跨文化交际实用教程unit6
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照Unit 1 Page 22The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict.It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
跨文化交际unit6-verbal-communication
❖ 引言:
❖
各民族的语言是自足的. 处于不同语言世界里的人,即使面对同一个现实面向,
也会在描述它时沿着各自的思路,采用不同的策略, 刻画出不同的版本.正如维特
根斯坦所言:我的语言就是我的疆界,跨出我生于其中的语言,冒险与隔膜就开始
了.
❖
语言与文化紧密相连, 不可分割; 语言是文化的一部分.
❖ Culture and language are intertwined and are shaping each other. Each time we select words, form sentences, and send a massage, either oral or written, we also make cultural choices.
❖ ( Beamer, L. and Varner, I Intercultural communication in the Global Workplace. New York, NY:
❖ Teaching objectives: ❖ In this part you are expected to understand some commonly observed differences
The power of verbal communication
Ⅰ. cultural differences on lexical level ❖ (cases) ❖ 1. types of lexical meaning ❖ Words are the basic units of meaning. Understanding
❖ farther and farther away from home.
跨文化交际实用教程unit_6
Family roles
Cooking, Shopping Laundry, Baby sitting
Washing dishes,
House cleaning Making the bed
Bread-maker
Decision making
Sewing clothes
Children education …
Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced by society.
Are There Any Differences in Male and Female’s Communication?
---What is gender culture and gender role? ---Are there any differences in male and female’s communication? ---Why are male and female different?
communication.
What is the term for the column that requires the applicant to choose M(male) or F(female)?
1. When you apply for a visa, it is: A: Gender B: Sex 2. When you apply for a job in a company, it is: A: Gender B: Sex 3. On the form of records of visitors, it is: A: Gender B: Sex
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit6
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit6Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal Communication Reading IAn Overview of Nonverbal CommunicationComprehension questions1. Can you speak each of the following sentences in different ways to mean differently1) She is my best friend.2) Youve done really good job.3) Come here, please.4) Thats all right.Speaking the same sentence with the stress on different words may mean different things. For instance, if the stress falls on “she”in the first sentence, it means it is SHE, not you or somebody else, that is my best friend. But if the stress falls on “my”, it implies that she is MY, not your or somebody’s best friend.2. Speakers of British English use loudness only when they are angry, speakers of Indian English use it to get the floor, a chance to speak. So when an Indian speaker is trying to get the floor, what would the British speaker think of the Indian and what would the British behave in responseThe British speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain about the Indian‘s rudeness or even return his rudeness as a response.3. What differences in body language use have you noticed between your Chinese teachers and foreign teachers There are really some differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers in their use of body language. For instance,Chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions often seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. Do you know any gestures we often use that might be misunderstood by people from other culturesFor example, the way we Chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some Western countries to mean bye-bye.5. How do we Chinese people use eye contact in communicationDuring a conversation between two Chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. How much eye-contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. How will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the United States or people from JapanWhile talking with Americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. However; while talking with Japanese, we are notexpected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the Adam‘s apple.7. Do you often smile at others Why or why notIt depends. For instance, it seems that we Chinese, as well as people of other Eastern Asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as Americans.8. What function(s) may laughter serve in our culture Does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstandingLaughter in our culture may serve various functions. Sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, andsometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. Do you often touch others while talking with them Whom do you touch more than othersWe Chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. In small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. Is touching always part of a greetingNo. Touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. Will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places Why or why notMany people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who are strangers to each other should not touch. However, whether people will apologize or not depends on the situations. If a person accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowded place, he or she may not apologize for it.Reading IIGender and Nonverbal CommunicationComprehension questions1. What may often happen to those who do not conform to their cultures accepted gender “script”There are often severe social penalties for those who act in violation of their culture‘s accepted gender ―script.2. Does touch have any connotation in different situations Can you give some specific examplesTouch, like physical closeness, may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance,in some cultures, it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon, for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. What will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciably taller than the manTaller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouch and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.4. Are men and women required to have the same facial expressions Does smile mean the same things to both men and womenMen and women are not usually required to have the same facial expressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine, because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. Why are the African-American women less deferential than white women and less inclined to smileAfrican-American women are found to be less deferential than white women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simply because it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. In what ways may direct eye contact between individuals be interpretedLooking directly into another person‘s eyes can connote an aggressive threat,a sexual invitation, or a desire for honest and open communication.7. What was found in a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couplesIn a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples, it was found that many Puerto Rican wives never looked directly at their husbands.8. How does clothing manifest and promote cultural definitions of masculinity and femininityThrough clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.Case StudyCase 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障)in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend’s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is hi ghly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon’s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him. Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it isnot right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult whois accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person’s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generally speaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 23Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures.Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.Case 24It is obvious that there exists some difference between the British and Germans in their use of touch. The lack of touch that seems to be natural in Britain may be considered strange by Germans. What is required (in this case, shaking hands with each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in another.The appropriateness of contact between people varies fromcountry to country. Figures from a study offer some interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different countries were observed for at least one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in London, 0; in Florida, 2; in Paris, 10; in Puerto Rico, 180. These figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different cultures.。
人民大2024跨文化交际教程教学课件Unit 6 Cultural Barriers in Inte
expectation and reality. 3. Feeling angry and fearful. 4. Wanting to shrink and give up.
Six
Ethnocentrism Vs Patriotism
Ethnocentrism believes one’s culture is superior to others’ and looks to down upon members in other groups and mocks at people in other groups when they see them have different social customs or behave differently.
Six
Unit 6
Cultural Barriers in Intercultural
Communication
Six Our Natural Cultural Context
We are like a fish in water.
