汉译英教程第十三章
第十三单元 翻译技巧
2.技巧
英译汉→理清上下文的衔接纽带，然后把句 子切分成短句，调整短句的出现的顺序。 例:1.Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs .
倒拆则是打乱原来的顺序，将
后面的提前译出。例:
It
was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us. 过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了 我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。 那些曾经向我们学习过的人现在已经超 过了我们。这对我们确实是一个挑战。
我不是第一个犯错误的人。 犯错误的人多的是，我又不是头一个！
含定语从句的句子：除少数情况外，这类 从句都是长句。在英译汉时，如能将定语 从 句译 成前置 定语， 则尽量 避免其 他译 法；如译成前置定语不合适，一般分译成 一个独立的句子或另一种从句，如状语从 句等。
例:
“Well, there is never anything happened in my family I’m ashamed of.” “嘿，我家可从来没出现过见不得人的事。”
例:
Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof. 执法部门不能负责任地对此不闻不问。
Unit 13 Marriage课文翻译综合教程四
Unit 13MarriageRobert Lynd1 “Conventional people,” says Mr. Bertrand Russell, “like to pretend thatdifficulties in regard to marriage are a new thing.” I could not help wondering, as I read this sentence, where one can meet these conventional people who think, or pretend to think, as conventional people do. I have known hundreds of conventional people, and I cannot remember one of them who thought the things conventional people seem to think. They were all, for example, convinced that marriage was a state beset with difficulties, and that these difficulties were as old, if not as the hills, at least as the day on which Adam lost a rib and gained a wife. A younger generation of conventional people has grown up in recent years, and it may be that they have a rosier conception of marriage than their ancestors; but the conventional people of the Victorian era were under no illusions on the subject. Their cynical attitude to marriage may be gathered from the enthusiastic reception they gave to Punch’s a dvice to those about to marry －“Don’t.”2 I doubt, indeed, whether the horrors of marriage were ever depicted morecruelly than during the conventional nineteenth century. The comic papers and music-halls made the miseries a standing dish. “You can always tell whethera man’s married or single from the way he’s dressed,” said the comedian.“Look at the single man: no buttons on his shirt. Look at the married man: no shirt.” The humour was crude; but it went home to the honest Victorian heart.If marriage were to be judged by the songs conventional people used to sing about it in the music-halls, it would seem a hell mainly populated by twins and leech-like mothers-in-law. The rare experiences of Darby and Joan were, it is true, occasionally hymned, reducing strong men smelling strongly of alcohol to reverent silence; but, on the whole, the audience felt more normal when a comedian came out with an anti-marital refrain such as:O why did I leave my little back roomIn Bloomsbury,Where I could live on a pound a weekIn luxury(I forget the next line).But since I have married Maria,I’ve jumped out of the frying-panInto the blooming fire.3 No difficulties Why, the very nigger-minstrels of my boyhood used to opentheir performance with a chorus which began:Married! Married! O pity those who’re married.Those who go and take a wife must be very green.4 It is possible that the comedians exaggerated, and that Victorian wives werenot all viragos with pokers, who beat their tipsy husbands for staying out too late. But at least they and their audiences refrained from painting marriage as an inevitable Paradise. Even the clergy would go no farther than to say that marriages were made in Heaven. That they did not believe that marriage necessarily ended there is shown by the fact that one of them wrote a “best-seller” bearing the title How to Be Happy Though Married.5 I doubt, indeed, whether common opinion in any age has ever looked onmarriage as an untroubled Paradise. I consulted a dictionary of quotations on the subject and discovered that few of the opinions quoted were rose-coloured.These opinions, it may be objected, are the opinions of unconventional people, but it is also true that they are opinions treasured and kept alive by conventional people. We have the reputed saying of the henpecked Socrates, for example, when asked whether it was better to marry or not: “Whichever you do, you will repent.” We have Montaigne writing: “It happens as one sees in cages.The birds outside despair of ever getting in; those inside are equally desirous of getting out.” Bacon is no more prenuptial with his caustic quotation: “He was reputed one of the wise men that made answer to the question when a man should marry: ‘A young man not yet; an elder man not at all.’” Burton is far from encouraging! “One was never married, and that’s his hell; another is, and that’s his plague.” Pepys scribbled in his diary: “Strange to say what delight we married people have to see these poor folk decoyed into our condition.”6 The pious Jeremy Taylor was as keenly aware that marriage is not all bliss.