研究生英语阅读教程翻译8-11
研究生英语阅读教程(课后翻译部分答案)
LESSON 11.因为英语是个杀手,正是英语造成了坎伯兰语,康沃尔语,诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡.在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言.然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在.所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语.英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧、,性别歧视的情况类似"）的偏见密切相关。
在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。
这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。
在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。
在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处，同时尽可能避免招来灾难。
LESSON 21.年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案,誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来.2007 年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校,现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学, 同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。
２.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。
他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。
当代研究生英语读写教程下》第八单元课文翻译
当代研究生英语读写教程下》第八单元课文翻译身份盗贼——迈克尔·希金斯1 大约在20世纪90代初的某一天，一位名叫斯科特·克林顿·吉尔伯特的骗子来到位于拉斯维加斯的一家简历和印刷商店，他的账单总数为185.3美元。
然后他以自己常用的方式付账：欺骗。
2 吉尔伯特以“罗伯特·哈特尔”的名字进行购物。
如果有人对吉尔伯特的真实身份表示怀疑，这个骗子已做好了充分的应付准备。
他已经弄到了“罗伯特·哈特尔”的驾驶执照、社会保险卡，甚至他的出生证明。
3 吉尔伯特或许对上面那笔小交易不以为然。
在这小骗局之前，他已使真正的罗伯特·哈特尔不断负债达11万美元以上。
这里包括三辆客货两用车，两辆摩托车还有一座超宽型的移动住宅车。
4 吉尔伯特后来被判定罪名成立。
在此之前，成千上万像他这样的罪犯已经悄悄发现在这个现金日渐消失的社会里，可以进行一种不留痕迹的偷窃：身份盗窃。
盗贼们发现，以假身份盗窃，既可让受害者无以防范，也可以让警方无法追踪。
5 埃德·梅日温斯基是美国公众利益调查集团驻华盛顿地区的消费者辩护律师。
他认为“这种行窃非常容易”。
“放下赔偿的问题不谈，现在的问题是，即使消费者看到盗贼被法办了，他们心里依然不能安宁。
”6 如今身份盗窃依然猖獗，犯罪率呈上升趋势。
不过它已不再神秘。
联邦调查局的官员们正举行高级首脑会议和研讨会，使立法官员们对此给予重视。
州立法者也在促成立法来严惩此类罪犯。
7 今年秋季，国会很有可能投票立案决定是否将身份盗窃定为重罪，其惩罚可高达15年监禁。
另一项议案是使消费者对个人信息有更多的控制权——比如说保护他们的社会保险号码不被人知。
一种90年代的罪行8 身份盗窃案涉及的范围究竟有多广，现在还很难说，因为对此罪行还没有一个标准定义。
但是在1994年一段时间里，出现了大量对政府、企业和消费集团提出的投诉。
9 美国联邦经济情报局对金融方面的罪行可以行使审判权。
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级版）课文及其翻译
Whupping (whipping/Beating) Fat AlbertBy Rudolph Giuliani[1] My father was an excellent (perfect, wonderful) boxer. His poor eyesight prevented him from becoming the prizefighter (warrior/ knight) he wanted to be, but at 6 feet and a lean 150 pounds, he was fast and tough. He understood the sport and would describe fights to me in great detail, explaining the strategies and techniques of the great fighters, men like (such as) Sugar Ray Robinson, Joe Louis, Willie Pep, Rocky Marciano, and Jersey Joe Walcott.[2] In boxing, he said, the most important skill was to stay (be) calm. This was the best lesson my father ever taught me—stay calm, especially when those (people) around you are uneasy or troubled (upset). The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool (calmness) the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas. If he remains calm, even while he's being hit, he can look for opportunities to hit back. (knock down->out knock out)[3] The lesson came in handy (turned out/ proved to be useful). My Uncle Willie was a New Y ork City police officer. Long after he retired, he always wore a jacket and, usually, a tie. He was a shy (silent/ timid) man who kept to himself (silent), and he'd spend his off hours reading the paper under the tree in front of our house. Next door lived another family, and the father was also a cop. For some reason, my uncle disliked him—perhaps he'd been nasty or unfair to Uncle Willie. Anyway, this guy (man/ fellow) had a son named Albert, a big fat kid, two years older than me—I was about 5 and he was 7. Albert took advantage of his size to intimidate (frighten) the other kids. He'd knock them down and roll (sit) on them.[4] My uncle used to read Spring 3100, the in-house police magazine. I loved looking at it—still do, in fact. I would pore over (study sth. carefully) Uncle Willie's copy, but only for so long—my uncle would always take the magazine back. One day he was sitting alone under the tree and my mother was nowhere in sight. He called me over. A copy of Spring 3100 was by his side.[5] "Y ou want this magazine, right?"[6] "Y es," I replied.[7] "Y ou want it to keep?"[8] "Sure!'[9] "Beat up Albert, and I'll give you the magazine."[10] "What do you mean?"[11] Uncle Willie said, "Look, your father's been teaching you to box. Throw a couple of jabs like your old man showed you and Albert will start crying—he's a fat slob and bullies are never as tough (strong/ powerful) as they seem."[12] I was reluctant, because Albert was much heavier than I was. But Uncle Willie showed me the magazine and let me hold it, before taking it back and repeating that it would be mine as soon asI got (made) Albert to cry uncle.[13] A little while (moment) later, Uncle Willie was sitting in his usual chair, when (suddenly) I saw Albert up to his usual tricks, pushing some kids around, all of them smaller than he. I don't remember exactly how it (fighting) started. All I know is that I found myself in a fight with him, just the two of us.[14] I started jabbing at his face—boom, boom, boom, exactly as I'd been taught—and they (jabs) were landing, nearly all of them. Albert never laid a hand on me—or if he did, I didn't notice.His nose started bleeding, a shiner was rising (swelling) nicely (noticeably), and finally he started to cry. Then he turned and ran home (ad.).[15] I went home, too, and told my mother. She slapped me hard (heavily) across the face. "Apologize right now, and I'm going to tell your father tonight. He's going to give you a real beating."[16] "I don't want to apologize," I mumbled. "He started it." For that I got a second slap.[17] Albert was still crying, and I begrudgingly (reluctantly) said, "I'm sorry, Albert." My mother made (forced) us (to) shake hands and ordered me to stay in for the rest of the day. I glanced at my uncle, and thought, at least he could give me the darn magazine. But I didn't give him up. I just went slowly up to my room. About 20 minutes later, his daughter, my cousin (/=nephew/ niece) Evangeline, came up. She was carrying his copy of Spring 3100. "My dad wanted you to have this," she said. "Since you have to stay in all day." I looked out the window. Uncle Willie was still there, under his tree, and he gave me a nod—as much for keeping my mouth shut, I knew, as for whipping Albert.[18] My father came home that evening, and my mother told him what had happened. I could hear them (talk) talking in the room next door. It was his fault, my mother said, for teaching me to box. He should give me a licking (beating) I'd never forget. My father came up to me, but before he could adopt (~ed child) a suitable face (expression) of disapproval, he blurted, "You whipped Albert? God almighty (mighty=powerful)! He's two years older than you, and 25 pounds heavier!" (mighty=powerful)[19] Standing up to bullies might sound like a glib call to be macho (brave), but the truth is it takes a toll on you. One of the best reasons to let bullies know you won't back down (withdraw/ retreat) from a fight is so (difficult) that it doesn't get to (express) that point (meaning). That's not just a theory—there were many times (cases/ often) in my administration when an early confrontation led to far less fighting (struggle) down the road (in the direction). Here's an example. At about 8:40 p. m. on Wednesday, July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean just off (away from) Long Island. All 230 on board the Paris-bound 747, which had taken off from Kennedy International Airport, were