英美概况1
英美概况之美国Unit1
The national flag
50 stars: 50 states 13 stripes: the f i r s t 13 states that used to be
colonies red: valor and hardiness white: innocence and purity blue: vigilance, perseverance and justice
The Central valley of Californ highly productive area basic field crops as sugar beets, beans, rice and cotton
Climate
The United States is mainly situated i the northern temperate zone.
Administrative States
· 50 states The largest in area: Alaska The second: Texas The youngest: Alaska and Hawaii
· Afederal district The District of Columbia Capital City: Washington
Yellowstone National Park
It covers an area of about 9000 sq.km.There are about 3,000 geysers and hot springs in the park.There are also other natural wonders.
Deep South
South Carolina Georgia Texas Alabama Mississippi Louisiana
英美概况知识点总结归纳
英美概况知识点总结归纳英美概况是指英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济、教育等各方面的概况。
这两个国家在世界上具有重要的地位，对世界文化和政治产生了深远的影响。
下面将对英美概况的各个方面进行总结归纳。
一、文化概况1. 英国文化英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴深厚。
英国文学自古至今在世界范围内具有重要地位，莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多文学家的作品至今仍然备受人们喜爱。
英国音乐、戏剧、电影等领域也有着丰富的传统。
2. 美国文化美国是一个移民国家，因此其文化融合了来自世界各地的元素，呈现出多元化和包容性。
美国文学、音乐、电影等在世界上具有很大影响力，如杰克·伦敦、海明威、福克纳等作家的作品、爵士乐、摇滚乐、好莱坞电影等都深受人们喜爱。
3. 英美文化交流英美两国之间的文化交流十分频繁，互相影响。
英国音乐、戏剧、文学等在美国具有很大影响力，而美国的流行音乐、电影、文化现象也在英国广受欢迎。
二、历史概况1. 英国历史英国历史可以追溯到古代，罗马、盎格鲁-撒克逊、诺曼底人等不同民族和文化在英国留下了深远的影响。
英国从16世纪开始成为世界上的帝国大国，殖民了大量领土。
20世纪初，英国逐渐衰落，但仍然在政治、文化方面占有重要地位。
2. 美国历史美国历史相对年轻，但是却是一个充满传奇色彩的国家。
美国独立战争后成为独立国家，并在19世纪成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
20世纪，美国在两次世界大战后成为世界超级大国，对世界政治、经济产生了深远影响。
3. 英美历史关系英国曾是美国的殖民地，双方有着深厚的历史渊源。
美国革命后，两国保持了密切的关系，经济、文化、政治等方面有着广泛的交流合作。
三、政治概况1. 英国政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是君主，首相是政府首脑。
英国的政治体系成熟稳定，经过数百年的发展，形成了一套完善的议会制度和法律体系。
2. 美国政治美国是一个总统制国家，总统是国家元首和政府首脑。
英美概况Unit1-2Summary
英美概况Unit1-2Summary英美概况Unit1-2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. It is an island country by the sea.Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 2. Geographical NAMESthe British Isles Great Britain England the United Kingdom (UK) 3.The British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales4.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. Other names:the British Empire (大不列颠帝国)British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦国家）England6.London1) Capital city Largest city Largest port2) Largest population (one seventh of the nation’s population)3) Financial and Commercial centre4) Culture (host the Olympic Games in 1908 ,1948, 2012)7.Political centre1) Westminster central government administrative area2)Palace of Westminster Houses of parliament (Big Ben)3)Westminster Abbey ancient church4)Whitehall (street)8.Downing street, the house of No.10 official residence of the Prime Minster9. Buckingham palace royal residence of the Queen10.A complicated country1) imperial country2)Commonwealth of Nations3) member of European Union4) a member of Group of Seven5) multiracial6) a society with a class structure7) region difference (just like China)11 The people1) Total population : about 60 million2) unevenly distributed3) Highly urbanized4) Mutiracial/Mutinational12.The origins or ancestors of the people:Anglo-Saxons →the EnglishCelts →the Scots, Welsh and Irishnon-European ethnicity →( Indian, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc.) immigrants/doc/062589667.html,mon characteristics1) Cautious 2) Adaptable 3) Conservative4)Have strong national consciousness14.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(3) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north；the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital: Belfast15.A History of invasionsEngland was occupied by Celtic people.1) in 43AD →the Roman empire2) The 5th century AD →the Angle-Saxon3) The late 8th centu ry →the Vikings and Danes4) 1066 The Norman →the important battle of Hastings Scotland The second largest nationHave the most strong national confidence.Topography: the most rugged part three natural zonesthe Highland in the north, the central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.1.The history of invasionsa. Scotland was not conquered by the Romans.b. Most of Scotland wasn’t conquered by Anglo- Saxons.c. In 9th century the Vikings invaded Scotland.2.PoliticsIn 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and the Scottish parliament.3.PartyThe Labour PartyThe Scottish National PartyThe Conservative PartyWales In the west of Great Britain.The smallest on British mainland, larger than Northern Ireland Topography: Pasture Capital: Cardiff(320,000 people) Language: English/Welsh(19%), Localism is deep-rooted. Economy: Traditional industry: Coal-mining, coal and steel New