外文翻译译文电池储能加强风力发电机在电力系统集成
九年级能源开发英语阅读理解30题
九年级能源开发英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Solar energy is one of the most promising sources of renewable energy. It is clean, abundant, and sustainable. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, which can be used to power homes, businesses, and even entire communities.The advantages of solar energy are numerous. Firstly, it is environmentally friendly. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy does not produce any harmful emissions or pollutants. Secondly, it is a reliable source of energy. As long as the sun shines, solar panels can generate electricity. Thirdly, solar energy is cost-effective in the long run. Although the initial investment for installing solar panels can be high, the cost of electricity generated by solar panels is much lower than that of traditional sources of energy.In recent years, the development of solar energy has been remarkable. More and more countries are investing in solar power projects. The technology of solar panels is also constantly improving, making them more efficient and affordable. As a result, the use of solar energy is becoming more widespread.Looking into the future, solar energy is expected to play an even moreimportant role in meeting the world's energy needs. With the continuous advancement of technology, solar panels will become even more efficient and cost-effective. Moreover, new applications of solar energy, such as solar-powered cars and solar-powered water desalination plants, are being developed.In conclusion, solar energy is a great alternative to traditional sources of energy. It has many advantages and a bright future. As we strive to create a more sustainable world, solar energy will undoubtedly become an increasingly important part of our energy mix.1. What is one of the advantages of solar energy?A. It is expensive in the long run.B. It produces harmful emissions.C. It is environmentally friendly.D. It is unreliable.答案：C。
风力发电机组中英文词汇对照
风力发电机组中英文词汇对照Aa.t.c.system 加工中心机刀库abrasive disc 磨料盘abscissa axis 横坐标absolute encoder 绝对式编码器absolute humidity 绝对湿度ac motor 交流环电动机accelerated test 加速试验accelerating 加速acceleration amplitude 加速度幅值accelerometer 加速度传感器acceptance test 验收试验accumulator 储压罐accuracy 精度acetone 丙酮acknowledgement 确认acoustic reference wind speed 声的基准风速activation power (for wind turbines) 临界功率activation rotational speed 临界转速activation 活动，赋活，激活，活化，激励，启用active (passive) circuit elements 有（无）源电路元件active component 有功分量active current 有功电流active in respect to 相对….呈阻性active power 有功功率active yawing 主动偏航acute angle 锐角addendum modification on gear 齿轮的变位address 地址adhesive 带粘性的，胶粘，粘合剂adjustable spanner 活动扳手adjusting plate 调整板admittance 导纳admixture 混合，混合物adversely 逆地，反对地adze 扁斧aerial航空的，生活在空气中的，空气的，高耸的，天线aerodynamic characteristics of rotor 风轮空气动力特性aerodynamic chord of airfoil 气动弦线aerosol 浮质，气溶胶，气雾剂，烟雾剂ageing tests 老化试验aggregate 合计，总计，集合体aggressively 侵略地，攻势地air braking system 空气制动系统air gap 气隙air header 集气管air humidity 空气湿度air inlet 通风口air permeability 透气性air set 空气中凝固，常温自硬自然硬化air-cushion 空气垫airfoil 翼型air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线air-termination system 接闪器alarm 报警algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的align 对准，校直alignment 对准，定位调整alkali-sensitive 碱性感测allen key 六方allen wrench 六方扳手alloy 合金alloy 合金alteration变更，改造alternating current machine 交流电机alternating current 交流电流alternating voltage 交流电压altitude 海拔aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces 连续溶解保温炉ambient temperature 环境温度ammeter电流表ampere-turns 安匝(数)amplidyne 微场扩流发电机amplifier panel 放大器盘amplifier 放大器amplitude modulation(am 调幅amplitude 幅值anaerobic没有空气而能生活的，厌氧性的analog input terminals 模拟量输入端子analog signal 模拟信号analogue board 模拟盘analogue control 模拟控制analyzer分析器anchor bolt 地脚螺栓anchor bolt 锚定螺栓anchor 锚，抛锚，锚定anemometer 风速计aneroid barometer无液气压表，无液晴雨angle grinder角锉angle of attack of blade 叶片几何攻角angle of rotor shaft 风轮仰角angle plate角盘annealing 退火annual average wind speed 年平均风速annual average 年平均annual energy production 年发电量annual extreme daily mean of temperature 年最高日平均温度annual maximum 年最高annual variation 年变化annulus环面anode阳极，正极anodization 阳极氧化antenna 天线；触角antifriction减低或防止磨擦之物，润滑剂anvil铁砧apparent sound power level 视在声功率级application drawing操作图，应用图approximate近似，接近，约计arbor 树阴；凉亭；藤架arc control device 灭弧装置arc cutting电弧切割arc gouging 电弧刨削arc welding 电弧焊arc welding 电弧焊arc 弧，弓形，拱，电弧Archimedean screw阿基米德螺线armature circuit 电枢电路armature coil 电枢线圈Armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波armature 电枢articulated接合，链接，有关节的aspect ratio 叶片展弦比assemble集合，聚集，装配assembly 装配assorted files分类排列；相匹配(文件) assume假定，设想，采取，呈现asynchronous generator 异步电机attenuate 衰减attenuation变薄，稀薄化，变细，衰减audit 审计auger打孔钻，螺丝钻auto transformer 自耦变压器automatic station 无人值守电站automatic temperature recorder 温度自动记录器automatic voltage regulator(avr) 自动电压调整器auxiliary circuit 辅助电路auxiliary device 辅助装置auxiliary motor 辅助电动机auxiliary switch辅助接点availability 可利用率（风力发电机组）average noise level 平均噪声average 平均，平均水平，平均数，海损，一般的，通常的aviation light 航空灯awl 锥子axe斧，(经费的)大削减axial pitch 轴向齿距axle 轮轴，车轴Bback saw背锯back-feed反馈backlash反冲，无效行程；间隙，偏移；退balancing equipment 平衡设备ball bearing滚珠轴ball saddle滚珠支撑ball-eye 球头挂环ball-hook 球头挂钩ball-peen hammer 圆头锤band saw 带锯bandwidth 带宽band区；带，波段带子，镶边，波段，队，乐队. 联合，结合bar magnet磁条barometer气压计base material基底材料base 基极basic error 基准误差battery power drill电池钻baud rate波特率baud 波特bayonet 卡口beach海滨；湖滨；河滩bead 珠子，水珠beam compass长臂圆规beam idler gear 惰轮齿beam trammel骨架bearer 支架，托架，支座，载体bearing fittings 轴承配件bearing processing equipment 轴承加工机bearings 轴承bell crank曲柄bellow type 波纹管式belt drive 带传动belting制带的材料，带类，调带装置bend 弯管弯头bending machines 弯曲机bending 挠曲Bessemer converter 酸性转炉，贝塞麦转炉Bessemer酸性转炉钢bevel gear斜角；斜齿轮bevel-edge steel 斜缘薄钢板beveling 磨斜棱，磨斜边biconcave lens两面凹镜biconvex lens两面凸镜bifurcated rivet 开口铆钉；分叉的铆钉bilateral circuit 双向电路bimetallic双金属的bimotored 双马达的bin二进制biphase 双相的bipolar junction transistor (bjt) 双极性晶体管bit 位；比特black body 黑体blade for iron saw 剧刃blade losses 叶片损失blade 叶片blades 刀片blades，saw 锯片blast cleaning皮老虎blast furnace鼓风炉blast 强风bleed 放出(液体，气体等)；漏出，漏入，泄漏，色料扩散bleeder valve 溢流阀blinding plate盲板blind挡板block and tackle滑轮组block diagram 方框图block diagram框图blocking(for wind turbines) 锁定（风力机）blowhole气泡，气孔blowlamp喷灯blowpipe吹风管blowtorch 吹管，喷灯board 底板，板boiler锅炉；煮器；烧水器bolt 螺栓bolts,screws & nuts 螺栓，螺帽及螺丝bolt螺栓，螺钉，支持，维持bonding bar 等电位连接带bonding conductor 等电位连接导体bonding wire 接合线，焊线bone 骨剔除bonnet软帽，汽车发动机罩boost 增压boost-buck 升压去磁bore钻孔，钻boring heads 搪孔头boring machines 镗床both sides welding.双面焊接bottom dead-centre 下死点；下顶点bow-spring compass 弓形片弹簧圆规box spanner inset 插入式套筒扳手box spanner管钳子brace 支柱，带子，振作精神bracket托架，括弧，支架brad 曲头钉bradawl小锥brake fluid 刹车油brake disc 刹车盘brake lining 闸衬片brake mechanism 制动机构brake pad 闸垫brake setting 制动器闭合brake setting 制动器闭合brake shoe 闸轨brake(for wind turbines) 制动器braking mechanism 制动机构braking releasing 制动器释放braking system 制动系统branch connection 分支接续branch of joint连接分支brass黄铜，黄铜制品，brazing铜焊breakaway force 起步阻力breakaway starting current of an a.c. 交流电动机的最初启动电流breakdown torque 极限转矩breakdown 击穿breaker 断路器breast drill 胸压手摇钻breather 呼吸者，喘息者，剧烈的运动bricklayer's hammer 砖匠锤bridges 管式桥bronze 青铜brush wastage 碳刷磨损bubble 磁泡，水泡，气泡buck 补偿bucket桶，一桶的量，铲斗buffing wheel 抛光轮，弹性磨轮bulkhead隔壁，防水壁bulk 大小，体积，大批，大多数，散装bulldozer 推土机Bunsen burner 本生灯burn through 烧蚀burr 芒刺；刺果植物；针球bursting disc 防爆膜bursting 突然破裂，爆发，脉冲bus bar separator 母线间隙垫bus bar support 硬母线固定金？bus bar 母线bus coupler 总线耦合器bus duct 母线槽bus-bar expansion joint 母线伸缩节bush 矮树丛，(机械)衬套bushing轴衬，套管butt weld 对接焊缝butt welding 对接焊byte 字节Ccabinet converter 变频器柜cabinet door 柜门cabinet nacelle transformer 机舱变压器柜cabinet nacelle 机舱机柜cabinet tower 塔基机柜cable armor电缆铠装cable bundle 束，光纤束；捆，卷cable cutter 电缆剪cable fitting电缆配件cable gland 电缆衬垫cable gland 电缆衬垫cable glands 电缆衬垫cable making tools 造线机cable reel 电缆盘cable routing电缆路由选择cable shear 电缆剪cable sheath电缆包皮层cable shoes电缆靴cable tie 电缆带cable tie电缆带cable tray 电缆盘cable trunk 电缆管道cable twist 扭缆cage 笼型calculation sheet计算书calibration标度，刻度，校准caliper测径器，卡钳，弯脚器calorimeter热量计camber 拱形camshaft凸轮轴cam凸轮cancel 取消，删去cantilever伸臂，悬臂；悬臂梁capacitance effect 电容效应capacitance 电容capacitor for voltage protection 保护电容器capacitor 电容器capacity 容量capping ends顶盖末端capstan lathe绞盘车床carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡carburettor 汽化器cardan shaft万向轴carrier 载波cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系cartridge额盒式磁盘[带](机)；夹头cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子castellated coupling 牙嵌式联接casting 铸件，铸造casting, aluminium 铸铝casting, copper 铸铜casting, gray iron 铸灰口铁casting, malleable iron 可锻铸铁casting, other 其他铸造casting, steel 铸钢castle nut城堡螺母cast 投；掷；抛catalyst 催化剂，触媒catastrophic failure(for wind turbines) 严重故障cathode 阴极cathode-ray tube阴极射线管cathodic protection system 阴极保护系统catwalk桥上人行道，狭小通道caulking metal填隙合金[金属](材料) caulking 填…以防漏caution小心ccw 逆时针cement lined piping 水泥衬里cement 水泥，接合剂，接合，用水泥涂，巩固，粘牢center distance 中心距center gear 中心轮center puncher中心冲centralized control 集中控制centre bit中心位centrifugal unit 离心单元centrifugal 离心ceramics 陶瓷；陶瓷技术chain drive 链传动chain making tools 造链机chain vice 链式钳chain wheel 滑轮chain-grate stoker 链条炉排加煤机chamfer machines 倒角机change over switching 换接change over 改变成，对调位channel bases沟渠基底characteristic 特性characteristic curves 特性曲线charge 充电chaser猎人，驱逐舰check against 检查，核对check valve止回阀cheese 干酪，垫砖cheese-head screw 有槽凸圆柱头螺钉chemical corrosion 化学腐蚀chipping 修琢chisel 凿子砍凿chloride 氯化物，漂白粉choke valve 阻气阀choke 窒息，阻气门chopper circuit 斩波电路chord 弦，和音，情绪chrome 铬；铬矿石；氧化铬chronometer 精密计时表chuck 轻拍，抛掷，驱逐，丢弃，用卡盘夹住chucks 夹盘circlip 环形，弹性挡圈circuit branch 支路circuit breaker保护断路器circuit breaker断路开关circuit components 电路元件circuit diagram 电路图circuit diagram 电路图circuit parameters 电路参数circular saw圆锯circular圆形，环；循环circulate 循环；流通circulating循环circumference周线；外围；周围circumferential backlash 圆周侧隙circumferential joint 周圈接缝civil engineer 土木工程师civil works土建工程，建筑工程clamp ammeter钳形表clamp 夹钳clamping/holding systems 夹具/支持系统clamp夹子，夹具，夹钳claw hammer 拔钉锤clearance 排除故障，清除clevis drawbar 牵引环，联结钩clevis joint 拖钩，脚架接头clevis ｕ形夹climate 气候close grain 结晶粒closed circuit 闭合电路clout nail大帽钉club hammer锤子，榔头clutch离合器，联轴器cnc bending presses 电脑数控弯折机cnc boring machines 电脑数控镗床cnc drilling machines 电脑数控钻床cnc edm wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花线切削机cnc electric discharge machines 电脑数控电火花机cnc engraving machines 电脑数控雕刻机cnc grinding machines 电脑数控磨床cnc lathes 电脑数控车床cnc machine tool fittings 电脑数控机床配件cnc milling machines 电脑数控铣床cnc shearing machines 电脑数控剪切机cnc toolings cnc 刀杆cnc wire-cutting machines 电脑数控线切削机coarse粗(糙，略)，近似coaxial cable同轴电缆coaxial 共轴的，同轴的cobalt钴(符号为co)，钴类颜料，由钴制的深蓝色code 代码coefficient of torsional rigidity 扭转刚度系数coil 线圈coil spring弹圈coil winding 线圈绕组coincide in phase with 与….同相collar bolt凸缘螺栓collar 凸缘；圈，环，套环，轴；卡圈；安装环collector ring 集电环collector 集电极color identification 彩色识别combination pliers 台钳combination 结合，联合，合并，化合，化合物combustion chamber 燃烧室command 命令commencement 开始commissioning test 投运试验common earthing system 共用接地系统commutation condition 换向状况commutation 换向commutator segment 换向片commutator 换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线complex impedance 复数阻抗complex number 复数complex terrain 复杂地形带compound generator 复励发电机compound 混合物，[化]化合物复合的，混合，配合compounded 复励compressor 压缩物，压缩机，收缩机concave lens 凹面镜concave-convex lens 凸凹镜concrete drill 混凝土钻concrete 混凝土；具体condensation 冷凝condenser 冷凝器；凝结器，电容器conductance 电导conductivity 导电性conductor clamp 卡线钳conductor holder 夹线器conductor 导体conductor 导体conduit box [电]导管分线匣conduit entry 导管引入装置conduit outlet 电线引出口conduit 管道，导管，沟渠，泉水，喷泉cone数、物]锥形物，圆锥体，(松树的)球果，使成锥形conical 圆锥的，圆锥形的conjunction联合，关联，连接词connecting rod连接杆connection 联结connector 接线器considerably 相当地consistency连结，结合，坚固性，浓度，密度，一致性，连贯性console 安慰，藉慰，控制台console 控制台constant chord blade 等截面叶片construction work 施工工程contact 触头contactor 接触器container箱；罐；容器，集装箱，货柜contaminate 污染，弄污continental climate 大陆性气候continuous operation 持续运行contrast使与…对比，使与…对照，和…形成对照，对比，对照，(对照中的) control apparatus 控制电器control cabinet 控制柜control cable 控制电缆操纵索control circuit 控制电路control console 控制台control desk 控制台control device 控制装置control gear 控制设备control panel 控制面板control system(for wind turbine) 控制系统control valve actuator 阀控传动机构control valve 控制阀，control wiring 控制线路control 控制器controller 控制器convection传送；运流；对流convenience receptacle 电源插座converter 变流器convex lens 凸透镜conveying chains 输送链coolers 冷却机cooling 冷却；冷却技术core sand 型芯沙correspond 符合，协调，通信，相当，相应corridor 通路corrosion of metals 金属腐蚀corrosion resistance tests 耐腐试验corrosion 腐蚀corrosion腐蚀，浸蚀cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by wtgs 度电成本cotter pin 开口销counted measured ，metered measured ，metered reading 计量值counter input 脉冲量输入counter weight 重锤countersink bit装定位countersink埋头孔，暗钉眼counting计算coupling bolt 联结，接合，耦合，耦合性，耦合技术coupling capacitor 结合电容coupling 联轴器coupling 联轴器coverage 覆盖；敷层；有效区域crack 裂纹，裂缝cramp 钳位(电路)；压[夹板]；卡子，夹(子)；压[夹]紧crane 吊车crankcase曲柄轴箱crankshaft曲轴；机轴crank不稳定的，摇晃的，曲柄crate 柳条箱crimping tools 卷边工具criterion 标准，判据，准则critical damping 临界阻尼cross mark 十字标记cross slotted screw 十字长孔crosshead 小标题，子题，[机]十字头，丁字头cross-peen hammer 横头锤cross-section 横断面；横切面；截面crosswise 斜地，成十字状地，交叉地crowbar 撬棍；铁棍；起货钩crown wheel 顶圈crucible 坩锅，严酷的考验cubicle 室，箱cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机cupola furnace 园顶熔炉current ration 电流定值current 电流curvature function of airfoil 弯度函数customs 进口税，海关cut in wind speed 切入风速cut out wind speed 切出风速cutters 刀具cutter刀具，切割机cutting disk 切割盘cutting opening 切孔cutting 切割cutting-off machines 切断机cw 