2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题解析及答案
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. V ocabulary 2. Structure and Rhetorie 3. Reading Comprehension 4. WritingV ocabulary1．The packing of goods offered does not meet our standards. Could you use packing which is ______ breakage?A．secure fromB．secure aboutC．secure forD．secure under正确答案：A解析：句意：贵公司提供货物包装不符标准，能否用防止破损的包装。
secure from保护……使免于。
(be)secure about为……担忧。
secure for无此用法。
secure under无此用法。
2．All employees will be______to learn and use the new computer system if we want to increase our productivity.A．objectedB．obstructedC．obligedD．obtained正确答案：C解析：句意：如果要提高产量的话，每个员工都有义务学习和使用新的计算机系统。
oblige有义务；强制。
object反对，不赞成。
obstruct阻塞；阻碍。
obtain 获得，得到。
3．Non-Americans have a long way to go before they reach that level—720 L of soft drinks a year—and that would______booming business for the two giants.A．operateB．updateC．recruitD．translate into正确答案：A解析：句意：要达到每年720升软饮料的水平，非美人民还有很长的路要走，这也将成为两大巨头的朝阳产业。
2014年考研上海对外经贸大学翻译硕士真题(回忆版)
翻译
1. 词语翻译
英译中 2’*10
中译英 3’*10
2. 文章翻译
英译中 1*50’
中译英 1*50’
词语翻译比去年简单一些，英译中还是偏商务，中译英全部都是那种像予人玫瑰，手有余香这样的句子，比如少见多怪这种，是可以发挥的，
篇章翻译，英译中是讲万豪酒店的创始人他是如何成为万豪的头头的……不难，
中译英是偏散文，感觉不难，张培基没有白看（但是比去年那篇商务类的要难）
基础英语
1. 词汇 1’*20
2. 阅读 4篇 0.5’*20
3. 选词填空 10 15’（10道题目，15分）
4. 修辞手法 10 15’（10道题目，15分）
5. 写作the road not taken 30’
词汇比去年难，专八的，语法题没了，改错题没了
阅读还可以，不是很难
选词填空的词汇比较难，恋母情结什么的……
修辞手法有十个，PUN之类的，蛮难的，都忘记了
写作还好，400字，题目自拟
百科
1. 填空 1’*10
2. 名词解释 2’ *20
3. 应用文给党中央写个信，说说怎么增强文化软实力 1*40’（去年也是给党中央写信……）
4. 大作文我看人生（要结合时事） 1* 60’
百科我只能说永远是我的痛……去年考了很多经济贸易政治的，我今年狂复习啊，结果今年考了暴多历史的，什么第一部字典，第一部印刷品，望闻问切的切，利玛窦也有，但是我没想起来，还是什么忘记了，反正就是很惨不忍睹，
大作文和应用文还好吧……主要是要字迹清晰。
[考研类试卷]2014年对外经济贸易大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2014年对外经济贸易大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉1 Anti-Dumping Duty Order2 counter trade3 holding company4 working capital5 contingency fund6 par value7 law of diminishing marginal utility8 treasury bills9 zero sum game10 niche market11 MOOC12 TPP13 CAFTA14 CFR15 GSP16 ICC17 ITC18 SBA19 UNCTAD20 USAID汉译英21 即期汇票22 资本流动性23 抵押贷款24 指令经济25 机会成本26 远期汇率27 最低限价28 金融租赁公司29 微信30 雾霾英译汉31 Global financial stability has improved over the past six months, bolstered by better macroeconomic performance and continued accommodative macroeconomic policies, but fragilities remain. The two-speed recovery ?modest in advanced economies and robust in emerging market economies has posed different policy challenges for countries. In advanced economies hit hardest by the crisis, governments and households remain heavily indebted, to varying degrees, and the health of financial institutions has not recovered in tandem with the overall economy. Emerging market economies are facing new challenges associated with strong domestic demand, rapid credit growth, relatively accommodative macroeconomic policies, and large capital inflows. Geopolitical riskscould also threaten the economic and financial outlook, with oil prices increasing sharply amid fears of supply disruptions in the Middle East and North Africa.The main task facing policymakers in advanced economies is to shift the balance of policies away from reliance on macroeconomic and liquidity support to more structural policies ?less "leaning" and more " cleaning" of the financial system. This will entail reducing leverage and restoring market discipline , while avoiding financial or economic disruption during the transition. Thus, ongoing policy efforts to withdraw(implicit)public guarantees and ensure bondholder liability for future losses must build on more rapid progress toward stronger bank balance sheets, ensuring medium-term fiscal sustainability and addressing excessive debt burdens in the private sector.For policymakers in emerging market economies, the task is to limit overheating and a buildup of vulnerabilities ?to avoid " cleaning" later. Emerging market economies have continued to benefit from strong growth relative to that in advanced economies, accompanied by increasing portfolio capital inflows. This is putting pressure on some financial markets, contributing to higher leverage, potential asset price bubbles, and inflationary pressures. Policymakers will have to pay increasing attention to containing the buildup of macro-financial risks to avoid future problems that could inhibit their growth and damage financial stability.汉译英32 中意两国都是拥有悠久历史和灿烂文化的文明古国。
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 3. 名词解释 5. 应用文写作8. 命题作文单项选择题1．《论语》中的“诗可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨”，是我国最早的文学批评，对诗经价值的认识和诗歌创作的指导都具有重要意义。
A．《学而》B．《为政》C．《阳货》D．《雍也》正确答案：C解析：(孔子的)“兴观群怨”说：这是孔子在《论语．阳货》篇里提出来的关于文学作品的社会作用的说法。
《阳货》篇记载说：“子曰：小子何莫学夫《诗》？《诗》可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。
迩之事父，远之事君，多识于鸟兽草木之名。
”兴，指诗歌具体安排的艺术形象，可以激发人的精神之兴奋，可以使人从诗歌鉴赏中获得一种美的享受；观，是指诗歌真实地反映社会政治和道德风尚状况，因而能让人从中观察出政治的得失和风俗的盛衰；群，则是认为诗歌可以有使人互相交流情感、加强团结的作用；怨，是指文学作品有干预现实、批评社会的作用。
孔子的“兴观群怨”说，对后来的现实主义文学批评理论和现实主义文学创作产生了非常重要的影响，但是也不可以说是现实主义理论的滥觞。
2．唐代诗人崔颢诗歌《黄鹤楼》中，“黄鹤一去不复返”的下一句是________。
A．莫使金樽空对月B．古来万事东流水C．白云千载空悠悠D．除却巫山不是云正确答案：C解析：《黄鹤楼》是唐代诗人崔颢创作的一首七言律诗，被选人《唐诗三百首》。
此诗描写了在黄鹤楼上远眺的美好景色，是一首吊古怀乡之佳作。
前四句写登临怀古，后四句写站在黄鹤楼上的所见所思。
黄鹤楼昔人已乘黄鹤去，此地空余黄鹤楼。
黄鹤一去不复返，白云千载空悠悠。
晴川历历汉阳树，芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。
日暮乡关何处是？烟波江上使人愁。
崔颢，唐代诗人。
汴州(今河南省开封市)人。
其早期诗作多写闺情，流于浮艳轻薄。
后历边塞，诗风大振，忽变常体，风骨凛然，尤其是边塞诗慷慨豪迈，雄浑奔放。
明人辑有《崔颢集》，《全唐诗》存其诗四十二首。
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士真题
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士真题各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
（一）翻译基础。
单选几乎全是贸易类，三篇阅读是FT中文网速度测试原文章原题，以下是链接：/interactive/1463 （MOOC那一篇）/interactive/1418 （第一篇）/interactive/1283（第四篇貌似。
）（二）.翻译英语。
30个词汇（我抄到准考证上了）一、1.Anti-Dumping Duty Order2.counter trade3.holding company4.working capital5.contingency fund6.par valuew of diminishing marginal utility8.treasury bills9.zero sum game10.niche market二、1.即期汇票2.资本流动性3.抵押贷款4.指令经济5.机会成本6.远期汇率7.最低限价8.金融租赁公司9.微信（PS：你相信吗？瞪大你的眼睛，没错！就是微信，贸大还考这种新词！！WeChat啊！！玩微信的谁不知道？？？）10.雾霾三.缩略语1.MOOC（这个词很奇葩，在前一天考的基础英语中阅读里有出现这个缩略语！！）2.TPP3.CAFTA4.CFR5.GSP6.ICC7.ITC8.SBA9.UNCTADAID我想说今年的词汇出了好多往年的原题（一2,3,9；二3；三4579 都是原题！！）所以亲们，往年真题必看必背啊！！英译汉是关于全球金融经济稳定性发达国家以及新兴市场经济的，篇幅不算长，个人感觉比去年的题简单，汉译英是讲意大利人对中国的感觉及看法（涉及旅游），既不是官话也不是散文，介于两者之间。
（三）汉语百科知识与写作这门最坑爹！变动最大！13年百科知识几乎都是林青松那本书上的，今年出的全是高中历史地理文化题，这个规律不好把握，应用文写作是贷款申请书，百度一下就知道格式规范了，最后的大作文竟然是命题作文！！！命题作文....题作文.....作文.....尼玛劳资完全没看好吗？？！！光看经济应用文了。
广外翻硕真题(2014 回忆版)
广外翻硕真题（2014 回忆版）一、翻译硕士英语(满分100)Part Ⅰ: 单选30个，共30分;考察词汇、语法。
(建议多读英文小说、文章等，当然也要注重积累词汇。
)Part Ⅱ: 阅读Section 1: 两篇文章，各对应5个选择题，共20分。
(第一篇文章关于airline alliance的探讨，第二篇文章关于英国面临的移民问题。
)Section 2: 两篇文章，共对应5个小简答题，共20分。
(第一篇文章关于一名美国医生杀妻案，第二篇文章关于汽车行业现今发展、受金融危机影响什么的)Part Ⅲ: 写作，30分。
今年给的话题是关于有些城市开始采取措施to curb car use，引起了不同的反响，有利有弊、有人支持有人则不然，对此谈谈你的看法。
题目自拟，400 words。
二、英语翻译基础(满分150)英汉、汉英词组互译，30分。
1，十八届三中全会2，国家民族事务委员会3，中国地震局4，主管部门5，玩忽职守6，徇私舞弊7，以……为把手8，国际会议口译员协会9，绿化覆盖面积10，行政问责制11，暂行规定12，一站式服务13，国际惯例14，得寸进尺15，《西厢记》16，National Council for US-China Trade17，Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development18，The Baltimore Sun 19，court of first instance20，underwriting contract 21，licensee of a patent22，China-EU maritime transport agreement23，venture capital 24，The Great Depression25，strategic agility 26，occupational health and safety27，low-end processing 28，information asymmetry29，diamonds cut diamonds 30，The Catcher in the Rye篇章翻译，120分。
2014年贸大英语翻译基础考研真题,考研参考书,考研招生信息,答案解析
1/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 12015年考研指导育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。
2/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 2对外经济贸易大学（原题）33/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：44/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：55/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：66/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：77/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：88/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：99/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：1010/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：1111/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：1212/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：1313/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：14/19【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：14政治【学科概述】不用因为政治纷繁复杂的知识点而担心政治会不过线，只要肯下功夫，60分是很容易达到的。
但对于想考名校的朋友，如果期望考到75分左右的高分，你们就需要仔细做选择题，认真地理解重点了。
政治在2010年，大纲作了大幅修订，有了如今大纲的基本结构。
总体上来说，考研政治降低了专业难度，给没怎么学习过政治专业知识的同学越来越多的机会。
政治总分100分，50分客观选择，50分主观简答。
先说主观题，一共5道大题，分别对应政治的五个部分，考点很难预料，但是实际能得到分数不少。
对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题分享与详解
对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题分享与详解一、百科知识，解释划线词1.韩素音的著作《伤残的树》描写了一个世纪前，一位比利时女子被瓷器中的中国吸引，远嫁重洋，落户动乱、饥饿的四川。
半个世纪前，她的长着高鼻梁、黑眼睛的混血女儿，历时15年，用手中的笔，书写了一部给外国人看的家族史，这是一部纠结着血缘传承、习俗差异、民族矛盾的复杂家族史，更是一部扎根在自己家族，涉与曾国藩、义和团、袁世凯、基督教、共产党的波澜壮阔的民族断代史。
2.钱钟书先生的笔记中不仅包括了《诗经》、《论语》、《史记》、《全唐诗》、《全宋词》、《红楼梦》等经典，更大量涉与历代文人诗文别集、笔记小说、野史杂谈、尺牍日札。
多种形制、各类语体的读数笔记曾伴随钱钟书走南闯北，历经风雨，充分展现了钱先生的国学水平。
3.一方面，新兴市场国家，如金砖四国，希望注资IMF。
据消息人士称，IMF需要3500亿美元来帮助西班牙和意大利等国渡过债务危机。
但西方国家认为，这次注资不应该通过减少西方国家的投票权(增加新兴市场国家的投票权会降低西方国家的投票权)来损害西方国家的利益。
4.加拿大央行行长卡尼表示，希腊问题十分重要，但鉴于更大国际背景，欧洲问题严重性甚于希腊，G20峰会需要认真解决发达国家经济弱点。
5.参加德班气候大会的中国代表团官员8日表示，随着中国“十二五”期间加强控制温室气体排放，中国有望建立自己的碳排放交易系统(ETS)。
6，还有戛纳，欧元区，新闻界的“走，转，改”具体文段想不起来。
二、应用文写作应用文写作纪念辛亥革命一百周年征稿启事写清标题，正文，落款要求有四条1.征文目的，对象，用途，意义2.征文题材体裁字数3.征文起止日期评奖办法4.邮寄方式联系人地址5.不少于450字三、大作文写作：阅读下面一则故事，写一篇800字以上短文；题目：略谈说话的艺术美国的心理学家和人际关系大师卡耐基每个季度都要在纽约的一家大旅馆租用大礼堂用以讲授社交训练课程。
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语口译考研真题
咨询孙老师。
对外经济贸易大学 2014 年 MTI 考研真题
I. Phrase Translation