industries by attracting investment.1.History of invasiona. Wales was conquered by the Romans.b. Wales wasn’t c onquered by Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.c. Wales was invaded by the NormansNorthern IrelandOld name: Ulster the smallest in area and population Topography: Low hills and lake district, rugged coastlines Landmark: Giant’s CausewayCapital: Belfast (about 480 000 people, Titanic was built there ) Industry: shipbuilding and aircraft manufacture Economy: stagnant forLow crime and murder rateLow wealth per headLow living cost1.Partylegal: a. the Sinn Fein partyb. SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party Illegal: IRA: Irish Republican Army2.Results: most of the casualties of civilians1) 1969 event2) The Provisional IRA3) Paramilitary groups4) Gettoes in Northern Irish cities5) The policy of Internment6) The Bloody Sunday。
《英美概况一》练习题一
《英美概况（一）》练习题一一、1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences by referring to the text.1)The literature career of Bronte sisters has close relationship with one of the geographic features inYorkshire County, where they were born and raised, which is _______.2)The river ________ in UK has been an important trade and transport route since prehistoric times.3)The overall climate in England is called temperate ________.4)The Anglo-Saxons spoke a language that we now call______.5)Following the Wars of the Roses was the rule of the House of the_________.6)On July 7th, 1937, Japan began an all-out attack on _____.7)On December 7th, 1941, Japan's planes from carriers at sea made a swift and sudden raid on the UnitedStates' naval base at ________.8)Britain, under the leadership of _______, defeated Germany's attempt to destroy its air force and airdefenses in the Battle of Britain and escaped invasion.9)Margaret Thatcher gained her reputation as “the ________ lady” for her tight control of Britain'smonetary policy.10) The British Parliament is often referred to as ________--- the body that makes or unmakes laws.11)The Church of England today is all-inclusive, having the ability to be both Protestant and ________.12)Buddhism was originated in ______ about 500 B.C.13)Overseas commodity trade alone accounts for about _________ of the country's national income.14)There are three academic degrees in Britain: the_______, Master's degree and Doctor's degree.15)The best-known scientific achievement in the nineteenth century was Charles Robert Darwin'sdevelopment of a theory of ____ .2. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.1)Among the three regions of UK, Scotland is the largest in size.2)For ninety-six years after the nominal conquest by Julius Caesar, Britain was left in peace and freedom.3)The Chartists advocated violence.4)There was no advertising on any BBC program, either sound or television.5) It can be said that the Thatcher Era is the longest ministry of last century in UK.6)The life of Parliament in UK is fixed at five years.7) A lot of people in UK regularly attend church. （三-9 五-19）8)The British economy was the first to have been fully industrialized. （四-19。
英美概况大题知识点总结
英美概况大题知识点总结1. 位置与面积:- 英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成，是一个岛国，又称不列颠群岛。
- 美国位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，与加拿大和墨西哥为邻。
是全球第三大、北美洲第二大的国家。
2. 地形:- 英国地貌复杂，地势起伏。
苏格兰地区有高山，如本提高地、格兰特群山、高地等，英格兰和威尔士地势较低，北爱尔兰地区以丘陵地形为主。
- 美国地大物博，地貌多样。
东部大西洋沿岸是低洼平原，中部是多河流盆地、大草原和沙漠，西部有洛矶山脉、科罗拉多高原和内华达高原，阿拉斯加地区是冰川遍布的高山地区，夏威夷是火山构成的群岛，加利福尼亚州和华盛顿州有大片的森林。
3. 气候:- 英国气候温和，受海洋性气候和大西洋洋流的影响。
冬季不太寒冷，夏季不太炎热，年降水量较多。
- 美国气候多样，北部地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部地区属于亚热带气候。
阿拉斯加地区气候寒冷，夏威夷地区气候属于热带海洋性气候。
整体上，美国西部偏干燥，东部偏湿润。
4. 主要城市:- 英国主要城市包括伦敦、曼彻斯特、伯明翰、利物浦等。
伦敦是英国首都，也是英国最大的城市，世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
- 美国主要城市包括纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥、旧金山、华盛顿等。
纽约是美国最大的城市，也是世界金融中心之一，华盛顿是美国首都。
5. 自然资源:- 英国主要矿产资源包括煤炭、天然气、铁矿石和石油。
海洋渔业资源也非常丰富。
- 美国拥有丰富的煤炭、石油、天然气、铁矿石等矿产资源，以及广大的农业土地和丰富的水资源。
6. 语言和宗教:- 英国官方语言是英语，宗教主要是基督教，其中以英国国教会和天主教最为流行。
- 美国官方语言也是英语，宗教信仰多元，基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教等都有一定的信徒。
英美历史概况:1. 古代历史:- 英国在古代分别由凯尔特人、罗马人、盎格鲁-撒克逊人和维京人等民族统治，1066年诺曼征服后建立了专制统治的王朝。
英美概况教案(总)
章节名称：英国地理与文化教学目标：1. 了解英国的地理位置和地形特点。
2. 掌握英国的主要城市和旅游景点。
3. 了解英国的文化传统和现代发展。
教学内容：1. 英国的地理位置和地形特点。
2. 英国的主要城市和旅游景点，如伦敦、牛津、剑桥等。
3. 英国的文化传统，如皇室、剧院、博物馆等。
4. 英国的现代发展，如经济、教育、科技等。
教学活动：1. 引入话题：通过英国的地图和图片，引起学生对英国地理和文化的兴趣。
2. 讲解知识点：讲解英国的地理位置、地形特点、主要城市和旅游景点。
3. 小组讨论：让学生分组讨论英国的文化传统和现代发展，分享自己的了解和观点。
4. 案例分析：分析英国的皇室、剧院、博物馆等文化传统，以及经济、教育、科技等现代发展。
教学评估：1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在课堂上的积极参与程度和提问回答情况。
2. 小组讨论：评估学生在小组讨论中的表现和合作能力。
3. 案例分析：评估学生在案例分析中的分析和思考能力。
章节名称：美国地理与文化教学目标：1. 了解美国的地理位置和地形特点。
2. 掌握美国的主要城市和旅游景点。
3. 了解美国的文化传统和现代发展。
教学内容：1. 美国的地理位置和地形特点。