顺时针cylinder block 缸体cylinder head 缸头cylinder-head gasket 缸头垫片，垫圈；接合垫cylindrical gear 圆柱齿轮cylindrical 圆柱形，圆柱体；柱面Ddaily mean 日平均值dampen使潮湿，使沮丧damper 防振锤damping coefficient 阻尼系数damping ratio 阻尼比damping 阻尼data base 数据库data circuit 数据电路data terminal equipment 数据终端电路date set(for power performance measurement) 数据组（测试功率特性）dc generator 直流发电机dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机deactivate释放；去激励；停用；退出工作；使无效debris碎片，残骸decimal 十进的，小数的，小数decode 译码defective有缺陷的，欠缺的deflect (使)偏斜，(使)偏转deflection偏向；偏斜；转向deformation 变形，形变；畸变，失真degrease脱脂，除油污degree Celsius摄氏度degree of curvature 弯度delta connection 三角形联结demodulator 解调器deploy展开，配置deposit 堆积物，沉淀物，存款，押金，保证金，存放物depression 沮丧，消沉，低气压，低压depressurizes 使减压，使降压depress使沮丧，使消沉，压下，压低depth gauge 深度计design limit 设计极限design pressure 设计压力design situation 设计工况detergent 清洁剂，去垢剂deviation 偏差，偏移dew 露dial gauge量规dial micrometer千分尺diameter and radius 直径和半径diamond cutters 钻石刀具dicing saws 晶圆切割机die casting dies 压铸冲模die casting machines 压铸机dielectric test 介质试验dielectric 电介质，绝缘体dies-progressive 连续冲模diestock 螺丝攻differential gear 差速齿轮differential protection 差动保护differentiation 微分diffuser 漫射体；(扬声器)纸盆；扩散器digger 挖掘者挖掘机digital clock 数字钟digital control 数字控制digital input terminal 数字量输入端子digital output terminal 数字量输出端子digitizing tablet 数字面板dilute 冲淡，变淡，变弱，稀释dimensional inspection 尺寸检验diode module 二极管模块direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数direct axis 直轴direct current machine 直流电机direct current 直流电流direct solar radiation 直接太阳辐射direct voltage 直流电压direct-current 直流directivity(for wtgs) 指向性discharge 卸下，放出，清偿(债务)，履行(义务)，解雇，开(炮)，放(枪)，射(箭)，卸货，流注，放电dismantle拆除，拆卸dismount 拆卸，卸下displacement amplitude 位移幅值displacement current 位移电流display lamp 指示灯disposable tool holder bits 舍弃式刀头disposal 处理，处置，布置，安排，配置，支配disposition notice 处罚通知书dissipation 分散，浪费，损耗，耗散，消耗distance constant 距离常数distance ring间隔环distortion 畸变distributing apparatus 配电电器distribution board配电盘，配电屏distributor发行人，分电盘，配电器diurnal variation 日变化dividers 圆规dog clutch 瓜形(式)离合器，齿式离合器dolly 洋娃娃，移动车，台车，，移动摄影车domed nut 圆顶螺母double clamp 双卡头double phase 两相double-helical gear 人字齿轮doubt 不确定；疑惑dowel 木钉，销子，用暗销接合down conductor 引下线down wind 下风向drag coefficient 阻力系数drain tap 排气阀drain 排水管drain 泄油，排水沟，消耗，排水draw bar 绘图刀drawing board 画图板，制图板drawing machines 拔丝机drawing pin 图钉drawing point 绘图点drift 漂移，偏差drill gauge 钻规drill 训练，钻孔，条播，钻头；锥子；钻孔机；钻床；钻driller 钻孔者，钻孔机drilling machine 钻床drilling machines bench 钻床工作台drilling machines 钻床drilling machines, high-speed 高速钻床drilling machines, multi-spindle 多轴钻床drilling machines, radial 摇臂钻床drilling machines, vertical 立式钻床drills 钻头drip pan油滴盘drive train 传动链driving gear 主动齿轮drop hammer落锤drum brake鼓状刹车drum鼓，鼓声dry type transformer 干式变压器dryness干，干燥duplex transmission 双工传输durability 耐久性duration宽度，持续时间dust protected 防尘dust 灰尘，尘土，尘埃duty ratio 负载比dye penetrant examination 染料渗透试验法dynamic coupling 齿啮式联接dynamic response 动态响应dynamic-state operation 动态运行dynamo 发电机dynamometer 测力计，功率计Ee.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势earth conductor 接地线earth electrode 接地体earth termination system 接地装置earth;ground 地earthed circuit 接地电路earthing reference points 接地基准点earthing switch 接地开关eddy current 涡流effective values 有效值effects of saturation 饱和效应efficiency of wtgs 机组效率efficiency 效率elastic coupling 弹性联接elbow 弯管接头electric arc电弧electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric coupling 耦合器electric current 电流electric discharge machines(edm) 电火花机electric energy transducer 电能转换器electric energy 电能electric heat tracing.电伴随加热electric machine 电机electric power tools 电动刀具electric shock 触电；电击electric wire and cable 电线电缆electric 电的electrical contact 电触头electrical device 电气设备electrical device 电气元件electrical discharge 放电electrical endurance 电气寿命electrical material电气材料electrical panel 配电板，配电盘electrical rotating machine 旋转电机electricity 电electrode 电焊条electrode 电极electrode 电极电焊条electrolysis 电解，电蚀electrolyte电解，电解液electromagnetic braking system 电磁制动系electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩electroplating 电镀，电镀术electrostatics 静电学eliminate消除，删去，排除；切断embedded pc 嵌入式pcemergency braking system 紧急制动系统emergency shutdown 紧急关机emergency stop push button 紧急停车按钮emergency-stop 紧急停止emery cloth砂布，金刚砂布emery wheel 金刚砂旋转磨石，砂轮emery 金刚砂，刚玉砂emitter 发射管放射器发射极encode 编码end ring 端环endplate终板endurance test 耐久性试验endwise 末端朝前或向上的，向前的energizing 使活跃，给予精力，加强，给与…电压energy converter 电能转换器engagement mesh 啮合engraving machines 雕刻机engraving machines, laser 激光雕刻机environment condition 环境条件environment 环境epicyclical gear计数齿epoch angle 初相角epoxy 环氧树脂epoxy-glued环氧胶equilateral triangle 等边三角形equipment failure information 设备故障信息equipotential bonding 等电位连接equivalent t circuit t型等值电路erection 架设erection直立，竖起，建筑物error codes 故障代码error detector 误差检测器error signal 误差信号etching machines 蚀刻机ethercat extension扩展端子event information 事件信息examination试验excitation response 励磁excitation response 励磁响应excitation system 励磁系统excitation励磁excited by 励磁exciter 励磁机exciting voltage 励磁电压exfoliation剥落exhaust pipe 排气管exhaust valve排气阀expanded metal膨胀金属expander扩展器，扩展电路，扩大器expansion bolt 伸缩栓，扩开螺栓expansion bolt伸缩栓，扩开螺栓expansion bolt自攻螺丝expansion joint 伸缩接头expansion joint 伸缩接头explanatory quad填充铅块extension tube伸缩管external armature circuit 电枢外电路external calipers 外卡钳external characteristic 外特性external conditions(for wind turbines) 外部条件（风力机）external conditions(for wtgs) 外部条件external gear 外齿轮external lightning protection system 外部放雷系统external power supply 外部动力源extern外(面)的，外来的extrapolated power curve 外推功率曲线extreme 极端extreme maximum 极端最高extreme wind speed 极端风速extrusion 挤压，挤压成形eye bolt 吊耳eye screw螺丝眼Ffabrication drawing 制造图纸，制作图fabrication tolerance 制造容差fabrication 加工，制造fabrication 制造；生产；结构fabrication.制造face width 齿宽faceplate面板，花盘facilitate使容易，使便利，推动，帮助，使容易，促进fag bolt，疲劳螺栓fail safe 安全性failure 失效fake假货，欺骗，伪造，赝造，捏造，假造，仿造fan belt风扇皮带fan heater 风扇加热器fault earthing 故障接地fault 故障feather position 顺桨位置feathering 顺浆feedback component 反馈元件feedback loop 反馈回路feedback signal 反馈信号feedback system 反馈系统feeder 馈电线feeler gauge触规felling axe外轮轴ferritic 铁素体的fetch 接来，取来，带来，售得，引出，吸引，到达，演绎出fidelity 保真度field coils 励磁线圈field current 励磁电流field data 现场数据field effect transistor (fet) 场效应管field fabricated 工地制造的，现场装配的field installation 现场安装field instrument 携带式仪表field reliability test 现场可靠性试验field test with turbine 外联机试验field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组filament灯丝；细丝filler metal 焊料，焊丝filler rod焊条fillet weld 角焊，填角焊film density 影片密度film viewer底片观察用光源filter 过滤器finishing machines 修整机fire barriers防火间隔fire extinguisher灭火器firebrick 耐火砖fireman's axe消防斧firmer chisel 凿子fixing 固定fixture 夹具flange connection.凸缘联接flange coupling凸缘联轴器flange gasket 法兰垫片flange joint 凸缘接头flange 边缘，轮缘，凸缘，法兰flange 凸缘flanged nut凸缘螺母flanged union凸缘连接flank侧面，军队侧翼，侧腹flash plate闪熔镀层flash welding 闪光焊flashlight手电筒，闪光灯flashover 闪络flashpoint闪点flat nut平螺母flat 平坦的，扁平的，单调的，倒下的，浅的flat-head rivet平头铆钉flaw裂缝，缺陷，疵瑕flexible conduit软管flexible gear 柔性齿轮flexible rolling bearing 柔性滚动轴承flexural rigidity 抗挠刚度flexure 弯曲，挠曲flex弯曲(四肢)，伸缩，折曲flicker coefficient for continuous operation 持续运行的闪变系数flicker step factor 闪变阶跃系数flicker 闪变float chamber浮子floating 漂浮的，浮动的，移动的，流动的，不固定的flow charts 流程图flow distortion 气流畸变flow instrument 流量计flow instrument流量计flow sheet 流程图flue烟洞，烟道，暖气管，蓬松的东西flushing 冲洗，填缝flush刷新flutter 颤振flux linkage 磁链flux 磁通，通量；焊剂；流动，熔化，流出flux 焊剂fog 雾foot pump脚泵forge炼炉；熔炉forging dies 锻模forging，aluminium 锻铝forging，cold 冷锻forging，copper 铜锻forging，other 其他锻造forging，steel 钢锻fork 派生(指令)，分叉(指令)，分支fork-lift truck 叉架式运货车，铲车formation 构造，结构；形成，建立；形式forming 印版form-wound 模绕forward transfer function 正向传递函数foundation earth electrode 基础接地体foundation 基础，根本，建立，创立，地基foundry equipment 铸造设备foundry铸造，翻砂，铸工厂，玻璃厂，铸造厂four-jaw chuck 四爪卡盘four-stroke 四冲程frame 帧，画面；框架机架，架，机柜free stand tower 独立式塔架free stream wind speed 自由流风速freezing rain 冻雨frequency converter 变频器frequency of wind speed 风速频率frequency shift keying(fsk) 移频键控frequency 频率frequency 频率fret-saw线剧friction grip摩擦盘friction 摩擦，摩擦力frictional摩擦的，摩擦力的front end processor 前置机frost霜，霜冻，严寒，结霜full load 满载full load 满载full-load torque 满载转矩funnel 漏斗，烟窗furnace炉子，熔炉furnish 供应，提供，装备，布置fuse 溶断器fusion 熔融Ggage glass 液位玻璃管gain 增益gain 增益gale强风，大风galvanizing 通电流于，电镀gang saw 直锯gas burner 煤气灶，煤气火焰gas cutting 气割gas main 煤气总管gas mask防毒面具gas pedal气体，煤气，毒气，汽油，瓦斯gas turbine 燃气涡轮gas well 天然气井gas works煤气厂gaskets垫片，垫圈；接合垫gasket垫片，垫圈；接合垫gasometer 煤气厂，气量计gate pole门极gate valve门阀gauge board样板，模板规准尺gauge board仪表板gauge标准尺，规格，量规，量表，测量gavel 槌gear bearing de 齿轮轴承驱动端gear bearing nde 齿轮轴承非驱动端gear box ratio 齿轮箱变比gear cutting machines 齿轮切削机gear fan 齿轮箱冷却风扇gear lever 变速杆gear motor 齿轮马达gear oil pump hs 齿轮油泵高速gear oil pump ls 齿轮油泵低速gear pair with parallel axes 平行轴齿轮副gear pair 齿轮副gear pump 齿轮泵gear train齿轮系gear water pump 齿轮水泵gear wheel齿轮gear 齿轮gears with addendum modification 变位齿轮gears 齿轮geiger counter盖格计数器gel-coated胶衣generating 发电generator fan external 发电机外部风扇generator fan internal 发电机内部风扇generator voltage 发电机电压generator 发电机geometric chord of airfoil 几何弦长geometrical position 几何位置gimbals 平衡环，平衡架gimlet手钻；螺丝锥girder bridgegirder 梁，钢桁的支架girth weld环形焊缝gland腺，密封管glass cutter玻璃刀glaze釉料，釉面，光滑面，上釉，上光globe valve球形阀gloss paint光滑涂料glossy 平滑的，有光泽的gloss注释；注解；评注，光泽的表面，光彩，欺人的表面，假象，glove手套glue胶，胶水，胶合，粘贴，粘合goggle 眼睛睁视，(复数)风镜，护目镜goggles 护目镜gold leaf金叶goons细打包麻布gouge弧口凿，半圆凿gouging 刨削槽governor 调节器；控制器grab 抢夺，攫取，夺取grader 分类机，分级机grading ring 均压环grain 颗粒，晶粒，粒度；纹理graph 图表，曲线图gravity casting machines 重力铸造机grazing angle 掠射角grease gun注油枪；滑脂枪grease nipple油管grease油膏；润滑油greenhouse effect 温室效应grid 电网grind off 磨掉grinder bench 磨床工作台grinder 磨床grinders，thread 螺纹磨床grinders，tools & cutters 工具磨床grinders，ultrasonic 超声波打磨机grinding disk 磨擦盘grinding machines 磨床grinding machines，centerless 无心磨床grinding machines，cylindrical 外圆磨床grinding machines，universal 万能磨床grinding machine磨床grinding tools 磨削工具grinding wheel 砂轮grinding wheels 磨轮grinding磨的，磨擦的，碾的groove凹槽，惯例，最佳状态grounding conductor 接地导体grout 薄泥浆，水泥浆grouting 灌浆grouting给…灌灰浆，给…涂薄胶泥grub screw自攻螺丝guide bars导向棍guide block导向块guide ring导向绳guide wire 尺度[定距]索，准绳guiding shaft导向轴guillotine闸刀，处斩刑，切(纸) gumming树胶分泌gusset plate角撑板，加固板gust influence 阵风影响gust 阵风guy clip 线卡子guyed tower 拉索式塔架gyroscope 陀螺仪，回旋装置，回转仪，纵舵调整器Hhacksaw可锯金属的弓形锯，钢锯hail 冰雹hairspring细弹簧，游丝half duplex transmission 半双工传输half shaft半轴half-round file半圆锉halfway中途的，部分的，不彻底的，半路地，在中途，在半途hand tools 手工具handling 处理(技术，方法)hanger 吊架hanger吊架hanging顶端对齐，悬挂hard hat 安全帽hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组hardener 固化剂，硬化剂harder硬的，坚固的，(问题，工作等)困难的，艰苦的，猛烈的，确实的hardware platform 硬件平台hardware 硬件harmonic 谐波的harmonics 谐波harness导线，装备；利用harrow 耙hatch，舱口，舱口盖，开口，孵，孵出，策划，图谋hatchet 短柄斧hazard 冒险(性)；相关危险；事故，故障head screw 主轴螺杆headstock主轴箱heat preserving furnaces 保温炉heater 加热器heating appliance 电热器heating boxes加热室heating treatment funaces 熔热处理炉helical gear; single-helical gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gearing 螺旋齿helix 螺旋，螺旋状物hemp 大麻，纤维hereafter 今后，从此以后Herringbone gear 人字（齿）轮，双螺旋齿轮hexagon screw die 六角板牙，六角螺丝钢板hexagon spanner六方hexagonal nut六角螺母high frequency generator 高频发电机high voltage高压high-gain 高增益high-performance 高性能的hightensile 高强度high-tension cable高压电缆hissing发嘶嘶声，蔑视hob滚刀，铁架hoe 锄头，用锄耕地，锄hoist升起；吊起；推起，起重机，(台、架等)支持物，固定器hollow空的，中空的honing machines 搪磨机hook bolt吊耳hook spanner 钩，弯脚扳手hook 挂钩hook's joint 钩结合，钩（连）接hopper 单足跳者horizontal axis wind turbine 水平轴风力机horizontal line 水平线horizontal地平线的，水平的horsepower 马力horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁horseshoe magnet马蹄形磁铁hose clip管夹hose 软管，胶皮管，蛇管hot-dip热沾hottest 热的，热烈的housing住房，房屋，护盖，框架hovercraft 水翼船hub height 轮毂高度hub rigidity轮毂刚度hub 轮毂hubcap 轮毂罩hull外壳，船体humidity湿气，潮湿，湿度hydraulic block液压块hydraulic braking system 液压制动系统hydraulic components 液压元件hydraulic cylinder 液压缸hydraulic filter 液压过滤器hydraulic fluid 液压油hydraulic motor 液压马达hydraulic power tools 液压工具hydraulic power units 液压动力元件hydraulic pump 液压泵hydraulic ram液压活塞hydraulic rotary cylinders 液压回转缸hydraulic system 液压系统hydraulic水压的；液压的hydropower station 水电站hydrostatic pressure test静水压试验hydrostatic test 流体静力学试验，水压试验hygrographs 自动湿度记录计hygrometer湿度计hysteresis 滞后作用，[物]磁滞现象Iice sensor 结冰传感器ideal source 理想电源identification mark 识别标志idler pulley惰轮，空转轮，导轮idling(for wind turbines) 空转（风力机）imaginary part 虚部impedance voltage 阻抗电压impedance 阻抗impedance 阻抗impeller 推进者，叶轮imperfection 缺陷impinge 撞击，冲击imprint 印记imprison监禁，关押impulse load tests 冲击动荷试验impulse推动，刺激，冲动，推动力，脉冲impurity杂质，混杂物，不洁，不纯incident 入射的inclusion 杂质incremental encoder 增量式编码器incremental outputs 增量式输出indoor climate 室内气候induced current 感生电流inductance 电感induction coil电感线圈induction generator 感应电机induction generator 感应发电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应式电机induction motor 感应电动机inductive component 感性（无功）分量inductive 诱导的，感应的inductor 电感器inertia switch惯性开关inertial sub range 湍流惯性负区infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益inflammable易燃的，易怒的influence by the tower shadow 塔影响效应influence by the wind shear 风切变影响information 信息ingot 条，块，锭initial 最初的，词首的，初始的initialize 初始化initials 缩写injector 注射器injure 损害，伤害inlet valve入口阀inlet 进口，入口inner 内部的，里面的，内心的，内部inoperative不起作用的；无效的input 输入input power 输入功率input shaft 输入轴inrush current 涌流inspection earthing 检修接地inspection 审查，检查instance 例图；事[实，范]例，样品，实例，建议，要求，情况，场合instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous measured 瞬时侧值instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率instantaneous power 瞬时功率instantaneous value 瞬时值instantaneous瞬间的，即刻的，即时的，瞬时，立即instrument air仪表气源instrument rack 计测器支架instrument rack 计测器支架，计测器框架insufficient不充足的，不适合的，不能胜任的insulant 绝缘物insulated sleeve绝缘套管insulating boots 绝缘靴insulating bushing 绝缘套管insulating glove 绝缘手套insulation level 绝缘比insulation resistance 绝缘电阻insulation 绝缘insulation 绝缘insulator 绝缘子integrated coupling 固定联接integrated，total integrated value 累计值integration 积分下限intensifying screen 增光屏，光增强屏interconnection(for wtgs) 互连（风力发电机组）interface 接口。