Six Our Natural Cultural Context
Six
Manifestation of Ethnocentrism
1. The course book of each country all focuses on the history and culture of its own.
2. The map of each country always places itself in the center. 3. When mentioning the contribution to the world civilization, one
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U6
Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationSome Ideas Related to Nonverbal Communication1. Nonverbal languageWhat is not said is often as important as what is said. Nonverbal communication is communication through means other than language — for example, facial expression, personal space, eye contact, use of time, and conversational silence.(Hall, E.T. The Silent Language, New York: Doubleday, 1959)2. Different expressions of nonverbal languageKinesics: our body languageThe term refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movements, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication — yawning, stretching, and relaxing, staring, walking slumped over, raising a clenched fist, showing a victory sign.The human communication process is more complex than it initially seems. Much, if not most, of our messages in face to face contact are transmitted through paralanguage. These auxiliary communication techniques are highly culture bound. Communication with people from other societies or ethnic groups is fraught with the danger of misunderstanding if their culture and paralanguage is unknown to you or ignored.3. Significance of nonverbal languageIt accounts for much of the meaningwe derive from conversations.Cognitive content.Affective content.It spontaneously reflected the subconscious. Normally we control over our words. But the nonverbal behavior may leak our true feelings.We cannot communicate without it. Even if we choose silence, the nonverbal dimension of our communication is always present. Even if we remove bodily from the scene of interaction, our absence may speak loudly.4. Relationship between verbal and nonverbal languageAccent: to lay emphasis by tone of voice, intonationsReinforce/Complement: to strengthen and supplyContradict: betray the verbal expressionsRegulate: looking behavior, vocal inflections, gestures, general cues of readiness or relaxation all help to signal a person’s conversational intentionsSubstitute: head nods or shakes, hand gestures,facial display and body movementReading IAn Overview of Nonverbal Communication Comprehension questions1. Can you speak each of the following sentences in different ways to mean differently?1) She is my best friend.2) You‟ve done really good job.3) Come here, please.4) That‟s all right.Speaking the same sentence with the stress on different words may mean different things. For instance, if the stress falls on ―she in the first sentence, it means it is SHE, not you or somebody else, that is my best friend. But if the stress falls on ―my‖, it implies that she is MY, not your or some body‘s, best friend.2. Speakers of British English use loudness only when they are angry, speakers of Indian English use it to get the floor, a chance to speak. So when an Indian speaker is trying to get the floor, what would the British speaker think of the Indian and what would the British behave in response?The British speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain about the Indian‘s rudeness or even return his rudeness as a response.3. What differences in body language use have you noticed between your Chinese teachers and foreign teachers?There are really some differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers in their use of body language. For instance, Chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions often seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. Do you know any gestures we often use that might be misunderstood by people from other cultures?For example, the way we Chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some Western countries to mean bye-bye.5. How do we Chinese people use eye contact in communication?During a conversation between two Chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. How much eye-contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. How will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the United States or people from Japan?While talking with Americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. However; while talking with Japanese, we are not expected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the Adam‘s apple. 7. Do you often smile at others? Why or why not?It depends. For instance, it seems that we Chinese, as well as people of other Eastern Asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as Americans.8. What function(s) may laughter serve in our culture? Does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?Laughter in our culture may serve various functions. Sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, and sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. Do you often touch others while talking with them? Whom do you touch more than others?We Chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. In small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think ofto greet another person. Is touching always part of a greeting?No. Touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. Will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places? Why or why not?Many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who are strangers to each other should not touch. However, whether people will apologize or not depends on the situations. If a person accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowded place, he or she may not apologize for it.Reading IIGender and Nonverbal Communication Comprehension questions1. What may often happen to those who do not conform to their culture‟s accepted gender “script”?There are often severe social penalties for those who act in violation of their culture‘s accepted gender ―script.2. Does touch have any connotation in different situations? Can you give some specific examples?Touch, like physical closeness, may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance, in some cultures, it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon, for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. What will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciably taller than the man?Taller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouch and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.4. Are men and women required to have the same facial expressions? Does smile mean the same things to both men and women?Men and women are not usually required to have the same facial expressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine,because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. Why are the African-American women less deferential than white women and less inclined to smile?African-American women are found to be less deferential than white women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simply because it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. In what ways may direct eye contact between individuals be interpreted?Looking directly into another person‘s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation, or a desire for honest and open communication.7. What was found in a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples?In a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples, it was found that many Puerto Rican wives never looked directly at their husbands.8. How does clothing manifest and promote cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity?Through clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.Case StudyCase 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend‘s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane and touching someone with it is highly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon‘s eyes, Kenneth was actually a n extremely offensive message to him.Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing o f meeting other person‘s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generally speaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 23Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you comeout of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don‘t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it‘s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.Case 24It is obvious that there exists some difference between the British and Germans in their use of touch. The lack of touch that seems to be natural in Britain may be considered strange by Germans.What is required (in this case, shaking hands with each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in another.The appropriateness of contact between people varies from country to country. Figures from a study offer some interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different countries were observed for at least one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in London, 0; in Florida, 2; in Paris, 10; in Puerto Rico, 180. These figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different cultures.。
跨文化交际中英文化对比教学课件Unit 6 Festivals and celebrations
flourish [ˈflɜːrɪʃ] v. 繁荣，茂盛；茁壮成长n. 夸张动作；出色部分；华丽辞藻 monk [mʌŋk] n. 僧侣，修道士；和尚 imperial [ɪmˈpɪriəl] adj. 帝国的；皇帝的；至高无上的；威严的n. 纸张尺寸；特 等品
in honor of向…致敬，向…表示敬意；为庆祝… petal [ˈpetl] n. 花瓣 jujube [dʒudʒub] n. 枣子，枣树；枣味糖 reunion [ˌriːˈjuːniən] n. 重聚；（班级或学校的）同学会，同窗会 denote [dɪˈnoʊt] vt. 表示，指示 stroll [stroʊl] v./n. 散步，闲逛；轻松获胜 peel [piːl] v. 剥，剥落；削n. 果皮; (某些水果、蔬菜的)外皮 strata [ˈstreɪtə] n. 层；[地质] 地层；阶层 magnificent [mæɡnɪ'fɪʃnt] adj. 高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的 intoxicate [ɪnˈtɑːksɪkeɪt] v. （使）麻醉；（使）中毒；（使）兴奋adj. 喝醉的；陶 醉的
beginning of the coming year… (Para. 2)
Used in
Most of the world
Calendar type
Solar
Accuracy
1 day in 3236 years
Number of days
Common year: 365 Leap year: 366
——— David Binder
Christmas is a season for kindling the fire for hospitality in the hall, the genial flame of charity in the heart.
