难点英语语法与常见词组
高考英语 语法重难点系列 专题 语从句的难点和考点
落堕市安心阳光实验学校（直击高考）2013高考英语语法重难点系列专题09 定语从句的难点和考点定语从句是由关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose, as)和关系副词(when, where, why)引导的从句，其作用是作定语用来修饰主句的某个成分，被定语从句修饰的那个词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
关系代词在定语从句中充当句子的主语、表语、宾语；关系副词在定语从句中充当状语。
作宾语的关系代词可以省略。
定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
定语从句和先行词用逗号隔开的叫非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句是告诉人们 which one , 去掉之后句子意思不完整，非限定性定语从句是告诉人们更多的信息，去掉之后句子总体意思不受影响。
定语从句的讲点和考点都是关系词。
一、基础题型：用适当的关系词填空：1. The man ____lives next to us deals in vegetables.答案：who/that “住在我们隔壁的那个人是卖蔬菜的”。
关系词在定语从句中作主语。
解析：当先行词是人的时候，关系词用who，whom（作宾语），that2.A plane is a machine _____can fly.答案：that/which “飞机是能飞的机器”。
关系词在定语从句中作主语。
解析：当先行词是物时，关系词用that，which3.This is the actor _____name is known to all.答案：whose “这是那个他名字我们都知道的演员”。
4.The room ______window faces to south is mine.答案：whose “窗户朝南的那个房间是我的”解析：在3.4.题中，当先行词和关系词后面的名词有所属关系时，关系词用whose5.Do you remember the day ____ we first met?答案：when “你记得我们第一次见面的那天吗？”。
牛津译林版七年级英语上册Unit4-重点词组、难点解析、语法知识点复习
牛津译林版七年级英语上册Unit4 重点词组、难点解析、语法知识点复习【词组总汇】1.wake up 醒来2.it’s time for+名词是做某事的时间了, 该做某事了It’s time to do3.go to sleep 去睡觉4.how to have fun 如何玩得开心5.get up 起床6.after-school activities 课外活动7.do morning exercises 做早操8.have lessons 上课9.eat breakfast/lunch/supper 吃早/中/晚餐10.go home 回家11.do one’s homework 做家庭作业12.watch TV 看电视13.go to bed 上床睡觉14.write to sb 写信给某人15.school life 学校生活16.lots of/a lot of 许多；大量17.at lunchtime 在午餐时间18.chat with each other 彼此聊天chat with sb 和某人聊天/闲谈19.be nice to sb 对某人好20.every morning 每天早晨21.every day 每天22.every Tuesday 每周星期四23.after school 在放学后24.a member of ……中一员25.the Swimming Club 游泳兴趣小组26.have a good time 玩的开心27.email sb 给某人发电子邮件28.play games 玩游戏, 进行比赛29.twice a week 一周两次30.have fun 娱乐，乐趣；开心P.27-3031.listen to the radio 听收音机32.make a model plane 制作模型飞机33.read newspapers 看报read books 看书34.write emails 写邮件35.watch football matches 看球赛36.watch too much TV 看电视太多37.listen to music 听音乐38.listen to the teacher 听老师讲39.walk a dog 遛狗40.a piece of good news 一则好消息41.in the school football team 在学校足球队42.all the time 一直43.know (a lot) about…对……了解（很多）44.read comic books 看连环漫画书45.on the volleyball court 在排球场46.from...to…从……到……47.meet up with sb. 约见某人48.do their homework 做他们的作业49.under a big tree 在大树下50.go to one’s dancing lesson 去上舞蹈课51.have (no) time to do sth. 有（没有）时间做某事52.have a lot of new friends 有许多新朋友53.teach us English 教我们英语54.talk about…谈论关于……55.at home 在家56.say hello to…向……问好P.31-3757.the Class 1,Grade 7 students 七年级一班学生58.go on a trip 旅行, 旅游have one’s trip59.look at the posters 看海报60.more than 多于；超过61.twice a week 一星期两次62.the China Space Museum 中国航空博物馆63.the China Science and Technology Museum 中国科技博物馆64.next Monday 下周一65.each student 每个学生66.thank you for doing sth 为做某事而谢谢你anize the class trip 组织班级旅游68.I would like to+动词原形愿意干某事；想要干某事69.the price for………的价格70.be open/be closed 开着、关着71.look forward to…期盼；盼望72.enjoy…very much 非常喜爱……73.need to do sth 需要做……74.borrow a pen 借一支钢笔75.be busy doing 忙于做某事76.be good for 有益于77.help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事78.get ready for 准备……79.learn more about 更多了解……80.the answer to ………的答案81.the Computer Club 电脑兴趣小组【难点解析】1.Is it time for breakfast? 是吃早餐的时间了吗？it’s time for+名词, “是做某事的时间了, 该做某事了”=it’s time to+动词原形.例如：It’s time for class.是上课的时间了。
连词知识点难点总结
连词知识点难点总结连词，是连接词语、词组、句子的一类词，其作用是连接并列的成分或句子，在表达语义关系上起到了重要的作用。
在英语语法中，连词的种类较多，使用方法也较为灵活，因此在学习和运用连词时，会遇到一些难点和问题。
一、连词的种类1. 并列连词并列连词用于连接两个或多个并列的词、词组或句子，表示并列关系。
常见的并列连词有and, or, but, so等。
例如：- I like reading and writing.- You can have tea or coffee.- She is rich, but he is poor.- The weather is fine, so we can go out for a walk.2. 从属连词从属连词引导从句，表示从属关系，依附于主句。
常见的从属连词有because, although, when, if等。
例如：- I will go to bed because I am tired.- Although it is raining, we will go out for a walk.- When he arrives, please tell him to call me.- If you need any help, please let me know.3. 关系连词关系连词一般引导定语从句，表示先行词与从句之间的关系。
常见的关系连词有who, whom, whose, which, that等。
例如：- This is the book which I bought yesterday.- The man who is standing over there is my teacher.- I know the woman whose son is a doctor.- The movie that we watched last night was very exciting.4. 连接副词连接副词用于连接主句和从句，表示时间、地点、原因、条件等关系。
英语高考知识难点总结大全
英语高考知识难点总结大全英语高考知识难点总结大全一1. be fond of “喜爱，爱好” 接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。
He’s fond of swimming. 他喜欢游泳。
Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗?He is fond of his research work. 他喜爱他的研究工作。
2. hunt for = look for 寻找I have found the book I was hunting for.我找到了那本我在找的书。
hunt for a job 找工作3. in order to/so as to：这两个词组都可引导不定式作目的状语, in order to可放于句首, so as to则不能, 其否定形式为in order not to / so as not to.He went to Beijing in order / so as to attend an important meeting.In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.为了让我们注意他, 他朝我们又是叫喊又是挥手。
4. care about1) 喜欢，对……有兴趣 = care forShe doesn’t care about money.她不喜欢钱。
2)关心 = care forShe thinks only of herself. She doesn’t care about other people.她只考虑自己。
她不关心别人。
3)在乎，在意(接从句或不接任何成分)These young people care nothing about what old people might say.这些年轻人根本不在乎老人说的话。
5. such as 意为“诸如……”，“像……”，是用来列举人或事物的。
高中英语语法-动词及动词词组
动词及动词词组动词和动词短语是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词，其主要考点概览如下：1.实义动词sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义；2.happen, occur, break out, come out, belong to等词为不及物动词或短语，无被动形式；3.同义、近义或结构近似的动词或短语动词的辨析；4.由get, turn, break ,take, set, come等动词构成的动词短语；5.have和get常见的用法；6.appear, seem和look的用法与区别。
动词和动词短语，在历年高考题中所占比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。
主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中，考纲要求在复习备考中要掌握以下几个方面:1.动词的词义；2.动词搭配；3.动词短语；4.及物动词和不及物动词的特殊用法；5.常用动词的用法；6.熟记16个高频动词构成的短语用法（break, bring, call, come, cut, give, go, get, hold, look, make, put, set, take, turn, set（改为send）等）一、动词的分类根据意义和句法作用，英语动词可分为四类：1.行为动词（实义动词）①及物动词（带宾语）：study, develop;②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong④动作动词延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）2.系动词①表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound②表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow③表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay3.助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）：be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall4.情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)二、动词及动词短语（一）动词词义辨析动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。
高中英语2025届高考语法难点非限制性定语从句知识讲解
高考英语语法难点非限制性定语从句一、非限制性定语从句1.非限制性定语从句的构成非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充说明，去掉不会影响主句的意思，通常用逗号与主句隔开。