killed. My community response team and I got to the scene (site)(scenery) within an hour and set up an assistance (help) center at the Ramada Plaza Hotel near the airport to provide aid (help) and counseling (comfort) to family members. [boarding school][20] When we got (arrived) there, the first thing we tried to do was (to) obtain (get) the manifest so (that) we could be sure who had been on the plane. Airlines are required by law to compile a complete list of passengers on international flights, including full names, passport information, and emergency phone contact numbers. This information is supposed (thought to (=should) be made available within three hours of any crash. In this case, by 11:30 p. m., TWA said 229 people were aboard. By noon the next day, they were saying the number was 228. Later in the afternoon, they put the number at 230. I repeatedly demanded an accurate passenger list from TWA but was given every excuse why the airline couldn't produce one. I sensed (felt) something was up (was happening) when I received a call about 4 a. m. from the CEO of the airline, Jeffrey Erickson, from a plane heading for Kennedy. I told him that I needed the manifest. He said we would talk when he got to New Y ork, that he wanted to "liaise" (contact) with me. I don't agree to liaise with people I haven't met. But then I thought, well, maybe I shouldn't be so judgmental (subjunctive) based on the use of one word.[21] By the next day, I was exasperated. I felt we were getting the runaround. When Ericksonfinally showed up (appeared), he addressed the families and the press at Kennedy Airport, and spoke for under (less than) a minute. He refused to take a single question. He added nothing to what we already knew; there was certainly nothing to liaise about.[22] On behalf of the families of the passengers—and with an eye toward future disasters—I decided to make my anger known. On several national shows and on all the local channels, I criticized TWA for caring more about covering (hiding) itself than promptly notifying (informing) suffering family members. On Friday, I recorded my weekly WABC radio show from the Ramada and said, "The upper management of TWA incompetently handled (delt with) the notification process for the families. That continues to be exacerbated (worse) by their not telling the truth about what happened."[23] Three months later, Erickson resigned (sign + nature->signature). But that wasn't the point (key). In a city the size of New Y ork, disasters are inevitable (=unavoidable). I wanted leaders of companies involved in any future disaster to understand just what was expected of them—clear, honest, timely communication. By refusing to keep quiet about TWA's behavior, I made sure (granter) the consequences of putting corporate needs ahead of human suffering were understood. (1, 388 words).OUT THE AUTHORRudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944) served as the Mayor of New Y ork from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2001.EXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. Rudolph Giuliani's father was _____.A. a successful boxing prizefighterB. able to win fights with techniquesC. very tall and strongD. well informed of boxing2. The strategies and techniques of a great fighter that Rudolph Giuliani learned from his father _____.A. were soon practicedB. were later used when he grew upC. didn't work for GiulianiD. were made into theory by Giuliani3. Uncle Willie didn't like their neighboring policeman probably because _____.A. he often abused childrenB. he was unfair while executing the lawC. he had treated Uncle Willie unfairlyD. he was a crazy and unreasonable man4. What made Giuliani decide to beat Albert?A. Albert took advantage of his size to bully other kids.B. Albert used to intimidate Giuliani.C. Giuliani didn't like him.D. Giuliani wanted to keep a police magazine.5. In the fighting between Giuliani and Albert, Albert _____.A. lost his control the first time he was hitB. missed almost all his targetsC. ended up flat on his backD. never had any chance to use his hands6. After Giuliani's father was told about the fighting he _____.A. was very excitedB. gave Giuliani a real beatingC. didn't believe itD. kissed his son as an encouragement7. The theory of standing up to bullies _____.A. took a heavy toll in Giuliani's later lifeB. became a very useful strategy in Giuliani's lifeC. led to far less fighting in Giuliani's later lifeD. helped him win in his running for the mayor8. Giuliani criticized TWA company for _____.A. being unable to provide an accurate passenger listB. planning to liaise with GiulianiC. its covering of itselfD. its CEO's be lated showing up9. The most important reason for Erickson's resignation is that _____.A. he lied to the public about the truth of his companyB. as a CEO he didn't live up to the expectations of the publicC. his company was involved in a disaster in which too many people were killedD. as a CEO he was incompetent in dealing with their business partners10. Giuliani disclosed the TWA's misconduct because he wanted to tell the companies that _____.A. they must pay price if they care about their company' interests more than human injuries and lossB. they will lose in the competition with their rivals if they put their needs ahead of human sufferingC. serious consequences will follow if they don't corporate with the city's government in a disasterD. companies will suffer a lot if they don't communicate with the public honestly and timelyII. VocabularyRead the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.A. connectionB. exchangeC. fightD. interaction2. Tom Landry is one of the most successful football coaches in National Football League history, and he was known for his unruffled manner and fierce competitiveness.A. calmB. braveC. politeD. mild (climate<->weather)3. At the auction, he offered ridiculously low bids and intimidated other would-be buyers so that he could buy back the farm at an extremely low price.A. betrayedB. frightenedC. gatheredD. cheated (deceive)4. After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing the job.A. presently (timely/ in time/ promptly)B. reasonablyC. willinglyD. reluctantly5. People with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing; they may run into thestreet without looking, blurt out inappropriate comments in class, and interrupt conversations.A. utter (->utterance)B. conductC. makeD. crush6. An attendant Labor press officer mumbled: "We're shameless, aren't we?" [(1)vt.: attend a meeting/ a class; (2)vi.: attend to sb.; flight attendant]A. claimedB. acknowledgedC. proposed (suggest)D. muttered7. During the congressional elections of 1866, Johnson campaigned for his Reconstruction Program (project), but his efforts hurt his cause (事业) more than they helped. This exasperated him into heated (激烈) and undignified arguments. (congress->Capitol)A. hitB. beatC. angeredD. stirred8. One primary intervention therefore was for me to liaise regularly with the ward so that Mrs. Allen was fully informed about the situation. (well-informed<->ill-informed; inform sb of sth.)A. negotiateB. contactC. imposeD. stimulate (stimuli and response)9. Difficult market conditions were exacerbated when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Zealand raw material markets, driving up prices.A. deterioratedB. (alter<->)changedC. (go to sb’s relief/ relieve sb./ rescue sb./ relief->relievedD. solved (a problem; answer a question)10. Thus all material to be shown will have been compiled in the knowledge that it would be made available.A. verifiedB. sortedC. extractedD. (A is ~ of B and C. ) composedB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.take a toll on end up pore over slap bullylose one's cool be up come in handy strategy promptly1. Human-made structures also take a toll (bring heavy losses) on migrants. Skyscrapers and radio towers have caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of migrating birds. (migrate->migrant; emigrate<->immigrate)2. Amanda stayed calm at the moment and didn't lose her cool (n.).3. We both like driving it so much that we end up using it all the time.4. We should remember from Mayhew's account (description) that the boots also come in handy (prove to/ turn out to be useful) for kicking policemen and other traditional foes (夙敌) of the costers.5. In his lunch breaks Doisneau pored over books on photography, and at weekends he set off (start out) alone with a heavy wooden camera and tripod to capture the first of the "personal" photographs that would be the basis (base) of his life's work.6. Last night the woman, who did not wish to be named, said: "I'm really (fury->)furious, I'd just love to slap him on (the) his nasty face."7. I could tell by the look (expression) on his face that something was up (was happening).8. Essential (important) information on the progress of the project is conveyed throughout its duration and any enforced changes are notified promptly (timely/ in time).9. This use of a series of releasers, one after the other, is a strategy frequently employed (used) in communication.10. He wasn't, in fact, a very nice (good) boy, a bully and rather stupid.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage candidly and choose the hest answer from the four choices given .for each blank.New Y ork City has a highly centralized municipal (urban<->rural) government. The mayor, chosen by a citywide electorate for a four-year term, has wide 1 powers. The mayor has a leadership role in budget-making, authority to organize and reorganize administrative agencies and to 2 and remove their heads, a strong veto (否决权), and all powers not specifically otherwise granted. The comptroller (审计官) , elected on a citywide basis for a four-year term, recommends financial policies and advises the mayor and the city council in the preparation of the 3 .There are nine major administrative agencies, called administrations. The police and fire departments are not 4 as administrations, but are also principal (major) agencies. Certain important city agencies include the board of education, the board of higher education, the health and hospitals corporation, and the housing authority. 5 two major agencies are bi-state or regional in character (nature): the Port Authority of New Y ork and New Jersey, which controls airports and interstate buses, and the Transportation Authority, which controls subway and bus operations in the city and railroad service in New Y ork and Connecticut.Legislative authority is 6 by the city council, made up of 51 members, who are elected from 7 districts for four-year terms. The 8 officer is the public advocate, chosen for a four-year term by a citywide electorate. The advocate can vote only to 9 . The most powerful member of the council is the speaker (spokesman), who is chosen by a 10 of the members and appoints the heads of the various council committees. The council introduces and legislates all laws and approves the budget; it can override a mayoral veto by a vote of two-thirds of all the members.1. A. productive B. manipulative C. speculative D. executive2. A. appoint B. fire C. arrange D. offer3. A. economy B. budget C. revenue D. expense4. A. included B. undertaken C. classified D. called5. A. At last B. As usual C. In addition (=besides) D. After all6. A. grabbed B. guarded C graded D. granted7. A. personal B. individual C. private D. single8. A. presidential B. practicing C. presiding D. present9. A. break a tie B. make a decision C. draw a conclusion D. give a summary10. A. minimum B. maximum C. minority D. majorityIV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas.能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三版-课后习题(翻译)答案-Lesson-1-2-4-6-8-11-12
Lesson 11. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx.There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh...that their long-term future must be considered...very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a conditionparallel to racism and sexism).As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default)encouraged or at least tolerated-and certainly have not opposed-the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
研究生英语阅读教程课文全文参考译文
研究生英语阅读教程课文全文参考译文研究生英语阅读教程课文全文参考译文研究生英语阅读教程（提高级）第三版课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在深水地平线钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 作为一家石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯贝克领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度，来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心。
”这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生、但一旦发生却会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的机会时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让深水地平线更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件。
”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特斯塔文说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）。
大多数在深水地平线工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
同样，不久以前，伯南克和格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
许多购房者签订了负担不起的抵押贷款，相信一旦其价格上涨，他们可以再融资或卖掉房子。
《研究生英语阅读教程》(基础级)第三版课文译文
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆•麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔•普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。
（第141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。
在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。
他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。
在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。
第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。
二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。
从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。
（3）从来没有像英语这样?语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。
总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L3)
第三课 A焦虑的另一个名字就是挑战詹姆斯林肯克利尔（1）在大二结束、升大三之前的那年暑假，我有个机会可以到阿根廷的一个大牧场去打工。
我的室友 Ted 的爸爸是做养牛生意的，他想让 Ted 去学学。
Ted 说如果能让他带一个朋友去，他就去。
他选择了我。
一想到能到南美洲阿根廷的大平原去度过两个月传奇式的生活就让人兴奋。
可是我转念又一想，我从未远离过新英格兰地区（在美国的东北部），而且我刚上大学时前几周还想家呢。
如果到了一个陌生的国家会怎么样呢？语言不通怎么办？另外，我已经答应我弟弟，暑假的时候要教他开帆船。
我越想越沮丧。
晚上睡觉醒来时浑身冒冷汗。
（2）最后我拒绝了 Ted 的邀请。
可是当 Ted 邀请别人去的时候，我又追悔莫及。
两周后我回到了家还是干我以前暑假打工的工作——在当地的超市里开货箱上货，我感到心情很不好。
我因为害怕，拒绝了我想干的工作，结果感到很郁闷。
有好长一段时间我都缓不过劲来。
等秋季开学时，听说 Ted 和他的朋友暑假过得非常开心，我心里还是不高兴。
（3）这个不愉快的夏天最终给了我一个非常有意义的教训，后来我把它当作生活的一个原则，那就是宁可做使你害怕的事，也不要做那些让你抑郁的事。
（4）当然，我这里指的不是严重的焦虑和抑郁状态，因为严重的焦虑和抑郁状态是需要治疗的。
我这里指的是我们一般称之为怯场，心里不踏实或神经非常紧张的那种状态，比如说我们找工作面试时、我们要组织一次大型的晚会时、或我们必须在办公室做重要报告时的那种感觉。
我指的这种郁闷就是心情不好，感觉很沮丧，对什么事也不感兴趣，什么事也干不进去、也没精力去干。
（5）在我大学四年级快结束时，也遇到了这种情况。
因为毕业临近，我开始尝试考虑把写作作为我的终生职业。
但是我的一个教授极力劝我考研究生，目的是今后可以以教书为职业。
我踌躇了。
一想到以写作为生就使人感到害怕，我想比暑假到阿根廷大平原上打工还可怕。
我想来想去，做了决定又放弃。
突然我意识到每次我想放弃写作，心情都会特别沉重，很沮丧。
修改版——研究生英语阅读教程(提高级)课后习题翻译(1、2、4、6、7、8、11、13单元)
Lesson 1√1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,”said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
研究生英语精读教程 Eight
1. 2. 3. 4.