2. 美国的主要城市和旅游景点，如纽约、华盛顿、旧金山等。
3. 美国的文化传统，如多元文化、宗教、节日等。
4. 美国的现代发展，如经济、教育、科技等。
教学活动：1. 引入话题：通过美国的地图和图片，引起学生对美国地理和文化的兴趣。
2. 讲解知识点：讲解美国的地理位置、地形特点、主要城市和旅游景点。
3. 小组讨论：让学生分组讨论美国的文化传统和现代发展，分享自己的了解和观点。
4. 案例分析：分析美国的多元文化、宗教、节日等文化传统，以及经济、教育、科技等现代发展。
教学评估：1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在课堂上的积极参与程度和提问回答情况。
2. 小组讨论：评估学生在小组讨论中的表现和合作能力。
3. 案例分析：评估学生在案例分析中的分析和思考能力。
英美概况考前知识点总结
英美概况考前知识点总结一、英国1.概况英国，全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），是位于欧洲西部的一个岛屿国家，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个地区组成。
首都为伦敦，是英国最大的城市，也是英国的政治、经济和文化中心。
2. 地理英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，主要由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛组成。
英国陆地面积约为24.2万平方公里，辖区范围包括英国本土以及北爱尔兰地区。
英国地势起伏，有平原、丘陵和山地，包括英格兰北部的湖区和苏格兰的高地。
英国气候多变，主要受大西洋气候影响，冬季寒冷，夏季温和多雨。
3. 政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首为英国女王，目前由伊丽莎白二世担任。
英国议会由两院组成，包括由选举产生的下议院和由上议院成员组成的上议院。
英国政府由首相领导，议会制度是英国政治的核心。
4. 经济英国是一个发达国家，经济实力雄厚。
英国主要产业包括金融、保险、科技、汽车制造、机械制造、航空航天、医药等。
伦敦作为金融中心，对世界经济有着重要影响。
英国是欧盟成员国，但于2016年公投决定脱离欧盟。
5. 文化英国是文化底蕴深厚的国家，有着悠久的历史和传统。
英国文学、音乐、戏剧等领域拥有世界级的影响力，莎士比亚、狄更斯、爱默生等文学巨匠为世人所熟知。
英国还是摇滚乐的发源地之一，披头士乐队、皇后乐队等乐团享誉世界。
二、美国1.概况美利坚合众国（The United States of America），简称美国，是位于北美洲的一个联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
首都为华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，最大的城市是纽约。
美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，拥有世界上最大的经济、最强大的军事力量和最先进的科技。
2. 地理美国地处北美洲中部，东临大西洋，西临太平洋，北界加拿大，南濒墨西哥湾。
美国领土面积约为9.83万万平方公里，是世界第四大国家。
英美概况知识点总结专升本
英美概况知识点总结专升本英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况及相关知识的总结和概述。
英国和美国作为世界上最具影响力的两个国家之一，其政治、经济、文化等方面的情况对世界和全球化进程产生着重要的影响。
本文将从英国和美国的历史、政治、经济、文化、教育、社会等多个方面对这两个国家的概况进行总结。
一、英国概况1. 历史英国的历史悠久，可以追溯到几千年前。
公元前43年罗马帝国入侵英格兰，建立了罗马不列颠，标志着英国进入了历史时期。
在此后的几个世纪里，英国经历了盎格鲁-撒克逊、维京人和诺曼底入侵等一系列事件，形成了英国独特的历史文化传统。
2. 政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是英国女王。
英国议会由上议院和下议院组成，是英国的最高立法机构。
英国政府主要由首相和内阁组成，负责国家的日常管理和决策。
3. 经济英国是全球第六大经济体，其经济体系主要由资本主义制度组成。
英国的主要经济产业包括金融、制造业、科技、医疗保健和旅游业等。
伦敦是英国的金融中心，也是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
4. 文化英国是全球文化的重要中心之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产和传统。
英国文学、音乐、戏剧和电影等领域都享有盛誉，许多作家、音乐家、演员和导演都在世界范围内备受尊敬。
5. 教育英国拥有世界上一些最著名的大学，如牛津大学、剑桥大学等。
英国的教育体系以高质量和多样化而著称，吸引着许多国际学生前来留学。
6. 社会英国的社会福利体系完善，保障了人民的基本权益。
英国是多元文化的社会，拥有来自世界各地的移民群体，形成了一个多元化和包容性的社会。
二、美国概况1. 历史美国的历史可以追溯到1492年克里斯托弗·哥伦布发现美洲大陆以来。
美国经历了移民潮、独立战争、内战、西部拓荒等一系列大事件，形成了美国独特的历史传统。
2. 政治美国是一个联邦制共和国，其政治体系基于宪法的原则。
美国总统是国家元首，由总统、参议院和众议院共同组成的三权分立制度是美国政治的核心特征。
英美概况教程知识点总结
英美概况教程知识点总结英国和美国是世界上最具影响力、最发达的国家之一，两国在政治、经济、文化、教育等方面都具有举足轻重的地位。
了解英美的概况对于拓展视野、增进知识十分重要。
本文将对英美概况进行详细总结，希望能为读者提供全面的了解。
一、英国概况1. 地理位置英国位于欧洲西部，东临英吉利海峡，北面是北海，西北面是爱尔兰海，东北面是北大西洋。
英国主要由大不列颠岛和苏格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰等岛屿组成。
2. 政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世，首相则是政府首脑。
3. 经济发展英国是世界第五大经济体，金融、汽车制造、航空航天、化工、制药等产业发达，是全球最大的外汇交易中心。
4. 文化英国是世界文化强国，文学、音乐、艺术、体育等方面都有深厚的底蕴，如莎士比亚、贝多芬、莫扎特等都是国际知名的文化巨匠。
二、美国概况1. 地理位置美国位于北美洲的中心地带，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北面和加拿大相邻，南面与墨西哥相接。
2. 政治体制美国是一个联邦制国家，国家元首是总统，实行三权分立的政治体制。
3. 经济发展美国是世界第一大经济体，工业、农业、科技、金融等方面都处于世界领先地位，是全球最大的出口国和进口国。
4. 文化美国是世界文化强国，好莱坞电影、流行音乐、时尚等文化产业对全球产生深远影响，美国文艺活动也具有世界性影响力。
三、英美概况对比1. 政治体制英国是君主立宪制国家，国家元首是女王，政治体制稳定；美国是联邦制国家，国家元首是总统，实行三权分立的政治体制。
2. 经济发展英国虽然是世界经济体，但经济规模和实力与美国相比仍有差距，尤其在科技、金融等方面美国更为发达。
3. 文化影响英国和美国在文化领域都有世界性的影响力，但美国的文化产业更加发达，对全球的影响力更广泛。
四、学习英美概况的重要性1. 拓展视野了解英美的概况可以帮助人们拓展视野，了解世界上其他国家的政治、经济、文化等情况，增强对世界的认识。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况知识点总结英美是指英国和美国这两个英语为官方语言的国家。
它们在政治、经济、文化等方面有许多共同点，同时也存在一些差异。
下面将从地理、历史、政治、经济、文化等方面对英美进行总结。
地理概况：英美两国都位于北美洲，但地理位置有一些差异。
英国是一个由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰组成的岛国，位于欧洲西北部的大西洋上。
美国则位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋。
历史概况：英国是一个历史悠久的国家，拥有世界上最古老的君主制度。
英国曾经是世界上最大的殖民帝国，统治过许多地区。
美国则是一个相对年轻的国家，于1776年宣布独立，脱离英国殖民统治。
美国独立后逐渐发展成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
政治概况：英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是女王，但实际上的政府首脑是首相。
英国的政治制度相对稳定，以议会制度为基础。
美国是一个联邦制共和国，国家元首是总统，政府采取三权分立的制度。
美国的政治制度注重个人自由和权利保护。
经济概况：英国是世界上第六大经济体，拥有发达的市场经济和先进的金融体系。
主要经济领域包括金融服务、制造业、创意产业等。
美国是世界上最大的经济体，拥有高度发达的市场经济和先进的科技产业。
主要经济领域包括金融服务、制造业、科技产业等。
文化概况：英国是文化的发源地之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产和悠久的文学传统。
莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学巨匠都是英国的代表作家。
英国还有伦敦的剧院、博物馆等文化场所吸引着世界各地的游客。
美国是一个多元文化的国家，吸引了许多移民和不同文化背景的人。
美国的文化产业非常发达，好莱坞电影、流行音乐等在世界范围内有着广泛影响。
总结：英美两国在地理、历史、政治、经济、文化等方面都有许多共同点，同时也存在一些差异。
英国是一个历史悠久、文化底蕴深厚的国家，而美国则是一个相对年轻、多元文化的国家。
两国都在世界上扮演着重要的角色，对全球发展和影响具有重要意义。
英美概况(英国篇1：英国的国土与人民 )
The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。
4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:
The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.