先行词可以是主句中的某个名词或名词词组，也可以是主句中的谓语部分，或者是整个主句。
如：My grandmother,who is over eighty years old, still does housework on her own.(先行词为My grandmother)The plane was delayed,which made the passages very angry.(先行词为整个主句The plane was delayed)He sang us a folk song,which he had learned during his stay in the countryside.(先行词为a folk song)Mrs.Zhang is extremely popular amongstudents, as is common knowledge.(先行词为整个主句，从句对主句内容进行评述)2.非限制性定语从句的关系词非限制性定语从句由关系代词which、who、whom、whose或关系副词when、where等引导。
1) who、which引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语。
如：Bob lent me a thousand dollars,which was exactly the amount I need.鲍勃借给我一千美元，正好是我所需要的数目。
The children,who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.想踢足球的孩子们因下雨而感到失望。
The computer,which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain．计算机似乎起着人脑的作用，所以常被称为电脑。
中考英语高频词汇词组语法,重难点语法辨析
【冠词】1. a /ei, ə/ an /ən, æn/art. (用于单数可数名词前，表示未曾提到的) 一( 人、事、物)用途①泛指一类人或事物；②泛指某类人或物中的任何一个;③表示数量“一”；④用在表计量单位的名词前，表示“每一”;⑤用在一些固定词组中a用于读音以辅音音素开头的单词前; an用于读音以元音音素开头的单词前。
例句：I want to be an English teacher because English is a useful language.我想成为一名英语老师，因为英语是一门有用的语言。
There is a map of China on the wall in my bedroom.在我卧室的墙上有一幅中国地图。
2. the /ðə; ði:/ art.指已提到或易领会到的人或事物用途①特指某个人或物;②指双方都知道的人或物;③指上文已提到过的某人或某物;④用在独一无二的名词前;⑤用在表示方向、方位的名词前;⑥用在形容词最高级、序数词前;⑦用在单数名词前表示一类人或物，强调整个类别;⑧用在江河、海洋、湖泊、群岛、山脉的名称前;⑨用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
例句：Bill bought a useful book. The book is very interesting.比尔买了一本有用的书。
这本书非常有趣。
Qingdao is a beautiful city that lies in the east of China.青岛是一座位于中国东部的美丽城市。
Berlin is the capital of Germany.柏林是德国的首都。
【名词】3. ability /əˈbɪlətɪ/ n.能力;才能词组have the ability to do sth. 有能力做某事例句：If you often watch English movies, you’ll improve your ability of spoken English.你如果经常看英文电影，你将会提高你的英语口语水平。
英语语法重点难点及高频难词
英语语法重点难点及高频难词英语语法重点难点及高频难词最简洁的表达方式：只含一个单词的句子Absolutely！——绝对正确！Adorable! ——可爱极了！Amazing! ——太神了！Anytime! ——随时吩咐！Almost! ——差不多了！Awful! ——好可怕呀！After you. ——您先。
About when? ——大约何时？All set? ——一切妥当？Allow me! ——让我来！Baloney! ——胡扯！荒谬！Behave! ——放尊重点！Bingo! ——中了！Boring! ——真无聊！Bravo! ——太棒了！Bullshit! ——胡说！Cheers! ——干杯！Congratulations! ——恭喜啊！Correct! ——对的！Crazy! ——疯了！Damn! ——该死的！Deal! ——一言为定！Definitely! ——当然！Disgusting! ——好恶心呀！Drat! ——讨厌！Encore! ——再来一次！Exactly! ——完全正确！Fantastic! ——妙极了！Farewell! ——再见啦！Fifty-fifty! ——对半分！Foul! ——犯规了！Fresh! ——好有型！帅！Gesundheit! ——保重！(特别用于对打喷嚏的人说) Gone! ——跑了！Gorgeous! ——美极了！Great! ——太好了！Hey! ——嘿！Hopefully! ——希望如此！有希望的话... Horrible! ——好可怕！Hot! ——好辣！Hurray!/Hurrah! ——万岁！Hush! —— (肃静)嘘！Hurry! ——快点！Incredible! ——不可思议！Indeed? ——真的？ Jesus! ——天啊！Liar! ——你撒谎！Listen! ——听着！Lousy! ——差劲！Marverllous! ——棒极了！Now! ——现在就做！Objection! ——我抗议！Outrageous! ——不得了！Pardon! ——请再说一遍！Perfect! ——很完美！Please! ——拜托了！Present! ——到(有)！(用于点名时)Probably! ——很可能！Rats! ——差劲！Really? ——真的？Relax! ——放轻松！Right! ——对的！Satisfied? ——满意吗？Shhh... ——嘘...So so! ——马马虎虎！Someday! ——改天吧！Speaking! —— (打电话时)我就是！Still? ——仍是这样？Stingy! ——小气鬼！Stop! ——停！Superb! ——棒极了！Sure! ——当然！Surprise! ——给你一个惊喜！Terrible! ——好可怕！Thirsty? ——渴吗！Toast! ——干杯！Try! ——去试一下！Unbelievable! ——难以置信！Understand? ——明不明白？Unisex? ——男女通用的？Wait! ——等一等！Well? ——怎么样？Willingly——很乐意！Wow! ——哇！Yum... ——恩...(好吃！) Imagine! ——想想看！Impossible! ——不可能吧！Impressive! ——很感人，永生难忘高中英语语法重点难点回顾一little,no,some, 等修饰。
六上英语前三单元重难点知识点
本文将从六上英语前三单元的重难点知识点入手，逐步深入探讨相关内容，旨在帮助您更全面地理解这些重要知识点。
一、重难点知识点概述1.1 重难点知识点的意义在学习英语的过程中，掌握重难点知识点是至关重要的。
这些知识点通常涵盖了语法、词汇、句型等多个方面，对学生而言往往是难以掌握或容易混淆的部分。
深入了解和掌握这些知识点对于提高学习效果至关重要。
1.2 六上英语前三单元的重难点知识点针对本文指定的主题，“六上英语前三单元的重难点知识点”，我们将重点关注单词、词组、语法和阅读理解等方面的内容。
这些知识点将贯穿于第一单元的“My name’s Gina”、第二单元的“This ismy sister”以及第三单元的“What’s this？”的学习过程中。
二、重难点知识点详解2.1 单词和词组在前三单元中，学生将接触到大量的新单词和词组，如name、sister、brother、this、that等。
这些词汇在日常交流中频繁使用，但对学生来说往往是记忆和掌握的难点。
老师在教学中需要重点关注这些词汇的拼写、发音和用法，帮助学生掌握。
2.2 语法另前三单元还涉及到一些基本的语法知识，如be动词的用法、名词所有格的表达、物主代词等。
这些语法知识是学生建立英语语言系统的基础，因此在教学中需要重点讲解和巩固。
2.3 阅读理解除了单词和语法，前三单元还包括了简单的阅读理解练习。
通过阅读短文，学生可以巩固词汇和语法知识，并提高阅读理解能力。
然而，对于一些学生来说，阅读理解可能是一个相对较难的环节，需要教师在教学中引导学生多加练习。
三、总结与回顾通过对六上英语前三单元的重难点知识点的详细分析，我们可以看到，这些知识点虽然对学生来说可能是难点，但却是构建英语语言体系的基础。
在教学中，老师需要针对这些知识点采取有效的教学方法，帮助学生真正掌握这些知识，从而提高他们的英语应用能力和综合素养。
四、个人观点和理解在教学实践中，我发现学生对于这些重难点知识点的掌握情况有很大的差异。
初一英语语法及主要知识点归纳总结
初一英语知识点归纳总结分类：英语学习Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from一．短语：1 ．be from = come from 来自于----2．live in 居住在---3．on weekends 在周末4 ．write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信；写信给某人5 ．in the world 在世界上in China 在中国6．pen pal 笔友14 years old 14岁favorite subject 最喜欢的科目7．the United States 美国the United Kingdom 英国New York 纽约8．speak English 讲英语like and dislike 爱憎9．go to the movies 去看电影play sports 做运动二．重点句式：1 Where’s your pen pal from = Where does your pen pal from/2 Where does he live3 What languages does he speak4 I want a pen pal in China.5 I can speak English and a little French.6 Please write and tell me about yourself.7 Can you write to me soon8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports.三．本单元的国家,人民、语言对应;1 Canada---- Canadian---- English / French2 France------ French------French3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese4 Australia----Australian----- English5 the United States------ American---- English6 the United Kingdom---British----- EnghishU nit 2 Where’s the post office一．Asking ways: 问路1．Where is the nearest …… 最近的……在哪里2．Can you tell me the way to …… 你能告诉我去……的路吗3．How can I get to …… 我怎样到达……呢4．Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood 附近有……吗5．Which is the way to ……哪条是去……的路二．Showing the ways: 指路1. Go straight down / along this street. 沿着这条街一直走;2. Turn left at the second turning. 在第二个路口向左转;3. You will find it on your right. 你会在你右手边发现它;4. It is about one hundred metres from here. 离这里大约一百米远;5. You’d bette r take a bus. 你最好坐公交车去;You’d better+动词原形三．词组1. across from …… 在……的对面across from the bank 在银行的对面2. next to…… 紧靠…… next to the supermarket 紧靠超市3. between……and…… 在……和……之间between the park and the zoo 在公园和动物园之间among 表示位于三者或三者以上之间4. in front of…… 在……前面There is a tree in front of the classroom.课室前面有棵树;in the front of…… 在……内的前部There is a desk in the front of the classroom.课室内的前部有张桌子;5. behind…… 在……后面behind my house 在我家后面6. turn left/ right 向左/右拐on the left/right of…… 在某物的左/右边on the left of our school 在我们学校的左边on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右边on my left 在我左边7. go straight 一直走8. down /along…… 沿着……街道down/along Center Street 沿着中央街9. in the neighborhood=near here 在附近10 welcome to…… 欢迎来到……11. take /have a walk 散步12. the beginning o f…… ……的开始,前端at the beginning of…… 在……的开始,前端in the beginning 起初,一开始13. have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得开心,过得愉快我昨天玩得很开心; I had fun yesterday.I had a good time yesterday.I enjoyed myself yesterday.14. have a good trip 旅途愉快15. take a taxi 坐出租车16. 