风力发电外文文献翻译中英文
风力发电外文翻译中英文英文Wind power in China – Dream or reality?HubacekAbstractAfter tremendous growth of wind power generation capacity in recent years, China now has 44.7 GW of wind-derived power. Despite the recent growth rates and promises of a bright future, two important issues - the capability of the grid infrastructure and the availability of backup systems - must be critically discussed and tackled in the medium term.The study shows that only a relatively small share of investment goes towards improving and extending the electricity infrastructure which is a precondition for transmitting clean wind energy to the end users. In addition, the backup systems are either geographically too remote from the potential wind power sites or currently financially infeasible. Finally, the introduction of wind power to the coal-dominated energy production system is not problem-free. Frequent ramp ups and downs of coal-fired plants lead to lower energy efficiency and higher emissions, which are likely to negate some of the emission savings from wind power.The current power system is heavily reliant on independently acting but state-owned energy companies optimizing their part of the system, and this is partly incompatible with building a robust system supportingrenewable energy technologies. Hence, strategic, top-down co-ordination and incentives to improve the overall electricity infrastructure is recommended.Keywords: Wind power, China, Power grids, Back-up systems1. IntroductionChina’s wind energy industry has exper ienced a rapid growth over the last decade. Since the promulgation of the first Renewable Energy Law in 2006, the cumulative installed capacity of wind energy amounted to 44.7 GW by the end of 2010 [1]. The newly installed capacity in 2010 reached 18.9 GW which accounted for about 49.5% of new windmills globally. The wind energy potential in China is considerable, though with differing estimates from different sources. According to He et al. [2], the exploitable wind energy potential is 600–1000 GW onshore and 100–200 GW offshore. Without considering the limitations of wind energy such as variable power outputs and seasonal variations, McElroy et al. [3] concluded that if the Chinese government commits to an aggressive low carbon energy future, wind energy is capable of generating 6.96 million GWh of electricity by 2030, which is sufficient to satisfy China’s electricity demand in 2030.The existing literature of wind energy development in China focuses on several discussion themes. The majority of the studies emphasize the importance of government policy on the promotion of wind energyindustry in China [4], [5], [6], [7]. For instance, Lema and Ruby [8] compared the growth of wind generation capacity between 1986 and 2006, and addressed the importance of a coordinated government policy and corresponding incentives. Several studies assessed other issues such as the current status of wind energy development in China [9]; the potential of wind power [10]; the significance of wind turbine manufacturing [11]; wind resource assessment [5]; the application of small-scale wind power in rural areas [12]; clean development mechanism in the promotion of wind energy in China [4], social, economic and technical performance of wind turbines [13] etc.There are few studies which assess the challenge of grid infrastructure in the integration of wind power. For instance, Wang [14] studied grid investment, grid security, long-distance transmission and the difficulties of wind power integration at present. Liao et al. [15] criticised the inadequacy of transmission lines in the wind energy development. However, we believe that there is a need to further investigate these issues since they are critical to the development of wind power in China. Furthermore, wind power is not a stand-alone energy source; it needs to be complemented by other energy sources when wind does not blow. Although the viability and feasibility of the combination of wind power with other power generation technologies have been discussed widely in other countries, none of the papers reviewed thesituation in the Chinese context. In this paper, we discuss and clarify two major issues in light of the Chinese wind energy distribution process: 1) the capability of the grid infrastructure to absorb and transmit large amounts of wind powered electricity, especially when these wind farms are built in remote areas; 2) the choices and viability of the backup systems to cope with the fluctuations of wind electricity output.2. Is the existing power grid infrastructure sufficient?Wind power has to be generated at specific locations with sufficient wind speed and other favourable conditions. In China, most of the wind energy potential is located in remote areas with sparse populations and less developed economies. It means that less wind powered electricity would be consumed close to the source. A large amount of electricity has to be transmitted between supply and demand centres leading to several problems associated with the integration with the national power grid system, including grid investment, grid safety and grid interconnection.2.1. Power grid investmentAlthough the two state grid companies-(SGCC) State Grid Corporation of China and (CSG) China Southern Grid - have invested heavily in grid construction, China’s powe r grid is still insufficient to cope with increasing demand. For example, some coal-fired plants in Jiangsu, which is one of the largest electricity consumers in China, had to drop the load ratio to 60 percent against the international standard of 80percent due to the limited transmission capacity [16]. This situation is a result of an imbalanced investment between power grid construction and power generation capacity. For example, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan, Ninth Five-Year Plan and Tenth Five-Year Plan,1 power grid investments accounted for 13.7%, 37.3% and 30% of total investment in the electricity sector, respectively. The ratio further increased from 31.1% in 2005 to 45.94% in 2008, the cumulative investment in the power grid is still significantly lower than the investments in power generation [17]. Fig. 1 gives a comparison of the ratios of accumulative investments in power grid and power generation in China, the US, Japan, the UK and France since 1978. In most of these countries, more than half of the electric power investment has been made on grid construction. By contrast, the ratio is less than 40% in China.According to the Articles 14 and 21 of the Chinese Renewable Energy Law, the power grid operators are responsible for the grid connection of renewable energy projects. Subsidies are given subject to the length of the grid extension with standard rates. However, Mo [18] found that the subsidies were only sufficient to compensate for capital investment and corresponding interest but excluding operational and maintenance costs.Again, similar to grid connection, grid reinforcement requires significant amounts of capital investment. The Three Gorges power planthas provided an example of large-scale and long-distance electricity transmission in China. Similar to wind power, hydropower is usually situated in less developed areas. As a result, electricity transmission lines are necessary to deliver the electricity to the demand centres where the majority are located; these are the eastern coastal areas and the southern part of China. According to SGCC [19], the grid reinforcement investment of the Three Gorges power plants amounted to 34.4 billion yuan (about 5 billion US dollars). This could be a lot higher in the case of wind power due to a number of reasons. First, the total generating capacity of Three Gorges project is approximately 18.2 GW at this moment and will reach 22.4 GW when fully operating [20], whilst the total generating capacity of the massive wind farms amount to over 100 GW. Hence, more transmission capacities are absolutely necessary. Second, the Three Gorges hydropower plant is located in central China. A number of transmission paths are available, such as the 500 kV DC transmission lines to Shanghai (with a length of 1100 km), Guangzhou (located in Guangdong province, with a length of 1000 km) and Changzhou (located in Jiangsu province, with a length of 1000 km) with a transmission capacity of 3 GW each and the 500 kV AC transmission lines to central China with transmission capacity of 12 GW. By contrast, the majority of wind farm bases, which are located in the northern part of China, are far away from the load centres. For example, Jiuquan locatedin Gansu has a planned generation capacity of 20 GW. The distances from Jiuquan to the demand centres of the Central China grid and the Eastern China grid are 1500 km and 2500 km, respectively. For Xinjiang, the distances are even longer at 2500 km and 4000 km, respectively. As a result, longer transmission lines are required. Fig. 2 depicts the demand centres and wind farms in detail.2.2. Grid safetyThe second problem is related to grid safety. The large-scale penetration of wind electricity leads to voltage instability, flickers and voltage asymmetry which are likely to cause severe damage to the stability of the power grid [21]. For example, voltage stability is a key issue in the grid impact studies of wind power integration. During the continuous operation of wind turbines, a large amount of reactive power is absorbed, which lead to voltage stability deterioration [22]. Furthermore, the significant changes in power supply from wind might damage the power quality [23]. Hence, additional regulation capacity would be needed. However, in a power system with the majority of its power from base load provider, the requirements cannot be met easily [24]. In addition, the possible expansion of existing transmission lines would be necessary since integration of large-scale wind would cause congestion and other grid safety problems in the existing transmission system. For example, Holttinen [23] summarized the majorimpacts of wind power integration on the power grid at the temporal level (the impacts of power outputs at second, minute to year level on the power grid operation) and the spatial level (the impact on local, regional and national power grid). Besides the impacts mentioned above, the authors highlight other impacts such as distribution efficiency, voltage management and adequacy of power on the integration of wind power [23].One of the grid safety problems caused by wind power is reported by the (SERC) State Electricity Regulatory Commission [25]. In February and April of 2011, three large-scale wind power drop-off accidents in Gansu (twice) and Hebei caused power losses of 840.43 MW, 1006.223 MW and 854 MW, respectively, which accounted for 54.4%, 54.17% and 48.5% of the total wind powered outputs. The massive shutdown of wind turbines resulted in serious operational difficulties as frequency dropped to 49.854 Hz, 49.815 Hz and 49.95 Hz in the corresponding regional power grids.The Chinese Renewable Energy Law requires the power grid operators to coordinate the integration of windmills and accept all of the wind powered electricity. However, the power grid companies have been reluctant to do so due to the above mentioned problems as well as technical and economic reasons. For instance, more than one third of the wind turbines in China, amounting to 4 GW capacity, were not connectedto the power grid by the end of 2008 [17]. Given that the national grid in China is exclusively controlled by the power companies –SGCC and CSG - the willingness of these companies to integrate wind energy into the electricity generation systems is critical.2.3. The interconnection of provincial and regional power gridsThe interconnection of trans-regional power grids started at the end of 1980s. A (HVDC) high voltage direct current transmission line was established to link the Gezhouba2 dam with Shanghai which signifies the beginning of regional power grids interconnection. In 2001, two regional power grids, the North China Power Grid and Northeast China Power Grid were interconnected. This was followed by the interconnection of the Central China Power Grid and the North China Power Grid in 2003. In 2005, two other interconnection agreements were made between the South China Power Grid with North, Northeast and Central China Power Grid, and the Northwest China Power Grid and the Central China Power Grid. Finally, in 2009, the interconnection of Central China Power Grid and the East China Power Grid was made. In today’s China, the Chinese power transmission systems are composed of 330 kV and 500 kV transmission lines as the backbone and six interconnected regional power grids and one Tibet power grid [26].It seems that the interconnectivity of regional power grids would help the delivery of wind powered outputs from wind-rich regions todemand centres. However, administrative