“Marriage,” he declared, “hath in it less of beauty and more of safety than the single life － it hath more care but less danger; it is more merry and more sad; it is fuller of sorrows and fuller of joys.” The sentimental and optimistic Steele can do no better than: “The marriage state, with and withoutthe affection suitable to it, is the completest image of Heaven and Hell we are capable of receiving in this life.”7 Rousseau denied that a perfect marriage had ever been known. “I have oftenthought,” he wrote, “that if only one could prolong the joy of love in marriage we should have paradise on earth. That is a thing which has never been hitherto.” Dr. Johnson is not quoted in the dictionary; but everyone will remember how, devoted husband though he was, he denied that the state of marriage was natural to man. “Sir,” he declared, “it is so far from being natural for a man and woman to live in a state of marriage that we find all the motives which they have for remaining in that connexion and the restraints which civilised society imposes to prevent separation are hardly sufficient to keep them together.＂8 When one reads the things that have been said about marriage from onegeneration to another, one cannot but be amazed at the courage with which the young go on marrying. Almost everybody, conventional and unconventional, seems to have painted the troubles of marriage in the darkest colours. So pessimistic were the conventional novelists of the nineteenth century about marriage that they seldom dared to prolong their stories beyond the wedding bells. Married people in plays and novels are seldom enviable, and, as time goes on, they seem to get more and more miserable. Even conventional people nowadays enjoy the story of a thoroughly unhappy marriage. It is only fair to say, however, that in modern times we like to imagine that nearly everybody, single as well as married, is unhappy. As social reformers we are all for happiness, but as thinkers and aesthetes we are on the side of misery.9 The truth is that we are a difficulty-conscious generation. Whether or notwe make life even more difficult than it would otherwise be by constantly talking about our difficulties I do not know. I sometimes suspect that half our difficulties are imaginary and that if we kept quiet about them they would disappear. Is it quite certain that the ostrich by burying his head in the sand never escapes his pursuers I look forward to the day when a great naturalist will discover that it is to this practice that the ostrich owes his survival.婚姻罗伯特·林德1 伯特兰·罗素先生说：“凡人百姓喜欢假装说婚姻中遇到的困难是新鲜事。
新英汉翻译教程13到15课
第13章例1：The book is a reflection of the Chinese society of my father’s time.这本书反映了我父亲那个时代的中国社会。
Today, we are still stirred by the sight of each flower and tree in the courtyard今天，我们看到院子里的一花一木和他用过的每一件东西，仍很激动。
The sight and sound of our jet planes看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。
例4：Expansion in business involves expenditure. 发展商务拉动消费。
例1．He gave a vivid description of the battle.他生动地描述了这场战斗。
例2．Mr. Pickwick was the impersonation of kindness and humanity.【译文】匹克威克先生表现了他的友善与仁慈。
例3．She is a lover of Italian painting.她喜欢意大利画。
例4．There were various possible players for the role.可能有好几个人要扮演这个角色。
例1:I was delighted at the thought of seeing you again.一想起又能见到你，我十分高兴。
Mastery of a language requires painstaking effort 学好语言非下苦功不可例3: An acquaintance of world history is helpful 掌握一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的例4：The study of behavior of every kind is a 研究每种行为就是研究对周围环境和事件所产生的各种反应。
汉英笔译基础教程第13章 词语误译[精]
![汉英笔译基础教程第13章 词语误译[精]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/89946c46453610661fd9f41a.png)
×
My only means to success is diligence.
√
分析：原文的“资本”是借喻，实际指“可以 依靠并取得成功的手段”。而英语的 capital 指
money used to produce more wealth or for starting a business，并没有中文那样的引申意思。所以 ，这里的“资本”不能与 capital 画等号。
13.2 专业词汇（科技术语）
充电指示条开始滚动。
Battery symbol is consistently rolling.
LOGO
汉英笔译基础教程
Basics of Chinese to English Translation
LOGO
第十三章 词语误译
Contents
I 13.1 日常词汇 II 13.2 专业词汇 III 13.3 文化词汇
13.1 日常词汇
我不怕冷。
I’m not afraid of coldness.
13.1.2 对目的语词汇的不甚了解
大家都怀疑汤姆是个间谍。
Everyone doubts that Tom is a spy.
×
Everyone suspects that Tom is a spy.