到达：get to +地方get here/ there/ home 到这/那/家arrive in +大地方I arrive in Beijing.arrive at +小地方I arrive at the bank.reach +地方17．go across 从物体表面横过go across the street 横过马路go through 从空间穿过go through the forest 穿过树林18．on + 街道的名称; Eg: on Center Streetat + 具体门牌号+街道的名称Eg: at 6 Center Street三．重难点解析1．enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的乐趣,喜爱做某事I enjoy reading. 我喜爱读书;到目前为止,我们学了两个特殊的动词finish和enjoy,都是要带doing.I finish cleaning the room. 我扫完了这间屋子;2．hope to do sth 希望做某事I hope to pass this exam. 我希望通过这次考试; hope +从句I hope tomorrow will be fine. 我希望明天将会晴朗;从句即是一个小句子,这个小句子又放在大句子中,从属于大句子,所以叫从句;如tomorrow will be fine是一个从句,它又放在I hope 的后面,形成句中有句;3. if 引导一个表示假设的句子;If I have much money, I will go to the moon. 如果我有许多钱,我就会去月球;If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket.如果你饿了的话,你可以在超市买一些食物;四．本单元的反义词、近义词配对1new—old 2 quiet--- busy 3 dirty--- clean 4 big---- smallUnit 3 Why do you like koala bears一．重点词组eat grass eat leaves be quiet very shy very smart very cuteplay with her friends kind of South Africa other animalsat night in the day every day during the day二. 交际用语1. Why do you like pandas Because they’re very clever.2. Why does he like koalas Because they’re kind of interesting.3. Where are lions from They are from South Africa.4. What other animals do you likeI like dogs, too.WhyBecause they’re friendly and clever.5. Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass.6. She’s very shy.7. He is from Australia.8．He sleeps during the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves.9．He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.10．Let’s see the pandas first.11．They’re kind of interesting.12．What other animals do you like13．Why do you want to see the lions三. 重点难点释义1、kind of 有点,稍微Koala bears are kind of shy. 考拉有点害羞;kind 还有“种类”的意思如：各种各样的all kinds ofWe have all kinds of beautiful flowers in our school.2、China n. 中国Africa n. 非洲China 和Africa都是专有名词,首字母都应该大写,而且和介词in连用;There are many kinds of tigers in China.There are many kinds of scary animals in Africa.3、friendly adj. 友好的,和蔼可亲的它是名词friend的形容词形式,常常和be动词连用, be friendly;The people in Chengdu are very friendly.4、with prep. 跟,同,和…在一起I usually play chess with my father.注意区别与and的用法,and通常用于连接主语或宾语,连接主语时,如果有I, I通常放在and 之后,如：My father and I usually play chess together.Play with “和…一起玩耍”“玩…”I often play with my pet dog.Don’t play with water5、day和night 是一对反义词,day 表示白天或一天,night表示夜或夜晚;通常说in the day, during the day, at night;Koala bears often sleep during the day and eat leaves at night.6、leaf n. 叶子复数形式为：leaves, 类似的变化还有：wife—wives, wolf—wolves, knife—knives等;7、hour n. 小时；点钟hour前边通常加上冠词an 表示“一个小时”, 即：an hour;There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour.8、be from 来自…be from = come fromPandas are from China. = Pandas come form China.9、meat n. 食用的肉,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修饰,即：much meatHe eats much meat every day.10、grass n. 草,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修饰,即：much grass; There is much grass on the playground.四. 语法知识特殊疑问句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how many”等开头,对某一具体问题进行提问;特殊疑问句的基本构成有两种情况：1. 疑问句+一般疑问句结构;这是最常见的情况;例如：What’s your grandfather’s telephone number 你爷爷的号码是多少Who is that boy with big eyes 那个大眼睛的男孩是谁Which season do you like best 你最喜欢哪个季节When is he going to play the piano 他什么时候弹钢琴Where does he live 他住在哪儿How are you 你好吗How old are you 你多大了How many brothers and sisters do you have 你有几个兄弟姐妹2. 疑问句+陈述句结构;这时疑问词作主语或修饰主语;例如：Who is on duty today今天谁值日Which man is your teacher哪位男士是你的老师我们学过的What/How about+名词/代词+其他也是特殊疑问句,它是一种省略结构;例如：I like English. What/How about you 我喜欢英语;你呢What about playing basketball 打篮球怎么样Unit 4 I want to be an actor.一．短语：1 want to do sth 想要作某事2 give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人某物/ 把某物给某人3 help sb do sth 帮助某人作某事Eg: I want to help my mother do some housework at home.4 help sb with sth 帮助某人谋事Eg: I want to help my mother with some housework at home5 in the day 在白天6 at night 在晚上7 talk with/ to sb 和----谈话8 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事Eg: He is busy listening to the teacher.9 in a hospital 在医院l10 work/ study hard 努力工作11 Evening Newspaper 晚报二．重点句式及注意事项：1 询问职业的特殊疑问词是what；有三种主要句式①What + is / are + sb②What + does/ do + sb + do③What + is/ are + 名词所有格/ 形容词性物主代词+ job2 People give me their money or get their money from me.3 Sometimes I work in the day and sometimes at night.4 I like talking to people.5 I work late. I’m very busy when people go out to dinners.6 Where does your sister work7 then we have a job for you as a waiter.8 Do you want to work for a magazine Then come and work for us as a reporter.9 Do you like to work evenings and weekends10 We are an international school for children of 5-12.三．本单元中的名词复数;1 policeman--- policemen2 woman doctor----- women doctors 3thief-----thieves首先主谓宾结构I have an apple.其次定状补I really have a big apple.really做have的状语状语修饰动词动词一般就是谓语动词big做apple的定语定语修饰名词名词一般是主语或宾语最后主系表结构它与主谓宾很相似只不过谓语动词时系动词最常见的是be动词及其变形I am a student;主语通常用于句子开端,主要有：i,you,he,she,it,we,they,但it有时用作形式主语,表特指;谓语,通常放在主语之后,一般是动词,表示“某某人在;;;”宾语,通常放在谓语之后,一般是主语的宾格;有时候是人,有时候是物;定语,状语,通常是从句;定语从句：常有关系代词that\which\who\whoes,关系副词when\where\why.通常选择关系词的步骤是：1、确定先行词2.确定关系词.主系表：主,就是主语;系,特指系动词,就是说当句子中没有谓语时,用系动词来代替;表,修饰系动词用;1、名词A、名词的数我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下：一在后面加s;如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas二x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es;如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes三1以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories2以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s;如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways四以o结尾加s外来词;如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes 西红柿, potatoes马铃薯五以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加ess;如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves六单复数相同不变的有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese七一般只有复数,没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks八单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员九合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词;如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数;如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers十有的单复数意思不同;如：fish鱼fishes鱼的种类, paper纸papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作works作品,工厂, glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水oranges橙子, light光线lights灯, people人peoples民族, time时间times 