Unit 6 跨文化交际
Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationThose who know do not talk. Those who talk do not know.---Lao ZiThere’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip, Nay, her foot speaks”---William Shakespeare, Troilus and CressidaSpeech is silver; silence is golden.---English proverbACTIONS SPEAKS LOUDER THAN WORDS!!1. An Overview of Nonverbal Communication (p.191-199)We communicate with more than the words we speak.Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has come up with the following formula:Total communication = 7% verbal + 38% oral + 55% facial.Studies show that over half of your message is carried through nonverbal elements:Your appearanceYour body languageThe tone andthe pace of your voice.In face-to-face communication 65% of the information is communicated through nonverbal means (Samovar, 1981; Ross, 1974; Ray L. Birdwhistel, 1970)Support 1: Charlie Chaplin swept the world with his silent films. (Modern Times)Support 2: Robinson Crusoe “talked” with Friday without knowing his servant’s language.In the communication of attitudes, 93% of the message is transmitted by the tone of the voice and facial expressions, whereas only 7% of the speaker’s attitude w as transmitted by words (Levine, 1981, Mehranbian, 1968)Support: Lovers express emotions with sparkling eyes and blushing faces or touching, hugging and kissing.Words are too pale for them!The quality of a voice can communicate as much as the words. The same words can be tender, mocking, sarcastic or angry, depending on how they are said. e.g. Steven!; Steven?; Steven. (more p.191-192)When you speak, you communicate. When you don’t speak, you may still be communicating.A person who truly knows two languages uses both body languages too.A good example of this is New York's famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia (p193), who communicated in English, Italian and Yiddish.When films of his speeches are run without sound, it's not too difficult to tell from his gestures the language being spoken.Class observationIn class, how can the teacher identify the concentrated students?They may show an interested look, wear a smile, make some notes or keep their eyes on the teacher.On the other hand, how can the teacher know the students are not interested in her class? They may consciously or unconsciously twist the body, bury the head, avoid the teacher’s eyes, wear a blank expression, knit the eyebrows or bite the pen.2. What is nonverbal communication?Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source (speaker) and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver (listener). --- (Larry A. Samovar, 1998)In other words, it is communication without words.2. What is nonverbal communication?It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including:the way we move,the gestures we employ,the posture we adopt,the facial expression we wear,the direction of our gaze,to the extent to which we touchand the distance we stand from each other.ClassificationBody language/Kinesics(体态语/身势语):posture, head movement, facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, handshaking, arm movement, leg movement, kiss, hug, touch etc.Paralanguage( 副语言): sound, pitch, tempo of speech, tone, volume, pause, silence, turn-taking etc.ClassificationObject language ( 客体语、物体语) :clothing, personal artifacts (adornment, jewelry, perfume, personal gear etc.) , hair, furniture,vehicle etc.Environmental language(环境语):time language/chronemics , spatial language/ proxemics (interpersonal distance), space, seating, territoriality, color, light, signs and symbols, architecture etc.Body language/KinesicsThe study of how movement communicates is called Kinesics.Kinesic behavior refers to communication through body movements like posture, head movement, facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, handshaking, arm movement, leg movement etc.Posture---bowPosture and sitting habits offer insight into a culture’s deep structure.In many Asian cultures, the bow is much more than a greeting. It signifies that culture’s concern with status and rank.In Japan, for example, low posture is an indicator of respect. Although it appears simple to the outsider, the bowing ritual is actually rather complicated.---Bow in JapanThe person who occupies the lower station begins the bow, and his or her bow must be deeper than the other person’s.The superior, on the other hand, determines when the bowing is to end.When the participants are of equal rank, they begin the bow in the same manner and end at the same time.---Wai in ThailandThe Thai people use a similar movement called the wai.The wai movement---which is made by pressing both hands close together in front of one’s body, with the fingertips reaching to about neck level---is used to show respect.The lower the head comes to the hands, the more respect is shown.---Crossing legs (1)The manner in which we sit also can communicate a message.In U.S.: normal to cross legs while seated; women cross at the angle while men cross with angle on the knee;Middle East: crossing the leg with angle on the knee is inappropriate;---Crossing legs (2)In Ghana and in Turkey, sitting with one’s legs crossed is extremely offensive;People in Thailand believe that because the bottoms of the feet are the lowest part of the body, they should never be pointed in the direction of another person; In fact, for the Thai, the feet take on so much significance that people avoid stomping with them.---SlouchingIn US, where being casual and friendly is valued, people often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand.In many countries, such as Germany and Sweden, where lifestyles tend to be more formal, slouching is considered a sign of rudeness and poor manners.---Feet on deskIn U.S. and Britain: lean back in the chair and put feet on the desk to convey a relaxed andinformal attitude.Middle East, Swiss and Germany: putting feet on the desk is rude.---Hands in pocketEverywhere in Europe, it is rude to talk with your hands in pocket. It’s something only a guilty child would do.In Turkey, putting one’s hands in one’s pockets is a sign of disrespect.In Germany, “it is impolite to shake someone's hand with your other hand in your pocket. This is seen as a sign of disrespect”In China & Japan, it’s rude to stand with hands thrust into the pocket.