威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。
The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.
一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；
3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。
不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况知识点总结一、地理位置英国位于欧洲西北部，由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛两大部分组成，与法国相隔英吉利海峡。
美国则位于北美洲，南临墨西哥湾，东隔大西洋与非洲相望。
二、历史背景1. 英国历史悠久，是一个大英帝国时代曾经占领过大片海外领土的国家，也是现今英联邦的成员国。
2. 美国则是一个相对较新的国家，于1776年宣布独立，随后在19世纪迅速扩张，成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
三、社会制度1. 英国为君主立宪制国家，现为君主立宪制议会民主制国家。
2. 美国为联邦制共和国家，政府分为三个独立的机构，即行政、立法和司法。
四、宗教1. 英国是一个多元宗教国家，主要宗教包括英国国教（基督教）、天主教和伊斯兰教等。
2. 美国宗教信仰自由，主要宗教包括基督教、天主教、犹太教、伊斯兰教、佛教等。
五、文化1. 英国文化深厚，以莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学巨匠为代表，拥有世界上最古老的大学之一牛津大学。
2. 美国文化年轻活力，是全球娱乐文化的重要输出国，好莱坞产出大量世界级电影和音乐。
六、教育1. 英国的教育体系包括小学、中学、大学等，素有“教育王国”的美誉。
2. 美国教育分为幼儿园、小学、中学、大学等，大学中拥有世界一流的学府如哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。
七、科技1. 英国拥有世界领先的科学研究机构和科技企业，如剑桥大学的科研实力备受赞誉。
2. 美国在科技领域有世界上最杰出的创新能力和科研机构，硅谷更是全球IT行业的中心。
八、经济1. 英国是一个高度发达的资本主义经济体系，金融业、制造业、服务业是主要支柱。
2. 美国是世界上最大的经济体，以先进的科技和创新，拥有全球范围内强大的影响力。
九、旅游景点1. 英国拥有众多著名旅游景点，如大本钟、温莎城堡、巨石阵等。
2. 美国也有众多旅游胜地，如纽约时代广场、大峡谷、好莱坞等。
十、社会福利1. 英国实行普遍医疗保险制度，居民享受国家提供的医疗服务。
2. 美国的医疗保险制度相对复杂，没有普遍的国家医疗保健计划。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况1. 概述英美是指英国和美国，两个国家在历史、文化、经济等方面有着紧密的联系。
英国是位于欧洲的一个岛国，拥有悠久的历史和文化传统；美国是位于北美洲的一个大陆国家，是世界上最强大的经济体之一。
2. 历史背景2.1 英国历史英国的历史可以追溯到公元前1万年左右的旧石器时代。
公元43年，罗马帝国入侵不列颠岛，并建立了不列颠罗马省。
5世纪时，盎格鲁-撒克逊人开始从欧洲大陆迁徙至不列颠岛，建立了各个王国。
9世纪时，威塞克斯王朝统一了英格兰。
1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉一世在哈斯丁斯战役中击败了英格兰的哈罗德二世，并建立了诺曼底王朝。
14世纪后期，英法百年战争爆发，在这场战争中英格兰失去了大部分法国领土。
16世纪初，亨利八世发动宗教改革，英格兰成为新教国家。
17世纪中期，英国爆发了内战，最终奥利弗·克伦威尔夺取政权并建立了共和国。
1660年，英国恢复君主制。
18世纪后期至19世纪初期，工业革命在英国兴起，使其成为当时的工业中心。
19世纪时，英国成为世界上第一个工业化的国家，并在全球范围内建立了庞大的殖民帝国。
2.2 美国历史美洲大陆最早的居民是印第安人。
1492年，哥伦布发现了美洲大陆，并开启了欧洲人对美洲的探索和殖民活动。
17世纪初，英格兰开始向北美洲殖民，并建立了13个殖民地。
这些殖民地于1776年宣布独立，成立了美利坚合众国。
19世纪初至中期，美国经历了西部拓荒运动、南北战争等重要事件。
南北战争结束后，废除奴隶制度，美国逐渐工业化和现代化。
20世纪初至中期，美国崛起为世界上最强大的经济体之一。
两次世界大战后，美国成为超级大国，并在冷战时期与苏联展开了长达几十年的对抗。
3. 政治制度3.1 英国政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，君主是英国的元首，但权力受到议会的限制。
议会分为上议院和下议院，下议院中的议员由选举产生。
英国政府由内阁和首相领导。
首相通常来自于执政党的领袖。
英国政治体系注重权力分立和民主原则。
2024年度张奎武《英美概况》(第4版)笔记和课后习题详解(1)
张奎武《英美概况》(第4版)笔记和课后习题详解目录•课程简介与学习指南•英国篇：历史、文化与社会•美国篇：历史、文化与社会•英美政治制度与外交关系•英美经济发展与贸易合作•科技、教育与文化交流01课程简介与学习指南03学术研究的价值本课程对于英语语言文学、历史学、社会学等相关学科的学术研究具有重要价值。
01英美文化的重要性作为世界文化的重要组成部分，英美文化对全球产生了深远影响。
02跨文化交流的需求随着全球化进程的加速，了解英美文化对于提高跨文化交流能力具有重要意义。
《英美概况》课程背景1 2 3第4版教材在保留原有经典内容的基础上，增加了近年来的新变化和新趋势，使内容更加贴近现实。
教材内容更新教材按照历史、政治、经济、文化等多个主题进行编排，每个主题下又有详细的子主题，方便读者查找和阅读。
结构清晰明了教材中包含了大量的图片、表格、地图等辅助材料，帮助读者更加直观地理解相关内容。
丰富的辅助材料第4版教材特色与结构01020304提前预习和复习积极参与课堂讨论多渠道获取信息注重实践应用学习方法与建议在上课前预习相关章节，课后及时复习巩固所学知识。
在课堂上积极发言，与同学和老师交流自己的看法和观点。
将所学知识应用到实际生活和工作中，如参加英语角、模拟联合国等活动，提高自己的跨文化交流能力。
除了教材之外，还可以通过阅读相关书籍、报纸杂志、观看电影等方式获取更多关于英美文化的信息。
02英国篇：历史、文化与社会英国历史发展脉络古代不列颠早期人类活动、罗马征服与盎格鲁-撒克逊入侵中世纪英国封建制度、百年战争与玫瑰战争近代英国文艺复兴、宗教改革、英国内战与工业革命现代英国两次世界大战、战后恢复与当代社会变革莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学巨匠及其作品文学古典音乐、流行音乐与摇滚乐等音乐英国电影产业与经典影视作品电影与电视泰特美术馆、大英博物馆等艺术与博物馆英国文化特色及影响英国社会现状与特点政治制度君主立宪制、议会制度与政治党派经济状况高度发达的资本主义经济、伦敦金融中心等社会福利与教育国民健康服务、免费教育等多元文化种族、宗教与文化的多样性01030402课后习题详解：英国部分判断题判断与课程内容相关的陈述是否正确选择题针对课程内容的选择题练习简答题对英国历史、文化、社会等方面的简要回答论述题深入分析英国某一方面的具体问题03美国篇：历史、文化与社会早期探险与殖民独立战争与联邦成立西进运动与领土扩张内战与重建美国历史发展脉络分析美国独立战争的背景、经过与结果，以及联邦政府的成立过程。
新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案
$Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1. How many states are there in the United States And which two states are geographically separated from the others (50, Alaska, Hawaii)2. What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.1) To the west of Atlantic coastal plain lie the Appalachian Mountains that begin in Canada and reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama. These are old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceeding 800m in height. The highest point is only 2000m above the sea. Most of the mountain ridges are low enough to be easily crossed by modern highways. The Appalachians have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts. The Ohio and the Tennessee Rivers flow down the western slopes of the Appalachians to the great Mississippi River, deep in the heart of America.2) To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continental Divide, or Great Divide, the most important watershed on the continent. The Rockies are more than twice as high as the Appalachians and high enough to receive more rain than the surrounding plains and plateaus. Consequently, they are mostly forested. The striking and varied scenery of the Rockies has given rise to the establishment of many national parks here. The other natural wonders include roaming herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and sheep, as well as the famous grizzly bear.Chapter 2 American Population1.Why is the United States known as a “melting pot”》It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.①The people of the US are predominantly white.②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefatherscame from Africa.③American Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent.④There were about million Hispanics in 2010 in the US. They are the Spanish-speakingimmigrants from Latin American countries.⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.2.What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States①The desire for economic betterment is generally the most important force inducingmigration.…②Geographic difference in economic opportunity, as reflected by such factors asdifferences in employment opportunities and earning power for workers and differences in the availability and the price of land for farmers.③Noneconomic factors. Such as climate, racial attitudes, and family tires, influencingmigration.3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construction of express highways made itpossible for people to live farther away from their jobs.②The telephone reduced the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.③Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution,and superior schools. It is generally believed that they are better place for raising children.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World…1. Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas.1) The Aztecs of Mexico2) The Incas of Peru3) The Indians of North America4) Indian contributions to European culture: Foods, Drugs and Utilitarian objects2. Why did the discoveries of New World before Columbus not exert great influence in the world at that timeBecause Europe was then poor and politically fragmented, It was beset by local wars and civil disorder and largely illiterate. In short, Europe was then incapable of responding to the Norse discoveries.3.Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century[1) The New World was a great and rich land. In the New World there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development.2)During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603), the English in growing numbers realized that the New World was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs.3)Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burdensome church duties, to acquire large landholdings or merely to change their general pattern of living. Of course, material gain was a common factor.4. What was the social structure of the 13 coloniesSociety in the l3 colonies was like a pyramid.①The top was made up of merchants and landlords.②The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa. And native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days&As for Indians, they could not put up with slavery. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe members would fight to free him. So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use them as slave labor. Instead they seized the land of the Indians and drove them away or killed them.Chapter 4 American Revolution2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770A clash between American colonies and British soldiers took place in Boston.①A group of unemployed laborer attacked a British sentry stationed at the Boston customhouse.②When the British soldiers dispatched to help the sentry arrived, they met a rapidly growing, angry crowd.③Someone gave the command for the soldiers to fire.￥④Three colonies were killed and several were wounded, two of whom later died.3. How did the colonies react to the Townshend ActThe colonies, however, still rejected the idea that the Parliament in Britain had the right to tax them without consent and reacted to these new duties by refusing to import any of the taxed goods.4. What were the main contents of the Declaration of Independence①The Preamble, which explains why the Declaration was issued.②A statement of principles of government to which the American people were committed③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country. }⑤The proclamation is that the “Colonies are Free and Independent States”5. What was the importance of the victory at SaratogaThe victory and Saratoga wa s a turning point of the war. It further heightened the spirit of the Americans, but more importantly it caused action abroad. It was after this battle that the French agreed to join the war against Britain. Later Spain and Holland joined France while most of the other European powers formed an Armed Neutrality to protect their commerce from Britain’s naval power.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. What is confederationA confederation is a government in which the constituent governments, called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.2. Compare the powers of the governments under the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.&3. What does the “check and balance” meanIt means that each branch of government-executive, legislative, or judicial-must exercise distinct powers and be selected in a distinct way, and that each branch must be able to “check and balance”the others if one branch grew too powerful and sought to dominate the others.4. What was the Bill of RightsIt guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.5. What were the chief causes of the War of 1812①The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies. Using Canada as the base, they always challenged to battle with the young Republic.②This anger reaches its peak in 1807 when one British warship attached and boarded in American ship, killing and wounding 21men and impressing four sailors.③Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass an Embargo Act, which forbade all ships, except foreign ones without charge, to leave American ports.？Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. What was the importance of the Monroe DoctrineThe essence was”America for Americans”, which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. As the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.2. What were the basic causes of the Civil WarTwo different social-economic systems existed side by side in the United States.In the South slavery was the foundation of the economic system while in the North industry and commerce were the main character of its economy. The swiftly growing industries in the North required the restriction of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order to provide capitalist production with raw materials, markets and abundant labor supply.The slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. This economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South."3. What was the doctrine of the “popular sovereignty”This doctrine means that the inhabitants of the new territories can decide the question of slavery for themselves. In appearance, it seemed fair, but in actual practice, as far as slavery was concerned, the doctrine did not work.4. How do you comment on the American Civil WarThe outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government of the US capitalism. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which freed all slaves throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. What is the 10 percent planThe plan provided that as soon as 10 percent of voters in any state had taken the oath of loyalty, they could form their own government and would be entitled to the recognition of their state by the president of the United States.)2. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached by the HouseIn March 1867, Congress passed two Acts that took away two presidential prerogatives: the right to remove Cabinet members and the right to remove army officers under his command. To test the constitutionality of the Act, President Andrew Johnson removes Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office in1869, who was the only remaining Radical in Johnson’s Cabinet.He thus walked into troubles with the radicals. Later the House voted to impeach the President.3. After the Reconstruction, how were the civil rights of the Blacks in the South①Voters must be able to read and write;②Voting taxes were introduced;③The whites also took steps to segregate the blacks and two separate societies emerged in the South.4. Why did the US have a rapid industrial growth after the Civil War①The vast industrial development began with the opening the West.②Speeding this process of western settlement were the railroads.③Science and technology were also greatly marching forward.④The basic industry of the nation, iron and steel, also developed rapidly after the Civil War.⑤The oil industry also developed rapidly.⑥During the latter part of the 19th industry, industrial expansion in America went ahead rapidly.⑦There was a clear indication of rapid concentration of capital.6. What was the “Open Door Policy”The so-called “Open Door Policy” which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as other aggressors.。
英美概况中文版
第一篇英联邦第一章土地和人民第一节英吉利群岛和大不列颠一、名字和位置当读英文书籍的时候，一个人应当理解下面几个名词：A）英吉利群岛；B）不列颠（大不列颠）；C）英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士；D）北爱尔兰E）联合王国——大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国欧洲大陆西部边缘及西部以外，有数千座岛，通常被叫做英吉利群岛。
群岛中最大的岛屿叫做大不列颠，为了简单起见，简称不列颠，不过官方正式名称仍为大不列颠。
它南北走向近1000公里，东西绵延约500公里，面积大约为23万平方公里。
但是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的整体面积也只是稍多与24万平方公里，人口为5740万（1990）。
就大不列颠岛本身而言，被分为三部分，也被认为是三个国家：地处南部的英格兰，北部的苏格兰，和东南部的威尔士。
英格兰是三个政治实体中最大、最发达的一部分，土地面积超过13万平方公里，占了整个大不列颠岛近60%；人口超过4700万，约为正个国家的85%。
英格兰在大不列颠的地位如此重要以至于外国人称呼整个大不列颠为“英格兰”，这种习俗也用在了对人的称呼上，占多数的英格兰人被认为等同于“英国人”。
在面积和人口上，苏格兰都居第二位，78760平方公里的土地占不列颠岛不到30%，500万的人口不足整座岛的十分之一。
威尔士在面积和人口上都是最小的，面积20700平方公里，仅为9%，人口300万，约为全岛的5%。
在18世纪（1707）前，整座岛并不叫做大不列颠。
公元5世纪的时候，来自北欧叫做Angles部落、Saxons部落、Jutes部落的入侵者占据了岛屿南部并据为己有，那时才开始采用英格兰的名字。
他们的语言就是“English”，后来成为整个国家的官方语言。
“Engl”这一部分来自“Angles”，“ish”意为“属于的东西”，整个“English”的意思就是属于“Angles”的语言。
但是占领英格兰的Angles部落与Saxons部落在努力占领西南部，也就是传统上被称为威尔士的地方的时候，收效甚微，于是他们的大本营就驻扎在英格兰，这个地方还是当地土著塞尔特人（Celts）在公元1世纪遭到罗马入侵者退守的地方。
英美概况unit 1
Names
The Official Name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Shortened form: United Kingdom or UK The Popular Names: Great Britain : Britain England: the British Isles: but these names ought only to be used geographically.
Climate and Weather
The type of climate: maritime climate ----mild and temperate Major factors: 1) the prevailing south-westerly winds dominate in the country are warmed by the Gulf Stream and made moist by the Atlantic Ocean. 2) with the numerous inlets, the configuration of the country makes penetration inland of oceanic influences more effective.
4. the Pennines 5. the Lake District 6. the Welsh Massif The lowland zone 1. the Midlands of England 2. the plain of Lancastria 3. the Northeastern lowlands Northern Ireland Topographically ,the Northern Ireland looks like a saucer.
英美概况(一)18春在线作业1答案1
C.national
D.boarding
正确答案:B
10.Afterthecloseofthewar,twenty-sevenvictoriousnations(includingChina)attended()onJanuary18th,1919.