时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉chickens 小鸡十一单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s;如：Is I’s, Ks K’s;但如是缩略词则只加s;如：IDs, VCDs, SARs十二特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB名词的格当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式;构成如下：一单数在后面加’s;如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s二复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理;如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节三由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理;如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间共住一间,Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间各自的房间2、代词项目人称代词物主代词指示代词反身代词人称主格宾格形容词名词性第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数you you your yours yourself复数you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数she her her hers herselfhe him his his himselfit it its its this that itself复数they them their theirs these those themselves3、动词A 第三人称单数当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下：一一般在词后加s;如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains二在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es;如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes三1以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es;如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries2以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s;如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys四以o结尾加es;如：does, goes五特殊的有：are-is, have-hasB 现在分词当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下：一一般在后加ing;如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing二以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing;如：dance-dancing, wake-waking,take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having三以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing;如：put-putting,run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning四以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing;如：tie-tying系die-dying死lie-lying 位于4、形容词的级我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式;构成如下：一一般在词后加er或est如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st;如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest二以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est;如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est;如：happy-happier happiest,sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliestmore friendly most friendly, busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest四特殊情况：两好多坏,一少老远good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worstlittle- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest 5、数词基变序,有规则；一、二、三,自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去; first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth二、初一英语语法——句式1.陈述句肯定陈述句a This is a book. be动词b He looks very young. 连系动词c I want a sweat like this. 实义动词d I can bring some things to school. 情态动词e There’s a computer on my desk. There be结构否定陈述句a These aren’t their books. b They don’t look nice.c Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School.d Kate can’t find her doll.e There isn’t a cat here. =There’s no cat here.2. 祈使句肯定祈使句a Please go and ask the man. b Let’s learn Englishc Come in, please.否定祈使句a Don’t be late. b Don’t hu rry.3. 疑问句1 一般疑问句a Is Jim a student b Can I help you c Does she like saladd Do they watch TVe Is she reading肯定回答: a Yes, he is. b Yes, you can. c Yes, she does. d Yes, they do. e Yes, she is.否定回答: a No, he isn’t. b No, you can’t. c No, she doesn’t. d No, they don’t. e No, she isn’t.2 选择疑问句Is the table big or small 回答It’s big./ It’s small.3 特殊疑问句①问年龄How old is Lucy She is twelve.②问种类What kind of movies do you like I like action movies and comedies.③问身体状况How is your uncle He is well/fine.④问方式How do/can you spell it L-double O-K.How do we contact you My e-mail address is cindyjones163.⑤问原因Why do you want to join the club⑥问时间What’s the time =What time is it It’s a quarter to ten a.m..What time do you us ually get up, Rick At five o’clock.When do you want to go Let’s go at 7:00.⑦问地方Where’s my backpack It’s under the table.⑧问颜色What color are they They are light blue.What’s your favourite color It’s black.⑨问人物Who’s that It’s my sister.Who is the boy in blue My brother.Who isn’t at school Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to⑩问东西What’s this/that in English It’s a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名What’s your aunt’s name Her name is Helen./She’s Helen. What’s your first name My first name’s Ben.What’s your family name My family name’s Smith.12 问哪一个Which do you like I like one in the box.13 问字母What letter is it It’s big D/small f.14 问价格How much are these pants They’re 15 dollars.15 问号码What’s your phone number It’s 576-8349.16 问谓语动作What’s he doing He’s watching TV.17 问职业身份 What do you do What’s your father He’s a doctor.句子结构1.S主+ Vi不及物动词谓Time flies.1 S + V + adverbial状语Birds sing beautifully.2 S + Vi+ prep Phrase介词短语He went on holiday.3 S + Vi+ Infinitive 不定式We stopped to have a rest.4 S + Vi+ Participle 分词I'll go swimming.2. S 主+ Vt 及物动词谓+ O宾We like English.1 S + VT + N/PronI like music.I like her.2 S + VT + infinitive不定式I want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等;3 S + VT + Wh-Word + InfinitiveI don't know what to do.常用于这句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等;4 S + VT + GerundI enjoy living here.常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等;5 S + VT + That-clauseI don't think that he is right.常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel觉得, hear听说, hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind当心, notice, propose, request, report, say, see看出,show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder觉得奇怪;3. S 主+ V谓lv 系动词+ P表We are Chinese.除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,1表感官的动词,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等;2 表转变变化的动词,become, get, grow, turn, go,等; 3表延续的动词remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等;4表瞬时的动词come, fall, set, cut, occur等5其他动词eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等;1 S + Lv + N/Pron名词/代词He is a boy.This is mine.2 S + Lv + Adj形容词She is beautiful.3 S + Lv + Adv 副词Class is over.4 S + Lv + Prep PhraseHe is in good health.5 S + Lv + Participle分词He is excited.The film is interesting.4. S 主+ VT 谓+ In O间接宾+ D O直接宾I give you help.1 S + VT + N/Pron + NI sent him a book.I bought May a book.2 S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phraseHe sent a book to me.He bought a coat for me.