and technical barriers still exist. First, the interconnectivity among regions is always considered as a backup to contingencies, and could not support the large-scale, long-distance electricity transmission [27]. In addition, the construction of transmission systems is far behind the expansion of wind power. The delivery of large amounts of wind power would be difficult due to limited transmission capacity. Furthermore, the quantity of inter-regional electricity transmission is fixed [27]. Additional wind power in the inter-regional transmission might have to go through complex administrative procedures and may result in profit reductions of conventional power plants.3. Are the backup systems geographically available and technically feasible?Power system operators maintain the security of power supply by holding power reserve capacities in operation. Although terminologies used in the classification of power reserves vary among countries [28], power reserves are always used to keep the production and generation in balance under a range of circumstances, including power plant outages, uncertain variations in load and fluctuations in power generations (such as wind) [29]. As wind speed varies on all time scales (e.g. from seconds to minutes and from months to years), the integration of fluctuating wind power generation induces additional system balancing requirements onthe operational timescale [29].A number of studies have examined the approaches to stabilize the electricity output from wind power plants. For example, Belanger and Gagnon [30] conducted a study on the compensation of wind power fluctuations by using hydropower in Canada. Nema et al. [31] discussed the application of wind combined solar PV power generation systems and concluded that the hybrid energy system was a viable alternative to current power supply systems in remote areas. In China, He et al. [2]investigated the choices of combined power generation systems. The combinations of wind-hydro, wind-diesel, wind-solar and wind-gas power were evaluated respectively. They found that, for instance, the wind-diesel hybrid systems were used at remote areas and isolated islands. This is because the wind-diesel hybrid systems have lower generation efficiency and higher generation costs compared to other generation systems. Currently, the wind-solar hybrid systems are not economically viable for large-scale application; thus, these systems have either been used at remote areas with limited electricity demand (e.g. Gansu Subei and Qinghai Tiansuo) or for lighting in some coastal cities [2]. Liu et al. [32] adopted the EnergyPLAN model to investigate the maximum wind power penetration level in the Chinese power system. The authors derived a conclusion that approximately 26% of national power demand could be supplied by wind power by the end of 2007. However, theauthors fail to explain the provision of power reserves at different time scales due to wind power integration.Because of the smoothing effects of dispersing wind turbines at different locations (as exemplified by Drake and Hubacek [33] for the U.K., Roques [34] for the E.U. and Kempton et al. [35] for the U.S.), the integration of wind power has a very small impact on the primary reserves which are available from seconds to minutes [36]. However, the increased reserve requirements are considerable on secondary reserves (available within 10–15 min) which mainly consist of hydropower plants and gas turbine power plants [29]. Besides, the long-term reserves, which are used to restore secondary reserves after a major power deficit, will be in operation to keep power production and consumption in balance for a longer timescale (from several minutes to several hours). In the following subsection, we examine the availability of power plants providing secondary and long-term reserves and investigate the viability of energy storage system in China.中文中国的风力发电–梦想还是现实？胡巴切克摘要经过近几年风力发电能力的巨大增长，中国现在拥有44.7吉瓦的风力发电。
Unit 2 Energy in Transition (补充汉译英)
Unit 2 Energy in Transition ( 补充汉译英 )1.汉普顿-悉尼学院以其诚信制度与其军事化管理体系一样儿享有盛名。
而且此诚信制度扩展到学生在校内和校外的所有活动中。
并且认为对违规行为的包容本身就是一种违规行为。
( on a par with )Hampden-Sydney College is reputed for an honor system on a par with military systems, and this honor system extends to all student activities both on and off campus, and considers tolerance of a violation itself a violation.2.虽然全球变暖对地球构成威胁，但是人类或许可以通过提高大气层中二氧化碳含量（值）来缓和其所导致的气候威胁。
( pose a threat on sth/sb. )Although global warming poses a threat to the earth, humans can probably ease the climate threat brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.3.对于厄尔尼诺潜在的破坏性人们已了解许多，但其现象本身却仍是令人沮丧的费解之谜。
( enough is known about sth )Enough is known about Elnino’s destructive potential, but the phenomenon itself remains a frustrating mystery.4.中国就生态和环保已形成全社会共识并正在率先行动起来。
光伏发电和风力发电混合发电系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译译文在混合光伏阵列中采用滑模技术的电源控制发电系统摘要变结构控制器来调节输出功率的一个独立的混合发电系统。
该系统包括光伏发电和风力发电，存储电池组和一个变量的单相负载。
控制律承认两种操作模式。
第一条用在当日晒度足够满足对电力的需求的情况下。
第二运作模式应用在日晒度不足的时候。
后者致使系统在最大功率操作点（MPOP）操作下存储尽可能多的能量。
根据IncCo nd算法开发的一种新方法。
滑模控制用于技术设计的控制律。
这些技术提供了一个简单的控制律设计框架，并有助于它们自带的鲁棒性。
最后，指导方针根据考虑为实际系统的设计。
1引言可再生能源，如风力和太阳能被认为是非常前途的能源。
它们拥有可以满足不断增加的世界能源需求的特点。
另一方面，他们是基于无公害转换流程，它们需要的主要资源是取之不尽，用之不竭，并且免费的。
对于远程、远离电网的地方，它往往是比用输电线路[1] 提供一个独立的电力来源拥有可行性。
在这些电网中，在混合动力系统结合模块的基础上，可再生能源发电以柴油为动力的备用发电机已考虑ERED等效为一个可行的选择[2, 3]。
然而，柴油发电机在孤立的燃料供应和其运作领域是相当麻烦，相比较可再生能源，显得不划算[4]。
为了取代柴油备用发电机，独立的混合动力系统经常采用结合可再生能源来源的TARY 型材，如风力和光伏发电，合适的存储设备，如电池。
自存储成本仍然是一个重大的经济约束，通常光伏/风能/电池系统是用“适当”的大小以减少资本成本。
本文提出了一种控制策略，以规范的混合动力系统，包括光伏发电和风力发电，蓄电池组和可变负载的输出功率作为研究。
控制可调整的光伏发电、风力发电，以满足负载和电池充电的电源要求。
系统以在独立控制下的最大发电的主要目标。
该控制器的设计开发，在之前的文献[5]中提过。
因此，根据不同的大气条件，不同的光伏阵列控制律使用的范围不同。
第一条用在暴晒的地方，运作模式足以提供的总功率需求，和风力发电一起适用。
未来的科技畅想英语作文
In the realm of future technology,our imaginations can run wild.Heres a detailed English composition that envisions the technological advancements of the future.Title:A Glimpse into the Future of TechnologyAs we stand on the precipice of the next era of technological innovation,it is both thrilling and daunting to consider the potential changes that lie ahead.The future of technology promises to be a tapestry woven with threads of artificial intelligence, quantum computing,biotechnology,and sustainable energy solutions.Artificial Intelligence AIThe integration of AI into daily life will be seamless and ubiquitous.Personal AI assistants will not only manage our schedules and provide information but will also understand our emotions and predict our needs.In the workplace,AI will collaborate with humans to enhance productivity,offering insights and solutions that we might not have considered.Autonomous vehicles will revolutionize transportation,reducing accidents and traffic congestion while optimizing routes for efficiency.Quantum ComputingQuantum computers will unlock new frontiers in data processing and problemsolving. With their ability to perform complex calculations at unprecedented speeds,they will transform fields such as cryptography,drug discovery,and materials science.Quantum encryption will ensure unprecedented security in digital communications,while quantum simulations will enable the design of new materials with tailored properties. BiotechnologyAdvancements in biotechnology will lead to breakthroughs in personalized medicine. Genetic editing technologies like CRISPR will allow us to correct genetic disorders and potentially enhance human capabilities.Synthetic biology will give rise to new forms of life,designed to perform specific functions,such as cleaning up pollution or producing renewable energy.Sustainable EnergyThe quest for sustainable energy will yield innovative solutions to combat climate change. Solar and wind energy will become more efficient and affordable,with advancements in energy storage allowing for a more stable and reliable power grid.Fusion power,once adream of science fiction,may become a reality,providing a nearly limitless and clean source of energy.Virtual and Augmented RealityThe boundaries between the digital and physical worlds will blur as virtual reality VR and augmented reality AR become more sophisticated.VR will offer immersive experiences for entertainment,education,and therapy,while AR will overlay digital information onto the physical world,enhancing our perception and interaction with the environment.Space ExplorationThe future will see a new age of space exploration,with private companies and international collaborations pushing the limits of what we know.Mars may become the first offworld colony,with sustainable habitats and infrastructure built to support human life.Space tourism will become a reality,offering breathtaking views of Earth from the cosmos.CybersecurityAs our reliance on technology grows,so does the importance of cybersecurity.Advanced encryption methods and AIdriven threat detection systems will protect our digital infrastructure from cyber attacks.Quantumresistant algorithms will safeguard our data against the power of quantum computers.Ethical ConsiderationsWith great power comes great responsibility.The future of technology will demand a robust ethical framework to guide its development and use.Issues such as privacy,data ownership,and the digital divide will require thoughtful solutions to ensure that technological advancements benefit all of humanity.In conclusion,the future of technology is a canvas waiting for the brushstrokes of innovation.It holds the promise of a world that is more connected,efficient,and sustainable.However,it also presents challenges that we must navigate with wisdom and foresight.As we step into this future,let us do so with a commitment to using technology for the betterment of all.。
《科技英语翻译》课程练习四
《科技英语翻译》课程练习四答案一、词类转换1. 英语名词的转译1) Integrated circuits are fairly recent development.译文：集成电路只是近年才发展起来的。
2) The air is made up of mixture of gases.译文：空气是由若干种气体混合而成的。
3) He was a good calculator，so we considered the answer correct.译文：他甚得很好，因此，我们认为这个答案是正确的。
4) The electrical conductivity has great importance in selecting electrical materials. 译文：在选择电气材料时，电导率是很重要的。
5) This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route. 译文：对确立最佳工艺流程而言，这次实验是绝对必要的。
2. 英语形容词的转译1) When the switch is off, the electric circuit is open.译文：拉下开关，电路断开。
2) Also present in solids are numbers of free electrons.译文：固体中也存在着大量自由电子。
3) In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.译文：在裂变过程中，裂变碎块的放射性很强。
4) Computers are more flexible，and can do a greater variety of jobs.译文：计算机的灵活性较大，因此，能做更多不同的工作。
5) With slight repairs，the old type of motor can be used.译文：只要稍加修理，这台旧电机便可重新使用。
风力发电原理英语作文
风力发电原理英语作文Wind Power Generation Principle。
Wind power is one of the most promising renewable energy sources in the world today. It is a clean and sustainable source of energy that can be used to generate electricity. The principle of wind power generation is simple. The kinetic energy of the wind is converted into electrical energy through a process called wind power generation. The following is a detailed explanation of the wind power generation principle.Wind power generation is a process that involves the conversion of the kinetic energy of the wind intoelectrical energy. The process involves the use of wind turbines, which are designed to capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into electrical energy. Wind turbines consist of three main components: the rotor, the generator, and the control system.The rotor is the part of the wind turbine that captures the kinetic energy of the wind. It consists of two or three blades that are attached to a hub. The blades are designedto be aerodynamic, which means that they are shaped in such a way that they can capture the maximum amount of wind energy. When the wind blows, it causes the blades to rotate.The generator is the part of the wind turbine that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. It consists of a rotor and a stator. The rotor is connected to the blades of the wind turbine and rotates when the wind blows. The stator is stationary and containsa series of coils that are connected to an electrical circuit. As the rotor rotates, it generates an electrical current in the coils of the stator.The control system is the part of the wind turbine that regulates the speed of the rotor. It consists of a set of sensors and a controller. The sensors measure the speed and direction of the wind, and the controller adjusts the position of the rotor to optimize the amount of energy that is captured.In summary, wind power generation is a process that involves the conversion of the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. It is a clean and sustainable source of energy that can be used to generate electricity. Wind turbines consist of three main components: the rotor, the generator, and the control system. The rotor captures the kinetic energy of the wind, the generator converts it into electrical energy, and the control system regulates the speed of the rotor.。
电化学储能系统名词英文解释