---Hands on hipsIn Mexico, it signals hostility.In Malaysia, it shows anger.In U.S., it means impatience.In Argentina, it indicates a challenge.Gestures (p204, p214)Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication.This is mainly a matter of how we use our hands to convey a message.The language of the hands differs from country to country and a gesture which means one thing in one country may well mean something quite different to those living in another.Let’s look at the examples of how gestures communicate.GesturesThousands of cross-cultural examples prove that messages and meanings shift from culture to culture.An Arabic specialist once cataloged 247 separate gestures that Arabs use while speaking.And in a large study involving forty different cultures, Morris and his associates isolated twenty common hand gestures that had a different meaning in each culture.The ring gesture/OK signIn US &UK, it means OK. It’s great. Everything is fine and going well;In Japan and Korea, it means money;In France, it means zero or worthless;In Russia, it means zero/rudeness;In Brazil, Turkey, Venezuela, it means insult/vulgar;In Tunisia “I’ll kill you.”In Malta, it is an invitation to have a homosexual sex.Among Arabs this gesture is usually accompanied by a baring of teeth, and together they signify extreme hostility.In Mexico and Germany, it has a vulgar connotation.In Argentina, one twists an imaginary mustache to signify that everything is okay.The single finger beckon signIn U.S. & Britain: it simply means “come here” . (just waiving the index finger)In Yugoslavia & Malaysia: it is only used for beckoning animals.In Philippines: it is used for beckoning dogs and it’s considered very rude.In Indonesia & Australia: it is used for beckoning prostitutes. i.e. ladies for the night.In Singapore & Japan: it is a sign for death.Most often than not, in the U.S., when a person wants to signal a friend to come, he or she makes the gesture with one hand, palm up, fingers more or less together and moving toward his or her body.Koreans express this same idea by cupping “the hand with the palm down and drawing the fingers toward the palm.” When seeing this gesture, many Americans think the other person is waving good-bye. (palm not facing people, it is for beckoning the dog in Korea)In China, beckoning gesture: the hand is extended towards the person, palm open and facing down, with all fingers crooked in a beckoning motion.In the Middle East, the beckoning gesture is made by waving the hand with the palm down.In Portugal, it is made by waving the hand with the palm up.In Tonga, it is made by downward waving of the arm.In parts of Burma(缅甸), the summoning gesture is made palm down, with the fingers moving as though playing the piano.Filipinos often summon someone with a quick downward nod of the head.In Germany & much of Scandinavia, a beckoning motion is made by tossing the head back.For many Arabs, nonverbally asking someone to “come here” is performed by holding the right hand out, palm upward, and opening and closing the hand.The thumb-up signIn Britain: OK, good, great, well done; also used as a sign for hitch-hiking.To Chinese: excellent, number one.To Japanese: boss, father, husband.To Persian: discontent.To people in the Middle East: obscene gesture.In Greece it is an insult.In France, it means to show approval.In Afghanistan, Iran, Greece and most part of Italy: get out.Yet, to show approval, it is by raising one’s eyebrows in Tonga,by tilting one’s head in France,and by having two thumbs up in Kenya.The thumb-down signTo most Asian countries: Bad, dislikeU.S. & Canada: DisapprovalIn U.S. also for hitch-hikingGreece: a rude signThe ear-tug signIn Spain it means someone is a sponger, i.e. using other people’s money and never spending his own.In Greece it is a warning .In Italy it is used to call someone a homosexual.In Portugal it is used to express something wonderful.In Scotland it shows somebody doubts what you are saying.In Malta, it says someone is a sneak.The eyelid-pull signPulling down the lower lid of your eye with one finger is usually to indicate alertness.In France, England and Greece, it means: you can’t full me.In Spain and Italy, it means that you should be alert.In South America, it means he finds a woman very attractive.The V-signpalm to observer (palm upward):the number 2;Victory, peace or friend (around the world by peace and counter-culture groups)a gesture used in photographs (by many others, especially in Japan)In Greece: hold up the palm to so meone’s face means insult.palm to yourself(palm inward):the number 2offensive gesture, meaning insult, is often compared to the offensive gesture known as "the finger". (This usage is restricted largely to Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the UK)is equivalent to “the finger” (in countries where Spanish, Portuguese, or French are spoken, and especially in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, France, and also Italy, Poland, and countries under the influence of Russian culture, such as Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, but the majority of young people in these countries use the finger as an insult.the finger (the middle finger)In U.S. & most of Europe: a highly offensive gesture.In Western culture, the finger (as in “giving someone the finger”or “the bird” or “flipping someone off”) is an obscene hand gesture.It communicates moderate to extreme contempt, and is roughly equivalent in meaning to "fuck off", "fuck you", "shove it up your ass", "up yours" or "go fuck yourself."The cross-fingers/good luck signIn Italy, it means: “insulting”In Arab world, it means: “wait” or “slowlyIn Vietnam, it’s very rude as this gesture symbolize part of the female body.Anglo-American culture: to wish someone good luck.Germans wish others good luck by making two fists with thumbs inside and pounding them on an imaginary table.To wish some one good luck in Portugal, one would place the thumb between the index and third fingers.Moutza in Greece(all five digits with the palm facing forward)In Greece where the five fingers are spread wide and the palm is pushed towards the recipient: obscene gesture meaning "you have five fathers", thus calling someone a bastard私生子. While originally referring to the custom of punishing criminals by tying them to the backs of donkeys, this gesture has more recently take on a sexual connotation. The Moutza has many variations.The vertical horn gesture/Satanic salute/two-fingered saluteA positive connotation associated with the University of Texas Longhorn Football Team.In Norway: a salute to Satan. According to CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿大广播公司) news, Norwegians were shocked by a gesture made by President Bush and his family during the inauguration.In Italy, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Colombia: an insulting connotation, meaning one’s wife is cheating on him;Venezuela, good luck;U.S. subculture: devil’s horn;In China, means number 6.Clasped-hands-over-the-head gestureused by Former Soviet Premier Khrushchev when visiting the US in the 1960s.