,Terms of payment.The buyer must pay in accordance with the terms of the contract. They cannot use other means of payment.Such asThe seller asked the buyer can only use L/C payment, the buyer can only use the L/C as a payment method. Second,Date of Arrival,The seller must deliver the goods to the designated place within the time specified in the specified time, not exceeding the time. Because some products must be delivered to the destination within a certain period of time, otherwise the product may be over the use of the period.Third,packing,The seller must carry out the packing of the products in accordance with the requirements of the buyer.Because different countries have different language and culture, so the use of language and pictures on the packaging to meet the requirements of their country.The seller may be required to carry out the packing in order to avoid unnecessary trouble.③We should consider the unexpected circumstances. For example, the financial turmoil or the devaluation of the currency will affect the price of the product, etc., in the way of a state government issued some of the embargo will lead to an increase in the transport of goods. Of course, in the course of transport will encounter storms, typhoons and other natural disasters, which will lead to transport time has become unstable, and may cause damage.In some areas, as well as war and terrorism, these will make transportation is not smooth.。

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