explicit※ adj. clear and fully expressed明确的 implicit△ adj. meant though not plainly expressed含蓄的 refinement※ n. the quality of being refined优雅，文雅 crudity n. the state or quality of being crude粗鲁, 粗野
1. pharisaic(al) adj. making a show of being good and religious(贬义)伪装虔诚的, 伪善的
1. proverb△ n. a short well-known saying in popular language格言, 谚语
［5］But more than mere taste is at stake; and, realizing this, the supporters of either party have rationalized* their preferences in terms of arguments that involve an appeal to more objective standards than those of a simple personal preference.
［2］Conversely, I am not a lowbrow*, because I do not enjoy lowbrow processes and experiences. Thus I derive a great deal less pleasure from jazz and thrillers* than from the music, let us say, of Beethoven or the novels, for example, of Dostoevsky①;
研究生英语综合教程UNIT8课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)
UNIT81. In the last year, MOOCs have gotten a tremendous amount of publicity. Last November, the New York Times decided that 2012 was “the Year of the MOOC,” and columnists like David Brooks and Thomas Friedman have proclaimed ad nausea that the MOOC “revolution” is a “tsunami” that will soon transform higher education. As a Time cover article on MOOCs put it — in a rhetorical flourish that has become a truly dead cliché — “College is Dead. Long Live College!”2. Where is the hype coming from? On the one hand, higher education is ripe for “disruption” — to use Clayton Christensen’s theory of “disruptive innovation” — because there is a real, systemic crisis in higher education, one that offers no apparent or immanent solution. It’s hard to imagine how the status quo can survive if you extend current trends forward into the future: how does higher education as we know it continue if tuition fees and student debt continue to skyrocket while state funding continues to plunge? At what point does the system simply break down? Something has to give.3.At the same time, the speed at which an obscure form of non-credit-based online pedagogy has gone so massively mainstream demonstrates the level of investment that a variety of powerful people and institutions have made in it. The MOOC revolution, if it comes, will not be the result of a groundswell of dissatisfaction felicitously finding a technology that naturally solves problems, nor some version of the market’s invisible hand. It’s a tsunami powered by the interested speculation of interested parties in a particular industry. MOOCs are, and will be, big business, and the way that their makers see profitability at the end of the tunnel is what gives them their particular shape.4. After all, when the term itself was coined in 2008 — MOOC, for Massively Open Online Course — it described a rather different kind of project. Dave Cormier suggested the name for an experiment in open courseware that George Siemens and Stephen Downes were putting together at the University of Manitoba, a class of 25 students that was opened up to over 1,500 online participants. The tsunami that made land in 2012 bears almost no resemblance to that relatively small — and very differently organized — effort at a blended classroom.For Cormier, Siemens, and Downes, the first MOOC was part of a long-running engagement with connectivist principles of education, the idea that we learn best when we learn collaboratively, in networks, because the process of learning is less about acquiring new knowledge “content” than about building the social and neural connections that will 1. 去年，“大规模在线开放课程”得到了广泛的宣传。
(民大重点)研究生英语阅读教程(提高级第三版)课后翻译答案(单独整理的)
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级第三版)课后翻译答案（民大考试重点）(单独整理的)目录Lesson1 (1)Lesson2 (1)Lesson3 (2)Lesson5 (3)Lesson6 (3)Lesson9 (4)Lesson10 (5)Lesson13 (5)Lesson11.就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
2.显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
3.埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事件发生后，在1990年的一个法案很少引人注意的一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用的责任上限定为7500万美元。
即使对旅游业、渔业等造成的经济损失高达数十亿美元，责任方也仅需要支付7500万美元。
4.不过，如果认为我们目前仍然低估的只是那些突然间引人注目的风险，那是非常愚蠢的。
Lesson21It is a cliché,as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare,but when something is beyond our experience,we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
2Lest you should ever forget the smallness of being human,the iconic Mount Fuji,instantly recognisable yet somehow different on every viewing,is an extinct volcano.唯恐你会忘记作为人类的渺小，标志性富士山，一眼即能认出但不知何故每次观看又呈现出不同景象，就是一座死火山。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文08及其翻译
The Functions and Effects of Musi cBy Samuel L. BeckerGiven name: sirname/ Christian name? Family name/ last name[1] Y ou are well aware of (=realize) the fact that books, newspapers, magazines, motion pictures (film/ movie), radio, and television have been used for persuasive purposes: to sell beer and soap (~ watch), ideas and political candidates; to bring about (cause/ lead to) social change or to quell a revolution. Few of us think about music or recordings being used for these purposes, but they are and have been for a long time.[2] Every war has had its songs that whipped up (arouse) patriotic fervor or, in the case (example) of the Vietnam War, that encouraged protest against it. Some titles of records popular in this country during World War II suggest (show) the extent (degree) of the mobilization of the recording industry for the war effort: "Remember Pearl Harbor", "Have to Slap That Dirty Little Jap", "There's a Star Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere", "Any Bonds Today", and " 'Round and 'Round Hitler's Grave".[Bonds: [C] bond (between A and B) something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences: e.g. A bond of friendship had been forged between them.E.g. The agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries. E.g. the special bond between mother and child][3] The anti-Vietnam protests of the sixties and early seventies brought forth (=brought about) quite another kind of song. One was "Big Muddy", about a group of soldiers blindly following their commanding officer into a river where many were drowned. Those (=those people) who sang and heard the song knew that the "Big Muddy" referred to Vietnam and the commander to President Lyndon Johnson, and their antiwar passions were intensified (=strengthened). "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", "The Times, They are A-Changin'", and "Give Peace a Chance" were other popular songs whose recordings were widely played and used to build (arouse) resistance to the war.[4] Music is used not only to add (increase) persuasive bits of information for the messages in our heads about war. Persuasive music plays an important role (part) in peacetime also (too). "We Shall Overcome" was a tremendously (great) important force in the civil rights movement, just as the folk (people) songs of Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, and Woody Guthrie have been important to the peace movement. In recent times, music has been used to raise money as well as (=and) consciousness (conscience) for various causes. The Live Aid (help), Farm Aid, Band Aid, and USA for Africa concerns (worries) and recording sessions raised funds for such causes as famine relief in Africa and destitute (poor) American farmers.