电化学储能系统名词英文解释Electrical energy storage systems are a crucial component of modern power grids, enabling the efficient use of renewable energy sources.These systems convert electrical energy into a form that can be stored and later released when needed. One of the most common types is the battery, which uses electrochemical reactions to store and discharge energy.An electrochemical cell is the basic building block of a battery, consisting of two electrodes—a cathode and an anode—immersed in an electrolyte. The electrolytefacilitates the flow of ions between the electrodes, allowing for energy transfer.During the charging process, the electrochemical cell converts electrical energy into chemical energy by driving a redox reaction. Conversely, during discharge, the stored chemical energy is converted back into electrical energy to power devices.Energy density is a key parameter for evaluating the performance of an electrochemical storage system, indicating the amount of energy that can be stored per unit volume or weight.Cycling life is another critical metric, referring to thenumber of charge-discharge cycles an electrochemical storage system can undergo before its capacity degrades significantly.Safety is a primary concern in the design and operationof electrochemical energy storage systems, as improperhandling can lead to thermal runaway or other hazardous conditions.Advancements in materials science and engineering are continually pushing the boundaries of electrochemical storage, with new technologies like solid-state batteries promising higher energy densities and improved safety profiles.。
风电与先进绝热压缩空气储能技术的系统集成与仿真研究
风电与先进绝热压缩空气储能技术的系统集成与仿真研究一、本文概述随着全球对可再生能源的日益重视和技术的飞速发展，风电作为一种清洁、可再生的能源形式，在全球范围内得到了广泛的关注和应用。
风电的间歇性和不稳定性给电网的稳定运行带来了挑战。
为了克服这一难题，储能技术成为了关键。
先进绝热压缩空气储能技术（AACAES）以其高效率、大容量和环保性受到了广泛关注。
本文将深入研究风电与AACAES的系统集成，通过仿真分析，评估其在提高风电利用率、稳定电网运行以及节能减排等方面的潜力。
文章首先将对风电和AACAES的基本原理进行介绍，阐述它们在能源领域的应用现状和发展趋势。
随后，将重点讨论风电与AACAES 的系统集成方案，包括储能系统的设计、优化与控制策略等。
通过构建仿真模型，分析不同风速条件下的风电输出特性，以及AACAES的储能和释能过程。
在此基础上，评估系统集成后的性能表现，如风电的利用率提升、电网稳定性增强以及环境效益等方面的影响。
本文旨在通过系统集成与仿真研究，为风电与AACAES的融合发展提供理论支持和实践指导，为推动可再生能源的可持续发展做出贡献。
二、风电技术概述风电技术，即风力发电技术，是利用风的动力来产生电力的可再生能源技术。
风力发电的基本原理是通过风力驱动风力涡轮机（风力发电机）的叶片旋转，进而驱动发电机产生电能。
风力发电具有清洁、可再生、分布广泛等优点，因此在全球范围内得到了广泛的关注和应用。
风力发电系统主要由风力涡轮机、发电机、塔筒和基础设施等部分组成。
风力涡轮机是将风能转换为机械能的关键设备，其性能直接影响到整个风力发电系统的发电效率。
风力涡轮机通常由叶片、轮毂、齿轮箱、发电机等部分构成。
当风吹动叶片时，叶片的旋转力通过齿轮箱传递到发电机，发电机则将机械能转换为电能。
风力发电技术的发展经历了多年的历程，目前已经形成了多种类型、多种规模的风力发电系统。
根据风力涡轮机的装机容量，风力发电系统可以分为小型、中型和大型系统。
风力发电技术概述作文英语
风力发电技术概述作文英语Wind power, as a renewable energy source, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential to mitigate climate change and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In this essay, we will provide an overview of wind power technology, its development, current status, and future prospects.1. Introduction to Wind Power:Wind power involves harnessing the kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity. This process typically involves wind turbines, which consist of blades mounted on a rotor connected to a generator. As the wind blows, it causes the rotor to spin, generating electricity through the generator.2. Development of Wind Power Technology:The concept of using wind energy dates back centuries,with early windmills used for tasks like grinding grain or pumping water. However, modern wind power technology began to emerge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the development of electricity generation. The first electricity-generating wind turbine was built in Scotland in 1887 by Professor James Blyth.3. Evolution of Wind Turbines:Over the years, wind turbine technology has advanced significantly. Early turbines were small and inefficient compared to modern designs. Today, wind turbines come in various sizes and configurations, ranging from small turbines used for residential applications to largeutility-scale turbines found in wind farms.4. Types of Wind Turbines:There are two primary types of wind turbines:horizontal-axis turbines (HAWTs) and vertical-axis turbines (VAWTs). HAWTs are the most common type and feature blades that rotate around a horizontal axis. VAWTs, on the otherhand, have blades that rotate around a vertical axis. Each type has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on factors like wind conditions and application.5. Current Status of Wind Power:Wind power has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, driven by factors such as technological advancements, government incentives, and increasing environmental awareness. According to the Global Wind Energy Council, the cumulative installed capacity of wind power reached over 700 gigawatts by the end of 2021, with significant contributions from countries like China, the United States, and Germany.6. Advantages of Wind Power:Renewable: Wind energy is renewable and abundant, making it a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.Clean: Wind power generates electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or other pollutants, helping tomitigate climate change and improve air quality.Cost-effective: The cost of wind energy has declined significantly in recent years, making it increasingly competitive with conventional energy sources.Job creation: The wind industry creates jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and other sectors, contributing to economic growth.7. Challenges and Limitations:Despite its many advantages, wind power also faces challenges and limitations. These include:Intermittency: Wind is inherently variable, and electricity generation from wind turbines fluctuates depending on wind speeds.Land use: Wind farms require large areas of land, which can raise concerns about land use conflicts and environmental impacts.Visual and noise impacts: Wind turbines can be visually and audibly intrusive, leading to opposition from local communities.Infrastructure requirements: Wind power infrastructure, such as transmission lines, may require significant investment and planning.8. Future Prospects:Despite these challenges, the future looks promisingfor wind power. Continued advancements in technology, such as larger and more efficient turbines, improved energy storage solutions, and smarter grid management, will help overcome many of the current limitations. Additionally, supportive government policies and growing public demandfor clean energy are expected to drive further expansion of wind power worldwide.In conclusion, wind power technology has made significant strides in recent years and has emerged as akey player in the transition to a more sustainable energy future. With ongoing innovation and investment, wind power will continue to play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and ensuring energy security for generations to come.。
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照全
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照风力机wind turbine风电场wind power station wind farm风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS水平轴风力机horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力机vertical axis wind turbine轮毂（风力机）hub (for wind turbine)机舱nacelle支撑结构support structure for wind turbine关机shutdown for wind turbine正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine空转idling锁定blocking停机parking静止standstill制动器brake停机制动parking brake风轮转速rotor speed控制系统control system保护系统protection system偏航yawing设计和安全参数design situation设计工况design situation载荷状况load case外部条件external conditions设计极限design limits极限状态limit state使用极限状态serviceability limit states极限限制状态ultimate limit state最大极限状态ultimate limit state安全寿命safe life严重故障catastrophic failure潜伏故障latent fault dormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速wind speed风矢量wind velocity旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled wind velocity额定风速rated wind speed切入风速cut-in speed切出风速cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速annual average wind speed平均风速mean wind speed极端风速extreme wind speed安全风速survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution风切变wind shear风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律power law for wind shear下风向down wind上风向up wind阵风gust粗糙长度roughness length湍流强度turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区inertial sub-range风场wind site测量参数measurement parameters测量位置measurement seat最大风速maximum wind speed风功率密度wind power density风能密度wind energy density日变化diurnal variation年变化annual variation轮毂高度hub height风能wind energy标准大气状态standard atmospheric state风切变影响influence by the wind shear阵风影响gust influence风速频率frequency of wind speed环境environment工作环境operational environment气候climate海洋性气候ocean climate大陆性气候continental climate露天气候open-air climate室内气候indoor climate极端extreme日平均值daily mean极端最高extreme maximum年最高annual maximum年最高日平均温度annual extreme daily mean of temperature月平均温度mean monthly temperature 空气湿度air humidity绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity降水precipitation雨rain冻雨freezing rain霜淞rime雨淞glaze冰雹hail露dew雾fog盐雾salt fog雷暴thunderstorm雪载snow load标准大气压standard air pressure平均海平面mean sea level海拔altitude辐射通量radiant flux太阳辐射solar radiation直接太阳辐射direct solar radiation天空辐射sky radiation太阳常数solar constant太阳光谱solar spectrum黑体black body白体white body温室效应greenhouse effect环境温度ambient temperature表面温度surface temperature互联interconnection输出功率output power额定功率rated power最大功率maximum power电网连接点network connection point电力汇集系统power collection system风场电器设备site electrical facilities功率特性power performance静电功率输出net electric power output 功率系数power performance自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area轮毂高度hub height测量功率曲线measurement power curve 外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve 年发电量annual energy production可利用率availability数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement 精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector日变化diurnal variations浆距角pitch angle距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion障碍物obstacles复杂地形带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level; sound level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准面风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness length基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle风轮wind rotor风轮直径rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积rotor swept area风轮仰角tilt angle of rotor shaft风轮偏航角yawing angle of rotor shaft风轮额定转速rated turning speed of rotor风轮最高转速maximum turning speed of rotor风轮尾流rotor wake尾流损失wake losses风轮实度rotor solidity实度损失solidity losses叶片数number of blades叶片blade等截面叶片constant chord blade变截面叶片variable chord blade叶片投影面积projected area of blade叶片长度length of blade叶根root of blade叶尖tip of blade叶尖速度tip speed浆距角pitch angle翼型airfoil前缘leading edge后缘tailing edge几何弦长geometric chord of airfoil平均几何弦长mean geometric of airfoil气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil翼型厚度thickness of airfoil翼型相对厚度relative thickness of airfoil厚度函数thickness function of airfoil中弧线mean line弯度degree of curvature翼型族the family of airfoil弯度函数curvature function of airfoil叶片根梢比ratio of tip-section chord to root-section chord叶片展弦比aspect ratio叶片安装角setting angle of blade叶片扭角twist of blade叶片几何攻角angle of attack of blade叶片损失blade losses叶尖损失tip losses颤振flutter迎风机构orientation mechanism调速机构regulating mechanism风轮偏测式调速机构regulating mechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward 变浆距调速机构regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade整流罩nose cone顺浆feathering阻尼板spoiling flap风轮空气动力特性aerodynamic characteristics of rotor叶尖速度比tip-speed ratio额定叶尖速度比rated tip-speed ratio升力系数lift coefficient阻力系数drag coefficient推或拉力系数thrust coefficient偏航系统滑动制动器sliding shoes偏航yawing主动偏航active yawing被动偏航passive yawing偏航驱动yawing driven解缆untwist塔架tower独立式塔架free stand tower拉索式塔架guyed tower塔影响效应influence by the tower shadow功率特性测试功率特性power performance净电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power coefficient自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area测量功率曲线measured power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production数据组data set可利用率availability精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion复杂地形地带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle比恩法method of bins标准误差standard uncertainty风能利用系数rotor power coefficient力矩系数torque coefficient额定力矩系数rated torque coefficient起动力矩系数starting torque coefficient最大力矩系数maximum torque coefficient过载度ratio of over load风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS调节特性regulating characteristics平均噪声average noise level机组效率efficiency of WTGS使用寿命service life度电成本cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTGS 发电机同步电机synchronous generator异步电机asynchronous generator感应电机induction generator转差率slip瞬态电流transient rotor笼型cage绕线转子wound rotor绕组系数winding factor换向器commutator集电环collector ring换向片commutator segment励磁响应excitation response制动系统制动系统braking制动机构brake mechanism正常制动系normal braking system紧急制动系emergency braking system空气制动系air braking system液压制动系hydraulic braking system电磁制动系electromagnetic braking system机械制动系mechanical braking system辅助装置auxiliary device制动器释放braking releasing制动器闭合brake setting液压缸hydraulic cylinder溢流阀relief valve泻油drain齿轮马达gear motor齿轮泵gear pump电磁阀solenoid液压过滤器hydraulic filter液压泵hydraulic pump液压系统hydraulic system油冷却器oil cooler压力控制器pressure control valve压力继电器pressure switch减压阀reducing valve安全阀safety valve设定压力setting pressure切换switching旋转接头rotating union压力表pressure gauge液压油hydraulic fluid液压马达hydraulic motor油封oil seal刹车盘brake disc闸垫brake pad刹车油brake fluid闸衬片brake lining传动比transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副gear pair with parallel axes齿轮系train of gears行星齿轮系planetary gear train小齿轮pinion大齿轮wheel , gear主动齿轮driving, gear从动齿轮driven gear行星齿轮planet