1. Anti-Dumping Duty Order 反倾销税令 2. counter trade 对销贸易 3. holding company 控股公司 4. working capital 营运资本，流动资金 5. contingency fund 应急费用 6. par value 票面价值 7. law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减/规律 8. treasury bills (美国或英国的)短期国库券 9. zero sum game 零和博弈，又称零和游戏 10. niche market 利基市场 11. 即期汇票 sight draft，demand draft 12. 资本流动性 mobility of capital 13. 抵押贷款 Mortgage Loan 14. 指令经济 Command economy 15. 机会成本 opportunity cost 16. 远期汇率 forward rate 17. 最低限价 floor price 18. 金融租赁公司 Financial leasing company 19. 微信 WeChat 20. 雾霾 haze 21. MOOC 网络公开课(Massive Open Online Courses) 22. TPP 跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协议(Trans-Pacific Partnership) 23. CAFTA 东盟自由贸易区(China-ASEAN Free Trade Area) 24. CFR 成本加运费（Cost and Freight ） 25. GSP 普及特惠税制度(Generalized System Of Preferences) 26. ICC 国际商会（International Chamber of Commerce） 27. ITC 国际贸易委员会(International Trade Commission) 28. SBA 小企业管理局(Small Business Administration)
对外经贸大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案解析
育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教育赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。
对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题翻译硕士英语Part1:Vocabulary and Grammar.（30P）01.The Space Age____in October1957when the first artificialsatellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced02.John said that he didn’t quite____and asked me to repeat whatI had said.A.snatch upB.summon upC.catch onD.watch out03.When he tried to make a____,he found that the hotel that he wantedwas completely filled because of a convention.plaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision04.A budget of five dollars a day is totally____for a trip roundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid05.In our highly technological society,the number of jobs for unskilledworkers is____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining06.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be___by thisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired07.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time____the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.havingcaught08.Frankly speaking,your article is very good except for some____mistakes in grammar.A.obscureB.glaringC.trivialD.rare09.As it turned out to be a small house party,we____so formally.A.needn’t dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn’t have dressed up10.Certain species disappeared or became____as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.A.feebleB.extinctC.massiveD.extinguished11.I apologize if I____you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD. might have offended12.Franklin D.Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy’s____flaws.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD. underlying13.Although a teenager,Fred could resist____what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told14.I am afraid that you have to alter your____views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD. pessimistic15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16.Stop shouting!I can’t hear the football____.A.judgmentB.interpretationmentaryD. explanation17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true____it comes to classroom tests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when18.Every member of society has to make a____to struggle for the freedom of the country.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much____to those who compete well.A.prestigeB.regimeC.superiorityD.legislation20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens,set to____when itarrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off21.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only____familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of22.By signing the lease we made a___to pay a rent of$150a week.A.conceptionmissionmitmentD. confinementPart2:Identify Stylistic Problems.（18P）01.By the time Julia Roberts was23,she had won two academy award nominations,she had also become the world’s most popular female actress.A.run onma spliceC.correctD.fragment02.Since then,Roberts has appeared in fourteen films.Most recently,“My Best Friend’s Wedding”and“The Conspiracy Theory.”A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctma splice03.She didn’t plan to become an actress.She wanted to be six feet tall.She wanted to be a veterinarian.She wanted to be happy and make others happy.A.fragmentma spliceC.choppyD.correct04.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success.In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.A.fragmentB.choppyma spliceD.correct05.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan,not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.A.fragmentma spliceC.correctD.run on06.She came to New York when she was seventeen.Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyma splice07.Roberts was raised in Georgia.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors.The family was always short of money.A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctD.run on08.When Julia was four years old,her parents divorced.After eighteen years of marriage.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyD.correctPart3:Reading Comprehension（30P）Passage AMany United States companies have,unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work.Since 1980the United States International Trade Commission（ITC）has received about280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another340charge that foreign companies“dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are alleged,the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression,this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and research relationships.The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States.If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States,since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt,used to device roads.The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations.The“United States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.01.The passage is chiefly concerned with______.A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States governmentD.advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports02.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C.A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.03.The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C.It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.04.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?panies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.panies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.panies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.panies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.05.According to the passage,the International Trade Commission isinvolved in which of the following?A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competitionB.Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import competitionC.Recommending legislation to ensure fair tradeD.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United StatesPassage BSince the late1970s,in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.（Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.）However,from1978through1982,productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve;and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran25percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier,post-1945upturns.At the same time,it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting,the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind,I recently visited25companies;it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40, 20”rule.Roughly4o percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure （decisions about the number,size,location,and capacity of facilities）and in approaches to materials.Another40percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology.The final20percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter,not harder—do produce results.But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people.As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown,an industry can easily become prisoner of itsown investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products.And managers under pressure to maximizecost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output.This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,but it has created a penny-pinching,mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so,in part,by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies,successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing,but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.01The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a different approachparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions02It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph1expected that the measures they implemented would______.A.encourage innovationB.keep labor output constantC.increase their competitive advantageD.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted03.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.A.present a historical context for the author’s observationsB.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that followC.clarify some disputed definitions of economic termsD.summarize a number of long-accepted explanations04.The author refers to Ahernathy’s study most probably in order to ______.A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturingB.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitivenessC.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivityD.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry05.The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as______.A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD. respectfulPassage CIt can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.There are threegroups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process.First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,there is the program target—people in the market segment with the“best fit”characteristics for a specific product.Lots of people—may need trousers,but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.Finally,there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposedto the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical.An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable.Such customers,allsharing a particular need,are likely to form a meaningful target,for example,all companies with a particular application of the product in question,such as high-speed fillers ofbottles at breweries.In such circumstances,direct selling（marketing that reaches only the program target）is likely to be economically justified,and highly specialized trade media existto expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different.Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales.Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target.There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics.Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare,and mass marketing—-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the only economically feasible mode.Unfortunately,there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target.Inevitably,people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.01.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.C.They are used only for very expensive products.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.02.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.03.The author mentions“trousers”in paragraph1most likely in order to______.A.make a comparison between the program target and the program audienceB.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program targetC.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing programD.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target04.“the product in question”in Line5,Paragraph2means______.A.“the product in the previous question”B.“the product under discussion”C.“the product on sale”D.“the product in doubt”05.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target is larger than the market segment.Cloze TestMost economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.__16__.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.__17__.In fact,price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,as an effortless consequence of its own development,the price-fixing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size.Hence,a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.__18__.Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting,because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms;it is not.Moreover,those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fixing,usually in an overt fashion.Formalprice-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements coveringthe members of an industry are common-place.__19__,the countries thathave avoided the first and used the second would have suffereddrastically in their economic development.There is no indication thatthey have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices.In the early1970’s,the Soviet Union began to give firms and industriessome of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informalevolution has accorded the capitalist system.__20__;rather,Sovietfirms have been given the power to fix prices.A.But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needsthat it has in common with the other large firms competing for the samecustomersB.Consequently,nothing seems good or normal that does not accord withthe requirements of the free marketC.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a returnto the free market.But Soviet firms are no more subject to pricesestablished by a free market over which they exercise little influencethan are capitalist firmsD.Accordingly,it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing（the determination of prices by the seller）as both“normal”andhaving a valuable economic functionE.Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market andinefficient about price-fixing-o.Part4:Writing.（30P）Write an English essay of250-300words describing Maslow’s hierarchyof human needs and analyze this model with ONE example.Your writingwill be assessed for language,format,structure and content.育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网政治【学科概述】不用因为政治纷繁复杂的知识点而担心政治会不过线，只要肯下功夫，60分是很容易达到的。
对外经济贸易大学二外法语考研真题及详解(2013～2014)【圣才出品】
3．对外经济贸易大学二外法语考研真题及详解（2013～2014）对外经济贸易大学2014年二外法语考研真题I. 选择最正确的答案：(30％)1. Il fumait beaucoup. Mais maintenant il ______ fume.A. ne ... denB. ne ... jamaisC. ne ... plusD. ne ... aucun【答案】C【解析】句意：以前他抽很多烟，现在他一根都不抽了。
ne…rien意为“没有什么东西，没有什么事情”；ne…jamais意为“从没，从未，从不”；ne…plus意为“不再，再没”；ne…aucun意为“没有一个，没有任何”。
根据题意可知应选C项。
2. L'homme était derrière la porte, il m'a menacé avec son arme et m'a demandé______ conduire aux coffres.A. auB. à leC. duD. de le【答案】D【解析】句意：一个男人站在门后，他用武器威胁我并要求我带他到保险箱那儿去。
demander à qn de faire qch,故排除A、B项;当le定冠词时，de和le需要缩合，当le 前置作直接宾语时，de和le不缩合。
故选D项。
3. Avez-vous parlé de ce probtème à Jacques? - Oui, ______ ai parlé.A. j'en luiB. je le luiC. je lui enD. je lui 1'【答案】C【解析】句意：你和雅克谈论过这个问题了吗？是的，我已经和他谈论过了。
此题考查宾语以及副代词的前置。
Jacques为间接宾语，用lui；parler de qch，en为副代词，指代de ce problème，前置时位于间接宾语lui之后，助动词之前。
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士解析真题
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士解析真题战后期，与美英分区占领德国，参加纽伦堡对纳粹战犯的审判。
⑼西德成立后,法德同为北约与欧共体成员国,推动欧洲一体化进程。
3、英德关系⑴在法国大革命和拿破仑帝国时期，英国联合普奥反法。
⑵1814—1815年，英国同普奥共同操纵维也纳会议，建立维也纳体系。
（略）⑶进入帝国主义阶段后，英德矛盾成为帝国主义主要矛盾，英、德分别组织三国协约和三国同盟两大军事集团。
疯狂扩军备战。
⑷一战爆发后，英法在西线相继取得马恩河、凡尔登、索姆河、日德兰等战役的胜利，最后大败德国，取得一战胜利。
⑸一战后，在巴黎和会上，奉行均势，反对过分削弱德国；参与瓜分德国海外殖民地。
⑹20年代在德国赔款和法国安全问题，英国偏袒德国；道威斯计划通过后，对德提供贷款，扶植德国；参与签订洛迦诺公约，提高德国政治地位。
⑺30年代对德实行绥靖政策：对德实施普遍义务兵役制，开进莱茵不设防区不予反击；对德入侵西班牙采取“不干涉”政策；制造慕尼黑阴谋；德国突袭波兰，英法确坐视波兰灭亡而按兵不动。
⑻二战爆发后，英国逐渐坚定了反法西斯斗争决心；不列颠之战使德国遭到第一次重大失败；丘吉尔和罗斯福发表《大西洋宪章》；参与发表华盛顿26国宣言，建立世界反法西斯同盟；阿拉曼战役战胜德意在北非的军队，北非登陆迫使德意军队投降；诺曼第登陆，开辟欧洲第二战场；相继参加开罗会议、德黑兰会议、雅尔塔会议和波茨坦会议。
⑼二战后，参与对德国及其首都柏林的分区占领；在纽伦堡队纳粹战犯进行审判。
4、英美关系⑴1775—1783年的独立战争，美国摆脱英国殖民统治，赢得独立。
⑵1823年，美国提出“门罗主义”，引起英国不满。
1846年美国从英国手中取得俄勒冈。
⑶1899年美国提出对华“门户开放”政策，首先得到英国承认。
⑷一战后期，美国加入协约国作战，企图与英法争夺战利品。
⑸一战后美国企图凭借世界经济霸权地位，实现统治全世界的野心，同英国力图保持海上霸权，继续扩大殖民地的意图发生矛盾，英美矛盾成为主要矛盾。
2014年贸大翻译硕士考研真题,考研参考书,考研招生人数,招生信息,复试分数线
1/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 12015年考研指导育明教育创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。
2/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 2对外经济贸易大学（原题）33/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：44/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：55/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：66/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：77/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：88/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：99/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：1010/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：1111/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：1212/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：1313/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：14/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：14（1）一般而言，每篇阅读理解只讲一个主题，阅读时应通过段落主题句把握中心。
（2）考研文章的两类体裁：议论文，重点是作者的观点和态度。
说明文，重点是作者的态度，说明对象及其特点。
（3）阅读时看清文章是由几个自然段构成的，同时还要给文章分段，便于更好的回文章定位。
（4）阅读的重点位置时文章的首段、其余各段的段首段尾句、转折处、条件关系处、因果关系处，快速读过的信息是举例子的内容、引用的内容、类比的内容、具体数字以及冒号后15/21【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 15面补充说明的部分。
对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题解析
三、汉语写作与百科知识
百科单选题今天增加到道题，前半部分考察地还是中国文学文学部分，古代和现代并重.中间几道考察世界地理，后面主要考察西方文学和西方文化，文学部分不仅仅限于纯文学，还包括社会经济题材地文学作品.另外，今年比较大地一个变化是不考名词解释.lzq7I。
写作题和前两年相比，没有太大差异，题源是公布地,考察,三者之间地关系，写作地框架可以按照雅思图表作文来写，但是内容需要自己丰富，建议大家平时多看看这类经济报告，了解经济常识，培养经济素养.GMsIa。
二、翻译基础
翻译基础今年题型大变，很多同学没看清题目就作答，吃了大亏.英汉短语互译部分去掉了缩略词翻译，而是个英译汉，挑选其中个，并用中文简要解释这五个短语，个汉译英，也是选取其中个，用英语简要解释一下.这部分将英汉短语互译同名词解释相结合，更加注重考察经济常识，准备这部分内容，不能再看财经类地英汉短语翻译，还需要了解其实在意思，红宝书上归纳了基本地常识，大家可以参照学习.TIrRG。
数码港
熟年离婚( :—?有关“熟年离婚”难以忽视地真相：阿尔•戈尔和妻子蒂珀在结婚年后宣布离婚，这反映出熟年离婚呈上升趋势，但这事儿真有那么糟糕吗？)6ewMy。
枢纽工程
淑女班(“”, .据武汉媒体报道，武汉科技学院日前专门开设"淑女班"，课程包括国学经典、刺绣等.)kavU4。
今天主要跟大家谈谈对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题地风格，主要是从基础英语、翻译基础、汉语写作与百科知识这几个部分来进行分析.y6v3A。
对外经济贸易大学MTI2014年448汉语写作与百科知识真题
对外经济贸易大学2014年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：448汉语写作与百科知识注意：请将所有答案写在答题纸上，并标明题号，答在试题上无效。
一、百科知识(50分)第一部分多项选择(40分，每题1分)从A、B、C、D中选择一个正确答案写在答题纸上。
1．《论语》中的 *** “诗可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨”，是我国最早的文学批评，对诗经价值的认识和诗歌创作的指导都具有重要意义。
A．《学而》 B．《为政》C.《阳货》 D．《雍也》2．唐代诗人崔颢诗歌《黄鹤楼》中，“黄鹤一去不复返”的下一句是什么？A．莫使金樽空对月 B．古来万事东流水C．白云千载空悠悠 D．除却巫山不是云3. 北宋周敦颐的《爱莲说》中“出淤泥而不染”的下一句是什么？A.满地黄花堆积 B．濯清涟而不妖C．花之君子者也 D．可远观而不可亵玩焉4．中国的小说中国古代小说源远流长，小说在唐代叫做 *** 。
A.传奇B．话本C．拟话本 D．小说5．明代“台阁体”诗文的代表人物，正统年间“三杨内阁”指的是杨荣、杨溥和 *** 。
A.杨明B.杨青玉C.杨儒林D.杨士奇6．鲁迅发表的第一篇白话小说是A．《阿Q正传》 B. 《狂人日记》C.《孔乙已》D. 《药》7．《你是人间四月天》是 *** 一本小说、诗歌、散文集。
A.李清照B．舒婷C.林傲因D．丁玲8．以下革命军事题材小说中，富有浪漫主义传奇色彩的是 *** 。
A．《保卫延安》B．《百合花》C．《红日》D．<林海雪原》9．“黑夜给了我黑色的眼睛，我却用它寻找光明”出自顾城 *** 。
A．《黑眼睛> B．《远和近》C．《我是一个任性的孩子》D．《一代人》10.这个成语 *** 出自《诗经·小雅》，意思是品德高尚的人就会有人敬仰他。
常与“景行行止”连用。
A．百里挑一B．上善若水C．高山仰止D．国士无双11.成语“一字千金”与战国时期历史人物 *** 有关。
A.吕不韦 B．景文公C．宋玉 D．尹文12.易安居士是 *** 。
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试2