[5] Somewhat (a little/<->somehow=for reasons unknown) further back in this country's history, the radical left adopted (used / made use of) many old Negro spirituals (songs) to communicate its message effectively. "We Shall Not Be Moved", for example, was adopted as the official song of the radical Southern Tenant Farmers Union in the 1930s. In the 1930s also, "Gimme That Old Time Religion" was transformed into "Gimme That New Communist Spirit". That sort (kind) of adaptation of songs—giving them new lyrics (words)--has been a favorite tactic (strategy) of many groups who want to use music for persuasive purposes. The idea (belief) is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the newideas being communicated. And it often works.Threats of Censorship[6] Such political uses of music have never caused much controversy in this country. There has been some pressure at times (often) to keep certain anti-war songs or songs associated with the radical left off the air, but this pressure has been neither strong nor persistent. Far more pressure and controversy (Resistance) has been aroused by the lyrics of some of the popular songs of the last twenty or thirty years. Many critics have charged (be in charge of sth.) that certain rock-and-roll songs encourage sexual promiscuity and the use of drugs. Rightly or wrongly, the dress and antics (unusual behavior) of some of the rock music stars, both on and off the stage, reinforce (confirm) these beliefs. As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory overseeing(supervising) broadcast practices. The FCC has taken the with many broadcasters, that the station licensee has the same public service responsibility in selecting and rejecting music to be played on the station as it has in selecting and rejecting any other content of the station. The FCC position is that the station should exercise the same supervision of what is sung on the station as of what is said. In a general sense (=generally speaking), this is a reasonable position and the only one the FCC could take, given (=if consideration is given to the fact that…) present law. A problem arises (occurs) with the interpretation (explanation) of this injunction, however. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize (realize) that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different k inds of audiences, should have different standards concerning (about) language and ideas? This issue (problem) is still far from (being) settled.[7] Having been largely unsuccessful in keeping sexually suggestive songs or songs that seem to be promoting drug use off the air, some parents' groups in recent years have been attempting (trying) to force (make) companies to label their recordings in the same way film companies now label motion pictures. The assumption (belief) is that such labels will provide parents with information they need to control the kinds of music to which their young children are exposed (be exposed to sth.). One of the major pressure groups involved in this attempt (try) is the Parents Music Resource Center based in Washington, D. C. The leaders in this group include the wives of some powerful congressmen and other government officials, so it is taken seriously by leaders in the music industry. The concern (worry) of many people in the music business, though, is that the labeling being advocated could be just a first step toward other forms of control or censorship.take sth. seriously<->take it easyThe Impact (influence) of Recordings on Our Perceptions (perceive/ understanding)[8] Whatever the direct effects of musical recordings on our attitudes and behaviors (are), they are certainly an ever-present (everlasting) and important part of our communication environment, and they contribute to the realities in our heads. No one who listened to popular music during the 1980s could escape (=avoid) the perception (understanding) that drugs were a major factor in the lives of many people. Popular music of the early 1970s contributed to (led to) the belief that mostpeople opposed the war in Vietnam. These messages, sneaking into consciousness from the background music around us, formed an important part of our communication mosaics, just as the messages in today's music form an important part of our present communication mosaics.The Role of Music in Identification and Rebellion(ID card: Identity Card)[9] Popular music has two other major functions or effects. It provides each generation of young people a common and cherished (valued) experience. Y ears later, the sound of that music can bring strangers together and stimulate memories of that earlier era (time). Vivid evidence of the meaningfulness of such experiences can be seen by watching the tourists who are attracted to Graceland, Elvis Presley's former home and now the site of his grave in Memphis. A common sight there is the middle-aged married couple bringing their children to see and, they hope, to feel some of the special magic Presley created for them during their courtship and early married years.[10] Another major function popular music serves is the (provide) provision of a relatively harmless source of rebellion for the young. Each generation of young has its own music, almost invariably (always) unappreciated (unenjoyed) by parents, just as parents' favorite music was unappreciated by their parents. This music is important in part (=partially) because older people do not like it, and in part because demonstrating one's love of it is part of the ritual of affiliation (connection) with peers.[11] One author has suggested (said) that popular music also serves a "rite of passage" function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that (maturation) of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established. (1, 316 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORSamuel L Becker (Ph. D. University of Iowa) is a professor in the University of Iowa and the chairman of the University of Iowa Foundation and Distinguished Professor Emeritus (honorable) of Communication Studies. His professional life centered on (focus on) educational process, and especially on students. A lecturer-ship in his honor was launched by the University in 2001-2002.Emeritus: (often Emeritus) used with a title to show that a person, usually a university teacher, keeps the title as an honor, although he or she has stopped working: e.g. the Emeritus Professor of Biology; In NAmE the form Emerita / i'merɪtə / is used for women: Professor Emerita Mary Judd.processed foodEXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following .statements.1. In the first paragraph the author points out that _____.A. music is different from other means of mass mediaB. music or recordings have not been used for persuasive purposeC. music has the same function in persuasion as other mass mediaD. the common purpose of mass media is for advertising2. From the information presented in this reading, you can infer that the recording industry _____.A. prefers to remain politically neutralB. was forced by the public to release patriotic songsC. has remained anti-war over the past fifty yearsD. has taken a political stand in past wars3. Adapting old familiar songs with new lyrics is intended to _____.A. transfer feelings or associations from old to newB. bring back fond memoriesC. create new folk heroesD. reestablish