gear行星架planet carrier太阳轮sun gear内齿圈ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副internal gear pair增速齿轮副speed increasing gear增速齿轮系speed increasing gear train中心距center distance增速比speed increasing ratio齿面tooth flank工作齿面working flank非工作齿面non-working flank模数module齿数number of teeth啮合干涉meshing interference齿廓修行profile modification , profile correction 啮合engagement, mesh齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears变位齿轮gears with addendum modification圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear节点pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆tip circle齿根圆root circle直径和半径diameter and radius齿宽face width齿厚tooth thickness压力角pressure angle圆周侧隙circumferential backlash蜗杆worm蜗轮worm wheel联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling万向联轴器universal coupling安全联轴器security coupling齿tooth齿槽tooth space斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helical gear齿距pitch法向齿距normal pitch轴向齿距axial pitch齿高tooth depth输入角input shaft输出角output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism 中心轮center gear单级行星齿轮系single planetary gear train柔性齿轮flexible gear刚性齿轮rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承flexible rolling bearing输出联接output coupling刚度rigidity扭转刚度torsional rigidity弯曲刚度flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数coefficient of torsional起动力矩starting torque传动误差transmission error传动精度transmission accuracy固有频率natural frequency弹性联接elastic coupling刚性联接rigid coupling滑块联接Oldham coupling固定联接integrated coupling齿啮式联接dynamic coupling花键式联接splined coupling牙嵌式联接castellated coupling径向销联接radial pin coupling周期振动periodic vibration随机振动random vibration峰值peak value临界阻尼critical damping阻尼系数damping coefficient阻尼比damping ratio减震器vibration isolator振动频率vibration frequency幅值amplitude位移幅值displacement amplitude速度幅值velocity amplitude加速度幅值acceleration amplitude控制与监控系统远程监视telemonitoring协议protocol实时real time单向传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission双工传输duplex transmission前置机front end processor运输终端remote terminal unit调制解调器modulator-demodulator数据终端设备data terminal equipment接口interface数据电路data circuit信息information状态信息state information分接头位置信息tap position information监视信息monitored information设备故障信息equipment failure information告警alarm返回信息return information设定值set point value累积值integrated total integrated value瞬时测值instantaneous measured计量值counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认acknowledgement信号signal模拟信号analog signal命令command字节byte位bit地址address波特baud编码encode译码decode代码code集中控制centralized control可编程序控制programmable control微机程控minicomputer program模拟控制analogue control数字控制digital control强电控制strong current control弱电控制weak current control单元控制unit control就地控制local control联锁装置interlocker模拟盘analogue board配电盘switch board控制台control desk紧急停车按钮emergency stop push-button 限位开关limit switch限速开关limit speed switch有载指示器on-load indicator屏幕显示screen display指示灯display lamp起动信号starting signal公共供电点point of common coupling闪变flicker数据库data base硬件hardware硬件平台hardware platform层layer level class模型model响应时间response time软件software软件平台software platform系统软件system software自由脱扣trip-free基准误差basic error一对一控制方式one-to-one control mode 一次电流primary current一次电压primary voltage二次电流secondary current二次电压secondary voltage低压电器low voltage apparatus额定工作电压rated operational voltage额定工作电流rated operational current运行管理operation management安全方案safety concept外部条件external conditions失效failure故障fault控制柜control cabinet冗余技术redundancy正常关机normal shutdown失效-安全fail-safe排除故障clearance空转idling外部动力源external power supply锁定装置locking device运行转速范围operating rotational speed range 临界转速activation rotational speed最大转速maximum rotational speed过载功率over power临界功率activation power最大功率maximum power短时切出风速short-term cut-out wind speed外联机试验field test with turbine试验台test-bed台架试验test on bed防雷系统lighting protection system外部防雷系统external lighting protection system 内部防雷系统internal lighting protection system 等电位连接equipotential bonding接闪器air-termination system引下线down-conductor接地装置earth-termination system接地线earth conductor接地体earth electrode环形接地体ring earth external基础接地体foundation earth electrode等电位连接带bonding bar等电位连接导体bonding conductor保护等级protection lever防雷区lighting protection zone雷电流lighting current电涌保护器surge suppressor共用接地系统common earthing system接地基准点earthing reference points持续运行continuous operation持续运行的闪变系数flicker coefficient for continuous operation 闪变阶跃系数flicker step factor最大允许功率maximum permitted最大测量功率maximum measured power电网阻抗相角network impedance phase angle正常运行normal operation功率采集系统power collection system额定现在功率rated apparent power额定电流rated current额定无功功率rated reactive power停机standstill起动start-up切换运行switching operation扰动强度turbulence intensity电压变化系数voltage change factor风力机端口wind turbine terminals风力机最大功率maximum power of wind turbine风力机停机parked wind turbine安全系统safety system控制装置control device额定载荷rated load周期period相位phase频率frequency谐波harmonics瞬时值instantaneous value同步synchronism振荡oscillation共振resonance波wave辐射radiation衰减attenuation阻尼damping畸变distortion电electricity电的electric静电学electrostatics电荷electric charge电压降voltage drop电流electric current导电性conductivity电压voltage电磁感应electromagnetic induction励磁excitation电阻率resistivity导体conductor半导体semiconductor电路electric circuit串联电路series circuit电容capacitance电感inductance电阻resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance传递比transfer ratio交流电压alternating voltage交流电流alternating current脉动电压pulsating voltage脉动电流pulsating current直流电压direct voltage直流电流direct current瞬时功率instantaneous power有功功率active power无功功率reactive power有功电流active current无功电流reactive current功率因数power factor中性点neutral point相序sequential order of the phase电气元件electrical device接线端子terminal电极electrode地earth接地电路earthed circuit接地电阻resistance of an earthed conductor 绝缘子insulator绝缘套管insulating bushing母线busbar线圈coil螺纹管solenoid绕组winding电阻器resistor电感器inductor电容器capacitor继电器relay电能转换器electric energy transducer电机electric machine发电机generator电动机motor变压器transformer变流器converter变频器frequency converter整流器rectifier逆变器inverter传感器sensor耦合器electric coupling放大器amplifier振荡器oscillator滤波器filter半导体器件semiconductor光电器件photoelectric device 触头contact开关设备switchgear控制设备control gear闭合电路closed circuit断开电路open circuit通断switching联结connection串联series connection并联parallel connection星形联结star connection三角形联结delta connection主电路main circuit辅助电路auxiliary circuit控制电路control circuit信号电路signal circuit保护电路protective circuit换接change-over circuit换向commutation输入功率input power输入input输出output负载load加载to load充电to charge放电to discharge有载运行on-load operation空载运行no-load operation开路运行open-circuit operation 短路运行short-circuit operation 满载full load效率efficiency损耗loss过电压over-voltage过电流over-current欠电压under-voltage特性characteristic绝缘物insulant隔离to isolate绝缘insulation绝缘电阻insulation resistance品质因数quality factor泄漏电流leakage current闪烙flashover短路short circuit噪声noise极限值limiting value额定值rated value额定rating环境条件environment condition 使用条件service condition工况operating condition额定工况rated condition负载比duty ratio绝缘比insulation ratio介质试验dielectric test常规试验routine test抽样试验sampling test验收试验acceptance test投运试验commissioning test维护试验maintenance test加速accelerating特性曲线characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency温升temperature rise温度系数temperature coefficient 端电压terminal voltage短路电流short circuit current可靠性reliability有效性availability耐久性durability维修maintenance维护preventive maintenance工作时间operating time待命时间standby time修复时间repair time寿命life使用寿命useful life平均寿命mean life耐久性试验endurance test寿命试验life test可靠性测定试验reliability determination test 现场可靠性试验field reliability test加速试验accelerated test安全性fail safe应力stress强度strength试验数据test data现场数据field data电触头electrical contact主触头main contact击穿breakdown耐电压proof voltage放电electrical discharge透气性air permeability电线电缆electric wire and cable电力电缆power cable通信电缆telecommunication cable油浸式变压器oil-immersed type transformer 干式变压器dry-type transformer自耦变压器auto-transformer有载调压变压器transformer fitted with OLTC 空载电流non-load current阻抗电压impedance voltage电抗电压reactance voltage电阻电压resistance voltage分接tapping配电电器distributing apparatus控制电器control apparatus开关switch熔断器fuse断路器circuit breaker控制器controller接触器contactor机械寿命mechanical endurance电气寿命electrical endurance旋转电机electrical rotating machine直流电机direct current machine交流电机alternating current machine同步电机synchronous machine异步电机asynchronous machine感应电机induction machine励磁机exciter饱和特性saturation characteristic开路特性open-circuit characteristic负载特性load characteristic短路特性short-circuit characteristic额定转矩rated load torque规定的最初起动转矩specifies breakaway torque交流电动机的最初起动电流breakaway starting current if an a.c. 同步转速synchronous speed转差率slip短路比short-circuit ratio同步系数synchronous coefficient空载no-load系统system触电；电击electric block正常状态normal condition接触电压touch voltage跨步电压step voltage对地电压voltage to earth触电电流shock current残余电流residual current安全阻抗safety impedance安全距离safety distance安全标志safety marking安全色safety color中性点有效接地系统system with effectively earthed neutral检修接地inspection earthing工作接地working earthing保护接地protective earthing重复接地iterative earth故障接地fault earthing过电压保护over-voltage protection过电流保护over-current protection断相保护open-phase protection防尘dust-protected防溅protected against splashing防滴protected against dropping water防浸水protected against the effects of immersion过电流保护装置over-current protective device保护继电器protective relay接地开关earthing switch漏电断路器residual current circuit-breaker灭弧装置arc-control device安全隔离变压器safety isolating transformer避雷器surge attester ; lightning arrester保护电容器capacitor for voltage protection安全开关safety switch限流电路limited current circuit振动vibration腐蚀corrosion点腐蚀spot corrosion金属腐蚀corrosion of metals化学腐蚀chemical corrosion贮存storage贮存条件storage condition运输条件transportation condition空载最大加速度maximum bare table acceletation 电力金具悬垂线夹suspension clamp耐张线夹strain clamp挂环link挂板clevis球头挂环ball-eye球头挂钩ball-hookU型挂环shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板yoke plate牵引板towing plate挂钩hook吊架hanger调整板adjusting plate花篮螺栓turn buckle接续管splicing sleeve补修管repair sleeve调线线夹jumper clamp防振锤damper均压环grading ring屏蔽环shielding ring间隔棒spacer重锤counter weight线卡子guy clip心形环thimble设备线夹terminal connectorT形线夹T-connector硬母线固定金具bus-bar support母线间隔垫bus-bar separetor母线伸缩节bus-bar expansion外光检查visual ins振动试验vibration tests老化试验ageing tests冲击动载荷试验impulse load tests 耐腐试验corrosion resistance tests 棘轮扳手ratchet spanner专用扳手special purpose spanner 万向套筒扳手flexible pliers可调钳adjustable pliers夹线器conductor holder电缆剪cable cutter卡线钳conductor clamp单卡头single clamp双卡头double clamp安全帽safety helmet安全带safety belt绝缘手套insulating glove绝缘靴insulating boots护目镜protection spectacles缝焊机seam welding machine。
小议储能技术在风力发电系统中的应用
小议储能技术在风力发电系统中的应用摘要：本文分别简述了目前能应用于风力发电系统的飞轮储能、蓄电池储能、超导储能和超级电容器储能四类储能技术的原理，并通过分析各种储能技术所具有的特点及应用前景，基于成本和效益上综合考虑，提出最为可行的储能方案。
关键词：储能技术；风力发电；储能abstract: this paper describes current can be applied to wind power generation system of the flywheel storage, storage battery energy storage, superconducting energy storage and super capacitor energy storage four types of energy storage technology of principle, and through the analysis of various energy storage technology has the characteristics and application prospect, based on the cost and efficiency comprehensive consideration, puts forward the most feasible energy storage solutions.keywords: energy storage technology; wind power; energy storage中图分类号： tm315 文献标识码：a文章编号：1储能系统的组成和作用1.1储能系统组成储能系统主要有两部分组成：储能装置；功率转换系统。
储能装置由储能元件组成，其主要功能是实现能量的储存和释放。
功率转化系统有电力电子器件组成，其主要功能是控制充电和放电、调节和控制输出功率。
electricity
I need you only when there is a power failure.
Power station
Electricity comes into our home through thin wires, and these wires are connected with to cables under the street .The cables connected to the power station—we make electricity there.
Fuel-burning power station
Electricity is made by burning fossil fuels: The blades(桨叶) of a turbine(涡轮机) are driven by water, and steam. Water is heated in a very large furnace(火炉) by burning fossil fuels which in turn produces steam to rotate(使转动) the turbine. Climate changes, which are largely thought to be linked to carbon dioxide emissions, are the impetus(推动力) behind the world movement to change our behavior and consumption of fossils fuels. At this time we still get about 85% of our energy from this inefficient and polluting method of producing electricity.
可再生能源技术在电力系统中的应用
可再生能源技术在电力系统中的应用随着全球对气候变化和环境保护意识的提高，可再生能源技术在电力系统中的应用变得越来越重要。
可再生能源技术是指利用自然界中不断更新的资源，如太阳能、风能、水能、生物质能等，来产生电力的技术。
这些资源具有取之不尽、用之不竭的特点，能够有效减少对化石燃料的依赖，降低温室气体排放，推动能源结构的转型。
太阳能光伏发电太阳能光伏发电是通过将太阳光能转化为电能的过程。
太阳能光伏电池板通过吸收太阳光中的光子，将光能转化为电能。
这些电池板通常由硅等半导体材料制成，具有较高的转换效率。
太阳能光伏发电系统可以分为两种类型：集中式光伏电站和分布式光伏发电系统。
集中式光伏电站通常建设在开阔的场地上，规模较大，发电量较高；而分布式光伏发电系统则更多地应用于屋顶光伏、光伏农业等领域，规模较小，但更加灵活。
太阳能光伏发电具有以下优点：1.取之不尽、用之不竭，可再生性强。
2.清洁环保，不会产生温室气体排放。
3.安装灵活，可应用于各种场景。
4.维护简单，运行成本较低。
然而，太阳能光伏发电也存在一定的局限性：1.受天气影响较大，发电效率不稳定。
2.土地占用较多，建设成本较高。
3.电池板寿命有限，更换成本较高。
风能发电风能发电是利用风力驱动风力发电机旋转，通过转子与定子之间的相对运动产生电能。
风力发电具有以下优点：1.资源丰富，分布广泛，特别是在沿海和风力资源丰富的地区。
2.清洁环保，不会产生温室气体排放。
3.运行维护成本较低，具有良好的经济性。
4.可以与农业、渔业等领域相结合，发挥多重效益。
然而，风能发电也存在一定的局限性：1.受地理环境和天气影响较大，发电稳定性较差。
2.建设成本较高，特别是大型风力发电场。
3.噪音和视觉污染问题需要关注。
水电发电水电发电是利用水流的动力驱动水轮机旋转，通过水轮机与发电机之间的连接产生电能。
水电发电具有以下优点：1.资源丰富，分布广泛，具有良好的可调节性。
2.清洁环保，不会产生温室气体排放。
同传-Wind Energy 中文稿
感谢诸位的到来。
我也非常感谢维斯塔斯风力技术公司的热情接待。
今天是该公司新一轮试运行的重要时刻。
现在，他们已经请来了风力方面的技术员、完成了风力研究，而全部这些风力发电机也都严阵以待。
可谓是万事具备，只欠“东风”。
由此，我明白了他们为什么邀请我来做这个演讲。
日复一日，在没有记者报道、在没有摄像机聚焦的情况下，这个公司，以及所有其他像它一样的公司，正在承担着重要的工作。
而我们今日在此之所见，比起将要发生的所有更伟大的事迹，也仅仅只是惊鸿一瞥而已。
风力是使我们国家的经济日益强盛的众多替代性能源之一。
终有一天，这些能源将彻底变革我们的经济。
风是一种清洁性的、可预测的能源，而且几乎和地球上所有自然物那样是可再生的。
风能，再加上太阳能、燃料电池技术、更清洁燃料和其他新型能源，将开创美国能源独立的新纪元。