间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do带来, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等;间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play演奏,save, sing, spare等;5. S 主+ VT谓+ O宾+ O C宾补I make you clear.1 S + VT + N/Pron + NWe named our baby Tom.常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate命名;2 S + VT + N/Pron + AdjHe painted the wall white.常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等;3 S + VT + N/Pron + Prep PhraseShe always keeps everything in good order.4 S + VT + N/Pron + InfinitiveI wish you to stay.I made him work常用于这句型的动词有：a不定式带to的词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等;b不定式不带to的词：feel, have, hear, know, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch等;5 S + VT + N/Pron + Participle 分词I heard my name called.I feel something moving.常用于这句型的动词有：catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch等;6 S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + InfinitiveHe show me how to do it.常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等;7 S + VT + N/Pron + That-clauseHe told me that the film was great.常用于这句型的动词有：assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warm等;8 S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-ClauseHe asked me what he should do.常用于这句型的动词有：Advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell.三、初一英语语法——时态1、一般现在时表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有：Be 动词：She’s a worker. Is she a worker She isn’t a worker.情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano I ca n’t play the piano.行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch Gina doesn’t have a watch.2、现在进行时表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball I’m not playing baseball. Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter Nancy isn’t writing a letter.They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music They aren’t list ening to the pop music.一．短语：1 ．be from = come from 来自于----2．live in 居住在---3．on weekends 在周末4 ．write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信；写信给某人5 ．in the world 在世界上in China 在中国6．pen pal 笔友14 years old 14岁favorite subject 最喜欢的科目7．the United States 美国the United Kingdom 英国New York 纽约8．speak English 讲英语like and dislike 爱憎9．go to the movies 去看电影play sports 做运动二．重点句式：1 Where’s your pen pal from = Where does your pen pal from/2 Where does he live3 What languages does he speak4 I want a pen pal in China.5 I can speak English and a little French.6 Please write and tell me about yourself.7 Can you write to me soon8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports.三．本单元的国家,人民、语言对应;1 Canada---- Canadian---- English / French2 France------ French------French3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese4 Australia----Australian----- English5 the United States------ American---- English6 the United Kingdom---British----- EnghishUnit 2 Where’s the post office一．Asking ways: 问路1．Where is the nearest …… 最近的……在哪里2．Can you tell me the way to …… 你能告诉我去……的路吗3．How can I get to …… 我怎样到达……呢4．Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood 附近有……吗5．Which is the way to …… 哪条是去……的路二．Showing the ways: 指路1. Go straight down / along this street. 沿着这条街一直走;2. Turn left at the second turning. 在第二个路口向左转;3. You will find it on your right. 你会在你右手边发现它;4. It is about one hundred metres from here. 离这里大约一百米远;5. You’d better take a bus. 你最好坐公交车去;You’d better+动词原形三．词组1. across from …… 在……的对面across from the bank 在银行的对面2. next to…… 紧靠…… next to the supermarket 紧靠超市3. between……and…… 在……和……之间between the park and the zoo 在公园和动物园之间among 表示位于三者或三者以上之间4. in front of…… 在……前面There is a tree in front of the classroom.课室前面有棵树;in the front of…… 在……内的前部There is a desk in the front of the classroom.课室内的前部有张桌子;5. behind…… 在……后面behind my house 在我家后面6. turn left/ right 向左/右拐on the left/right of…… 在某物的左/右边on the left of our school 在我们学校的左边on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右边on my left 在我左边7. go straight 一直走8. down /along…… 沿着……街道down/along Center Street 沿着中央街9. in the neighborhood=near here 在附近10 welcome to…… 欢迎来到……11. take /have a walk 散步12. the beginning of…… ……的开始,前端at the beginning of…… 在……的开始,前端in the beginning 起初,一开始13. have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得开心,过得愉快我昨天玩得很开心; I had fun yesterday.I had a good time yesterday.I enjoyed myself yesterday.14. have a good trip 旅途愉快15. take a taxi 坐出租车16. 到达：get to +地方get here/ there/ home 到这/那/家arrive in +大地方I arrive in Beijing.arrive at +小地方I arrive at the bank.reach +地方17．go across 从物体表面横过go across the street 横过马路go through 从空间穿过go through the forest 穿过树林18．on + 街道的名称; Eg: on Center Streetat + 具体门牌号+街道的名称Eg: at 6 Center Street三．重难点解析1．enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的乐趣,喜爱做某事I enjoy reading. 我喜爱读书;到目前为止,我们学了两个特殊的动词finish和enjoy,都是要带doing.I finish cleaning the room. 我扫完了这间屋子;2．hope to do sth 希望做某事I hope to pass this exam. 我希望通过这次考试; hope +从句I hope tomorrow will be fine. 我希望明天将会晴朗;从句即是一个小句子,这个小句子又放在大句子中,从属于大句子,所以叫从句;如tomorrow will be fine是一个从句,它又放在I hope 的后面,形成句中有句;3. if 引导一个表示假设的句子;If I have much money, I will go to the moon. 如果我有许多钱,我就会去月球; If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket.如果你饿了的话,你可以在超市买一些食物;四．本单元的反义词、近义词配对1new—old 2 quiet--- busy 3 dirty--- clean 4 big---- smallUnit 3 Why do you like koala bears一．重点词组eat grass eat leaves be quiet very shy very smart very cuteplay with her friends kind of South Africa other animalsat night in the day every day during the day二. 交际用语1. Why do you like pan das Because they’re very clever.2. Why does he like koalas Because they’re kind of interesting.3. Where are lions from They are from South Africa.4. What other animals do you likeI like dogs, too.WhyBecause they’re friendly and clever.5. Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass.6. She’s very shy.7. He is from Australia.8．He sleeps during the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves. 9．He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.10．Let’s see the pandas first.11．They’re kin d of interesting.12．What other animals do you like13．Why do you want to see the lions三. 重点难点释义1、kind of 有点,稍微Koala bears are kind of shy. 考拉有点害羞;kind 还有“种类”的意思如：各种各样的all kinds ofWe have all kinds of beautiful flowers in our school.2、China n. 中国Africa n. 非洲China 和Africa都是专有名词,首字母都应该大写,而且和介词in连用;There are many kinds of tigers in China.There are many kinds of scary animals in Africa.3、friendly adj. 