familiar environments4. According to the first part of the text, music has played an important role in the _____.A. political campaigns of many leadersB. civil rights movementC. establishment of new lawsD. economic development5. The Federal Communications Commission's position on censorship of music states that it is _____.A. the artist's responsibilityB. the station's responsibilityC. the program director's responsibilityD. the listener's or parents' responsibility6. Which of the following best defines the word "mosaics" as used at the end of third section?A. Artistic models.B. Attitudes and behaviors.C. Social skills.D. V arious forms.7. Which of the following conclusions can be most clearly drawn from this article?A. Music will continue to be a form of social and political expression.B. The Federal Communications Commission will soon change its position on censorship.C. Music will cease to distinguish one generation from another.D. Elvis Presley will still be popular with successive generations.8. From the last paragraph of the reading, it is reasonable to infer that _____.A. singing idols are important in the establishment of boy-girl relationshipsB. boys' emotional maturation is equal to that of girls of the same ageC. boys prefer not to become involved with girlsD. girls mature more rapidly than boys during early teenage years9. The passage suggests that the functions of music are _____.A. uniqueB. questionableC. diverseD. extraordinary10. The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is to _____.A. discuss the functions of music in our societyB. argue that music has been used by age groupsC. urge censorship of controversial lyricsD. describe music as a political toolII. VocabularyA Read the following .sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. The company began aggressive advertising campaigns, increased its variety (categories) of beers, and further expanded its markets. By 1991 Coors beer was available (=on sale) in all 50 states. It also worked to improve its image and quell（制止, 结束, 镇压）ongoing (ever-lasting) boycotts.A. investigateB. condemnC. crushD. forbid2. With his strong right-wing views, and close affiliation（联系，隶属）to the military, he'd long been regarded as a (swear) sworn enemy of the people.A. emotionB. associationC. communicationD. reaction3. Adams supported what became known as the Boston tea party, and thereafter he firmly supported the patriotic（爱国的）measures that led step by step to American independence.A. passionateB. moderateC. radicalD. nationalistic4. The best hope is that we will have a rapid mobilization（动员）of international opinion in support of the movement.A. calling up(on)B. bringing upC. catching up (with)D. getting up5. When he was there (be present/ witness sth.), he often gave food and coins to the destitute（贫苦的）children who lived on the street.A. desertedB. poorC. homelessD. despaired (->desperate: adj.)6. Combining social commentary with rhythmic lyrics(词), heavy bass beats, and remixed or original melodies, rap is one of the most controversial of black musical forms.A. wordsB. musicC. bandD. dance7. The history of newspapers, magazines, and other publications in the country has varied, depending upon the level of censorship(书报审查制度) in the ruling government.A. supportB. sponsorC. controlD. restoration8. The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.A. secretB. not broadcastedC. publicizedD. not known9. He took out a court injunction (法令，判决) against the newspaper demanding the return of the document.A. sentence (sb. to death)B. biasC. suspension (bridge)D. order10. A great cheer went up from the crowd as (=when) they caught sight of (noticed) their idol(偶像).A. figureB. ideaC. heroD. foe(敌人)B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.whip up bring forth keep... off the air reinforce persistentcatch up with persuasive tremendous tactic intensify1. The congressmen accused politicians of (=charge sb. with sth.) whipping up anti-foreign sentiment (->sentimentalism) in order to win right-wing votes. (capital, The Capitol, government)2. It was a tragic love affair that brought forth (brought about/ led to) only pain. (extra affairs)3. His competence (=ability) as an economist had been reinforced (=strengthened/ confirmed) by his successful fight against inflation.*4. The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.5.The improvement in standards has been steady and persistent, but has attracted little comment from educationalists. (persist in=insist on)6. Others are using secure Internet connections to intensify relations with some of their trading partners.7. Those ideas were persuasive and the Legislature gave us the appropriation(拨款funds).8. There was a tremendous (great/ serious) lack of communication between us. We sometimes misunderstood each other.9. Children in underachieving schools finally caught up with students in other schools with extra tutoring and help. (achieve=accomplish)10. He was always straightforward (=frank) and did not understand about strategy (strategic missile) and tactics.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given below the passage.Popular Music is music produced for and sold to a broad 1 audience. Types of popular music include jazz, music from motion pictures and musical comedies, country-and-western music, rhythm-and-blues music (R&B), rock music, and rap (or hip-hop). 2 Shaped by social, economic, and technological forces, popular music is closely 3 linked to the social identity of its performers and audiences. Early musical styles were also very 4 influential in shaping popular music.Another important development at the close of the 20th century was the influence of digital 5 technology, including storage media such as recordable compact discs and DVDs (Digital Video Discs), the Internet, and MP3 compression, which allows 6 sound files to be compressed to less than 10 percent of their original size. The transformation of musical sound into digital files allowed music to be transmitted (convey/ transfer), reproduced, and 7 manipulated in a virtual form, easily passing from one computer to another in a different part of the world in just minutes (or seconds). This has raised legal and technological questions which will no doubt shape (form) the 8 course of American popular music for years to come: What kind of rights does a consumer 9 purchase (buy) when they buy a copy of a recording? What does it mean when a consumer licenses the right to download and use the contents of a(n) 10 album rather than buying a physical copy of it? How will the transformation of music into pure information affect musicians and how they are compensated? What will the music industry of tomorrow look like?1. A. viewers B. spectators C. audience D. mass2. A. Shut B. Shifted C. Shaken D. Shaped3. A. linked to B. stuck in C. committed to D. absorbed in4. A. interesting B. influential C. instant D. indicative5. A. invention B. technology C. innovation D. device6. A. sound B. text C. digital D. recorded7. A. smashed B. enlarged C. confined D. manipulated8. A. road B. route C. course D. passage9. A. establish B. stimulate C. purchase D. erect10. A. collection B. album C. selection D. copyIV. TranslationPut the following into Chinese.1. Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case o f the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it.每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。