√
分析：doubt 作“怀疑”讲，是“不相信”的意 思；而 suspect 作“怀疑”讲，是指“对……有
13.2 专业词汇（政治词汇）
“台独”的英译是“Taiwan Independence”、 “Taiwan Secession”、还是“Taiwan Separatism” ？
比较平行文本
Separatism：对美国历史上实行的种族隔离政策 有这样的评价：“separate, but equal”(“虽分离， 但平等”)表述中虽然没有用“segregate”，但其 中不言自明，所指的是美国白人和非洲裔美国 人当时所处的种族隔离状态。
综合英语教程(第三版)BOOK2-课文译文 13.第十三单元
Unit 13TEXT有这么一天加夫列尔•加西亚•马尔克斯（Gabriel García Márquez）星期一，天刚亮，暖暖的，没有下雨。
奥雷里奥•埃斯科瓦尔(Aurelio Escovar)是一位没有学位的的牙医。
今天他起得很早，六点钟就开始工作了。
他从玻璃柜中取出一些还套着石膏模具的假牙，然后又取出一些工具，按照大小顺序一一摆在桌子上，就像是展览一样。
这位牙医穿着一件无领条纹衬衫，领口上有颗金色的纽扣，裤子用背带吊着。
身材挺拔而清瘦，可那种心不在焉的样子，好像只有聋子才会有的那种表情。
把这些东西在桌上摆好之后，他把牙钻拉到牙科治疗椅旁边，便坐在椅子上开始打磨假牙了。
他看起来漫不经心，似乎没有想过自己正在做什么，只是不停地干活，即使不需要的时候，他还是用脚给钻床打气。
过了八点钟了，他停下来休息了一会儿，透过窗户看了看天空，两只忧郁的秃鹰伫立在邻家房屋的栋梁上对着太阳晾晒自己的羽毛。
他继续工作着，心里想午饭前还会下雨的。
可是，十一岁儿子的叫喊声打断了他的思绪。
“爸爸。
”“什么事？”“市长问你能不能给他拔牙。
”“告诉他我不在。
”他正在打磨一颗金牙。
他拿起这颗金牙，眯着眼仔细端详着。
儿子的声音从在那间小小的候诊室里又传了过来。
“他说你在，因为他能听到你说话。
”牙医还是仔细地端详那颗假牙。
只有他干完活把假牙放到桌子上时，他才说道：“这下就好多了。
”接着，他又开始操作牙钻了。
他从一个装满必备用品的纸箱里拿出齿桥的几个构件，然后开始打磨那颗金牙。
“爸爸。
”“什么事？”他的表情没有丝毫的变化。
“他说如果你不给他拔牙，他就开枪毙了你。
”牙医不紧不慢，动作极其平缓，他停止踩踏钻床，把牙钻从椅子跟前推开，把桌子最下面的抽屉拉开，里面有一把左轮手枪。
“好吧，”他说，“让他进来毙了我。
”他把椅子转了一下正对着门，把手放在抽屉边上。
这时，市长出现在门口，他的左脸修得很干净，但是右脸就不一样了，肿胀和疼痛，五天都没刮胡须了。
连淑能《英译汉教程》TranslationofLongSentences（长句译法）【圣才出品】
连淑能《英译汉教程》TranslationofLongSentences（长句译法）【圣才出品】第13章Translation of Long Sentences（长句译法）13.1 复习笔记Translating long English sentences involves not only a mixed application of various techniques but also a careful analysis of their grammatical structures and logical sequences.英语长句的翻译不仅涉及复杂的翻译技巧，还要求对其句法结构和逻辑顺序进⾏细致的分析。
⼀、Features of Long English Sentences（英语长句的特点）English speakers build up long sentences in an “architectural style”. They pay more attention to construct “spatial structure”, often regardless of temporal sequences. It seems to us Chinese that they build basic structures in five patterns, namely, S + V, S + V + P, S + V + O, S + V + o + O, and S + V + O + C as mainstays, with words, phrases, or clauses as members of sentences, then join directly or indirectly, various kinds of nexuses composed of words ,phrases, or clauses as modifiers ,to the mainstays of the basic structures. Here, among other things, English inflection and function words play important roles in connecting various parts grammatically and in showing their relations logically.英语长句是按照“楼房建筑法”组织起来的：主⼲是五种句⼦结构，即主＋谓，主＋系＋表，主＋谓＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋补；枝叶是由词语、词组、从句等组成的各种各样的关系。
Unit 13 Marriage课文翻译综合教程四
Unit 13 Marriage课文翻译综合教程四In his essay on marriage。
XXX XXX。
XXX have always XXX。
He notes that he has never met XXX.XXX XXX。
when XXX may have a more positive view of marriage。
XXX to those about to marry。
which was simply "Don't," as evidence of this cynicism.XXX marriage。
XXX that this is because humans have a deep-XXX。
Marriage。
he argues。
is a way to XXX。
XXX isnot perfect and that couples must work hard to make it XXX.In n。
XXX people have always recognized the challenges of the n。
even if they have different attitudes towards it。
However。
XXX it.XXX marriage。
It seems that the idea of a perfect marriage has always been elusive.As for my own experience。
I can say that I have gone from one difficult XXX。