A.theLondonConference
A.theCeltics
B.theVikings
C.theGermans
D.Saxons
正确答案:D
14.In1455theDukeofYorktriedtodisplacetheLancasterKing,andthewarsofthe()brokeout．
A.Flowers
B.Roses
C.year
A.man-made
B.artificial
C.test
D.testtube
正确答案:D
5.TheCrownisusedasa()andisdescribedastherepresentativeofthepeople.
A.sign
B.treasure
C.symbol
D.decoration
正确答案:C
6.Britain'smaincerealcropis().
A.rice
B.barley
C.wheat
D.corn
正确答案:B
7.BeforeWorldWarIItheindustrialstructureoftheUnitedKingdomwasbasedlargelyon()developedinthe19thcentury.
D.Washington
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1. In this first class I stated the objective or goal of studying American Culture. What is that goal?Increase awareness and understanding of the United States of America.2. What are the 5 requirements that I gave you for this class?①You must be present for class and you must arrive ON TIME.②You attitudeduring class will be reflected in your final grade. If you talk or sleep, your grade will suffer. ③ALL MOBILES PHONES MUST BE POWERED OFF DURING CLASS!④You are required to keep a notebook of notes taken during the lectures, and it should include any assignments that you turn in that are returned to you, as well as any handout material.⑤Every paper you hand in MUST have your Chinese name (in Pinyin), your English name, AND your student ID number. If these are not included you will NOT receive a grade.3. Know the “Certain inalienable right” stated in the beginning of the “Declaration of Independence.”独立宣言(3 rights)Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.4. What is the definition of culture? What is “cultural pluralism”?Culture of the way of a group of people developed over time and passed down from generation to generation.Cultural pluralism: accepting more than one culture5. Study and learn the definition of “individual freedom”that most Americans believe in.By freedom, Americans mean the desire and ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without outside interference from the government, ruling noble class, the church or any other recognized authority.6. Be able to name the 6 traditional beliefs and values of Americans and know the “price” for each one.①Individual Freedom ②Self-reliance ③Equal Opportunity ④Competition ⑤Material Wealth ⑥Hard Work7. Be able to list at least 10 tourist of interest and give their location (which state they are in).①Statue of Liberty---New York ②Yellowstone National park---Wyoming ③China Town---Indiana （Chicago）④Hollywood---California⑤The White House---Washington D.C. ⑥Mount Rushmore ---North Dakota⑦The Golden Gate Bridge---California ⑧Niagara Falls---New York⑨Disney Land---California 10 Waikiki （beach）---HawaiiNew York city---New York Las Vegas---California8. Be able to list 6 symbols of America.①Yellowstone National park, ②eagle, ③Statue of Liberty, ④Uncle Sam, ⑤White House, ⑥the Golden Gate Bridge, ⑦The Lincoln Memorial,9. Review the notes on the movie, “The Patriot”. Know the year, the setting, main character, nations fighting and why, purpose of the war and which war. Year: 1763 Setting:Main character: Benjamin Martin, Gabriel Martin, Col. William TavingtonReason:Purpose of the war:Which war: independence war10. Be able to define what is meant by “frontier”.Frontier relatively unsettled regions of a country. The frontier of the U.S. was usually found in the west.11. Be able to give 4 reasons for the importance of the frontier.It played a large role in shaping values.①Though American civilization took over and replaced the frontier over 100 years ago, its heritage is still evident in U.S. culture today.②Provided the space and conditions that helped to strengthen the American ideals of freedom, self-reliance and equality of opportunity.③It provided many inspiring examples of hard work as forests were turned into towns and towns into large cities.④Frontier ideas and customs were passed along to more settled parts during a westward march of settlers that lasted more than two centuries.12. When did the “frontier experience” begin and end?The frontier experience began when the first colonists settled on the east coast in the 1600s. It ended about 1890 when the last western lands were settled.13. What was considered a “tragedy” of the American frontier?For many years, the frontier experience was romanticized in movies and on TV and little attention was given to the tragic story of the Native Americans. The Native Americans were given reservations to control, but the government broke many promises and created much misery for the Indian nations14. Be able to describe the main plot of the movie” Dances With Wolves”.Movie is about a Union soldier in the American Civil War who is eventually adopted by the Sioux Indian tribe.15. Know the causes of the 9 important American wars.①Revolutionary War 1776-1783Causes: Commerce policy and military policy differences between Britain and the Colonies; distance from Britain; “taxation without representation;” fear of France; Lack of faith in Britain‟s ability to defend Colonies from France.②Mexican War 1846-1848Following the Texas Revolution, the US tried negotiations with Mexico to settle on Texas‟ official borders. Mexico refused to acknowledge the Republic of Texas, but the US was considering it for statehood.③Civil War 1861-1865Two differing views on government, lifestyle, and identity; slavery (The South withdrew from the Union because they believed in more personal freedom, less government involvement, and the rights of the individual).④ WWI (World War I) 1917-1918unrestricted submarine warfare; “making the world safe for democracy;” trade relations with the Allies; Germany‟s request for Mexico to enter war against US.⑤WWII (World War II)1941-1945Primarily because Japan declared war on the US and bombed Pearl Harbor⑥Korean War (1950-1953)US wished to stop the spread of Communism⑦Vietnam War 1964-1975(“1st Television War” - 1st significant military defeat)Support for a government friendly to the West; fear of the …domino effect‟ of communism in southern Asia⑧Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)Iran invaded Kuwait in order to control its oil wealth and prepare to do the same in Saudi Arabia⑨Middle-East War (2001-Present)Terrorist attack on the U.S. by an Islamic extremist group called Al-Qaeda16. Learn the countries bordering the US, the 2 oceans and the location of the Gulf of Mexico.Countries: Canada, Mexico,2 oceans: Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic oceanThe location of the Gulf of Mexico: on the east of America17. How many states are in the U.S? Name the last two states to be added to the US.50 statesAlaska, Hawaii18. Is Washington D.C. a state?No, it is the capital of America in the District of Columbia19. Be able to name 10 large U.S. cities and know in which state they are located. California: Los Angeles San Francisco Big Bear City DublinTexas（德克萨斯州）：HoustonIllinois（伊利诺伊州）：ChicagoDetroit: MichiganPhiladelphia (Philly): PennsylvaniaFlorida: Miami 杰克逊维尔(Jacksonville) 坦帕(Tampa)圣彼得堡(St.Petersburg) 奥兰多(Orlando)Seattle: Washington20. Know the purpose of getting a “patent”（专利） on an invention.The purpose of a patent is to provide the inventor of a new product, design, or technology with exclusive rights to the invention. These ex clusive rights prohibit any other individual or business from making, using, or selling the invention without the authorization of the patent holder. The patent holder essentially maintains a monopoly on the invention until the term of