---for Russians is a sign of international brotherhood;---for Americans it is an arrogant gestures usually used by prize-fighters after defeating an opponent.Left-handers---be carefulThe left hand is not used for eating, (even if you are left-handed) this is considered offensive and unclean in Middle East, India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Bangladesh because left hand is for toilet functions.Mannerly in India to break your bread only with your right hand (sometimes difficult fornon-Indians) .PointingIn the U.S. by extending the index finger;Germany with little finger;Japanese with entire hand (in fact most Asians consider pointing with index finger to be rude)In Mongolia, by pointing with the lips.In India, by pointing with the chins.In Guinea-Bissau几内亚比绍共和国, by pointing with the tongue.CountingThumb = 1 in Germany, 5 in Japan, middle finger for 1 in Indonesia.Chinese 8 gesture means 2 in Japan.Chinese 9 gesture means pick-pocket in Japan.Head movementsHead movements denoting acceptance and rejection take opposite forms in Thailand and the U.S.Greeks express “yes” with a nod similar to the one used in the U.S. ,but when communicating “no”, they jerk their he ads back and raise their faces. Lifting one or both hands up to the shoulders strongly emphasizes the “no”.To Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos, nodding the head means not “yes”, but “no”.The Indians have a habit of shaking their heads slightly when they talk to somebody. It doesn't mean "No", but "Yes".Facial Expressions (p194-199)In a very real sense, when it comes to using our faces, we are all actors because we all wear a variety of masks. To quote the poet T.S. Eliot, we “put on a face to meet the faces that we meet.”Cultural norms often dictate how, when, and to whom facial expressions are displayed.In many Mediterranean cultures, people exaggerate signs of grief or sadness. It is not uncommon in this region of the world to see men crying in public.Yet in the U.S., white males suppress the desire to show these emotions.Japanese men even go so far as to hide expressions of anger, sorrow, or disgust by laughing or smiling. In one study, Japanese and American subjects revealed the same facial expressions when viewing a stress-inducing film while they were alone. However, when viewing the film in the presence of others, the Japanese manifested only neutral facial expressions.The Chinese also do not readily show emotion for reasons that are rooted deeply in their culture---the Chinese concept of saving face being one of the most important. For the Chinese, displaying too much emotion violates face-saving norms by disrupting harmony and causing conflict.The smile is yet another emotional display that is rooted in one’s culture.In Korean culture, too much smiling is often perceived as the sign of a shallow person. Dressers notes that this “lack of smiling by Koreans has often been misinterpreted as a sign of hostility”. Thais, on the other hand, smile much of the time. In fact, Thailand has been called the “ Land ofSmiles.”Eye ContactEye contact is an important aspect of body language. One could draw up quite rules about eye contact: to look or not to look, when to look and how long to look, who to look at and who not to look at, etc. And these rules vary from culture to culture.Cultural Differences in Eye BehaviorIn English speaking world/Western cultures — see direct eye to eye contact as positive (advise children to look a person in the eyes) , if you fail to meet other people’s gaze, you can be interpreted as being dece ptive, weak, bored, or angry. ( Don’t trust anyone who don’t look you in the eye.)But within USA, African-Americans use more eye contact when talking and less when listening.A prolonged gaze is often seen as a sign of sexual interest.Arabic cultures make prolonged eye-contact— believe it shows interest and helps them understand truthfulness of the other person. (A person who doesn’t reciprocat e is seen as untrustworthy).Japan, Africa, Latin American, Caribbean avoid eye contact to show respect.Respect and attention is shown by looking away from the speakers in Latin America.Answer questions 5 &6 on p196.Touch (p.198-)Touch is culturally determined and each culture has a clear concept of what parts of the body one may not touch.In Western culture, handshake is common (even for strangers), hugs, kisses for those of opposite gender or of family (usually) on an increasingly more intimate basis.U.S.— Note differences between African-Americans and Anglos in U.S. Most African Americans touch on greeting but are annoyed if touched on the head (good boy, good girl overtones). Islamic and Hindu: typically don’t touch with the left hand. To do so is a social insult.Islamic cultures generally don’t approve of any touching between genders (even hand shakes). But consider such touching (including hand holding, hugs) between same-sex to be appropriate.Many Asians don’t touch the head, especially in Thailand (Head houses the soul and a touch puts it in jeopardy).Paralanguage (p.223-224)Paralanguage refers to how something is said rather than the content.Most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations:(1) vocal characterizers (laughing, crying, yelling, moaning, whining, belching, yawning);(2) vocal qualifiers (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, tone);(3) vocal segregates (“un-huh,” “shh,” “uh,” “oooh,” “mmmh,” “humm”).For Israelis, increased volume reflects strong beliefs toward the issue under discussion.The Germans conduct their business with a “commanding tone that projects authority andself-confident.For Thai people, “a loud voice is perceived as being impolite.”In Japan, raising one’s voice often implies a lack of self-control. For them, a gentle and soft voice reflects good manners and helps maintain social harmony---two important values in Japanese culture.When interacting with Americans, people from cultures that speak softly often believe that Americans are angry or upset because of their relatively loud speech.Silence p.225-226Silence is a powerful communicator. It can communicate–Agreement.–Disagreement.–Confusion.–Respect.–Sadness.–Thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings.“Silence in Asia has commonly been entirely acceptable whereas in the West silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable.” – Oliver(1971)Examples---p.225-226Object LanguageObject language refers to communication through material artifacts, e.g. office design, furniture, clothing ,cars, flowers, tie, knife and fork etc.Furniture arrangement within the home communicates something about the culture.For example, people from France, Italy, and Mexico who visit the U.S. are often surprised to see that the furniture in the living room is pointed toward the television set. For them, conversation is important, and facing chairs toward a television screen stifles conversation. In their countries, furniture is positioned to encourage interaction.The Battle of the Ties:Romney’s Red VS Obama’s Blu e(posted on October 4,2012/blog/the-battle-of-the-ties-romneys-red-vs-obamas-blue/. ) Fashion in Politics:Obama “Out-Styles” Romney 4:2“Dress for Success” should have been on both candidates mind while getting dressed for las t night’s first Presidential debate.Overall both did a good job, but a closer look does indeed show some minor differences. After looking at how their suits fitted, what tie they chose to wear, how the ties were tied, how