友好的,和蔼可亲的它是名词friend的形容词形式,常常和be动词连用, be friendly;The people in Chengdu are very friendly.4、with prep. 跟,同,和…在一起I usually play chess with my father.注意区别与and的用法,and通常用于连接主语或宾语,连接主语时,如果有I, I通常放在and 之后,如：My father and I usually play chess together.Play with “和…一起玩耍”“玩…”I often play with my pet dog.Don’t play with water5、day和night 是一对反义词,day 表示白天或一天,night表示夜或夜晚;通常说in the day, during the day, at night;Koala bears often sleep during the day and eat leaves at night.6、leaf n. 叶子复数形式为：leaves, 类似的变化还有：wife—wives, wolf—wolves, knife—knives等;7、hour n. 小时；点钟hour前边通常加上冠词an 表示“一个小时”, 即：an hour;There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour.8、be from 来自…be from = come fromPandas are from China. = Pandas come form China.9、meat n. 食用的肉,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修饰,即：much meatHe eats much meat every day.10、grass n. 草,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修饰,即：much grass; There is much grass on the playground.四. 语法知识特殊疑问句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how many”等开头,对某一具体问题进行提问;特殊疑问句的基本构成有两种情况：1. 疑问句+一般疑问句结构;这是最常见的情况;例如：What’s your grandfather’s telephone number 你爷爷的号码是多少Who is that boy with big eyes 那个大眼睛的男孩是谁Which season do you like best 你最喜欢哪个季节When is he going to play the piano 他什么时候弹钢琴Where does he live 他住在哪儿How are you 你好吗How old are you 你多大了How many brothers and sisters do you have 你有几个兄弟姐妹2. 疑问句+陈述句结构;这时疑问词作主语或修饰主语;例如：Who is on duty today今天谁值日Which man is your teacher哪位男士是你的老师我们学过的What/How about+名词/代词+其他也是特殊疑问句,它是一种省略结构;例如：I like English. What/How about you 我喜欢英语;你呢What about playing basketball 打篮球怎么样Unit 4 I want to be an actor.一．短语：1 want to do sth 想要作某事2 give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人某物/ 把某物给某人3 help sb do sth 帮助某人作某事Eg: I want to help my mother do some housework at home.4 help sb with sth 帮助某人谋事Eg: I want to help my mother with some housework at home5 in the day 在白天6 at night 在晚上7 talk with/ to sb 和----谈话8 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事Eg: He is busy listening to the teacher.9 in a hospital 在医院l10 work/ study hard 努力工作11 Evening Newspaper 晚报二．重点句式及注意事项：1 询问职业的特殊疑问词是what；有三种主要句式①What + is / are + sb②What + does/ do + sb + do③What + is/ are + 名词所有格/ 形容词性物主代词+ job2 People give me their money or get their money from me.3 Sometimes I work in the day and sometimes at night.4 I like talking to people.5 I work late. I’m very busy when people go out to dinners.6 Where does your sister work7 then we have a job for you as a waiter.8 Do you want to work for a magazine Then come and work for us as a reporter.9 Do you like to work evenings and weekends10 We are an international school for children of 5-12.三．本单元中的名词复数;。
最新人教版八年级英语上册Unit4语法小结与重要词组
语法小结1、形容词和副词的最高级，用于三者或三者以上的人或物相比较。
例如：He is the tallest of the three boys.他是三个男孩中最高的。
{形容词最高级之前要加the (有物主代词时除外），副词最高级前the 可以省略}2、形容词和副词的最高级变化规则：①多数单音节形容词词尾加est 例如longest tallest cleanest②以e结尾的单音节形容词加st 例如largest latest nicest③以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词，双写这个辅音字母，est 例如biggest hottest thinnest④以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的形容词变y为i，加est例如easiest busiest angriest⑤两个或两个以上音节的形容词为most + 形容词原级例如most beautiful most important3、部分形容词转化为副词时在其后加ly，例如quietly---quietly comfortable---comfortably cheap---cheaply careful---carefully重要词组1.be close to 接近2.buy tickets quickly 快速买票3.the best clothes store 最好的服装店4.radio station 无线电台5.play the most boring songs 播放最无聊的音乐6.so far 到目前为止7.talent show 才艺表演8.more and more popular 越来越来受欢迎9.around the world 世界各地10.have …in common 有相同特征11.try to do sth 尽力做某事12.look for 寻找13.and so on 等等14.all kinds of 各种各样15.be up to 是…职责16.play a role( in doing sth) （在做某事上）发挥作用17.make up 编造18.for example 例如19. take …seriously 认真对待e true 实现。
自考现代英语语法重点
自考现代英语语法重点(总24页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Chapter 1 The Structureof the English Sentence(第一章绪论)一、难点、重点1.Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下：高级层次句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个词组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)低级层次词如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。
所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示：高级层次语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)词(由一个或多个词素组成)低级层次词素2． Morphemes词素 (Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme)（注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。
）什么是词素(morpheme)词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。
词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。
词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为／s，z，iz／。
某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。
所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。
词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。
7A Unit5 重点词组、难点解析、语法复习
7A Unit 5 重点词组、难点解析、语法复习【词组总汇】P.74-791. 想要你和我一起去买东西want you to go shopping with me2. 需要你拎所有的这些包need you to carry all the bags3. 即将到来come up4. 给某人买某物buy sb sth=buy sth for sb5. 买一些礼物给他们buy some presents for them / buy them some presents6. 相当贵quite expensive7. 看一看….. take/have a look at…8. 这些卡片多少钱How much do the cards cost? / How much are the cards?9. 去年的卡片在打折There’s a discount on last year’s cards.10. 某物在打折There’s a discount on sth11. 买打折物品buy sth on a discount12. 以8折买某物buy sth on a 20% discount13. 你要买什么？What can I do for you?/ Can I help you?14. 和他最喜欢的T- shirt 相配match his favorite T-shirt/ go well with his favorite T-shirt15. 有足够的钱做某事have enough money to do sth16. 有足够的时间做某事have enough time to do sth17 和….. 同样的东西 the same thing as18. 一家鞋店 a shoe shop19. 一家衣服店 a clothes shop20. 一家运动器材店 a sports shop21. 一家电器店an electrical shop22. 带她参观阳光地带购物中心show her around Sunnyside Shopping Mall23. 告诉她朋友关于他们的事tell her friends about them24. 告诉某人关于什么的事tell sb about sth25. 一双鞋 a pair of shoeP.80-8326. 四点半half past four27. 在足球场on/in the football field28. 写信给朋友write a letter to a friend/write to a friend29. 校篮球队成员members of the school basketball team30. 邀请某人去某处invite sb to sp邀请他吃饭invite him to dinner/邀请他去会议invitehim to the meeting/邀请他看电影invite him to see a film31. 在电话里和朋友聊天talk with friends on/over the phone32. 现在at the moment / at present / now33. 等轮到我wait for my turn /等轮到某人做某事wait for one’s turn to do sth34. 轮到某人做某事It’s one’s turn to do sth 今天轮到他开车了It’s his turn to drive today.35. 在阳光地带购物中心at Sunnyside Shopping Mall36. 呆在外面太迟stay out too late37. 站在桌旁stand at the table38. 许愿make a wishP.84-8939. 想要做某事would like to do sth40. 以......名义in the name of41. 稿纸，书写纸writing paper42. 一双新的足球鞋a new pair of football boots43. 试穿他们try them on44. 一家新的购物商场 a new shopping mall45. 在顶楼on the top floor46. 在公交车站at the bus stop 在出租车停靠站at the taxi rank47. 五层楼的商店five floors of shops48. 有益于、有害于be good/bad for49 一家体育用品商店a sports shop50. 来自不同国家的不同种类的食物different kinds of food from different countries51. 买东西之前看电影watch a film before going shopping52. 一家电脑游戏中心 a computer games center53. 见朋友的好地方 a good place to meet friends54. 做作业的好地方 a good place to do homework55. 携带着大的购物袋carry big shopping bags56. 在一家玩具店外面outside a toy shop / out of a toy shop57. 在隔壁商店里inside the shop next door 隔壁的女孩 a girl next door58. 打110求助call 110 for help 打电话向某人求助call sb for help向某人求助ask ab for help 向某人要某物ask sb for sth【难点解析】1. free (Page 74)free形容词，意为“有空的，空闲的”，反义词为：busy。