sung by minstrels。
which mocked the idea of marriage and warned of its difficulties。
While it is possible that these performers exaggerated。
自考英语笔译教材lesson 13 ex
把这个成分提到主题的 位置是为了强调
翻译技法：抽 象转具体 Oh, but all the rules of self-preservation were broken when we saw that little face, filled with the terror of death, being sucked downstream. In an instant, both child and Earl were gone. The boy went home that night, but Earl never came back. • 是啊！不过一看见那小脸带着害怕淹死的恐怖神情被 激流越冲越远，我们就把明哲保身的金科玉律统统打 破了。霎时间，孩子和艾勒都不见了。那天晚上，孩 子回到了家里，艾勒却永远没有回来。 翻译技法：被 动转主动 翻译技法： 正说反译
翻译技法：主转从； 子句浓缩为名词短语
He implied that we had been wrong in attempting such a rescue in the first place. Was he really being critical, or was I projecting my own tremendous feelings of guilt onto him? Or was he simply stating the facts? • 他的言外之意是我们下水救人，本来就不对。他真在 指责我们吗？还是我那极度内疚的心情影响了他？还 是他只不过说出真实情况而已？ 翻译技法： 正说反译
翻译技法：省略
“People disappear in that river every year,” one of the policemen said to me that afternoon, half in dismay, half in frustration. He did not seem very sympathetic when he took his report. But the whole city was falling apart. • “这条河里年年都要死人”，当天下午一个警察以一 种无可奈何的神气，沮丧地对我说。在他写报告的时 候，并没有显出多么同情的样子。不过，当时全城却 闹得人心惶惶。
高级英语下lesson 13课文翻译
Lesson Thirteen Work工作究竟工作是幸福还是痛苦的源泉，这可能是一个难以回答的问题。
Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question.毫无疑问有许多工作是非常令人厌烦的，而且过多的工作总是十分痛苦的事。
There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful.然而我认为，只要不过量，对多数人来说即使是最枯燥的工作也比终日无所事事要好些。
I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness.工作给人的愉快的程度多种多样，从仅仅是消烦解闷到产生巨大的快乐，这会随工作的性质和工作者的能力而异。
There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. 大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言，但即使是这样的工作也有一些很大的好处。
Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages.首先，工作可将一天的许多时间占满，人们不必再费神来决定应干些什么，大多数人在可以自由地按自己的愿望打发时间时，常常会不知所措，想不起有什么令人愉快的事值得去做。
Unit 13 篇章翻译(一)
Unit 13 篇章翻译（一）课时：2H教学目的要求：在汉译英中掌握如何恰当地翻译有关旅游的文章。
教学重点：旅游英语口语风格的翻译，背景知识对翻译的重要性。
教学难点：旅游英语中专有名词的翻译。
教学内容：丝绸之路1. 欢迎各位参加“丝绸之路游”，为期两周的游览将成为您一生中最难忘的经历之一。
Welcome to our Silk Road Tour. This two-week tour/ trip/ excursion will (may) turn out to be one of the most unforgettable (memorable) experiences in your life.[丝绸之路游可以翻译成the Silk Road Tour, 但译文中的our 显得更为亲切，因为这是关于为游客服务的内容，起到较好的宣传作用。
另外，汉语预期往往比较率直、绝对、武断，相比之下英语比较含蓄、委婉，可以把“将”弱化为may.]2. 丝绸之路的历史可以追溯到公元前2世纪，当时一名中国官员、朝廷使者张骞沿着这条连接亚欧两大洲的贸易通道出使西域。
The Silk Road can be traced back to (traces back to/ dates back to ) the second century before B.C., when Zhang Qian, a Chinese official and imperial envoy, went on business to Xiyu (the Western Regiion) along this trade route that linked (joined/ connected ) [connecting]Asia and Europe. (结构调整)3. 这条通道源于长安城（今天的西安），一路穿越陕西省、甘肃省境内的河西走廊、新疆塔里木盆地、帕米尔山区、阿富汗、伊朗、伊拉克以及叙利亚，最后抵达地中海的东岸，全程七千公里，其中有四千多公里的路段在中国境内。
英汉汉英视译教程下篇汉译英第十三单元 “把”字句视译
第13单元 “把”字句视译 （例段）
〈译评〉（1）视译版本淡化了汉语四字词结构， 把部分含有两个意思的词语予以分割， 就形成了符合英语结构习惯的逐词排列， 从而缩短了翻译时间，满足了视译的需 要。 （2）把两个接续“把”字结构组合在一 起翻译是典型的笔译做法。视译时将其 分割成两句话，既符合汉译英口译的断 句法，也体现了英语口语的表达习惯， 更满足了视译的逐句推进原则。
第13单元 “把”字句视译 （例句）
1.房地产商人把沿海的空地全部抢购一空。 【笔译】 The real estate men took up all the land available along the beach. 【视译】 All the land along the beach was taken up by the real estate men.