2014年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题（二）1.The commodities you offered are _________ line with the business scope of our clients.A outsideB out ofC outD without2.As we are ________ of these goods, please expedite shipment after receiving our L/C.A in badly needB badly in needC urgent in needD in urgently need3.It will be appreciated ____ you could effect shipment in two equal lots by direct steamer ____you receive our L/C.A. when, whenB. if, as soon asC. when, whichD. will, soon4.We couldn't really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire purchase and paid monthly________.A) investmentsB) requirementsC) arrangementsD) installments5. The designer has applied for a ________ for his new invention.A) tariffB) discountC) versionD) patent6. An energy tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports and cut the budget ________.A) dispositionB) discrepancyC) defect7．Individual sports are run by over 370 independent governing bodies whose functions usually include ________ rules, holding events, selecting national teams and promoting international links.A) drawing onB) drawing inC) drawing upD) drawing down8. Up until that time, his interest had focused almost ________ on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.A) restrictivelyB) radicallyC) inclusivelyD) exclusively9. In those days, executives expected to spend most of their lives in the same firm and, unless they were dismissed for ________, to retire at the age of 65.A) integrityB) denialC) incompetenceD) deduction10. Others viewed the finding with ________, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remains to be shown.A) optimismB) passionC) cautionD) deliberation11. The 1986 Challenger space-shuttle ________ was caused by unusually low temperatures immediately before the launch.A) expeditionB) controversyC) dismayD) disaster12. When supply exceeds demand for any product, prices are ________ to fall.A) timelyB) simultaneousC) subjectD) liable13. The music aroused an ________ feeling of homesickness in him.A) intentionalB) intermittentC) intenseD) intrinsic14. I bought an alarm clock with a(n) ________ dial, which can be seen clearly in the dark.A) supersonicC) audibleD) amplified15. The results are hardly ________; he cannot believe they are accurate.A) credibleB) contraryC) criticalD) crucial16. This new laser printer is ________ with all leading software.A) comparableB) competitiveC) compatibleD) cooperative17. The ball ________ two or three times before rolling down the slope.A) swayedB) bouncedC) hoppedD) darted18. He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and ________ it in a single nod, a gesture boys used then for O.K. when they were pleased.A) shruggedB) tuggedC) jerkedD) twisted19. Many types of rock are ________ from volcanoes as solid, fragmentary material.A) flungB) propelledC) ejectedD) injected20. With prices ________ so much, it is difficult for the school to plan a budget.A) vibratingB) fluctuatingC) flutteringD) swinging21. At the end of the nineteenth century, to prompt ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American, a rising interest in Native American customs, an increasing desire to understand Native American culture.A. run-onB. fragmentC. comma spliceD. correct22. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment23. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity. As much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment24. There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas. For example, described autobiograp hies as being ―of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,‖ while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged b y the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment25. Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment26. However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve, while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment27. At the same time, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implementcost-cutting and the more they lost their competitive edge.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment28. Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment29. She continued teaching，however her heart was not in it.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment30. Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon and then they have to study at night so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.A. stringy sentenceB. run-onC. correctD. fragmentPassage1The number of women directors appointed to corporate boards in the United States has increased dramatically, but the ratio of female to male directors remains low. Although pressure to recruit women directors, unlike that to employ women in the general work force, does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real.Although small companies were the first to have women directors, large corporations currently have a higher percentage of women on their boards. When the chairs of these large corporations began recruiting women to serve on boards, they initially sought women who were chief executive officers (CEO’s) of large corporations. However, such women CEO’s are still rare. In additi on, the ideal of six CEO’s (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six boards. This raises the specter of director over-commitment and the resultant dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs next sought women in business who had the equivalent of CEO experience. However, since it is only recently that large numbers of women have begun to rise in management, the chairs began to recruit women of high achievement outside the business world. Many such women are well known for their contributions in government, education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact that the women from these sectors who were appointed were often acquaintances of the boards’ chairs seems quite reasonable: chairs have always considered it important for directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom.Although many successful women from outside the business world are unknown to corporate leaders, these women are particularly qualified to serve on boards because of the changing nature of corporations. Today a company’s ability to be responsive to the concerns of the community and the environment can influence that company’s growth and survival. Women are uniquely positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns. Although conditions have changed, it should be remembered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty years old. Women of that generation were often encouraged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve the community. This fact is reflected in the career development of most of the outstandinglysuccessful women of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and 22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit sector.One organization of women directors is helping business become more responsive to the changing needs of society by raising the level of corporate awareness about social issues, such as problems with the economy, government regulation, the aging population, and the environment. This organization also serves as a resource center of information on accomplished women who are potential candidates for corporate boards.31. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the followingstatements about achievement of the ―ideal‖ mentioned in line 14?(A) It has only recently become a possibility.(B) It would be easier to meet if more CEO’s were women.(C) It is very close to being a reality for most corporate boards.(D) It might affect the quali ty of directors’ service to corporations.32. According to the passage, the pressure to appoint women to corporate boards differs from thepressure to employ women in the work force in which of the following ways?(A) Corporate boards are under less pressure because they have such a small number ofopenings.(B) Corporate boards have received less pressure from stockholders, consumers, and workerswithin companies to include women on their boards.(C) Corporate boards have received less pressure from the media and the public to includewomen on their boards.(D) Corporations are not subject to statutory penalty for failing to include women on theirboards.33. All of the following are examples of issues that the organization described in the lastparagraph would be likely to advise corporations on EXCEPT(A) long-term inflation(B) health and safety regulations(C) retirement and pension programs(D) how to develop new markets34. It can be inferred from the passage that, when seeking to appoint new members to acorpo ration’s board, the chair traditionally looked for candidates who(A) had legal and governmental experience(B) had experience dealing with community affairs(C) could work easily with other members of the board(D) were already involved in establishing policy for that corporation35. According to the passage, which of the following is true about women outside the businessworld who are currently serving on corporate boards?(A) Most do not serve on more than one board.(B) A large percentage will eventually work on the staff of corporations.(C) Most were already known to the chairs of the board to which they were appointed.(D) A larger percentage are from government and law than are from the nonprofit sector. Passage2In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owne r’s ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of ―primary‖ institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger ―secondary‖ institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups.A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financialsupport for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.36. Based on the information in the passage, it would be LEAST likely for which of the followingpersons to be part of a self-help network?(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader(D) The entrepreneur’s banker37. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network, as suchnetworks are described in the passage?(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of itsopen-enrollment adult education program.(B) The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summerjobs.(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hopeto establish their own businesses.(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job trainingfor its members and their friends.38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations?(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants.(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chineseimmigrants in New York in the early twentieth century.(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920’swould have been unlikely to rely on them.