the shirt cut complemented the rest of the outfit, as well as a few other key points, I give the slight edge to President Obama – winning 4:2 over his opponent Governor Romney.In other words: Obama was the better dressed of the two.Hair Cut: Point Goes to RomneyObama showed up in his usually short buzz-cut while Romney impressed with his well manicured coif. Without doubt, Romney’s more “high maintenance” hair took at least 20 minutes to style –time that was, at least from my point of view, well spent.The Suit: Obama Takes This OneBoth men wore the classic charcoal gray, American cut suit (2 button, notch lapels, double vented, and pleated pants).While both men wore pants that were slightly too long, it was Obama’s suit that fit a b it better around the shoulders.It was a close call, but point goes to Obama.The Tie: Romney’s Red “Power Tie” Takes itConsistent with their parties colors, Obama wore a royal blue tie while Romney decided to dress up with a bold red striped piece.While I personally prefer the color and fine textu re of Obama’s tie, Romney did a better job choosing a bolder and more attention-grabbing color. Romney’s red “power tie” exudes confidence without being overly flashy. The stripes on the tie also added a more “business professional” look that is consistent with Romney’s persona. While Romney’s red tie was bold and attention grabbing it did not distract from his face. The clear winner here: Governor Mitt Romne.The Tie Knot: Obama Takes itObama tied his royal blue tie with a perfectly dimpled Four in Hand while Romney tied a slightly sloppy half Windsor.The shape of Obama’s tie knot perfectly complemented the collar style and the dimple gave the tie a nice textured look and better drape. Romney’s knot on the other hand appeared a bit sloppy. The knot was a tad too large for the collar, and the lack of the dimple certainly was an eyesore for every tie aficionado. Thus, the clear winner here is President Obama.The Dress Shirt: Points to ObamaIt should come to no surprise that both men wore the classic white dress shirt featuring classic medium spread collars and traditional barrel cuffs.While both shirts initially looks the same, a closer look shows Romney’s shirt having shorter collar points. While shorter collar points are more modern, it is a style that requires to be worn with the right suit and tie: a slim fit narrow lapeled suit and slightly narrower necktie – something Romney failed to do. Thus, points to Obama.Accessories: Romney Wins HereAs already seen on the campaign trail, both men keep accessories at a bare minimum. Neither man wears cufflinks, tie bars, or pocket squares (something JFK would have done), but instead opted for a simple and sleep look of wedding ring, wrist watch, and American flag pin.Because Romney chose a slightly larger and more visible flag pin, he deserves to win this point.Accessories: Obama Takes This One(Democratic Fashion: Obama vs. Biden)Unfortunately, politicians tend to dress in a somewhat boring fashion these days. Gone are the days when the president (think JFK) dressed in 3-piece suit, decorated with an elegant white pocket square and paired with a dapper skinny tie and matching tie bar.Instead outfits are conservative and, what some m ay call, even boring. Obama’s and Biden’s outfits are the perfect example. Both keep their accessories at an absolute minimum: No cufflinks, no tie bars, no pocket square, and Joe Biden doesn’t even appear to be wearing a wristwatch. The simple fact that Obama wore a sleek black leather band wrist watch gives him the lead when it comes to accessorizing.Object LanguageIn Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls or partitions.The supervisors and managers are positioned nearest the windows. This organization encourages the exchanges of information, facilitates multitask accomplishments, and promotes the Confucian concept of learning through silent observation.CLOTHINGSClothing can reflect subgroup identity.•Example:–US Army Combat Uniform（ACU）美国陆军作战服–Traditional clothing of Gambia and the minority groups in ChinaSmellUSA — fear of offensive natural smells (billion dollar industry to mask objectionable odors with what is perceived to be pleasant ) — again connected with “attractiveness” concept.Many other cultures consider natural body odors as normal (Arabic).Asian cultures (Filipino, Malay, Indonesian, Thai, Indian) stress frequent bathing — and often criticize USA of not bathing often enough!Environmental Language“Time talks. It speaks more plainly than words. The message it conveys comes through loud and clear.” (E. T. Hall)The study of how people use, structure, interpret and understand the passage of time is called chronemics.Space--differences in comfortable distance between people. “Space talks.” (E. T. Hall) Proxemics deals with how space influences the communication process.Cultures differ substantially in their use of perso nal space“ – Edward Hall(1959).Low-context cultures -- place relatively less emphasis on nonverbal cues; prefer much less sensory involvement, standing farther apart and touching lessHigh-context cultures -- place relatively more emphasis on nonverbal cues; preferring to stand close, touch, and experience a close sensory involvementChronemics–the study of our use of time.–ancient cultures have established their own system in measuring time which differs from one to another.–Example :•Muslims use moon-based calendar system–The usage of time varies from culture to culture.•Example :–Arabs engage in up to half an hour of informalconversation before turning to business.ExerciseMatching TaskThink over the following and make a proper match between cultures and gestures or the meanings they convey. (p.200)。
跨文化交际chapter6优秀课件
Western and Chinese culture
are at polar opposites about
compliment.
2021/3/29
6
2021/3/29
Response to compliments
Chinese are tend to efface themselves in words or refuse it, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments .
▪ Not so is a Chinese hostess, who will instead apologize for giving you “Nothing”. They will say“随便作几个菜，不好 吃 。”If translate this into English" I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty.
stay these to express self-depreciation only out of
courtesy , not having other implication. But the
westerners would wonder, since the room is so large
apologize for…”. Etc. But Chinese would like to
apologize for the crowded state of their dwellings
and for small numbers of dishes, although the room
跨文化交际Unit 6(大二英语)
Chinese tolerant of crowding waiting patiently
English-speaking people cannot stand it try to avoid
Causes
Chinese Englishspeaking people
I. Space
Space talks. -- Edward Hall When you invade my space, I will… feel troubled get defensive become aggressive retaliate
Proxemics
the study of personal space for the purpose of communication (近体
Culture & Space
Japanese
German
Culture
American French Arab Latin American
Small space
Large space
Space affects human communication in many other ways.