第13单元 “把”字句视译 （例段）
1.中华文明历来注重社会和谐，强调团结互助。 The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to social harmony, unity and mutual assistance.
今天，中国提出构建和谐社会，就是要建设一个民主 法治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序、 人与自然和谐相处的社会。 Today, China is building a harmonious society. It is a society of democracy, law, fairness, justice, integrity, fraternity, vitality, stability, order and harmony between man and nature.
研究生英语课文翻译Unit 13
Nine years for A and BDr. Johnson was the greatest man who made a dictionary. James A.H.Murray was the man who made the greatest dictionary: From 1879 to 1915, when he died, he devoted his life to the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary. Dr. Johnson had earned the right , as we have not, to call the lexicographer “a harmless drudge” for Jonson knew not only that a great deal more than drudgery is involved, but also that the amount of drudgery in the making of a dictionary is simply unimaginable. Even the dictionary maker fortunately can’t make real to himself in advance. Johnson博士是编著字典中最伟大的人，但是默里却编著了最伟大的字典。
从1879年起之道1915年他趋势，他把他的一生都倾注到牛津英语字典的编著中。
我们无权评价词典编纂者，但Johnson博士有这个权利，他称他们为“无害的苦力”，因为他知道编撰字典需要的远远不止苦力，并且其所需的乏味的工作的工作量简直无法想象。
即使是字典编撰者本人也无法提前知道？。
So the lexicographer-even a profoundly thoughtful and experienced one like James Murray-will grasp at the notion that the letter A is typical, so that he can really calculate, now that he has done A, how long are the vistas ahead. And then, all too soon, he is having to admit, not only that A isn’t typical(apparently it has lots of classically derived words, and these don’t have a great many senses), but that the whole idea of a typical letter is a will-o’-the-wisp. Or again, the lexicographer estimates the amount of time and effort involved in chasing up rare words or scientific terms and then finds that the hardest words are the ones that might seem easiest. The longest entry in the Oxford English Dictionary is for that simple slippery little word set, and Murray was plunged into black despair by “the terrible word Black and its derivatives.”所以即使是一个像默里这样思想深刻并且经验丰富的字典编撰者，也会谨记“字母A是典型”这个观念，既然他已经完成了A，今后还需要花费多长时间，他就可以实际的计算出来了。
新英汉翻译教程第十三章 结构转换译法 课堂互动答案
people in the West regard as the biggest threat to public
health in this century.” 【译文】他称这项拨款是“用于抗击艾滋病的荒谬绝顶的拨款，西
【译文】最近一些政府已经开始拨出更多的经费用于抗击 “非典”，与此同时却有数量日益增多的评论家告诉 说，这方面的经费仍然是远远不够的。
9
课堂互动2： 翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的位置
（参考译文）
3．He called it (=the sum of money) “a frankly ridiculous sum
第十三章综合练习及参考译文
13.1.1. 语言内部词性、词语的转换 13.1.2 .语言内部结构的转换 13.1.3. 语际间的转换
13. 2.1 兼动名 词
1) there be
结构
兼 2) be
13.2.2 兼动名词 结构的翻译
动 名 词
3) give 4) have
13. 2. 3 兼动名词 结构在句中的位 置
arrival of their international teacher. 【译文】学生翘首盼望外籍教师的到来。
5 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动1： 翻译下列句子, 注意兼动名词结构的译法
（参考译文）
5. Failure in a required subject may result in the denial of a
第七讲（第十三章） 结构转换译法
Structural Conversion in Translation
中国文化英语教程Unit13讲课稿
第十七页，共45页。
Discovery of the Terracotta Army
• Two features
➢ Life-size: soldiers about 1.85 meters tall; horses about 1.6 meters in height
➢ Various and distinctive:
第二十五页，共45页。
Vivid Sculpture
Various and distinctive: • vivid expressions;
Pit No.4
•An area of about 5,000 sq.m. •located between No.2 and 3
第二十四页，共45页。
Vivid Sculpture
• The terracotta warriors and horses caused a sensation upon their discovery, not only because of the impressive size of the army, but also due to the masterful craftsmanship of the sculptures.