(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.39. The passage best supports which of the following statements?(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be ableto start a business.(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50years.(C) Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of businessventures.(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to theirunique formal organization.40. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a counter-argument.(B) An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.(C) A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined.(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions. Passage3Obamacare’s Fatal FlawObamacare, officially known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, is thehealth-insurance program enacted by US President Barack Obama and Congressional Democrats over the unanimous opposition of congressional Republicans. It was designed to cover those Americans without private or public health insurance – about 15% of the US population.Opponents of Obamacare have failed to stop it in the courts and, more recently, in Congress. The program was therefore formally launched on October 1. Although it has been hampered by a wide range of computer problems and other technical difficulties, the program is likely to be operating by sometime in 2014.The big question is whether it will function as intended and survive permanently. There is a serious risk that it will not.The potentially fatal flaw in Obamacare is the very same feature that appeals most to its supporters: the ability of even those with a serious preexisting health condition to buy insurance at the standard premium.That feature will encourage those who are not ill to become or remain uninsured until they have a potentially costly medical diagnosis. The resulting shift in enrollment away from low-cost healthypatients to those with predictably high costs will raise insurance companies’ cost per insured person, driving up the premiums that they must charge. ⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽41⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽With this in mind, Obamacare’s drafters made the purchase of insurance ―mandatory.‖ More specifically, employers with more than 50 employees will be required after 2014 to purchase an approved insurance policy for their ―full-time‖ employees. Individuals who do not receive insurance from their employers are required to purchase insurance on their own, with low-income buyers receiving a government subsidy.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽42⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. Employers can avoid the mandate by reducing an employee’s workweek to less than 30 hours (which the law defines as full-time employment). But even for full-time employees, firms can opt to pay a relatively small fine rather than provide insurance. That fine is $2,000 per employee, much less than the current average premium of $16,000 foremployer-provided family policies.Not providing insurance and paying the fine is a particularly attractive option for a firm if its employees have incomes that entitle them to the government subsidies (which are now available to anyone whose income is below four times the poverty level). Rather than incur the cost of the premium for an approved policy, a smart employer can pay the fine for not providing insurance and increase employees’ pay by enough so that they have more spendable cash after purchasing the subsidized insurance policy. Even after both payments, employers can be better off financially. News reports indicate that many employers are already taking such steps.But the biggest danger to Obamacare’s survival is that many individuals who do not receive insurance from their employer will choose not to insure themselves and will instead pay the fine of just 1% of income (rising permanently after 2015 to 2.5%). The preferred alternative for these individuals is to wait to buy insurance until they are ill and are facing large medical bills.That wait-to-insure strategy makes sense if the medical condition is a chronic disease like diabetes or a condition requiring surgery, like cancer or a hernia. In either case, the individual would be able to purchase insurance after he or she receives the diagnosis.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽43⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. In those cases, the individual would not have time to purchase the health insurance that the law allows. If they are not insured in advance, they will face major hospital bills that could cause serious financial hardship or even cause them not to receive needed care. Anyonecontemplating that prospect might choose to forego the wait-to-insure strategy and enroll immediately.But private insurance companies could solve that problem by creating a new type of ―emergency insurance‖ that would make enrolling now unnecessary and allow individuals to take advantage of the wait-to-insure option. Such insurance would cover the costs that a patient would incur after a medical event that left no time to purchase the policies offered in the Obamacare insurance exchanges. Emergency insurance might also cover the cost of care until the ―open enrollment‖ period for purchasing insurance at the end of each year (if political pressure does not lead to the repeal of that temporary barrier to insurance).This type of insurance is very different from existing high-deductible policies. Given the very limited scope and unpredictable nature of the conditions that it would cover, the premium for such a policy would be very low. ⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽44⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. But the combination of emergency insurance and the wait-to-insure strategy would still be financially preferable for many individuals, and the number would grow as premiums are driven higher.Employers with a large number of full-time employees could encourage their existing insurance companies to create the emergency policies. They might even choose to self-insure the emergency risk for their employees.The ―wait-to-insure‖ option could cause the number of insured individuals to decline rapidly as premiums rise for those who remain insured. In this scenario, the unraveling of Obamacare could lead to renewed political pressure from the left for a European-style single-payer health-care system.But it might also provide an opportunity for a better plan: eliminate the current enormously expensive tax subsidy for employer-financed insurance and use the revenue savings to subsidize everyone to buy comprehensive private insurance policies with income-related copayments.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽45⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽.A. But what about conditions like a heart attack or injuries sustained in an automobile accident?B. It would not satisfy the broad coverage requirements that Obamacare mandates, forcing individuals to pay the relatively small penalty for being uninsured and to incur the subsequent cost of buying a full policy if one is needed later.C. That restructuring of insurance would simultaneously protect individuals, increase labor mobility, and help to control health-care costs.D. But neither the employer mandate nor the personal requirement is likely to prove effective.E. As premiums rise, even more relatively healthy individuals will be encouraged to forego insurance until illness strikes, causing average costs and premiums to rise further.Passage 4 head listings (10 points)PART THREE WRITING (30 points)Keys:PART1 SECTION11-5 BBBDD 6-10 DCDCC 11-15 DDCBA 16-20 CBCCBSECTION221-25 BADDC 26-30 ABCBA21……… , a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American.22. ……fi eld observations, and they believed that the personal stories…….23. …….. preserve for posterity as much information as…….24……… information. Franz Boa s, for example, described………..26. ………. improv e, and while the……..27……………cost-cutting, the more they lost29. She continued teaching，although her heart was not in it.30. After attending classes all morning, working all afternoon, and studying at night, many students are exhausted by the weekend.Or: Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon. Then, they have to study at night. As a result, they are usually exhausted by the weekend.PART 231-35 DDDCC 36-40 DDBCB 41-45 EDABCParagraph i --------eParagraph ii-------dParagraph iii-------aParagraph iv-----fParagraph v------bParagraph vi--------cWriting。
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试2