研究生英语综合教程下第八单元课文中英文对照 熊海虹
Unit8像大山一样思考奥尔多•利奥波德A deep chesty bawl echoes from rimrock to rimrock,rolls down the mountain,and fades into the blackness of the night.It is an outburst of wild defiant sorrow,an of contempt for all the adversities of the world.1一个发自肺腑的低沉而又尖厉的号叫在悬崖之间回荡，最后划过大山，消逝在远方深沉的夜色中。
这声号叫爆发出一种充满野性和反抗的哀愁，爆发出对世界上一切逆境的蔑视。
Every living thing(and perhaps many a dead one as well)pays heed to that call.To the deer it is a reminder of the way of flesh,to the pine a forecast of midnight scuffles and of blood upon the snow,to the coyote a promise of gleaning to come,to the cowman a thread of red ink at the bank,to the hunter a challenge of fang against bullet.Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning,known only to the mountain itself.Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf.2大山中所有的生物(可能也包括许多死去的生物)都侧耳倾听着这声号叫。
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文《研究生英语读写译教程》是一本专门为研究生编写的学习教材，旨在提高学生的英语读写译能力。
本教程包括多个单元，每个单元都有不同的主题和内容。
以下是其中几个单元的练习参考答案及参考译文，供大家参考。
单元一：练习一：原文：The new student is from Russia. She is a very intelligent girl. She likes math and science. 问题：What nationality is the new student? 答案：The new student is from Russia.练习二：原文：My name is John. I am a student at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). I am majoring in Business Administration. 问题：What is the name of the university where John is studying? 答案：The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).练习三：原文：He usually gets up at 7 o'clock in the morning. He takes a shower and eats breakfast at 7:30. He leaves for work at 8:00. 问题：When does he usually leave for work? 答案：He leaves for work at 8:00.单元二：练习一：原文：He is a talented artist. He can paint and draw very well. 问题：What can he do well? 答案：He can paint and draw very well.练习二：原文：I love to play tennis. It is my favorite sport.I play it every weekend. 问题：What is the author's favorite sport? 答案：Tennis.练习三：原文：My favorite food is pizza. I like to eat it with salad and French fries. 问题：What is the author's favorite food? 答案：Pizza.单元三：练习一：原文：She is a successful businesswoman. She has her own company. She is very hardworking and determined. 问题：What are the two key qualities that made her a successful businesswoman? 答案：Hardworking and determined.研究生英语读写教程课后答案《研究生英语读写教程》课后答案解析《研究生英语读写教程》是一本为研究生编写的英语读写课程教材，旨在提高学生的英语阅读和写作能力。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三版-课后习题答案-Lesson-8
1. The company began aggressive advertising campaigns, increased its variety of beers, and further expanded its markets. By 1991 Coors beer was available in all50 states. It also worked to improve its image and quell ongoing boycotts.A. investigate（调查，研究）B. condemn（谴责；定罪；声讨）C. crush（镇压；压碎）D. forbid（禁止）译文：该公司开始了积极的广告活动，增加了啤酒的种类，并进一步扩大了市场。
到1991年，柯尔斯啤酒在全美50个州都有售。
它还努力改善自己的形象，平息持续不断的抵制。
2. With his strong right-wing views, and close affiliation to the military, he'd long been regarded as a sworn enemy of the people.A. emotion（感情，情绪）B. association（协会，联盟）C. communication（交流）D. reaction（反应）译文：他有着强烈的右翼观点，与军方关系密切，长期以来一直被视为人民的死敌。
3. Adams supported what became known as the Boston tea party, and thereafter he firmly supported the patriotic measures that led step by step to American independence.A. passionate（热情的）B. moderate（稳健的；温和的）C. radical（激进的）D. nationalistic（国家主义的）译文：亚当斯支持后来被称为波士顿茶党(Boston tea party)的组织，此后他坚定地支持爱国主义措施，这些措施一步一步地导致美国独立。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L11)
第十一课 A真正的高度戴维纳斯特（1）困难越大，战胜困难就越令人感到自豪。
——莫里哀（2）当天空黑暗到一定程度的时候你就会看到那满天闪烁的星星。
——查尔斯A 比亚德（3）此刻，他的手掌正在冒汗。
他需要一块毛巾来擦干手掌和他紧握着的撑竿。
一杯冰水解除了他的干渴，但是却不能使他那紧张的心冷静下来。
他感到那块坐在身下的阿斯特罗草皮和他今天将面临的全国青少年奥林匹克运动会上的竞争一样炽热。
横竿被设置在 17 英尺的位置，这比他个人的最好成绩要高出 3 英寸。
迈克尔斯通正面临着他撑杆跳高生涯中最富有挑战性的一天。
（4）虽然竞赛决赛已经结束一个多小时了，看台上的观众还有两万多人。
撑杆跳是田径比赛中真正具有魅力的项目。
它将体操的优美和身体的力量结合起来。
它还具有飞翔的因素，而且观众一想到运动员能飞到两层楼那么高真不可思意。
此时此刻不仅是迈克尔斯通的现实和梦想，还是他的探索。
（5）在迈克尔的记忆里，他一直梦想着能够飞翔。
在他的成长过程中，妈妈读了许多关于飞翔的故事给他听。
她的故事为他描述的总是飞翔时俯瞰大地的情景。
每当她读到细节的时候，她就充满了兴奋和激情，这使得迈克尔的梦想也充满了迷人的色彩和美丽。
迈克尔不停地重温着这样一个梦想 : 他沿着乡村小道飞奔，他能感觉到脚下的岩石和大块的泥土。
当沿着镶着金边的麦浪奔跑的时候，他总会超过从身边经过的火车。
就在那一刻，他会深深地吸一口气，然后猛地腾空而起，像一只雄鹰一样高高地“飞翔”。
（6）无论“飞”向何处，他都会飞到妈妈为他讲述的那些故事里 ; 无论“飞”向何方，妈妈的关爱之情都会追随到那里。
但是，另一方面，他的爸爸却不是一个爱做梦的人。
泊特斯通是一位现实主义的铁杆分子。
他坚信做事要付出艰辛的努力和汗水。
他的座右铭是：“如果你想得到什么，那么就努力去干吧！”（7）从 14 岁起，迈克尔就是这么做的。
他首先是从一项谨慎而系统的举重训练开始的。
他每隔一天练举重，每隔另一天练跑步。
研究生 英语阅读教程 第三版 课文 lesson 11
Lesson 11 Mind over machineCarl zimmerSome monkey business in a Duke University lab suggests we’ll soon be able to move artificial limbs, control robotic soldiers, and communicate across thousands of miles—using nothing but our thoughts.[1] Something incredible is happening in a lab at Duke University,s Center for Neuroengineering—though ,at first ,it is hard to see just what it is. A robot arm swings from side to side, eerily lifelike, as if it extends its mechanical hand. The hand clamp shuts and squeezes for a few seconds , then relaxes its grip and pulls back to shoot out again in a new direction. OK ,nothing particularly astonishing here—robot arms , after all , do everything from building our cars to sequencing our DNA . But those robot arms are operated by software ; the arm at Duke follows commands of s different sort. To see where those commands are coming from, you have to follow a tangled trail of the lab and down the hall to another, smaller room.[2] Inside this room sits a motionless macaque monkey.[3] The monkey is strapped in a chair ,staring at a computer screen . On the screen a black dot moves from side to side ; when it stops ,a circle widens around it. You would not know just from watching , but that dot represents the movement of the arm in the other room . The circle indicates the squeezing of its robotic grip ; as the force of the grip increase ,the circle widens . In other words , the dot an the circle are responding to the robot arm’s movements . And the arm ? It is being directed by monkey .[4] Did i mention the monkey is motionless?[5] Take another look at those cables : They snake into the back of the computer and then out again ,terminating in a cap on the monkey’s head ,where they receive signals from hundreds of electrodes buried in its brain. The monkey is directing the robot with its thoughts.[6] For decads scientist have pondered ,speculated on ，and pooh-poohed the possibility of a direct interface between a brain and a machine —only in the late 1990s did scientists start learning enough about the brain and signal-processing to offer glimmers of hope that this science-fiction vision could become reality . Since then ,insights into the working of the brain —how it encodes commands for the body , and how it learns to improve those commands over time —have piled up at an astonishing pace ,and the researchers at Duke studying the maceque and the robotic arm are at the leading edge of the technology .“This goes way beyond what’s been done before,”says neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis , co-director of the Center for Neurogengineering. Indeed , the performance of the center’s monkeys suggests that a mind-machine merger could become a reality in humans very soon .