我们国家的经济依靠能够替代化石燃料的、负担得起的清洁能源，在很大程度上，国家安全也取决于此。
世界石油储备的绝大多数是由外国势力控制的，他们并不会考虑我们国家的利益。
但是一旦我们对石油的依赖性消失了，那么他们对我国的牵制力也将随之消失。
在未来几周内，我将会解决美国能源政策必将会面临的众多严峻挑战。
当我们在华盛顿争论能源预算问题时，它不应仅仅是各个行业之间争相获取特殊待遇、额外补贴和减税利益的角逐赛。
在国会上，我们必须摈除这些利益集团——没有特殊待遇，也没有补贴。
我们必须借鉴两党各自的最佳理念，并充分利用一个自由市场所能提供的全部资源。
我们必须时刻关注能源政策中的宏观目标，警戒重大的危险，并着眼于全体美国人民的共同利益。
今天，我将仅重点讨论一下这些挑战中的一个。
而这一挑战无疑是所有环境危机中最严峻的。
不管我们把它称为“气候变化”还是“全球变暖”，最终，我们都必须要面对同样的事实。
全球变暖的事实亟待关注，尤其需要华盛顿政府的重视。
良好的管理、谨慎的态度和简单的常识都要求马上行动，迎接挑战。
兵贵神速！全球变暖最有力的证据中，有一些是来自美国国家航天航空局（NASA）。
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照全
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照风力机wind turbine风电场wind power station wind farm风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS水平轴风力机horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力机vertical axis wind turbine轮毂（风力机）hub (for wind turbine)机舱nacelle支撑结构support structure for wind turbine关机shutdown for wind turbine正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine空转idling锁定blocking停机parking静止standstill制动器brake停机制动parking brake风轮转速rotor speed控制系统control system保护系统protection system偏航yawing设计和安全参数design situation设计工况design situation载荷状况load case外部条件external conditions设计极限design limits极限状态limit state使用极限状态serviceability limit states极限限制状态ultimate limit state最大极限状态ultimate limit state安全寿命safe life严重故障catastrophic failure潜伏故障latent fault dormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速wind speed风矢量wind velocity旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled wind velocity额定风速rated wind speed切入风速cut-in speed切出风速cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速annual average wind speed平均风速mean wind speed极端风速extreme wind speed安全风速survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution风切变wind shear风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law 风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律power law for wind shear下风向down wind上风向up wind阵风gust粗糙长度roughness length湍流强度turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区inertial sub-range风场wind site测量参数measurement parameters测量位置measurement seat最大风速maximum wind speed风功率密度wind power density风能密度wind energy density日变化diurnal variation年变化annual variation轮毂高度hub height风能wind energy标准大气状态standard atmospheric state风切变影响influence by the wind shear阵风影响gust influence风速频率frequency of wind speed环境environment工作环境operational environment气候climate海洋性气候ocean climate大陆性气候continental climate露天气候open-air climate室内气候indoor climate极端extreme日平均值daily mean极端最高extreme maximum年最高annual maximum年最高日平均温度annual extreme daily mean of temperature 月平均温度mean monthly temperature空气湿度air humidity绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity降水precipitation雨rain冻雨freezing rain霜淞rime雨淞glaze冰雹hail露dew雾fog盐雾salt fog雷暴thunderstorm雪载snow load标准大气压standard air pressure平均海平面mean sea level海拔altitude辐射通量radiant flux太阳辐射solar radiation直接太阳辐射direct solar radiation天空辐射sky radiation太阳常数solar constant太阳光谱solar spectrum黑体black body白体white body温室效应greenhouse effect环境温度ambient temperature表面温度surface temperature互联interconnection输出功率output power额定功率rated power最大功率maximum power电网连接点network connection point电力汇集系统power collection system风场电器设备site electrical facilities功率特性power performance静电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power performance自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area轮毂高度hub height测量功率曲线measurement power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production可利用率availability数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement 精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector日变化diurnal variations浆距角pitch angle距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion障碍物obstacles复杂地形带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level; sound level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准面风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness length基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle风轮wind rotor风轮直径rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积rotor swept area风轮仰角tilt angle of rotor shaft风轮偏航角yawing angle of rotor shaft风轮额定转速rated turning speed of rotor风轮最高转速maximum turning speed of rotor风轮尾流rotor wake尾流损失wake losses风轮实度rotor solidity实度损失solidity losses叶片数number of blades叶片blade等截面叶片constant chord blade变截面叶片variable chord blade叶片投影面积projected area of blade叶片长度length of blade叶根root of blade叶尖tip of blade叶尖速度tip speed浆距角pitch angle翼型airfoil前缘leading edge后缘tailing edge几何弦长geometric chord of airfoil平均几何弦长mean geometric of airfoil气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil翼型厚度thickness of airfoil翼型相对厚度relative thickness of airfoil厚度函数thickness function of airfoil中弧线mean line弯度degree of curvature翼型族the family of airfoil弯度函数curvature function of airfoil叶片根梢比ratio of tip-section chord to root-section chord叶片展弦比aspect ratio叶片安装角setting angle of blade叶片扭角twist of blade叶片几何攻角angle of attack of blade叶片损失blade losses叶尖损失tip losses颤振flutter迎风机构orientation mechanism调速机构regulating mechanism风轮偏测式调速机构regulating mechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward 变浆距调速机构regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade整流罩nose cone顺浆feathering阻尼板spoiling flap风轮空气动力特性aerodynamic characteristics of rotor叶尖速度比tip-speed ratio额定叶尖速度比rated tip-speed ratio升力系数lift coefficient阻力系数drag coefficient推或拉力系数thrust coefficient偏航系统滑动制动器sliding shoes偏航yawing主动偏航active yawing被动偏航passive yawing偏航驱动yawing driven解缆untwist塔架tower独立式塔架free stand tower拉索式塔架guyed tower塔影响效应influence by the tower shadow 功率特性测试功率特性power performance净电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power coefficient自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area测量功率曲线measured power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production数据组data set可利用率availability精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion复杂地形地带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准风速acoustic reference wind speed 标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle比恩法method of bins标准误差standard uncertainty风能利用系数rotor power coefficient力矩系数torque coefficient额定力矩系数rated torque coefficient起动力矩系数starting torque coefficient最大力矩系数maximum torque coefficient过载度ratio of over load风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS调节特性regulating characteristics平均噪声average noise level机组效率efficiency of WTGS使用寿命service life度电成本cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTGS 发电机同步电机synchronous generator异步电机asynchronous generator感应电机induction generator转差率slip瞬态电流transient rotor笼型cage绕线转子wound rotor绕组系数winding factor换向器commutator集电环collector ring换向片commutator segment励磁响应excitation response制动系统制动系统braking制动机构brake mechanism正常制动系normal braking system紧急制动系emergency braking system空气制动系air braking system液压制动系hydraulic braking system电磁制动系electromagnetic braking system机械制动系mechanical braking system辅助装置auxiliary device制动器释放braking releasing制动器闭合brake setting液压缸hydraulic cylinder溢流阀relief valve泻油drain齿轮马达gear motor齿轮泵gear pump电磁阀solenoid液压过滤器hydraulic filter液压泵hydraulic pump液压系统hydraulic system油冷却器oil cooler压力控制器pressure control valve压力继电器pressure switch减压阀reducing valve安全阀safety valve设定压力setting pressure切换switching旋转接头rotating union压力表pressure gauge液压油hydraulic fluid液压马达hydraulic motor油封oil seal刹车盘brake disc闸垫brake pad刹车油brake fluid闸衬片brake lining传动比transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副gear pair with parallel axes 齿轮系train of gears行星齿轮系planetary gear train小齿轮pinion大齿轮wheel , gear主动齿轮driving, gear从动齿轮driven gear行星齿轮planet gear行星架planet carrier太阳轮sun gear内齿圈ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副internal gear pair增速齿轮副speed increasing gear增速齿轮系speed increasing gear train 中心距center distance增速比speed increasing ratio齿面tooth flank工作齿面working flank非工作齿面non-working flank模数module齿数number of teeth啮合干涉meshing interference齿廓修行profile modification , profile correction 啮合engagement, mesh齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears变位齿轮gears with addendum modification圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear节点pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆tip circle齿根圆root circle直径和半径diameter and radius齿宽face width齿厚tooth thickness压力角pressure angle圆周侧隙circumferential backlash蜗杆worm蜗轮worm wheel联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling万向联轴器universal coupling安全联轴器security coupling齿tooth齿槽tooth space斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helical gear齿距pitch法向齿距normal pitch轴向齿距axial pitch齿高tooth depth输入角input shaft输出角output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism 中心轮center gear单级行星齿轮系single planetary gear train柔性齿轮flexible gear刚性齿轮rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承flexible rolling bearing输出联接output coupling刚度rigidity扭转刚度torsional rigidity弯曲刚度flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数coefficient of torsional起动力矩starting torque传动误差transmission error传动精度transmission accuracy固有频率natural frequency弹性联接elastic coupling刚性联接rigid coupling滑块联接Oldham coupling固定联接integrated coupling齿啮式联接dynamic coupling花键式联接splined coupling牙嵌式联接castellated coupling径向销联接radial pin coupling周期振动periodic vibration随机振动random vibration峰值peak value临界阻尼critical damping阻尼系数damping coefficient阻尼比damping ratio减震器vibration isolator振动频率vibration frequency幅值amplitude位移幅值displacement amplitude速度幅值velocity amplitude加速度幅值acceleration amplitude控制与监控系统远程监视telemonitoring协议protocol实时real time单向传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission双工传输duplex transmission前置机front end processor运输终端remote terminal unit调制解调器modulator-demodulator数据终端设备data terminal equipment 接口interface数据电路data circuit信息information状态信息state information分接头位置信息tap position information监视信息monitored information设备故障信息equipment failure information告警alarm返回信息return information设定值set point value累积值integrated total integrated value瞬时测值instantaneous measured计量值counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认acknowledgement信号signal模拟信号analog signal命令command字节byte位bit地址address波特baud编码encode译码decode代码code集中控制centralized control可编程序控制programmable control微机程控minicomputer program模拟控制analogue control数字控制digital control强电控制strong current control弱电控制weak current control单元控制unit control就地控制local control联锁装置interlocker模拟盘analogue board配电盘switch board控制台control desk紧急停车按钮emergency stop push-button限位开关limit switch限速开关limit speed switch有载指示器on-load indicator屏幕显示screen display指示灯display lamp起动信号starting signal公共供电点point of common coupling闪变flicker数据库data base硬件hardware硬件平台hardware platform层layer level class模型model响应时间response time软件software软件平台software platform系统软件system software自由脱扣trip-free基准误差basic error一对一控制方式one-to-one control mode一次电流primary current一次电压primary voltage二次电流secondary current二次电压secondary voltage低压电器low voltage apparatus额定工作电压rated operational voltage额定工作电流rated operational current运行管理operation management安全方案safety concept外部条件external conditions失效failure故障fault控制柜control cabinet冗余技术redundancy正常关机normal shutdown失效-安全fail-safe排除故障clearance空转idling外部动力源external power supply锁定装置locking device运行转速范围operating rotational speed range 临界转速activation rotational speed最大转速maximum rotational speed过载功率over power临界功率activation power最大功率maximum power短时切出风速short-term cut-out wind speed外联机试验field test with turbine试验台test-bed台架试验test on bed防雷系统lighting protection system外部防雷系统external lighting protection system 内部防雷系统internal lighting protection system 等电位连接equipotential bonding接闪器air-termination system引下线down-conductor接地装置earth-termination system接地线earth conductor接地体earth electrode环形接地体ring earth external基础接地体foundation earth electrode等电位连接带bonding bar等电位连接导体bonding conductor保护等级protection lever防雷区lighting protection zone雷电流lighting current电涌保护器surge suppressor共用接地系统common earthing system接地基准点earthing reference points持续运行continuous operation持续运行的闪变系数flicker coefficient for continuous operation 闪变阶跃系数flicker step factor最大允许功率maximum permitted最大测量功率maximum measured power电网阻抗相角network impedance phase angle正常运行normal operation功率采集系统power collection system额定现在功率rated apparent power额定电流rated current额定无功功率rated reactive power停机standstill起动start-up切换运行switching operation扰动强度turbulence intensity电压变化系数voltage change factor风力机端口wind turbine terminals风力机最大功率maximum power of wind turbine风力机停机parked wind turbine安全系统safety system控制装置control device额定载荷rated load周期period相位phase频率frequency谐波harmonics瞬时值instantaneous value同步synchronism振荡oscillation共振resonance波wave辐射radiation衰减attenuation阻尼damping畸变distortion电electricity电的electric静电学electrostatics电荷electric charge电压降voltage drop电流electric current导电性conductivity电压voltage电磁感应electromagnetic induction 励磁excitation电阻率resistivity导体conductor半导体semiconductor电路electric circuit串联电路series circuit电容capacitance电感inductance电阻resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance传递比transfer ratio交流电压alternating voltage交流电流alternating current脉动电压pulsating voltage脉动电流pulsating current直流电压direct voltage直流电流direct current瞬时功率instantaneous power有功功率active power无功功率reactive power有功电流active current无功电流reactive current功率因数power factor中性点neutral point相序sequential order of the phase 电气元件electrical device接线端子terminal电极electrode地earth接地电阻resistance of an earthed conductor 绝缘子insulator绝缘套管insulating bushing母线busbar线圈coil螺纹管solenoid绕组winding电阻器resistor电感器inductor电容器capacitor继电器relay电能转换器electric energy transducer电机electric machine发电机generator电动机motor变压器transformer变流器converter变频器frequency converter整流器rectifier逆变器inverter传感器sensor耦合器electric