2014年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题（二）1.The commodities you offered are _________ line with the business scope of our clients.A outsideB out ofC outD without2.As we are ________ of these goods, please expedite shipment after receiving our L/C.A in badly needB badly in needC urgent in needD in urgently need3.It will be appreciated ____ you could effect shipment in two equal lots by direct steamer ____you receive our L/C.A. when, whenB. if, as soon asC. when, whichD. will, soon4.We couldn't really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire purchase and paid monthly________.A) investmentsB) requirementsC) arrangementsD) installments5. The designer has applied for a ________ for his new invention.A) tariffB) discountC) versionD) patent6. An energy tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports and cut the budget ________.A) dispositionB) discrepancyC) defect7．Individual sports are run by over 370 independent governing bodies whose functions usually include ________ rules, holding events, selecting national teams and promoting international links.A) drawing onB) drawing inC) drawing upD) drawing down8. Up until that time, his interest had focused almost ________ on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.A) restrictivelyB) radicallyC) inclusivelyD) exclusively9. In those days, executives expected to spend most of their lives in the same firm and, unless they were dismissed for ________, to retire at the age of 65.A) integrityB) denialC) incompetenceD) deduction10. Others viewed the finding with ________, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remains to be shown.A) optimismB) passionC) cautionD) deliberation11. The 1986 Challenger space-shuttle ________ was caused by unusually low temperatures immediately before the launch.A) expeditionB) controversyC) dismayD) disaster12. When supply exceeds demand for any product, prices are ________ to fall.A) timelyB) simultaneousC) subjectD) liable13. The music aroused an ________ feeling of homesickness in him.A) intentionalB) intermittentC) intenseD) intrinsic14. I bought an alarm clock with a(n) ________ dial, which can be seen clearly in the dark.A) supersonicC) audibleD) amplified15. The results are hardly ________; he cannot believe they are accurate.A) credibleB) contraryC) criticalD) crucial16. This new laser printer is ________ with all leading software.A) comparableB) competitiveC) compatibleD) cooperative17. The ball ________ two or three times before rolling down the slope.A) swayedB) bouncedC) hoppedD) darted18. He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and ________ it in a single nod, a gesture boys used then for O.K. when they were pleased.A) shruggedB) tuggedC) jerkedD) twisted19. Many types of rock are ________ from volcanoes as solid, fragmentary material.A) flungB) propelledC) ejectedD) injected20. With prices ________ so much, it is difficult for the school to plan a budget.A) vibratingB) fluctuatingC) flutteringD) swinging21. At the end of the nineteenth century, to prompt ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American, a rising interest in Native American customs, an increasing desire to understand Native American culture.A. run-onB. fragmentC. comma spliceD. correct22. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment23. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity. As much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment24. There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas. For example, described autobiograp hies as being ―of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,‖ while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged b y the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment25. Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment26. However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve, while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment27. At the same time, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implementcost-cutting and the more they lost their competitive edge.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment28. Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment29. She continued teaching，however her heart was not in it.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment30. Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon and then they have to study at night so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.A. stringy sentenceB. run-onC. correctD. fragmentPassage1The number of women directors appointed to corporate boards in the United States has increased dramatically, but the ratio of female to male directors remains low. Although pressure to recruit women directors, unlike that to employ women in the general work force, does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real.Although small companies were the first to have women directors, large corporations currently have a higher percentage of women on their boards. When the chairs of these large corporations began recruiting women to serve on boards, they initially sought women who were chief executive officers (CEO’s) of large corporations. However, such women CEO’s are still rare. In additi on, the ideal of six CEO’s (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six boards. This raises the specter of director over-commitment and the resultant dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs next sought women in business who had the equivalent of CEO experience. However, since it is only recently that large numbers of women have begun to rise in management, the chairs began to recruit women of high achievement outside the business world. Many such women are well known for their contributions in government, education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact that the women from these sectors who were appointed were often acquaintances of the boards’ chairs seems quite reasonable: chairs have always considered it important for directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom.Although many successful women from outside the business world are unknown to corporate leaders, these women are particularly qualified to serve on boards because of the changing nature of corporations. Today a company’s ability to be responsive to the concerns of the community and the environment can influence that company’s growth and survival. Women are uniquely positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns. Although conditions have changed, it should be remembered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty years old. Women of that generation were often encouraged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve the community. This fact is reflected in the career development of most of the outstandinglysuccessful women of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and 22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit sector.One organization of women directors is helping business become more responsive to the changing needs of society by raising the level of corporate awareness about social issues, such as problems with the economy, government regulation, the aging population, and the environment. This organization also serves as a resource center of information on accomplished women who are potential candidates for corporate boards.31. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the followingstatements about achievement of the ―ideal‖ mentioned in line 14?(A) It has only recently become a possibility.(B) It would be easier to meet if more CEO’s were women.(C) It is very close to being a reality for most corporate boards.(D) It might affect the quali ty of directors’ service to corporations.32. According to the passage, the pressure to appoint women to corporate boards differs from thepressure to employ women in the work force in which of the following ways?(A) Corporate boards are under less pressure because they have such a small number ofopenings.(B) Corporate boards have received less pressure from stockholders, consumers, and workerswithin companies to include women on their boards.(C) Corporate boards have received less pressure from the media and the public to includewomen on their boards.(D) Corporations are not subject to statutory penalty for failing to include women on theirboards.33. All of the following are examples of issues that the organization described in the lastparagraph would be likely to advise corporations on EXCEPT(A) long-term inflation(B) health and safety regulations(C) retirement and pension programs(D) how to develop new markets34. It can be inferred from the passage that, when seeking to appoint new members to acorpo ration’s board, the chair traditionally looked for candidates who(A) had legal and governmental experience(B) had experience dealing with community affairs(C) could work easily with other members of the board(D) were already involved in establishing policy for that corporation35. According to the passage, which of the following is true about women outside the businessworld who are currently serving on corporate boards?(A) Most do not serve on more than one board.(B) A large percentage will eventually work on the staff of corporations.(C) Most were already known to the chairs of the board to which they were appointed.(D) A larger percentage are from government and law than are from the nonprofit sector. Passage2In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owne r’s ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of ―primary‖ institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger ―secondary‖ institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups.A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financialsupport for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.36. Based on the information in the passage, it would be LEAST likely for which of the followingpersons to be part of a self-help network?(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader(D) The entrepreneur’s banker37. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network, as suchnetworks are described in the passage?(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of itsopen-enrollment adult education program.(B) The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summerjobs.(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hopeto establish their own businesses.(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job trainingfor its members and their friends.38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations?(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants.(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chineseimmigrants in New York in the early twentieth century.(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920’swould have been unlikely to rely on them.(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.39. The passage best supports which of the following statements?(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be ableto start a business.(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50years.(C) Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of businessventures.