[7] Nicolelis and his team are confident that in five years they will be able to build a robot arm that can be controlled by a person with electrode implanted in his or her brain . Ther chief focus is medical —they aim to give people with paralyzed limbs a new tool to make everyday life easier. But the success they and other groups of scientists are achieving has triggered broader excitement in both the public and private sectors . The defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has already doled out $24 million to various brain-machine research efforts across the Unite d States , and Duke group among them . High on DARPA’a wish list : mind -controlled battle robots , and airplanes that can be flown with nothing more than thought . You were hoping for something a bit closer to home ? How about a mental telephone that you could use simply by thinking about talking .[8] The notion of decoding the brain’s commands can seem , on the face of it ,to be pure hubris. How could any computer eavesdrop on all the goings-on that take place in there every moment of ordinary life ?[9] Yet after a century of neurological breakthroughs ,scientists aren’t so intimidated by the brain ;they treat it as just another information processor , albeit the most complex one in the word .“We don’t see the brain as being a mysterious organ ,”says Gr aig Henriquez ,Nicolelis’s fellow co-director of the Center for Neuroengineering . “We see 1s and 0s popping out of the brain, and we’re decoding it .”[10] The source of all those 1s and 0s is ,of course ,the brain’s billons of neurons . When a neuron gets an incoming stimulus at one end —for example , photons strike the retina , which sends that visual information to a nearby neuron —an electric pulse travels the neuron’s length . Depending on the signals it receives ,a neuron can crackle with hundreds of these impulses every second . When each impulse reaches the far end of the neuron , it triggers the cell to dump neurotransmitters that can spark a new impulse in a neighboring neuron . In the way , the signal gets passed around the brain like a baton in a footrace . Ultimately , this rapid-fire code gives rise to electrical impulses that travel along nerves that lead out of the brain and spread through the body ,causing muscles to contract and relax in all sorts of different patterns ,letting us blink, speak ,walk ,or play the sousaphone .[11] in the 1930s ,neuroscientist began to record these impulses with implantable electrodes. Although each neuron is in an insulating sheath ,an impulse still creates a weak electric field outside the cell . Researchers studying rat and monkey brains found that by placing the sensitive tip of an electrode near a neuron they could pick up the sudden changes in the electric field that occurred through the cell .[12] The more scientists studied this neural code , the more they realized that it wasn’t all that different from the on-off digital code of computers . If scientist could decipher the code —to translate one signal as “lift hand ”and another as “lift hand ” and another as “look left ”,they could use the information to operate a machine . “this is not new ,” says John Chapin , a collaborator with the Duke researchers who works at the State University of New York Downstate Health Science Center in Brooklyn . “People have thought about it since the 1960s”[13] But most researchers assumed that each type of movement was governed by a specific handful of the brain’s billions of neurons —the need to monitor the whole brain in order to find those few would make the successful decoding a practical impossibility . “If you wanted to have a robot arm move left ,” Chapin explain , “you would have to find that small set of neurons that would carry the command to move to the left ”. But you don’t know where those cells are in advance .[14] Thus everything that was known at the time suggested that brain-machine interfaces were a fool’s errand .Everything , it turned out ,was wrong .(1,145 words)。
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Lesson 8IV. TranslationPut the following into Chinese.1. Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it.每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。
2. The idea is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works.改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。
通常这种方法很奏效。
3 As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory agency charged with overseeing broadcast practices.结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。
这些指控也促使负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。
4. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning language and ideas?这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？5. One author has suggested that popular music also serves a "rite of passage" function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established.一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。
在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样成熟并能较容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。
V. Oral Practice and Discussion1. How was music used during World War II and during the Vietnam War?2. Describe peacetime uses of music.3. List the major effects and functions of music.4. Identify the basic issues in the FCC regulatory position.5. What problems do you foresee in the development of record labeling plans?6. Adaptation of popular or favorite songs is a persuasive tactic. Where is this technique used today? Cite several examples. (Hint: Advertising commercials)7. If music shapes our perceptions and attitudes, then, should we be forced to listen to music in public places such as restaurants and shopping malls?8. Are there other effects of music not included in this article?Lesson 9IV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. Welcome to the topsy-turvy world of tobacco, where nothing much makes sense except the vast profits, where tobacco-company executives slip-slide along the continuum from aggrieved Innocence to heartfelt regret without breaking a sweat, and where the only people who seem to be able to shoot straight are the jurors who decide the ubiquitous lawsuits.欢迎来到乌七八糟的烟草世界。
在这里，除了巨大的利益，没有什么具有重要意义；在这里，烟草公司的负责人不费吹灰之力就能穿梭于不同角色之间，从表现愤愤不平的无辜转而变为诚心诚意的悔过；在这里，似乎惟一能够言行正直（shoot straight:言行正直）的人就是那些判定随处可见的烟草诉讼案的陪审员们。
2. The jurors—who gave up two years of their lives, listened to endless witnesses and yet deliberated only a few hours—could be forgiven if they felt they'd fallen down Alice's rabbit hole into Wonderland, where the Queen of Hearts cries "Off with their heads" but no one is ever executed.这些陪审员放弃了生命中的两年时光，聆听了无数证人证言，却仅用了几个小时就商议定案。
如果他们感觉像是爱丽丝跌下了兔子洞进入仙境，听着红心王后高喊“砍掉他们的脑袋”，却从未有一个人被砍头，这种感觉是可以谅解的。
3. Since then tobacco companies have spread political contributions around like weed-killer on the lawn in summer, supporting largely complicit Republicans, who like free enterprise (and soft money) more than they hate emphysema.从此以后，烟草公司就像夏天在草坪上播洒除草剂一般四处提供政治捐款，主要支持和自己立场相似的共和党人，因为共和党人虽然痛恨肺气肿，但却更喜爱自由企业(以及软资金)。
4. Responsibility-minded Americans accept the argument that individuals have the right to poison themselves, although studies showing that the vast majority of smokers began as minors raise questions about informed consent.责任意识强的美国人接受任何人都有权毒害自己的观点，但是研究显示绝大多数吸烟者开始吸烟时仍未成年，这就对知情吸烟提出了疑问。
5. Public-service announcements, catchy commercials for kids, settlements with the states to recover health care costs: the tobacco companies, which once swore they were doing nothing wrong, are now willing to lose some ideological battles to win the war of the profit margin.公益服务通告，针对儿童的好看易记的广告，与各州达成和解补偿卫生保健费用：曾经发誓绝没有做错任何事情的烟草公司现如今也愿意为最终保住利润而部分放弃意识形态的斗争。