coupling放大器amplifier振荡器oscillator滤波器filter半导体器件semiconductor光电器件photoelectric device触头contact开关设备switchgear控制设备control gear闭合电路closed circuit断开电路open circuit通断switching联结connection串联series connection并联parallel connection星形联结star connection三角形联结delta connection主电路main circuit辅助电路auxiliary circuit控制电路control circuit信号电路signal circuit保护电路protective circuit换向commutation输入功率input power输入input输出output负载load加载to load充电to charge放电to discharge有载运行on-load operation空载运行no-load operation开路运行open-circuit operation 短路运行short-circuit operation 满载full load效率efficiency损耗loss过电压over-voltage过电流over-current欠电压under-voltage特性characteristic绝缘物insulant隔离to isolate绝缘insulation绝缘电阻insulation resistance品质因数quality factor泄漏电流leakage current闪烙flashover短路short circuit噪声noise极限值limiting value额定值rated value额定rating环境条件environment condition 使用条件service condition工况operating condition额定工况rated condition负载比duty ratio绝缘比insulation ratio介质试验dielectric test常规试验routine test抽样试验sampling test验收试验acceptance test投运试验commissioning test维护试验maintenance test加速accelerating特性曲线characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency温升temperature rise温度系数temperature coefficient端电压terminal voltage短路电流short circuit current可靠性reliability有效性availability耐久性durability维修maintenance维护preventive maintenance工作时间operating time待命时间standby time修复时间repair time寿命life使用寿命useful life平均寿命mean life耐久性试验endurance test寿命试验life test可靠性测定试验reliability determination test 现场可靠性试验field reliability test加速试验accelerated test安全性fail safe应力stress强度strength试验数据test data现场数据field data电触头electrical contact主触头main contact击穿breakdown耐电压proof voltage放电electrical discharge透气性air permeability电线电缆electric wire and cable电力电缆power cable通信电缆telecommunication cable油浸式变压器oil-immersed type transformer 干式变压器dry-type transformer自耦变压器auto-transformer有载调压变压器transformer fitted with OLTC 空载电流non-load current阻抗电压impedance voltage电抗电压reactance voltage电阻电压resistance voltage分接tapping配电电器distributing apparatus控制电器control apparatus开关switch熔断器fuse断路器circuit breaker控制器controller接触器contactor机械寿命mechanical endurance电气寿命electrical endurance旋转电机electrical rotating machine直流电机direct current machine交流电机alternating current machine同步电机synchronous machine异步电机asynchronous machine感应电机induction machine励磁机exciter饱和特性saturation characteristic开路特性open-circuit characteristic负载特性load characteristic短路特性short-circuit characteristic额定转矩rated load torque规定的最初起动转矩specifies breakaway torque交流电动机的最初起动电流breakaway starting current if an a.c.同步转速synchronous speed转差率slip短路比short-circuit ratio同步系数synchronous coefficient空载no-load系统system触电；电击electric block正常状态normal condition接触电压touch voltage跨步电压step voltage对地电压voltage to earth触电电流shock current残余电流residual current安全阻抗safety impedance安全距离safety distance安全标志safety marking安全色safety color中性点有效接地系统system with effectively earthed neutral 检修接地inspection earthing工作接地working earthing保护接地protective earthing重复接地iterative earth故障接地fault earthing过电压保护over-voltage protection过电流保护over-current protection断相保护open-phase protection防尘dust-protected防溅protected against splashing防滴protected against dropping water防浸水protected against the effects of immersion过电流保护装置over-current protective device保护继电器protective relay接地开关earthing switch漏电断路器residual current circuit-breaker灭弧装置arc-control device安全隔离变压器safety isolating transformer避雷器surge attester ; lightning arrester保护电容器capacitor for voltage protection安全开关safety switch限流电路limited current circuit振动vibration腐蚀corrosion点腐蚀spot corrosion金属腐蚀corrosion of metals化学腐蚀chemical corrosion贮存storage贮存条件storage condition运输条件transportation condition空载最大加速度maximum bare table acceletation电力金具悬垂线夹suspension clamp耐张线夹strain clamp挂环link挂板clevis球头挂环ball-eye球头挂钩ball-hookU型挂环shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板yoke plate牵引板towing plate挂钩hook吊架hanger调整板adjusting plate花篮螺栓turn buckle接续管splicing sleeve补修管repair sleeve调线线夹jumper clamp防振锤damper均压环grading ring屏蔽环shielding ring间隔棒spacer重锤counter weight线卡子guy clip心形环thimble设备线夹terminal connectorT形线夹T-connector硬母线固定金具bus-bar support 母线间隔垫bus-bar separetor母线伸缩节bus-bar expansion外光检查visual ins振动试验vibration tests老化试验ageing tests冲击动载荷试验impulse load tests 耐腐试验corrosion resistance tests 棘轮扳手ratchet spanner专用扳手special purpose spanner 万向套筒扳手flexible pliers可调钳adjustable pliers夹线器conductor holder电缆剪cable cutter卡线钳conductor clamp单卡头single clamp双卡头double clamp安全帽safety helmet安全带safety belt绝缘手套insulating glove绝缘靴insulating boots护目镜protection spectacles缝焊机seam welding machine。
构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统 英语
构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统英语Building a new type of power system with renewable energy as the main component.With the increasing environmental concerns and the need to reduce carbon emissions, it has become imperative to transition from conventional fossil fuel-based power systems to a new type of power system that relies heavily on renewable energy sources. This new power system would harness the power of wind, solar, hydro, and other renewable sources to generate electricity.To construct this new type of power system, several key components need to be considered. Firstly, an extensive infrastructure of wind farms and solar panels would be established in suitable locations worldwide. These renewable energy installations would be strategically placed to maximize energy generation potential while minimizing any adverse effects on the environment.In addition to wind and solar, hydroelectric power would play a significant role in this new energy system. Existing hydroelectric plants would be optimized for efficient power generation, and new ones would be constructed, taking advantage of natural water resources.To maximize the potential of renewable energy sources, energy storage solutions would also be integrated into the power system. Battery storage technology, along with pumped hydro storage and other emerging storage methods, would be used to store excess energy generated during peak times for later use when renewableenergy production is low.Furthermore, the smart grid technology would be implemented to efficiently manage the flow of electricity in the power system. This would involve advanced monitoring systems, real-time data analysis, and automated controls to balance supply and demand, optimize energy distribution, and enhance overall system reliability.To ensure the stability and reliability of the power system, backup power generation capabilities would be established. This might include flexible gas-fired power plants or energy storage systems that can quickly respond to fluctuations in demand or supply.Moreover, governmental policies and incentives would play a crucial role in the successful establishment of this new power system. Subsidies, tax incentives, and regulations favoring renewable energy generation would encourage investment and foster the growth of the renewable energy industry.Overall, constructing a new type of power system centered around renewable energy would provide a sustainable and eco-friendly solution to meet the world's growing energy demands. This transition would not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also create new job opportunities, spur technological advancements, and contribute to a cleaner and healthier environment for future generations.。
储能变流器专业英语
储能变流器专业英语Energy storage converters are pivotal in the integrationof renewable energy sources into the power grid. They ensurea stable power supply by storing excess energy and releasingit when needed.The operation of an energy storage inverter involves converting direct current (DC) from storage systems like batteries into alternating current (AC) that can be used bythe grid or local consumers. This process is crucial for managing power flow and maintaining grid stability.Advanced control algorithms are employed to optimize the performance of these inverters, enhancing their efficiencyand reliability. They play a significant role in peak shaving, load leveling, and emergency power supply.In the context of renewable energy, energy storage converters are indispensable. They address the intermittencyof solar and wind power by providing a buffer to the grid,thus supporting the transition to a more sustainable energy future.Moreover, the integration of energy storage withinverters opens up opportunities for microgrids and off-grid applications, offering a decentralized approach to energy management and distribution.As technology advances, the focus is on developing inverters with higher power densities, better thermal management, and improved life cycles to meet the growing demand for efficient and reliable energy storage solutions.In summary, energy storage converters are a key component in the modern electrical grid, offering flexibility and resilience to the system while supporting the integration of clean energy technologies.。
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电池储能加强风力发电机在电力系统集成Sharad W. Mohod and Mohan V. Aware摘要风力发电，因其在电网的电网穿透率因而正在覆盖到世界各地。
由于其随时间变化的性质和造成稳定性的问题，风力发电是一直波动的，这种弱的互联风在电网的发电来源会直接影响电能质量和它的可靠性，局部能源库应当赔偿波动功率和支持加强电力的风力发电机系统。
在本文中提出了在电流控制模式下电压源逆变器(VSI)蓄能，即通过直流总线的电池。
风力发电测量出风速的变化，并储存在蓄电池中，这个储能直流电压保持在整个刚性总线的电压源逆变器上，所提出来的方案提高了电力系统的可靠性和稳定性和维护单位功率因数，它也可以运行在电力系统的独立模式下，在风力发电的功率交换和动态情况下的负载是可行的，在普通点耦合时能保持规范的电能质量。
它加强了电力系统的薄弱电网部分，在这种控制策略评估动态条件使用测试模拟系统，结果通过比较，验证了控制器的性能。
关键词：Terms-Battery储能；电能质量；风能发电系统。
1.简介在最近几年，风力发电已经作为一种干净的和取之不尽，用之不竭的新能源而备受关注的，风力发电的普及率已经在世界各地持续增加，电力发电可再生能源投资的增长速度也正在世界范围内增加，德国大约有16%的电力来自风能，丹麦也有12%电力来自风能，美国正在计划产生20%的来自风能的电力，印度是全球第五大风能生产国，其在2009年总风电潜力估计为45195兆瓦，装机容量为10925兆瓦。
然而，风电场输出功率是波动的，并且会影响到互联电网。
所以这就需要一些措施来减少输出波动率并保持在网格的电能质量。
已经做了很多评估研究试图减轻风力发电系统的影响，在互联电网系统有一些基于氢，电容器，电池储能和超导磁储能的形成研究。
在日本，电池储能被用于减缓风电场稳定短期波动输出的变化，提出了大量的能量储存为了提供所需设备去管理风电波动，加强风力吸收，实现节省燃料成本，并减少CO2排放的目的。
提出的一种统计方法就是利用两节电池储能，其中风力是用于一个充电电池储存，而另一个是用于放电电池储存，该控制方法是为电池充电状态提出的，静态补偿器和储能电池固定速度的风力发电机为电力系统提高了电能质量和增加了稳定性。
风力发电渗入到电力系统将会增加对风力变速的进一步运用以容纳电力系统的最大功率，因此，它通过今天的电池储能促进了风力发电系统，电池储存能对充电放电快速反应，使它在电力系统中作为一个恒定电压源，当风速波动，特别是在高输出低于正常运行速度时，电池储存是有效的，因此，输出曲线平滑很大程度上取决于电池的储能能力。
在本文中，该系统在加强电力系统上是高效和经济。
为了验证该系统的有效性，电池储存和风力发电系统提出了电流电压源逆变器的控制方式，位置控制器在MATLAB/Simulink 中模拟运行是基于瞬时建模的，提出电能储存的控制系统有以下目标：*在公共耦合总线的单位功率因数*风力发电机的无功功率支持和电池负载*在电网故障情况下独自操作本文结构如下：第2部分介绍了广义薄弱网络系统，第3部分给出了系统配置加强了电力系统，第4部分提出了数学模型，第5部分介绍了系统的性能，第6部分是结论总结。
2.薄弱网格系统的弱发电机广义风力发电机接口系统在电力系统中对各侧都有电压，风力发电机所连接的总线是电力系统中的一个薄弱节点，它可以通过阻抗连接到强大的网格上，如图1.所示。
在广义电力系统中，三相电源被对称地发送，线电压与倍相电压相等，并且总3的三相功率恒定，电压降阻抗可以写成：V 1−V 2= IZ （1）3 其中V 1和V 2是均方根(RMS)电压，I 是均方根电流，Z 是传输阻抗线路以及变压器进网格。
在公共连接点（PCC ），风电场和本地负载也连接起来，风力连接的短路功率SK 可以写成：(2) Z /V S 21k图1 .电力系统的广义风力发电机风力发电量的变化通过阻抗Z 就会引起电流的变化，这些电流的变化又会引起电压V 2的变化。
在实践中，使网络连接短路比小于2.5是可以避免的，因为它增加了电压波动被称为弱网格。
阻抗Z=R+JX 是存在于基波频率中的，普遍存在的阻抗谐波为：Z h = R + jhX (3)其中h 是谐波顺序，也就是说，感应电抗随着频率线性变化。
风力发电量和负荷的组合表示为P+jQ ，其中P 是有功功率，Q 是无功功率。
无功功率则依赖于电压和电流相位之间的移动，如式（4）：(4) )P Q (tan 1-=φ 风力的无功功率对电压V 2有一定的影响，这些影响依赖于本地负载和反馈的电网阻抗，因此，在风能产生电力系统中使用能量储存系统去强化弱电网是很有必要的。
3 .加强系统的系统配置该储能加强了风力产生的网格在电力系统上配置其工作原理和所述开关逆变器的控制策略，如图2所示：图2.储能加强风力发电机的计划3.1工作原理在这个系统中，电源电流的大小是通过瞬时电流源、功率变换器和负载来测定的，电池作为一种能源达到电压调节的目的，该风能发电系统被连接到不受控制的整流桥，其输出电压为可变直流，并且连接到电池储存充电。
该电池还可以从低需求的电网中带电，用于调峰需求，误差电流可以在公共耦合点的网格注入电流控制电压源逆变器。
3.2系统的控制策略利用该控制策略去加强风力发电系统，如图3所示。
在实施控制策略并入电网系统过程中，直流环节需要通过功率变换器连接风能发电系统并入电网中，感应发电机的输出是通过整流器的第一轮转换，电池储能系统的（BESS ）的直流电压与参考值连接，它的误差会被送入比例积分器，比例积分控制器的输出被乘以一个基准正弦波发生器，因此，可以得到预期的参考电流I*Ref ，实际电流可以通过电流传感器从所需的参考电流检测和削减出来，使误差发送到滞后电流模式控制器生成开关模式。
因此，这种控制策略在电网系统的开关逆变器中作为一种瞬时脉冲宽度调制的电流反馈控制方法（PWM ）。
图3.系统的控制策略图4.PWM 瞬时反馈控制逆变器运行的电流控制模式表现为： i ia sa i ia i ia L /)'(L /i )R (dt di ν-ν+-= （5）（6） i ib sb ib i t ib L /)'(Li /i )R (d di ν-ν+-=i ic sc i ic i ic L /)'(L /i )R (dt di ν-ν+-= (7 ) (8) C /)S i S i S i (dtd C ic B ib A ia dc ++=νia ν，和是逆变器电压，，和PCC 电压，是逆变器电流，通过ib νic νsa 'νsb 'νsc 'νic ib ia i i ,i 和和参考电流的比较获得开关信号，是实际的源电流，误差电sc sb sa *i *i ,*i 和sc sb sa i i i 和，流被应用于滞后控制器，会对开关电源产生正确的信号，是开关进行开和c b a i i ,i ∆∆∆和关的操作，直到电流超过或者低于有效值。
在这种技术中，一种独立的比较器用于驱动逆变器，一个三臂桥逆变器的导通状态用三变量逻辑开关函数表示，分别是。
滞后控制器相位A 反转得到开关函数的特性，这一特性构成C B A S S ,S 和)i (f S a A ∆=了所描述的磁滞回线。
（9）2/h i if ,1S 2/h i if ,0S a A a A >∆=-<∆= 其中，h 表示环的宽度，表示开关的状态。
1'S 0S A A ==和 由于这种开关函数，逆变器用电源电流无谐波的方式将电流注入电网中。
注入的电流将会抵消一部分有反应性的和高次谐波的负载电流，从而提高功率因数，为了实现这个目标，电网检测并产生电流同步逆变命令，一个三相平衡电压源在电网上被表示为：（10）)120t sin(V )120t sin(V )t sin(V o c sc o b sb a sa +ω=ν-ω=νω=ν 因此，对于比较的参考电流必须来自源（电网）电压，这些电流可以表示为：（11）)240t sin(I i )120t sin(I i )t sin(I i o sc o sb sa -ω=-ω=ω= 其中I 和幅值滤波相电源电压成正比，这确保了控制电流源是为了看正弦波时电源电压是否平衡。
风力发电系统和储能电池系统是最合适的，因为它可以迅速注入或者吸收无功功率去稳定电网，它还以非常快的速度控制这些线路分布和传输系统。
4.风力电池发电系统的数学模型风力电池发电系统的数学模型描述如下：4.1风能发电系统感应发单机已用风涡轮发电系统，因为它的优点就是从变速原动机发电，与同等级的其他机器相比，更适合高速运行，便于维护，降低成本，电压和频率控制的电网，风力发电系统输出功率表示为：(12) 3win AV 21P ρ=是空气密度，A(m 2)是通过的涡轮叶片横扫的区域，利用所有的风能是不可能)m .kg (3-ρ实现的，因而只能提取一部分的风能，被称为风力涡轮功率系数C P ，如下式表示：(13)wind p mech P C P =其中P mech 是风力发电机的机械功率；(14) 59.01716Cp ==这也被称为Betz’ s 限制。
这个系数可以表示包含速度和倾角的函数，它是一个高度非线性的λ和θ的函λθ数的功能，如果机械扭矩T mech 被应用，可以很方便地生成系统，其中是计算涡轮转ω速的。
turbine mech mech /P T ω= (15)因此：)V ,(f P wind turbine mech ω= (16)(17) p wind 2C V R 21Pmech ∏ρ=其中，V win 是风的速度，单位是m/s 。
图5.直流电池存储和风力风电机4.2直流电池和风力发电机在逆变器中，电容器作为中间元件，减弱了风力发电系统，电网系统系统如图3所示，使用来建模的电容器比电 感更加有效和昂贵。
（18） b )inv (dc )inv (dc dc I I I V dt d C --= 其中C 是电路电容，V dc 是整流电压，I dc （矩形）是整流后的直流测电流，I dc (mv) 是逆变器直流侧电流，如图5所示。
电池存储连接到直流电网，由一个电压源Eb 和一个内部电阻Rb 代表，内部电压随着电池充电而变化，终端电压V dc 表示如下：（19）bb b dc R I E V -= Ib 代表电池电流。
保持足够的直流链接级以满足电压逆变器是很有必要的。
（20） inv dc V M 22V ≥ V inv 是到线中性的电压逆变器电压，交换频率是2kH, 输出频率是50HZ,M 是调制指数（0.9），因此，这个直流线性电路专门为800V 。