(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to theirunique formal organization.40. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a counter-argument.(B) An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.(C) A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined.(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions. Passage3Obamacare’s Fatal FlawObamacare, officially known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, is thehealth-insurance program enacted by US President Barack Obama and Congressional Democrats over the unanimous opposition of congressional Republicans. It was designed to cover those Americans without private or public health insurance – about 15% of the US population.Opponents of Obamacare have failed to stop it in the courts and, more recently, in Congress. The program was therefore formally launched on October 1. Although it has been hampered by a wide range of computer problems and other technical difficulties, the program is likely to be operating by sometime in 2014.The big question is whether it will function as intended and survive permanently. There is a serious risk that it will not.The potentially fatal flaw in Obamacare is the very same feature that appeals most to its supporters: the ability of even those with a serious preexisting health condition to buy insurance at the standard premium.That feature will encourage those who are not ill to become or remain uninsured until they have a potentially costly medical diagnosis. The resulting shift in enrollment away from low-cost healthypatients to those with predictably high costs will raise insurance companies’ cost per insured person, driving up the premiums that they must charge. ⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽41⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽With this in mind, Obamacare’s drafters made the purchase of insurance ―mandatory.‖ More specifically, employers with more than 50 employees will be required after 2014 to purchase an approved insurance policy for their ―full-time‖ employees. Individuals who do not receive insurance from their employers are required to purchase insurance on their own, with low-income buyers receiving a government subsidy.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽42⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. Employers can avoid the mandate by reducing an employee’s workweek to less than 30 hours (which the law defines as full-time employment). But even for full-time employees, firms can opt to pay a relatively small fine rather than provide insurance. That fine is $2,000 per employee, much less than the current average premium of $16,000 foremployer-provided family policies.Not providing insurance and paying the fine is a particularly attractive option for a firm if its employees have incomes that entitle them to the government subsidies (which are now available to anyone whose income is below four times the poverty level). Rather than incur the cost of the premium for an approved policy, a smart employer can pay the fine for not providing insurance and increase employees’ pay by enough so that they have more spendable cash after purchasing the subsidized insurance policy. Even after both payments, employers can be better off financially. News reports indicate that many employers are already taking such steps.But the biggest danger to Obamacare’s survival is that many individuals who do not receive insurance from their employer will choose not to insure themselves and will instead pay the fine of just 1% of income (rising permanently after 2015 to 2.5%). The preferred alternative for these individuals is to wait to buy insurance until they are ill and are facing large medical bills.That wait-to-insure strategy makes sense if the medical condition is a chronic disease like diabetes or a condition requiring surgery, like cancer or a hernia. In either case, the individual would be able to purchase insurance after he or she receives the diagnosis.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽43⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. In those cases, the individual would not have time to purchase the health insurance that the law allows. If they are not insured in advance, they will face major hospital bills that could cause serious financial hardship or even cause them not to receive needed care. Anyonecontemplating that prospect might choose to forego the wait-to-insure strategy and enroll immediately.But private insurance companies could solve that problem by creating a new type of ―emergency insurance‖ that would make enrolling now unnecessary and allow individuals to take advantage of the wait-to-insure option. Such insurance would cover the costs that a patient would incur after a medical event that left no time to purchase the policies offered in the Obamacare insurance exchanges. Emergency insurance might also cover the cost of care until the ―open enrollment‖ period for purchasing insurance at the end of each year (if political pressure does not lead to the repeal of that temporary barrier to insurance).This type of insurance is very different from existing high-deductible policies. Given the very limited scope and unpredictable nature of the conditions that it would cover, the premium for such a policy would be very low. ⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽44⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. But the combination of emergency insurance and the wait-to-insure strategy would still be financially preferable for many individuals, and the number would grow as premiums are driven higher.Employers with a large number of full-time employees could encourage their existing insurance companies to create the emergency policies. They might even choose to self-insure the emergency risk for their employees.The ―wait-to-insure‖ option could cause the number of insured individuals to decline rapidly as premiums rise for those who remain insured. In this scenario, the unraveling of Obamacare could lead to renewed political pressure from the left for a European-style single-payer health-care system.But it might also provide an opportunity for a better plan: eliminate the current enormously expensive tax subsidy for employer-financed insurance and use the revenue savings to subsidize everyone to buy comprehensive private insurance policies with income-related copayments.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽45⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽.A. But what about conditions like a heart attack or injuries sustained in an automobile accident?B. It would not satisfy the broad coverage requirements that Obamacare mandates, forcing individuals to pay the relatively small penalty for being uninsured and to incur the subsequent cost of buying a full policy if one is needed later.C. That restructuring of insurance would simultaneously protect individuals, increase labor mobility, and help to control health-care costs.D. But neither the employer mandate nor the personal requirement is likely to prove effective.E. As premiums rise, even more relatively healthy individuals will be encouraged to forego insurance until illness strikes, causing average costs and premiums to rise further.Passage 4 head listings (10 points)PART THREE WRITING (30 points)Keys:PART1 SECTION11-5 BBBDD 6-10 DCDCC 11-15 DDCBA 16-20 CBCCBSECTION221-25 BADDC 26-30 ABCBA21……… , a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American.22. ……fi eld observations, and they believed that the personal stories…….23. …….. preserve for posterity as much information as…….24……… information. Franz Boa s, for example, described………..26. ………. improv e, and while the……..27……………cost-cutting, the more they lost29. She continued teaching，although her heart was not in it.30. After attending classes all morning, working all afternoon, and studying at night, many students are exhausted by the weekend.Or: Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon. Then, they have to study at night. As a result, they are usually exhausted by the weekend.PART 231-35 DDDCC 36-40 DDBCB 41-45 EDABCParagraph i --------eParagraph ii-------dParagraph iii-------aParagraph iv-----fParagraph v------bParagraph vi--------cWriting。
对外经济贸易大学英语翻译硕士MTI考研真题及答案 翻译硕士英语
二十道词汇选择的答案1 precipitate选项还有precitate, presitate,precititate2 attributable to 选项还有contributing to,attributed with,attributed to（be attributable to归因于,归咎于,归功于…）3 payable at sight4 irrespective of5 disposable6 looking forward to (receiving...)选项还有receive...7 at the expense of 选项还有at expense of...8 (take out ) a mortgage 选项还有take in,take on,take out9 scoff at the idea that 选项还有support for，stand over...10 profiteering11 (enclosed )please find选项还有the enclosed,enclosing,the attached12 Theoretically, lending rates have already been liberalised, with no floor on them; in reality, bankers say they still price loans off the （benchmark）.