七年级英语知识点较难语法
七年级英语知识点较难语法英语作为一门国际性语言，是学生必须学习的学科之一。
在学习过程中，语法是学习英语的基础。
在初中阶段，学生接触到的语法知识相对较难，需要进行深入的学习和掌握。
以下是七年级英语知识点较难的语法。
一、时态在英语中，时态是很重要的一个语法知识点，它与动词的形式和使用相关。
七年级的学生需要学习和掌握三种基本的时态：一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时，以及它们的进行时态，还有完成时态。
对于一些特殊的时态如现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时，学生可以适量地了解。
二、被动语态被动语态是表示动作的接受者比较重要的一种语态。
在实际的学习和使用中，被动语态主要有一般现在时被动语态、一般过去时被动语态和一般将来时被动语态。
被动语态的构成方式为：be动词 + 过去分词。
需要注意的是，当短语动词使用被动语态时，要将助动词放在前面，而且主语要变成动作的承受者。
三、条件句条件句也是一个比较难掌握的语法知识点。
常见的条件句有三种类型：第一型条件句、第二型条件句和第三型条件句。
第一型条件句表示的是前提是真实的情况，后面的结果也是真实的情况。
它的结构为：如果 + 现在时，将来时。
例如：如果明天下雨，我就不去游泳。
第二型条件句表示的是前提是虚拟的情况，后面的结果也是虚拟的情况。
它的结构为：如果 + 过去时，现在时间语态。
例如：如果我有钱，我会买一辆新车。
第三型条件句表示的是过去的情况，可能会影响到现在或将来的情况。
它的结构为：如果 + 过去完成时，过去完成时。
例如：如果你昨天去了那场音乐会，你现在就知道那些歌曲了。
四、间接引语间接引语是英语语法中的一个难点。
它是将直接引语变为间接引语，构成不同的语法形式。
需要注意的是，在变换时不仅要改变动词和代词等的形式，还要改变句子的语序和标点符号。
例如：直接引语是：“I like swimming.”，间接引语就变成了“she said she liked swimming.”。
电大英语2重难点分析
电大英语2重难点分析《电大英语（2）》重难点分析在英语(1)的基础上,开放本科英语(2)的难度增大,语法密集,阅读量也大, 且词汇难度也有所加深。
根据对00级春季入学的开放本科学生的学习情况分析，学生普遍感到有一定难度。
对00秋入学的学生，要求不要有畏难情绪，学习中要抓重点。
为便于学生更好的学习，就各单元的重要内容,本责任教师将陆续按教学进度就各课重难点做出网上辅导，补充应该掌握的内容，供师生参考，并期待反馈意见，适时改正。
“英语（2）”所学语法包括：1．现在完成时和过去分词（第一、第二单元）2．现在完成进行时（第三单元）3．被动语态（第四、五单元）4．将来进行时（第七单元）5．将来完成时（第七单元）6．过去进行时（第八单元）7．过去将来时（第九单元）8．过去完成时（第九单元）9．间接引语（第十、十一单元）10．动词不定式（第十三、十四单元）11．名词性从句（第十五单元）12．状语从句（第十六单元）13．冠词（第十七单元）14．可数名词和不可数名词（第十七单元）Unit OneGrammar现在完成时Present perfect tense 重点掌握：用法：1. 表经历或经验，常用ever、never ：I have never been to Beijing.have been bhas beenbeen --- “be” 的过去分词have / has + 过去分词 (been / had / done)( I didn’t see Beijing with my own eyes.)I have ever traveled in Beijing.( I visited some of the places in Beijing.)2. 表最近发生的动作或状态：The new term has already begun.Cf. The new term began yesterday./ last week./ on Feb 26.I have read some books during the vacation. / holidayCf. I read the novel last week.I haven’t heard about it yet.Subject + have / has + not + 过去分词Cf. I didn’t hear about it. 表刚刚发生过的动作或事情： 3.I have just come here.结果： I came here.I have just got the book.结果：I have the book now.区别： I have a big nose.She’s got a pair of big eyes.4. 表示过去发生，目前可能仍然在继续下去的动作或事情，常与since、for 或during连用：Mr.Zhang has taught at SCRTVU for 10 years.Cf. She began teaching at SCRTVU in 1990.注意:since 可以作为连词:Mr.Wang has taught at SCRTVU since he graduated from the university in 1990.总结：现在完成时1. 动作发生在过去，对现在产生影响。
初中英语语法知识难点大全
初中英语语法知识难点大全英语语法知识难点(一)(一) 形容词和副词I．要点A．形容词1、形容词的基本用法形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。
如：He is honest and hardworking.I found the book interesting.某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。
如：The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.The English like to be with their families.多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。
如：the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.2、形容词比较等级的形式(1) 规则形式一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiestimportant-more important-(the)most important(2) 不规则形式good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worstmany (much)-more-most little-less-least(3) 形容词比较等级的用法①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：He is cleverer than the other boys.This one is more beautiful than that one.②表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in) …"如：He is the cleverest boy in his class.③表示两者是同等程度，用"as +形容词原级+as". 如：He is as tall as I.I have as many books as you.④越… 越…例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.⑤You can never be too careful. 越小心越好又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。
新目标英语八年级上册5单元重难点知识归纳
新目标英语八年级上册5单元重难点知识归纳Unite 5 Do you want to watch a game show一、词组、短语：1. want to do something 想做……2. hope to do something 期望做……3. expect to do something期待做……4. plan to do something方案做……5. join X 〔in something〕参加某人的……6. talk show 脱口秀7. sports show 体育节目8. talent show 才艺展9. game show 游戏节目10. soap opera 肥皂剧11. scary movies 恐惧电影12. action movies 动作电影13. come out 出版，发行，〔花〕开，〔太阳等〕出来14. be ready to do something 打算做……15. try one’s best to do something 尽最大努力做……16. a symbol of Chinese culture中国文化的象征17. another cartoon character 另一个卡通形象18. one of the main reasons 最主要的原因之一19. dress up like a boy 装扮得象我男孩子20. take her father’s place to fight in the army 替代父亲的位置去参军打仗21. play Mulan’s role well 扮演木兰演得好22. did a good job in the movie 在这部电影中演得好23. show her love for her family, friends and country向家人，朋友和国家显示了她的爱24. see something enjoyable看令人愉快的东西25. have a discussion about TV shows. 对电视节目进行商量26. Expect to learn a lot from talk shows期待从脱口秀中学到很多知识27. a great way to relax一个放松的好方法28. shows that are more educational= more educational shows 更有教育意义的节目29. a friend who is similar to you一个与你相似的朋友30. a place where you can enjoy time一个你可以享受愉快时光的地方31. good movies showing right now 现在正在上演的电影32. most of the movies on right now 大多数正在上演的电影33. one very famous symbol in American culture 美国文化中一个非常著名的象征34. the black mouse with two large round ears 这只有着大而圆的耳朵的黑老鼠35. over 80 years ago 80多年前36. first appeared in the cartoon 第—次出现在卡通中37. when this cartoon came out…当这部卡通发行的时候……38. the first cartoon with sound and music第—部有声配乐卡通39. the man behind MickeyMickey身后的男人40. became very rich and successful变得富裕而成功必背句子1. Some people might ask how this cartoon animal became so popular. 有些人可能会问这个卡通动物怎样变得如此受欢迎了呢。
中考英语重难点汇总
一．英语语法重点与难点1、as…as…结构：你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.2、(1)too…to与so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换：前者为简单句，主语只有一个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较：The man was too angry to be able to speak.The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to spe ak.The milk was too hot to drink.The milk was so hot that we can’t drink it.(2) too…to…与not enough to句型的转换：He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.The book is too difficult for me to read.=The book is not easy enough for me to read.3、形容词原级表示比较级含义：约翰不象迈克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.John is less stupid than Mike.John is cleverer than Mike.4、用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.John is the tallest boy in the class.John is taller than :any other boy.any of the other boy.all the other boy.any of the others.any one else.5、the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.The more food you eat, the fatter you are.6、more and more….表示“越来……越……”:More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.Our country is getting stronger and stronger.Mid-Autumn FestivalMid-Autumn Day二．中考考点—词组初中阶段大致有150组词语辨析,近几年中考英语常考的有20组左右。