Classroom arrangements of desk and chairs A circular arrangement Sit in rows
M-time P-time
Touch Culture vs. Non-touch Culture
Touch culture
Arabs Southern and Western Europeans
Unit_6Nonverbal Communication 跨文化交际 大学教学课件
Bowing in Japan
“bowing contest”
Bend slightly to one’s right
Becoming automatic movement, e.g. bow when making phone call
In Japan, mutual bowing is largely determined by rank.
answering a question Korean – rarely do, too much smiling is a sign
of shallowness “The man who smiles a lot is not a real man.” Thailand – “the land of smiles”
regulatingaheadnodtoindicatethatitishisherturntospeak交际中话语插入轮流发言以及交际双方的情绪反应态度变化等借助非语言交际来完成?5
Unit Six
Nonverbal communication
Learning objectives :
Warm-up Activities
You don’t just “ read ” others’ language;
You observe, analyze and interpret before you decide the possible meaning!
Sitting or Standing?
In western countries, people who stand are more important than those who sit (unless there is a table between them), because the former could control the latter.
跨文化交际第六章总结
Summary of chapter sixThis is a chapter about family and friendship.In terms of hierarchy, Americans are different from Chinese. The center of the family is husband and wife; the children are regarded as an individual part. While in china, the parents and children are regarded as a family. The author raised a question in the book: if his wife and mother have a fight, which side should the son with. In the book it pointed out in traditional china the son should always side with the mother, otherwise the son can be regarded as “有了媳妇忘了娘”(once you got you wife you have totally forget your mother). And there is always a classic question in china from the wife or girlfriend: if I and your mother fall into the river at the same time, who will you save first? The duty of parents and children is also different in different culture. In china, the kids are supposed to take care of the parents when they are too old to take care of themselves after their years of sacrifices, because the parents pay the expensive tuition fee for the kids. If the kid was a boy, the parents are also supposed to buy him a house, because that is the base for marriage in china. Otherwise, there is some possibility to remain single when he is in his 40s. At that time the kid will definitely blame the irresponsible parents.As for friendship, I think, both Americans and Chinese regard it as pretty important. I disagree about what the author says in the book. She thinks that Chinese have more responsibility to their friend than Americans. But I cannot agree with her. In the American play Friends and The Diary of V ampire, we can see their way of treating friends also involves a lot of commitment.As to the dating part, I have to say that Americans are much more open about sex and less responsible to their date. It maybe a little wrong to make one’s judgment on the base of the movies, but it somehow reflect the real situation in America. While in china there are still some arranged marriages, which mean the parents pick up the girls for their children. And Chinese are always seeking some forever relationship in their whole life.。
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be verycom partmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time. Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture What is polychronic cultureMonochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system? Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive.Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.. Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture What is Low-context cultureHigh context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures What is the function of silence in high-context cultures It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different culturesDifferent in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process Does everyone have the same experienceThe five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, depending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1-6单元翻译(Word可编辑版)
纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是, 人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折, 既是个人的, 又是全球性的: 人类历史进程总是充满了个人问的直接冲突和民族间的误解一一从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突, 大大小小争端不绝。
很显然, 文化间以及亚文化问的交往比以前多了, 这迫切要求我们共同努力, 去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们, 并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解, 我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处: 这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定, 也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
Translation Unit 2文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序, 我们“头脑的软件”。
但是, 我们可以进一步引中这个用电脑所做的类比, 把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的Dos 或者unix 或者“视窗”(windows) 等操作系统一样, 使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的, 但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般, 人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实, 因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中, 文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的, 就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产, 而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作, 这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序, 那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始, 文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么, 文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
跨文化交际英语教程课后答案
跨文化交际英语教程课后答案【篇一：新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit 6】ture and nonverbal communicationreading ian overview of nonverbal communicationcomprehension questions1. can you speak each of the following sentences in different ways to mean differently?1) she is my best friend.2) you?ve done really good job.3) come here, please.4) that?s all right.speaking the same sentence with the stress on different words may mean different things. for instance, if the stress falls on “she” in the first sente nce, it means it is she, not you or somebody else, that is my best friend. but if the stress falls on “my”, it implies that she is my, not your or somebody?s best friend.2. speakers of british english use loudness only when they are angry, speakers of indian english use it to get the floor, a chance to speak. so when an indian speaker is trying to get the floor, what would the british speaker think of the indian and what would the british behave in response?the british speaker may think that the indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain about the indian?s rudeness or even return his rudeness as a response.3. what differences in body language use have you noticed between your chinese teachers and foreign teachers?there are really some differences between chinese teachers and foreign teachers in their use of body language. for instance, chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions often seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. do you know any gestures we often use that might be misunderstood by people from other cultures?for example, the way we chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some western countries to mean bye-bye.5. how do we chinese people use eye contact in communication?during a conversation between two chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. how much eye-contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. how will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the united states or people from japan?while talking with americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. however; while talking with japanese, we are not expected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the adam?s apple.7. do you often smile at others? why or why not?it depends. for instance, it seems that we chinese, as well as people of other eastern asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as americans.8. what function(s) may laughter serve in our culture? does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?laughter in our culture may serve various functions. sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, and sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. do you often touch others while talking with them? whom do you touch more than others?we chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. in small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. is touching always part of a greeting?no. touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places? why or why not?many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who arestrangers to each other should not touch. however, whether people will apologize or not depends on the situations. if a person accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowded place, he or she may not apologize for it.reading iigender and nonverbal communicationcomprehension questions1. what may often happen to those who do not conform to their culture?s accepted gender “script”?there are often severe social penalties for those who act in violation of their culture?s accepted gender ―script.2. does touch have any connotation in different situations? can you give some specific examples?touch, like physical closeness, may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. for instance, in some cultures, it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon, for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. what will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciably taller than the man?taller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouch and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.4. are men and women required to have the same facial expressions? does smile mean the same things to both men and women?men and women are not usually required to have the same facial expressions. smile may mean different things to men and women. for females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine, because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. why are the african-american women less deferential than white women and less inclined to smile?african-american women are found to be less deferential than white women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simply because it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. in what ways may direct eye contact between individuals be interpreted?looking directly into another person?s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation, or a desire for honest and open communication.7. what was found in a study of nonverbal communication among hispanic couples? in a study of nonverbal communication among hispanic couples, it was found that many puerto rican wives never looked directly at their husbands.8. how does clothing manifest and promote cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity?through clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.case studycase 21sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障) in cross-cultural communication. for example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. among middle-class north american men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. when wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the united states may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend?s right arm. however, to people of middle eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. therefore, in vernon?s eyes, kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him.case 22in puerto rican culture, as in some other latin american and eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the united states, failing of meeting other person?s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. as the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. generallyspeaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures.case 23just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures.interestingly, for us chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. people may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. in this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the american rather than laugh at her. their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don?t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it?s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. unfortunately the american was unaware of this. she thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.case 24it is obvious that there exists some difference between the british and germans in their use of touch. the lack of touch that seems to be natural in britain may be considered strange by germans. what is required (in this case, shaking hands with each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in another.the appropriateness of contact between people varies from country to country. figures from a study offer some interesting insight into this matter. pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different countries were observed for at least one hour each. the number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in london, 0; in florida, 2; in paris, 10; in puerto rico, 180. these figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different cultures.【篇二：新编跨文化交际英语教程答案详解】很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
跨文化交际-Unit 6
Some likely interpretations
7. Grandma is afraid her children would put her in a rest-home if she moved in with them, and she would rather live alone in her own home. Projected cultural similarity: We often tend to interpret based on our own cultural norms.