选项还有bottom line,interest rate13 null and void 选项还有ineffective14 purchasing power15 The company is reported to have (liabilities) of $1989 A debt B asset C responsibilities D liabilities16 Should any damage to the goods occur, a claim may ( be filed against) the insurance agent at your be lodged to B lodge against C be filled with D be filed against 网上的原句是be filed with,所以只能选D17 Lack the (expertise) in dealing with... A expert B expertise D acknowledgment18 only if...can选项还有only when...did,...19 (is committed to) doing 选项还有is obliged to,is promised to,is convinced to20 Carbon dioxide (emissions) 选项还有ejections改错今年没有前两年难，10个都比较简单阅读题五篇第一篇阅读1 What dose the word "shrink" mean?A ThriveB StableC ExpandD Compress选D2 Why dose the author mention IAB in the second paragraph?A to explain why the digital advertising market has weakened recently.B to support the viewpoint that digital advertising market has weakened.C to argue the point that digital advertising market has weakened recently.D 忘了选B3 According to this article, Facebook might NOT be the competitor of mobile advertising for Google?A TrueB FalseC Not given选B4 According to this article, Microsoft might be the competitor of mobile advertising for Google?A TrueB FalseC Not given选C5 According to this article, Snapchat might be the competitor of mobile advertising for Google?A TrueB FalseC Not given选A第二篇阅读题源6 According to paragraph 1, What is the main purpose of the Sino-British plan?A To participate in the APEC CEO Summit 2014.B To learn why China is so good at numbers.C To help control China's air pollution.D选B7 What dose the word "Accolade" mean?A NeutralB AnimadversionC DepreciateD Praise选D8 9 According to this article, what is one hypothesis of the academic debate about why China is so good at numbers EXPECT—8—and —9—A It's all about genetic.B It's all because of the pedagogical strategies.C Mandarin is a better language to learn maths.D Chinese spend most of their time learning maths.E 出题老师编的，大概是中国学生喜欢学数学8 D 9 E10Which is the theme of the article?A British faith in Chinese education fails to add upB British faith in Chinese education remains stable.C British faith in Chinese education.D 忘了选A add up 有合乎情理的意思第三篇阅读题源选HeadlineA The Chinese tech market is an alluring one.B But Microsoft may actually be better off in China than many other US tech companies.C Instead, worse off in the China market are hardware companies like Cisco and IBM.D It’s been a rough year for foreign tech companies in China.11. Microsoft is the latest to make headlines with a tale of woe, in the form of a $140m tax fee paid to Chinese authorities. (Microsoft prefers to call it a $140m “bilateral advanced pricing agreement”). This comes on top of an antitrust investigation launched in July and this week’s news that one of China’s largest companies is switching its email service away from Microsoft.12. Due to rampant piracy, Microsoft’s revenues in China have never been very big (about the same size as revenues in the Netherlands). Microsoft’s overall revenues rose 25 per cent last quarter, year on year, despite the “more challenging environment”reported in China and Russia.13. Cisco’s sales in China have halved during the past two years, driven by a backlash after the Snowden revelations and by the increasing capabilities of Chinese equipment manufacturers like Huawei. IBM’s China revenues are falling too, the company disclosed last quarter –on top of a 22 per cent year-on-year drop in the comparable quarter last year. IBM said a tough hardware market was to blame. The company will exit part of that business with the sale of its x86 server business to Lenovo, a deal that closed in October.Then there’s Qualcomm, which partners with Chinese manufacturers who produce its chips; the company says one-fifth of its licensed 3G/4G devices are going unreported (which means no licence fees). The company is having trouble resolving these disputes because it is simultaneously the subject of a Chinese antitrust investigation.14. IT spend in China may grow at per cent next year, as forecast by IDC, to the US’s per cent, but given the size of their respective markets –the US is three.答案是11 D 12 B 13 C 14A第四篇阅读题源Even at 25 years’distance from that world-changing event, the fall of the Berlin Wall, what inspires admiration is the civilised manner in which the people of Poland, Hungary, East Germany and Czechoslovakia –____15_______–dismantled communist regimes that had oppressed them since the late 1940s.The peaceful change that underpinned the rebirth of Poland and Hungary, the unification of East and West Germany in 1990 and Czechoslovakia’s “velvet divorce”in 1993 into separate Czech and Slovak states was a precondition for each country’s success. Where violence accompanied the end of communism, as in the former Yugoslavia, ___16 ________.The collective term “eastern Europe”made little sense in the communist era, given the conspicuous differences in each country’s history, economy, ethnic composition, one-party system and relationship with Moscow. It makes even less sense today –______17 _______with Nato and the EU, of which they are members or partners.As David Lipton, the International Monetary Fund’s first deputy managing director, says in 25 Years of Transition, an IMF report: “After years of isolation from the western economic system, and after the distortions and deprivations of the communist system, most citizens just wanted to live in a normal country with a normal economy and, ____18____, that vision was captured in the allure of integrating with western Europe.”Not everything is “normal”in the region. Per capita gross domestic product in Poland, which in some respects is?the star economic performer, is slightly more than half that of Germany. This is a big improvement from 1989, when it was about a third, but there remains much catching up to do.A given their history and geographyB progress has been more unevenC except insofar as all identify security and prosperityD with varying degrees of help from reformers inside the power apparatus答案是15D 16 B 17 C 18 A第五篇阅读题源19 According to the writer, who might be the big winner of the Singles’Day?A RetailersB ConsumersC Delivery companiesD Both consumers and delivery companiesE 忘了选D20 Why dose the cash flow of Alibaba grow much more slowly than their profit?A Because they spent money on data centres.B Because they spent money on land rights.C Because they spent money on construction.D All the above.选D作文题源WTO公布的world trade report 2014PDF工具栏第二十页的图要求write a report，字数要求300-350字describe,compare and analyze the world trade,GDP and trade between 1990 and 2013. 这个题干写的有点错误，不过应该可以看出来，应该是describe,compare and analyze the world trade,GDP and trade /GDP between 1990 and 2013.还有GDP和trade /GDP两条线一定要分清楚，很多人把这两条线弄混了，太吃亏了。
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2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题解析及答案第四次：20世纪50～70年代原因：①第三次科技革命的推动；②发达国家利用国际经济旧秩序，加强对第三世界的掠夺；③雅尔塔体系的确立，在一定时期内使世界局势相对安定；④国家垄断资本主义的空前发展。
特点：日本、西欧发展迅速，美国经济霸主地位动摇。
影响：①70年代，美、日、欧三足鼎立的经济格局形成；②西方大国利用雄厚的经济实力，加强对第三世界国家的干预；③使世界各国经济联系日益密切，科教在国际竞争中的战略地位日益突出8、资本主义经济危机资本主义经济危机是指资本主义经济发展过程中周期性爆发的社会经济大混乱，其基本特征是生产相对过剩。
其原因是生产的社会化和私人资本占有制之间的矛盾，表现在个别企业生产的有组织性和整个社会生产的无政府状态之间的矛盾，以及生产无限扩大的趋势同劳动群众购买力相对萎缩的矛盾，危机是上述矛盾尖锐化的必然结果，其根源在于资本主义制度本身。
经济危机的破坏性极强：大量商品积压，企业倒闭，生产下降，失业人数急剧增加，危机期间，真个社会生活陷入极端混乱和瘫痪状态。
世界性经济危机发生的条件：①参与国际市场竞争的国家已经达到相当数量，并散步于世界各地。
②这些国家的工业生产已经在国民经济中占据主导地位。
③这些国家的商品在国际市场上已经占有一定份额并影响到殖民地、半殖民地。
④这些国家的对外贸易已经对全国经济具有举足轻重的地位。
⑴1825年英国爆发第一次资本主义经济危机⑵1857年由美国开始，爆发了第一次世界性资本主义经济危机⑶1929—1933年由美国开始，爆发席卷整个资本主义世界的经济危机⑷20世纪70年代，中东国家大幅度提高石油价格，引发了战后资本主义最严重的一次经济危机专题二近现代国际关系史一、近代现代国际关系的基本线索与阶段特征1、第一时期：17世纪下半期至一战。
欧洲中心舞台的确立和延续：欧洲资本主义最发达，国际关系的中心舞台在欧洲。
欧洲列强之间为争夺欧洲霸权和世界殖民霸权展开激烈的角逐和斗争，最终导致一战爆发。
①15世纪~17世纪下半期：新航路的开辟，早期殖民扩张；矛盾：西欧国家与亚非拉殖民地的矛盾；②17世纪下半期~18世纪中期：英荷战争、英法战争；西欧国家争夺殖民霸权、英殖民霸权的建立；矛盾：从英荷矛盾到英法矛盾。
③18世纪下半期~19世纪中期：拿破仑战争、反法同盟、维也纳体系、克里米亚战争、美国扩张；列强积极争夺世界殖民霸权和欧洲霸权；矛盾：从英法矛盾到英俄矛盾。
④19世纪晚期至一战：两大军事集团、第一次大世界战、美建立西半球霸权；帝国主义重新瓜分殖民地和争夺世界霸权；矛盾：从法德矛盾到英德矛盾2、第二时期：一战后至二战期间。
欧洲中心舞台的动摇和转移：美国势力大大增强，欧洲势力削弱，十月革命与苏联的诞生从根本上动摇了旧的国际秩序，国际关系中心从欧洲向两侧转移。
⑤一战后，帝国主义国家继续争霸，英美之间的争夺成为全球主要矛盾，在欧洲，法国同英美相互对立，在远东，日美英三国斗争，日美争夺激烈，但这一时期斗争方式由战场较量转到和会的谈判桌上，巴黎和会、华盛顿会议，帝国主义战后分赃，确立国际统治新秩序；帝国主义与苏联的关系，先是干涉苏俄、两种制度军事冲突，后转到和平共处。
矛盾：帝国主义之间的矛盾，两种社会制度的矛盾、东西方矛盾。
⑥20世纪30年代：德日扩张、英法美绥靖、局部战争、大战爆发；法西斯势力崛起，世界战争危险日近；矛盾：从帝国主义之间矛盾到世界人民与法西斯的矛盾。
3、第三时期：二战后至今，经历了两极对峙向多极化演变的趋势。
⑦20世纪40~50年代：反法西斯同盟、雅尔塔体系、联合国、美国为首的帝国主义阵营与苏联为首的社会主义阵营的形成、冷战、朝鲜战争；不同意识形态国家从对立到联合，又从联合走向对抗；矛盾：从同盟国、轴心国矛盾到北约、华约矛盾，⑧60年代~70年代：美苏争霸、两大阵营开始解体，美欧日三足鼎立、第三世界兴起；从两大阵营到三个世界；矛盾：从美苏矛盾到南北矛盾。
⑨从80年代至今：第三世界发展，殖民体系崩溃、苏东剧变、两极格局全面崩溃，多极格局发展；世界政治格局进入从两极格局向多极格局发展的过渡时期；矛盾：霸权主义与反霸权主义的矛盾。
二、国际关系格局的演变⑴维也纳体系（略）⑵凡尔赛—华盛顿体系①建立：一战后，战胜国先后召开巴黎和会与华盛顿会议，签订了一系列条约，构成了凡尔赛—华盛顿体系。
其内容包括：巴黎和会与华盛顿会议上签订的回顾的理论性。
总结应当忠实于自身工作实践活动，但是，总结不是工作实践活动的记录，不能完全照搬工作实践活动的全过程。
它是对工作实践活动的本质概括，要在回顾工作实践活动全过程的基础上，进行分析研究，归纳出能够反映事物本质的规律，把感性认识上升到理性认识，这正是总结的价值所在。
三、总结的分类根据内容的不同，可以把总结分为工作总结、生产总结、学习总结、教学总结、会议总结等等。
根据范围的不同，可以分为全国性总结、地区性总结、部门性总结、本单位总结、班组总结等。
根据时间的不同，可以分为月总结、季总结、年度总结、阶段性总结等。
从内容和性质的不同，可以分为全面总结和专题总结两类。
四、总结的结构、内容和写法总结一般由标题、正文和尾部三部分组成。
（一）标题。
总结的标题大体上有两类构成形式：一类是公文式标题；一类是非公文式标题。
公文式标题由单位名称、时间、事由、文种组成，如《××集团公司2000年度思想政治工作总结》、《××县2000年普法工作总结》，有的只写《工作总结》等。
非公文式标题则比较灵活，有的为双行标题，如《增强体质，全面贯彻执行教育方针——开展多种形式的体育活动》，有的为单行标题，如《推动人才交流，培植人才资源》等。
（二）正文。
总结正文的结构由前言、主体、结尾组成。
1、前言。
即正文的开头，一般简明扼要地概述基本情况，交代背景，点明主旨或说明成绩，为主体内容的展开做必要的铺垫。
例如：“群众富不富，关键在支部；干部强不强，关键在班长”。
能否选配好支部“一把手”，是加强农村基层党组织建设的核心。
在工作中，我们积极围绕支部班子建设这个重点，紧紧抓住配好支部书记这个关键，着力走好“选人”、“育人”、“用人”这三步棋，努力把工作引向深入。
2、主体。
这是总结的核心部分，其内容包括做法和体会，成绩和问题，经验和教训等。
这一部分要求在全面回顾工作情况的基础上，深刻、透彻地分析取得成绩的原因、条件、做法、以及存在问题的根源和教训，揭示工作中带有规律性的东西。
回顾要全面，分析要透彻。
不同类型的总结，内容有所侧重，全面性总结其主体包括两个层次，即成绩和经验，存在的问题和教训。
对于一般的工作总结，重点放在成绩和经验上。
总结正文的结构，主要采用逻辑结构形式。
全面性总结根据过去一段工作中的成绩和问题，或者经验和教训的内在联系去组织材料。
专题性总结以经验为轴心去组织材料。
3、结尾。
可以概述全文，可以说明好经验带来的效果，可以提出今后努力方向或改进意见。
例如：通过上述工作，促使支部书记和班子整体作用的发挥。
不少村支部书记提出“任职一届、致富一方”，也出现了一批“舍小家，顾大家”的支部书记先进典型。
（三）尾部。
包括署名和时间两项内容。
如果标题中已有署名，这里可不再写。
五、撰写总结应注意的问题（一）首先要有实事求是的态度。
工作总结中，常常出现两种倾向：一种是好大喜功，搞浮夸，只讲成绩，不谈问题；另一种是将总结写成了“检讨书”，把工作说成一无是处。
这两种都不是实事求是的态度。
总结的特点之一“回顾的理论性”，正是反映在如实地、一分为二地分析、评价自己的工作上，对成绩，不要夸大；对问题，不要轻描淡写。
（二）总结要写得有理论价值。
一方面，要抓主要矛盾，无论谈成绩或谈存在问题，都不要面面俱到。
另一方面，对主要矛盾要进行深入细致的分析，谈成绩要写清怎么做的，为什么这样做，效果如何，经验是什么；谈存在问题，要写清是什么问题，为什么会出现这种问题，其性质是什么，教训是什么。
这样的总结，才能对前一段的工作有所反思，并由感性认识上升到理性认识。
（三）总结要用第一人称。
即要从本单位、本部门的角度来撰写。
表达方式以叙述、议论为主，说明为辅，可以夹叙夹议。
调查报告，就是单位或个人把对某个问题调查的情况，向有关领导部门或群众报告。
它是对客观存在的事物有目的进行深入细致的实地调查，通过各种方法和途径，掌握大量的情况和材料，然后作认真的分析研究，努力找出事物的本质，弄清它的发展规律，有根有据地写成的报告。
调查报告所反映的对象，可以是某一事、某一人、某一单位、某一方面的情况，也可以是揭示经验或揭露问题。
调查报告的种类很多，大致可以分为：典型经验的调查，揭露问题和矛盾的调查，某一事物历史沿革的调查，新情况新事物的调查，以及基本情况的调查等等。
不同类型的调查报告，写法不尽相同，大体情况是：(1)标题，主要有三种形式：公文式标题。
一般由介词"关于"加调查事由、文种组成，如《关于农村基层党组织情况的调查报告》。
也有的省略介词"关于"和文种，如《农民负担情况调查》。
正副式标题。
正题揭示调查报告中心思想，副题说明调查的事由或调查范围，并写明"调查报告"或"调查"字样。
文章式标题。
这类调查报告的标题比较灵活，标题中不写出"调查报告"或"调查"的字样。
有的是概括出调查报告的基本内容，如《带领村民共同致富的坚强战斗堡垒》；有的是采取提问的形式，如《这里的干群关系为什么这样好?》。
(2)开头，各类调查报告的开头，主要有以下写法：第一，交代调查本身情况。
包括调查的起因、调查的内容、调查的对象和范围等。
第二，交代调查对象情况。
包括被调查者各方面的概况或有关自然情况等。
第三，对全文内容作出概括。
包括点出调查报告的结论性意见或主要经验等。