the patent expires.21. Be able to list at least 10 inventions and their importance.1.Telegraph: greatly increased the ability of information to move from one location to another.2.Sewing Machine revolutionized the garment industry and made t he Singer corporation one of the first modern industries.3.Telephone allowed communication to extend to individuals. Before the telephone businesses had to rely on the telegraph.4.Phonograph留声机, Incandescent Light Bulb: The light bulbs allow us to stay awake longer and wake up earlier. The invention had a huge impact on America's growth and history5. cotton gin. It enable cotton growers to separate cotton fiber from the seed as 50 people could do the same work by hand.7. steamboat. It is soon became the fastest and most important means of shipping goods.8.Assembly Line are of great importance in the industrial production of high quantity standardizedcommodities9. the transformer(变压器) which allowed electricity to be sent over long distances and the air brake. The latter invention allowed conductors to have the ability to stop a train. Previous to the invention, each car had its own brakeman who manually put on the brakes for that car.10. a rudimentary machine gun（初步的机枪）that was used to a limited degree by the Union in the Civil War. However, they were used extensively in the Spanish-American War.22. Understand the importance of the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution that occurred in the 19th century was of great importance to the economic future of the United States. Three industrial developments led the way to Industrialization in America: (1) transportation was expanded, (2) electricity was effectively harnessed, and (3) improvem ents were made to industrial processes.23. What is the Constitution of the United States?Basically, the Constitution is the highest law in the United States. All other laws come from the Constitution in some way. The Constitution also provides the framework for the government of the United States. It creates things like the Presidency, the Congress, and the Supreme Court. Each state has its own constitution that is the highest law for the state —but even then, the United States Constitution is higher.24. Learn the purpose of the “amendment process”in trying to change the Constitution.An amendment to the Constitution is a change that can add to the Constitution or change an older part of it.25. The first ten amendments to the Constitution are called the ___Bill_____ of ____Rights___26. Be able to describe the most common way to pass (approve) an amendment.The most common is to pass an amendment through the Congress, on a two-thirds vote. After that, the amendment goes to the states, and if three-quarters of the states pass the amendment, it is considered a part of the Constitution — it has been ratified(批准)..27. Study the three branches of the federal government and learn their purpose.Legislative(立法机构) Branch ~to make the lawExecutive(行政部门) Branch ~ to make sure the law is carried out ( has the responsibility to carry out the laws)Judicial (法庭的) Branch ~ to interpret the law(to settle disputes about the exact meaning of the law)28. For the test I will choose 10 of the 19 words on pages 276~279. The definition and the words will be on the test. You will match the word with the correct definition.30. Know the meaning of “monopoly” in business.It is the control of an industry or service by only one company.With the rapid development of industry, competing firms began to consolidate into large units capable of dominating an entire industry.31. What is a “budget”?It is a financial plan for spending money.32. What are the 2 kinds of education in America?Public schools, Private schools33. How are public schools in the U.S. financed?Public schools are financed by tax money collected from all citizens.34. Remember to study:P218----The importance of western expansion1. It is a historic leap in American history.2. America is a multi-ethnic country. Western expansion is significant for American mainland3. It enlarged the territory of America and enabled America became a big country in the world4. It relieved the labor problems5. It improved the economic strength of America6. The abundant resources are good for the development of AmericaThe New West did not have a great impact on political innovation in America, because state and local governments in the West were usually modeled after the East. Socially and culturally the West also tended to imitate the East. But because of its lack of local traditions, its interior position, and its need for military protection and improved transportation, the West was usually the most nationalistic(名族主义的，国家的) section in America.The problems and hardships that pioneers faced on the raw frontier encouraged them to develop individualism and resourcefulness(足智多谋). The settlers seldom felt the need to obey the rules and traditions which governed social mores in crowded neighborhoods. Among neighbors there might be some mutual(相互的) help and charitable actions; however, the main trend was competitions. Westerners showed great respect for the person who started from “scratch” and achieved success through competition. Relationships among people were rather “cold”, cultivating a desire for self-reliance(自立根生). Though the West did not produce a society of social and economic equals, it did demonstrate to the nation that all artificial barriers to advancement must be removed and that all people must have an equal chance to make their way in the world. This , together with the Puritan tradition of hard work, formed the foundation of the American value system.P282----A chart on the U.S. government structure35. In chapter 11, “The American Society”, read carefully and study the two paragraphs at the bottom of page 305 and top of page 306 which are about individuals in the American society.When discussing the American people, one be kept in mind. Because of multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and varied socioeconomic backgrounds, growth, development, work, lifestyles and social status will differ among individuals from birth to old age. When someone claims, “We Americans thinkquestion is, “Which Americans?” because Americans with different backgrounds usually do things differently.On the other hand, universal education and media exposure have developed some “commonalties(平民) in actions and ideas. Generally, American values include rugged individualism; freedom of speech and religion; democratic ideals; free enterprise; competition, achievement, success orientation; acceptance of other‟s differences;legal social-political rights; respect of private property; welfare of children, the sick or disabled and the elderly; and faith in science and technology. In the United Stated, laws and regulations are made on the basis of these values.36. Consider and study the last statement in your book. (P323)“The economic globalization of the world has moved nations closer to each other. This globalization also has an equalizing element, as the American life style and consumption pattern are adopted by people throughout the world. Why is this happening? One answer could be the America’s multi-cultural heritage, mass media and political and economic policies provide the basis for the world’s people to identify with American society.37. A test question from this paragraph might be: Name 3 reasons that could provide a basis for the world to identify with American society?。