第十五页，共45页。
Discovery of the Terracotta Army
Pit No.2 was discovered in the summer of 1976.
unit13ourschedules,ourselves课文翻译综合教程三
U n i t13O u rS c h e d u l e s,O u rS e l v e s课文翻译综合教程三-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIANUnit 13Our Schedules, Our SelvesJay Walljasper1 DAMN! You’re 20 minutes — no, more like half an hour — late for your breakfast meeting, which you were hoping to scoot out of early to make an 8:30 seminar across town. And, somewhere in there, there’s that conference call. Now, at the last minute, you have to be at a 9:40 meeting. No way you can miss it. Let’s see, the afternoon is totally booked, but you can probably push back your 10:15 appointment and work through lunch. That would do it. Whew! The day has barely begun and already you are counting the hours until evening, when you can finally go home and happily, gloriously, triumphantly, do nothing. You’ll skip yoga class, blow off the neighborhood m eeting, ignore the piles of laundry and just relax. Yes! … No! Tonight’s the night of the concert. You promised Nathan and Mara weeks ago that you would go. DAMN!2 Welcome to daily grind circa 2003 — a grueling 24-7 competition against the clock that leaves even the winners wondering what happened to their lives. Determined and sternly focused, we march through each day obeying the orders of our calendars. The idle moment, the reflective pause, serendipity of any sort have no place in our plans. Stopping to talk to someone or slowing down to appreciate a sunny afternoon will only make you late for your next round of activities. From the minute we rise in the morning, most of us have our day charted out. The only surprise is if we actually get everything done that we had planned before collapsing into bed at night.3 On the job, in school, at home, increasing numbers of North Americans are virtual slaves to their schedules. Some of what fills our days are onerous obligations, some are wonderful opportunities, and most fall in between, but taken together they add up to too much. Too much to do, too many places to be, too many things happening too fast, all mapped out for us in precise quarter-hour allotments on our palm pilots or day planners. We are not leading our lives, but merely following a dizzying timetable of duties, commitments, demands, and options. How did this happen Where’s the luxurious leisure that decades of technological progress was supposed to bestow upon us4 The acceleration of the globalized economy, and the accompanying decline of people having any kind of a say over wages and working conditions, is a chief culprit. Folks at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder feel the pain most sharply. Holding down two or three jobs, struggling to pay the bills, working weekends, no vacation time, little social safety net, they often feel out of control about everything happening to them. But even successful professionals, people who seem fully in charge of their destinies, feel the pinch. Doctors, for example, working impossibly crowded schedules under the command of HMOs, feel overwhelmed. Many of them are now seeking union representation, traditionally the recourse of low-pay workers.5 The onslaught of new technology, which promised to set us free, has instead ratcheted up the rhythms of everyday life. Cell phones, e-mail, and laptop computers instill expectations of instantaneous action. While such direct communication can loosen our schedules in certain instances (it’s easier to sh ift around an engagement on short notice), overall they fuel the trend that every minute must be accounted for. It’s almost impossible to put duties behind you now, when the boss or committee chair can call you at a rap show or sushi restaurant, and documents can be e-mailed to you on vacation in Banff or Thailand. If you are never out of the loop, then are you ever not working6 Our own human desire for more choices and new experiences also plays a role. Just like hungry diners gathering around a bount iful smorgasbord, it’s hard not to pile too many activities on our plates. An expanding choice of cultural offerings over recent decades and the liberating sense that each of us can fully play a number of different social roles (worker, citizen, lover, parent, artist, etc.) has opened up enriching and exciting opportunities. Spanish lessons Yes. Join a volleyball team Why not. Cello and gymnastics classes for the kids Absolutely. Tickets to a blues festival, food and wine expo, and political fundraiser Sure. And we can’t forget to make time