难点英语语法与常见词组
情态动词表推测用法小结一、can / could用于表推测的用法(1) 从使用句型上看，can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句，一般不用于肯定句，而could 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。
两者没有时间上的差别，只是could 比 can 更委婉，更不确定。
如：It can’t [couldn’t] be true. 那不可能是真的。
What can [could] they be doing? 他们会在干什么呢?We could go there this summer. 今年夏天我们可能要去那儿。
注：can 有时也用于肯定句中表示推测，主要用于表示理论上的可能性(即从理论上看是可能的，但实际未必会发生)，或表示“有时”之意。
如：Even experienced teachers can make mistakes. 即使是有经验的教师也可能出错。
She can be very unpleasant. 她有时很令人讨厌。
(2) 从时间关系看，对现在或将来情况作推测，后接动词原形；对正在进行的情况作推测，后接 be doing 结构；对过去情况作推测，后接动词完成式。
如：He could have gone home. 他可能已经回家了。
He can’t [couldn’t] have understood. 他不可能理解了。
Why does he know this? Can [Could] someone have told him about it? 他怎么知道? 会是哪个人告诉他了吗?(3) “could+完成式”除表示对过去的推测外，还有以下重要用法：①表示过去没有实现的可能性，常译为“本来可以”。
如：I could have lent you the money．Why didn’t you ask me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你的。
你为什么不向我提出?②用来委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做，常译为“本来应该”。
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情态动词表推测用法小结一、can / could用于表推测的用法(1) 从使用句型上看，can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句，一般不用于肯定句，而could 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。
两者没有时间上的差别，只是could 比can 更委婉，更不确定。
如：It can’t [couldn’t] be true. 那不可能是真的。
What can [could] they be doing? 他们会在干什么呢?We could go there this summer. 今年夏天我们可能要去那儿。
注：can 有时也用于肯定句中表示推测，主要用于表示理论上的可能性(即从理论上看是可能的，但实际未必会发生)，或表示“有时”之意。
如：Even experienced teachers can make mistakes. 即使是有经验的教师也可能出错。
She can be very unpleasant. 她有时很令人讨厌。
(2) 从时间关系看，对现在或将来情况作推测，后接动词原形；对正在进行的情况作推测，后接be doing 结构；对过去情况作推测，后接动词完成式。
如：He could have gone home. 他可能已经回家了。
He can’t [couldn’t] have understood. 他不可能理解了。
Why does he know this? Can [Could] someone have told him about it? 他怎么知道? 会是哪个人告诉他了吗?(3) “could+完成式”除表示对过去的推测外，还有以下重要用法：①表示过去没有实现的可能性，常译为“本来可以”。
如：I could have lent you the money．Why didn’t you ask me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你的。
你为什么不向我提出?②用来委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做，常译为“本来应该”。
如：You could have helped him. 你本来应该帮助他的。
③表示“差点儿就要”。
如：I could have died laughing. 我差点儿笑死了。
二、may / might用于表推测的用法表示推测，两者都可用，只是might 比may 语气更不确定，表示的可能性更小。
(1) 在句型使用方面：两者均可用于肯定句和否定句，但用于疑问句时，may通常不用于句首，但可用于疑问句的句中（如特殊疑问句等），而might尽管可以用于疑问句的句首，但不算普通，通常会改用其他句式（如用could等）。
如：He may [might] know the answer. 他可能知道答案。
He may [might] not believe you. 他可能不会相信你。
And who may [might] she be? 那么她会是哪一位呢？(2) 从时间关系看，对现在或将来情况作推测，后接动词原形；对正在进行的情况作推测，后接be doing 结构；对过去情况作推测，后接动词完成式。
如：He may [might] tell his wife. 他也许会告诉他妻子。
He may [might] be writing a letter. 他可能在写信。
She may [might] have read it in the papers. 她可能在报上已读到过此事。
(3)“might+完成式”除表示对过去的推测外，还有以下重要用法：①表示过去某事可能发生而实际上却并没发生。
如：It was really very dangerous. I might have killed myself. 那真的是太危险了，我差点没命了。
A lot of men died who might have been saved．很多人本来可以获救的却死了。
②表示委婉的批评或责备。
如：You might have made greater progress. 你的进步本来可更大一些的。
You might at least have answered my letter. 你至少可以回我一封信嘛。
三、must表示推测的用法must 表示很有把握的推测，其意为“一定会”“肯定会”，只用于肯定句，一般不用于否定句或疑问句。
表示对现在或未来的情况作推测，后接动词原形；表示对过去情况的推测，接动词完成式。
如：I must be the happiest woman on earth! 我一定是世界上最幸福的女人了。
No, he must be lying. 不，他一定在撒谎He must have mistaken my meaning. 他一定误会了我的意思。
四、should have done 的用法should have done只用于谈论过去情况，主要有两个用法：一是用于推测过去已经发生的情况，二是用于指本该发生而实际上未发生的情况。
如：You should have told me so before. 你早就应该告诉我。
He should have arrived by now. 此时他本该到了。
Look at the time! We should have been at the theatre ten minutes ago. 瞧都什么时候了! 十分钟前我们就该到戏院了。
五、. need have done 的用法need have done结构主要用于否定句或疑问句，一般不用于肯定句。
用于否定句时，表示本来不必做某事，但实际上却做了；用于疑问句时，用于询问某一过去动作的必要性。
如：You needn’t have hurried. 你当时实在不必那么匆忙。
She needn’t have come in person —a letter would have been enough. 她本不必亲自来——写封信来就足够了。
Need you have paid so much? 你当时真须要付那么多钱吗?Need they have sold the farm? 他们那时非得把农场卖掉不可吗?补充：“情态动词+完成式”的用法归纳1. must + have done：用于肯定句，表示推测，意为“一定(已经)……”。
2. can + have done：用于否定句或疑问句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”。
3. could + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示推测、责备或遗憾等，意为“可能……”、“本来可以……”、“本来应该……”等。
4. should [ought to] + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示责备或遗憾等，意为“本来应该……”。
5. need + have done：用于否定句或疑问句，用于否定时意为“本来不必”，用于疑问句时意为“有必要……吗”。
6. may + have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”。
7. might + have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……(此时might 可换为may)；另外还可以表示过来可能发生的事结果未发生，意为“本来会……”(此时might 不能换为may)。
用法举例：He can’t have left so soon. 他不可能走得这么早。
I should have thought of it. 我本应想到这一点的。
You needn't have mentioned it. 你没有必要提及此事的。
You must have mistaken my intention. 你一定是误会了我的意图。
I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我或许得出了错误的结论。
You could have helped me—why did you just sit and watch? 你本可帮助我的，为什么只坐在一旁瞧着?英语从句的省略问题在下列情况下,引导宾语从句的关联词可以省略。
一、that在定语从句中作表语时。
例如:She is all (that) a teacher should be. 她具备一个老师应该具备的所有条件。
二、that在从句中作补语时。
例如:I'm not the fool(that) you thought me. 我不是你以前所认为的那个傻子了。
He is the nicest teacher (that) the students consider him in their school. 他就是学生认为学校中最好的那个老师。
三、作状语时的省略。
1. 当先行词是reason,且在定语从句中作原因状语时,可以用关系副词why或关系代词that,也可以省略。
例如:The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness. 他失败的原因是因为他懒惰。
That is the reason I did it. 那就是我做那件事的原因。
2. 当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关联词可用in which或that,也可以省略。
例如:The way(in which/ that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看待问题的方式是错误的。
That was the way(in which / that) she worked the problem out. 她就是用那种办法解决问题的。
3. 当先行词是time时,关联词可用when, that或省略。
例如:The second time (that) I saw him was in 2000. 我第二次见到他是在2000年。
I don't know the exact time (when/ that) the sports meeting will take place. 我不知道运动会举办的确切时间。
4.当先行词是place时,关联词可用where,that或省略。
例如:The place(where/ that) we will have our picnic is not decided yet. 我们举行野餐的地点还没定下来。
This is the right place he was born.这儿就是他的出生地。
(注意:句末不可用介词in)同学们往往认为关系代词作宾语时就一定可以省略,其实不然.在下列四种情况下,关系代词虽作宾语,却不能省略。