Ethnocentrism and Projected Cultural Similarity
They are closely related, but describe somewhat different phenomena. Ethnocentrism is taking one’s own cultural norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. Projected cultural similarity is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way we do.
Grandma
What will Bill’s first thought be when he hears that the American teacher’s grandma lives alone? Why do you think the grandmother lives alone?
Love and marriage
跨文化交际unit6-1
Ss of ethnocentrism: The term “ethnocentrism” was originally coined by William Summer, who defined it as “the view of things in which one‟s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.” (Gundykunst and Kim 1997:5) Some other definitions of ethnocentrism:
Unit 6 Ethnocentrism种族中心主义
Teaching Objectives: 1) Students grasp the reasons why Americans like to pay for themselves; 2) Students know the main concept of ethnocentrism; 3) Students comprehend the method to manage ethnocentrism.
Within families, it is also not unusual for parents to pay for their children or vice versa. (Often it is the wealthier person who pays. within families, people generally already know what everyone’s financial situation is, so the topic is somewhat less sensitive than with other people.)
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communication.
asking their opinions
Interrupt others o make
and encouraging them your own points.
to elaborate.
7. Keep the conversation going by asking questions and showing interest in others’ ideas.
express
something helpful
understanding of their 6. Don’t share the talk
feelings.
stage with others, wrest
6. Include others in
it from them with
conversation by
Feminine Talk e talk to build and sustain rapport with others. 2. Share yourself and learn about others through disclosing 3. Use talk to create symmetry or equality between people
comments enhance depth of connection
7. Each person is on her or his own; it’s not your job to help others join in.
8. Use responses to make your own points and to outshine others.
Unit 6
Cross-Gender Communication
Objectives
1. Learn the differences of sex and gender; 2. Learn the differences of feminine and
masculine communication cultures; 3. Learn to understand cross-gender
• Boys’ games emphasize achievement, both for the team and for the individual members.
Differences between Feminine and Masculine Communication Culture
2. What is the difference between sex and genger?
• Sex is determined by genetic codes that program biological features.
• Man woman • Male female
Indicate sexual identities
Masculine Talk
1. Use talk to assert yourself and your ideas.
2. Personal disclosures can make you vulnerable
3. Use talk to establish your status and power
misunderstanding conflict
2. Text Study
Please read Sex and Gender in your textbook from page 119 to 120 and answer the following questions.
1.What is sex? And what is gender?
women and women doctors. • Man and woman are like two hedgehogs in
winter: too close, get hurt; too far away, get lonely and cold.
• Is it possible to get a confidante or male confidant in reality?
Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced by society.
Please read Feminine and Masculine Communication Cultures in your textbook from page 120 to 123 and answer the following
• :“别瞎说，我们只是好朋友而已。”听到这种台词，相必一大帮人会带着一副原来如此 的表情在心里说“且……”。
• 我只听过一句话“不要让你的女朋友有蓝颜知己，因为蓝着蓝着你就绿了，不要让你 的男朋友有红颜知己，因为红着红着你俩就黄了”我觉得很对。
• 在幼儿园里存在，还有就是耄耋之年有，这中间的年龄段绝对是挑战。
4. Matching experiences with others shows understanding and empathy
4. Matching experiences is a competitive strategy to command attention.
5. To support others, 5. To support others, do
Gender is more complex than sex. masculine and feminine
sex
gender
biological permanent individual property
socially constructed varied over time and across cultures social and relational quality
9. Be assertive so others perceive you as confident and in command.
10. Talking is a linear sequence that should convey information and accomplish goals.
8. Be responsive. Let others know you hear and care about what they say.
9. Be tentative so that others feel free to add their ideas.
10. Talking is a human relationship in which details and interesting side
Four Examples
• What counts as support? • Tricky feedback • Expressing care • I’d rather do it myself.
Six Principles
• Suspend judgement. • Recognize the validity of different
communication styles • Provide translation cues. • Seek translation cues. • Enlarge your own communication style • Suspend judgement
追求人生的美好!
我们的共同目标!
comment
• The case shows man and woman’s different attitudes toward their relationship, and the parents’ attitudes regarding children’s love and marriage in Chinese culture.
cooperative)
• Be cooperative, hecollaborative,and inclusive
• Don’t criticize or outdo others.
• Pay attention to other’s feelings and needs
Boy’s games (more structured,
large, individualized)
• Assert yourself. • Focus on outdoors. • Be competitive.
Summary
• Girls’ games occur within a gender culture that emphasizes cooperation, sensitivity toward others, and experience more than outcome.
questions.
• What are the basic rules of boy’s or girls interaction?
• What are the differences between feminine and masculine communication culture?
Girls’ Games (unstructured,
• To John 6 months not lead to marriage • To Li Hua time to bring John to meet
parents • To Li Hua’s parents treat John as a
future son-in-law background marriage plans