for school events, therapy sessions, protest rallies, religious services, and dinner with friends.7 Yes, these can all add to our lives. But with only 24 hours allotted to us each day, something is lost too. You don’t just run into a friend anymore and decide to get coffee. You can’t happily savor an experience because your mind races toward the next one on the calendar. In a busy life, nothing happens if you don’t plan it, often weeks in advance. Our “free” hours bec ome just as programmed as the work day. What begins as an idea for fun frequently turns into an obligation obstacle course.Visit that new barbecue restaurant. Done! Go to tango lessons. Done! Fly to Montreal for a long weekend. Done!8 We’ve booked ourselves so full of prescheduled activities there’s no time left for those magic, spontaneous moments that make us feel most alive. We seldom stop to think of all the experiences we are eliminating from our lives when we load up our appointment book. Reserving tickets for a basketball game months away could mean you miss out on the first balmy evening of spring. Five p.m. skating lessons for your children fit so conveniently into your schedule that you never realize it’s the time all the other kids in the neighborhood gather on the sidewalk to play.9 A few years back, radical Brazilian educator Paulo Freire was attending a conference of Midwestern political activists and heard over and over about how overwhelmed people felt about the duties they face each day. Finally, he stood up and, in slow, heavily accented English, declared, “We are bigger than our schedules.” The audience roared with applause.10 Yes, we are bigger than our schedules. So how do we make sure our lives are not overpowered by an endless roster of responsibilities Especially in an age where demanding jobs, two-worker households or single-parent families make the joyous details of everyday life -- cooking supper from scratch or organizing a block party —seem like an impossible dream There is no set of easy answers, despite what the marketers of new convenience products would have us believe. But that doesn’t mean we can’t make real steps to take back our lives.11 Part of the answer is political. So long as Americans work longer hours than any other people on Earth we are going to feel hemmed in by our schedules. Expanded vacation time for everyone, including part-time and minimum wage workers, is one obvious and overdue solution. Shortening the work week, something the labor movement and progressive politicians successfully accomplished in the early decades of the 20th century, is another logical objective. There’s nothing preordained about 40-hours on the job; Italy, France, and other European nations have already cut back working hours. An opportunity for employees outside academia to take a sabbatical every decade or so is another idea whose time has come. And how about more vacation and paid holidays Let’s start with Martin Luther King’s birthday, Susan B. Anthony’s birthday, and your own! Any effort to give people more clout in their workplaces — from strengthened unions to employee ownership — could help us gain much-needed flexibility in our jobs, and our lives.12 On another front, how you think about time can make a big difference in how you feel about your life, as other articles in this cover section illustrate. Note how some of your most memorable moments occurred when something in your schedule fell through. The canceled lunch that allows you to spend an hour strolling around town. Friday night plans scrapped for a bowl of popcorn in front of the fireplace. Don’t be shy about shucking your schedule whenever you can get away with it. And with some experimentation, you may find that you can get away with it a lot more than you imagined.13 Setting aside some time on your calendar for life to just unfold in its own surprising way can also nurture your soul. Carve out some nonscheduled hours (or days) once in a while and treat them as a firm commitment. And resist thetemp tation to turn every impulse or opportunity into another appointment. It’s neither impolite nor inefficient to simply say, “let me get back to you on that tomorrow” or “let’s check in that morning to see if it’s still a good time.” You cannot know how crammed that day may turn out to be, or how uninspired you might feel about another engagement, or how much you’ll want to be rollerblading or playing chess or doing something else at that precise time.14 In our industrialized, fast-paced society, we too often view time as just another mechanical instrument to be programmed. But time possesses its own evershifting shape and rhythms, and defies our best efforts to corral it within the tidy lines of our palm pilots or datebooks. Stephan Rechtschaffen, author of Time Shifting, suggests you think back on a scary auto collision (or near miss), or spectacular night of lovemaking. Time seemed almost to stand still. You can remember everything in vivid detail. Compare that to an overcrammed week that you recall now only as a rapid-fire blur. Keeping in mind that our days expand and contract according to their own patterns is perhaps the best way to help keep time on your side.日程，自我杰伊·沃尔贾斯珀1. 讨厌!迟到了20分钟——不对，差不多半小时了——本来还想着这早餐会议可以早早结束，然后去赶8:30在城市另一端召开的交流会。
Unit 13 Friendship课文翻译
Unit 13 Friendship1. 我们的友善远非言语可以表达。
尽管私心像东面来袭的寒风吹过大地，整个人类却依然沐浴在爱的阳光里。
有多少人，我们与他们邂逅在厅堂，甚至从未交谈，可我们却尊敬他们，他们也尊敬我们！又有多少人，我们在街头看见他们，或者与他们同坐于教堂之内，虽然默默无言，我们却非常乐意与他们在一起！读读这些游移目光背后的语言，你内心就会明白。
2. 沉浸在仁爱之中，是一种发自内心的愉悦。
在诗歌里，在日常交谈中，对他人的仁义之德和满足之情，常常被喻为烈火的真实效果，这些发自内心的美丽光辉也同样迅猛，或许更迅猛、更活跃、更振奋人心。
从最炽热的爱情到最普通的善意，这些情感让生活美妙无比。
3. 我们的智力与能量因情感而增强。
一位学者端坐桌前，他数年的沉思激发不出思想的火花和快乐的语言；但当他有必要给友人写信时，心头便会立即情思泉涌、妙语连珠。
4. 看一看，一位陌生的访客，会使一户善良自尊的人家多么激动。
一番等待过后，当一位受人赞誉的陌生人到访时，全家上下无不诚惶诚恐，喜悲交加。
他的造访几乎使迎接他的好心人感到恐慌。
这家人将房屋打扫干净，归整所有家当，旧衣换成新装，还要尽可能设宴招待。
对于这位享有美誉的陌生人，别人的谈论只是些溢美之辞，我们听到的也只是些有关他的新闻善事。
对我们而言，他代表人性，更代表了我们的理想。
对他这般构想一番并寄予厚望之后，我们开始寻思应该如何同这样一个人进行交谈、相处，内心便惶恐不安起来。
同样的想法又增进了我们与之谈话的兴致，我们比平日更为健谈，思维极其敏快，记忆更为丰富，素日的沉默也一时被彻底打破。
我们长时间与之进行一连串真诚优雅、内容丰富的交谈，谈论自己最早最隐秘的经历，以至于坐在我们身边的亲属和熟人都对我们少见的才能惊诧不已。
但是一旦这个陌生人硬把他的偏袒、臆断和缺陷扯进谈话中，一切就都结束。
他从我们这里听到了他所能听到的最初的、最后的、最好的言语。
现在，他已不再陌生。
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汉译英教程
第十三章词类的转换
汉英两种语言，用词方式各不相同，同一意思在不同的语言中有可能使用不同类别的词表达。
如汉语中可用形容词作谓语，而英语必须用动词；汉语单句中可有几个动词。
而英语单句中谓语动词通常只有一个，其它汉语用动词的地方，英语中只有变换方式。
因此，汉英翻译时不可能总是保持原文词类的原貌，而须根据英语的甩词习惯选择词类。
现将常见词类转换现
象介绍如下:
第一节汉语动词的转换
一、转换成英语名词
1．汉语中做主语、宾语的动词英译时可译作名词，这时的名词一般都表动作意义或是动词
转化来的名词。
如：
a)我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门实行工业化。
We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the
economy
b)采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。
The adoption of this new device will greatly reduce the percentage ot defective products．
c)一切爱好和平的人们都要求禁止原子武器。
All peace loving people demand the prohibition of atomic weapons
2．汉语的一些动宾短语，英译时可采用"名词+of”引导的短语的结构。
如：
a)他一生的真正使命是想办法为推翻资本社会而作出贡献。
His real mission in life was to contribute，in one way or another，to the overthrown of
capitalist society.
b)看到这张照片，我想起了我的童年。
The sight of the photo brought me back to my childhood．
3 根据英语句式的要求转译为名词
a)在城市和乡村，托儿所和幼儿园都在大量扩展。
There has been a tremendous expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in both town and
villages．
b)骄傲自满最终毁了他。
Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his ruin．
c)一切旨在保证国际机构特别是联合国机构进行工作的便利条件必须恢复。
There must be restoration of all the necessary facilities for the functioning of international
organs，particularly the United Nations
4．政论文章和科技文章中，汉语动词转译为英语名词的现象比较普遍。
如：
a)要把控制人口、解决资源、保护环境放在重要位置。
Population control，the conservation of resources and environmental protection should be put in
an important place．
b)他们片面地注重重工业，忽视农业和轻工业，因而市场上货物不够，货币不稳定。
Their lopsided stress on heavy industry to the neglect of agriculture and light in dustry results in
a shortage of goods on the market and an unstable currency．
这种文体使用无生物类名词主语居多，汉英主语的变化，造成词类的转译。
a) b)两例皆届此类，这也是翻译政论，科技文章对应注意采用的一种技巧。
二、转换成英语形容词
1．汉语中表示知觉、感情、欲望等心理状态的动词，英译时可利用be+形容词”的结构。
如t:
a)他非常清楚自己的缺点。
He is quite aware of his shortcomings
b)他不满足于自己现有的成就。
He is not content with his present achievements．
c)工人们确信篮在短期内一定能建成这座现代化工厂。
The workers are confident that they will be able to build the modern factory in a short time．
这类动词常见的有：
害怕，担心afraid 感谢grateful／thankful 切望anxious 不知道ignorant
觉察，知道aware/conscious 遗憾sorrv
当心，注意careful 熟悉familiar
满足content 怀疑doubtful
确信confident／certain／sure 高兴glad／delighted
渴望、eager 嫉妒envious
2 汉语中有相当一部分动词英译时可换成be+形容词+介词短语。
如：
a)我们缺乏原材料。
We are short of raw materials．
b)他精通天文学。
He is apt at astronomy．
c)你的月票还能使用三天。
Your monthly ticket is good for 3 more days
三、转换成英语副词
汉语中动词有些可译成英语中的副词作表语或宾语补足语。
如；
a)我们到时，电影已上演了半小时了。
By the time we got there，the film had been on for half an hour．
b)他忘记关窗子，让雨潲了进来。
He forgot to close the window and let the rain in．
c)“放我出去”，房间里的孩子叫道。
“Let me out?”the chlid in the room cried
四、转换成介词或介词短语
英语中介词很多，用途很广，而且有一些介词本身是由动词演变来的，具有动词的特征。
a)穿红衣服的女孩是英语系的学生。
The girl in red is a student of the English Department
b)反对这个建议的人请举手。
Those against the suggestion，please raise your hand．
c)这篇文章我看不懂。
This article is beyond my comprehension．
d)布朗一家正在国外度假。
The Browns are on their holiday abroad。