人教高三英语一轮复习课件高考语法通关(12)特殊句式(省略,倒装,强调)
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■十二、特殊句式(省略,倒装,强调)
//////
・近几年高考对有关特殊句式的考查内容知识性增强,除原先的考查热点一倒装和强调句外,
省略一些新的考点出现。
我们应该加强特殊句式,特别是倒装句和强调句的练习。
注意理解、研究试题,在实践中体验。
■(―)倒装
//〃〃希点扫遇〃〃“
・考点一完全倒装
■谓语动词完全搬到主语之前的句子,便是完全倒装句。
这类句型主要有两种:
■ 1.表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语,如
:here, there, now, then, up, down, in ,away, off, out, in the room, on the wall 等,置于句首。
如:■In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
■在伦敦一所大学的演讲大厅里坐着一位教
!授。
,;: ;: ■In this chapter will be found the answers to the questions.
■在这一章节里将会发现这些问题的答案。
;
■South of the river lies a small factory.
■2. such置于句首时,如:
■Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the
20th century1 s greatest scientist.
■这就是爱因斯坦,一个朴素的人,二十世纪最伟大的科学家。
■此句型中的such多被认为是表语,所以,such 后的be动词应与其后的“真正的主语” 保持一致。
如I:
■Such are the facts, no one can deny them.
■这就是事实,没有人能够否认他们。
■考点二部分倒装
■只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子,叫部分倒装句。
这类句
型主要也有三种:
• 1. only修饰副词介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。
女口:
■Only in this way can we learn English well.
■只有用这种方法我们才能够学习英语。
;
■Only when he returned did we find out the truth. ■他回来,我们才发现了真相。
■使用特点:
■①在部分倒装句中,如果谓语部分无助动词,则需找助动词来“帮助”它构成倒装句。
如:
■Only after the war learned he the sad news.(错);
■Only after the war did he learn the sad news.(对);;;
蠡仅仅在战争之后他才知道这个悲伤的消息O
■②only修饰状语从句时,从句不可倒装。
如■只有当他回来后,我才知道真相。
■③only修饰主语时,句子不可倒装。
如:
■Only can he answer the question.(错)
■Only he can answer the question.(对)
■只有他才能回答这个问题。
■2.否定畐0it]never, nor, not, hardly, little ,seldom 等置于句首时。
女口:
■Never before have I seen such a moving film.
■= I have never seen such a moving film before.
|我以前从未看过这么感人的影片。
;
■Not a single mistake did he make.
■=He didn't make a single mistake.
■他绝没有犯过一个错误。
■3.六个重要的固定句型:
■①…;so+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语“……也是如此”。
■使用特点:;;;;
■a.此句型也可写成• ..and so+bc/have/助动词/情态动词+主语,或• ..,so + be/have/ 助动词+主语。
■b.如果句意不是“……不是如此”,而仅是对前内容的肯定或符合(此时的so = indeed),那么,句子则不可使用倒装句式。
试比较:
■A: I was afraid.(句中的I指的是说话者A)
■B: So was I.
■(I指的是B,此句意为I was afraid, too.)
■A: I was afraid.(I指的是A)
■B: So you were.
■(you指的也是A;此句意为Indeed you were afraid.)
■再比较几个句子:
■He came last night, and so did I.
■他昨晚来了,我也来了。
■A: It is hot.天真热。
■B: So it is.的确如此。
■A: He is lazy.他真懒。
■B: So is she.她也一样。
■②…;neither(或nor) + be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语“……也不一样”。
■Lily can't ride; neither (^cnor) can Lucy.
■莉莉不会骑车,露西也不会。
■使用特点:
■a・此句型也可写成・..;and neither(或nor)+ be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语,
或. ..neither(或n or)+be/have/ 助动词 + 主语。
■b .此句型中的and neither(或not)不可用so...not替代,但可用not...either改写。
如:
■I have never been abroad. So hasn't he.(错)
■I have never been abroad. Neither/nor has he.(翁对)策I i ;i
■我从未去过国外,他也是。
■ I have never been abroad. He has never/not been abroad, either.(M)
■③ So + adj./adv...that..."如此........ 以至于
■ So early does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
帑使用特点:! ■在这个句型中,so引导的句子倒装,而that 引导的句子不倒装。
■④neither..., nor•…“ ............ 不,也不.... ”。
・由于neither和nor都是否定词,所以其前后 |句
均需倒装。
I
■⑤not only..., but also... “不仅 ......... 而且•••••• ”
O
■ Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
®使用特点:;;;;: ■此句型也可写成not only...but...,或not only...but...as well的形式,但but(also)引导的■⑥not until... “ 直到... 才.... ”
■Not until he returned did we have supper.
■直到他回来,我们才吃晚饭。
;
■使用特点:;
;
■a.这句话可以改写成We didn't have supper until he returned.
■b.如果not until引导的是句子,until从句的主谓不可倒装而是主句需要倒装。
■考点三形式倒装
•形式上的倒装,语法上称为前置。
它的特点是:只要把强调的内容提至句首,主谓不倒装。
这样的结构非常多,但有三个重要的句型需要特点注意:
■1.感叹句
■What an interesting talk they have!
■他们进行了一个有趣的交谈。
;[ ■How interesting their talk was!
■他们的谈话多么有趣啊!
■使用特点:
■对名词(或中心词是名词)感叹时,用what引导;对形容词或副词感叹时,用how引导。
■2. the more...the more…句型
■The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
■英语听得越多,它就变得越容易。
;■使用特点:
■①此句型中的more代表的是形容词或副词的比较级,要灵活使用。
女口:
■ The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
■你工作越努力,取得的进步就越大。
■②此句型中的第一个the more引导的相当于一个条件状语从句,第二个the mow引导的相当于T个主句。
所以,上面例句的意思实质上就是If you work harder, you will make greater progress o
-3.引导让步状语从句的句型
■ However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.
・无论问题有多困难,我们今晚也必须把它解决。
■使用特点:;■①whatever的后面也可以接名词,受many或much的修饰,则必须把whatever换成howevero试比较:
■Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.
T无论你有什么理由,你都应当遵守诺言。
■However many difficulties you meet with, you should try to overcome them.
■无论你遇到多少困难,你都应当设法克服
■②however可以改写成no matter how而意义不变。
如上句可改写成:
■ No matter how many difficulties you meet with, you should try to overcome them.
静无论你遇到多少困难,你都应该尽力克服它们。
■(二)强调
//////^ X 扭蠕〃〃〃
・考点一强调句型
■It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他成分
■1.强调人时可用who作连词,强调其他任何部分用that。
■所强调的可以是单词、短语,也可以是从句,但结构必须完整。
被强调的成分可以说主语、宾语和状语,但不能说定语或谓语。
如:
■It was him that we met at the school gate.(宾语
')'1 1i Q
■在学校门口我遇到的就是他。
■It was in the part that Tom lost his watch.(状语;” :
■正是在公园里,汤姆丢了他的手表。
■It is only I who am willing to go to the film. ■愿意去看电影的只有我。
;
;
■It is not I who (that) am angry.
-生气的不是我。
■It is you that broke the window.
■是你打破了窗子。
| ;
■It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes.
■不仅仅是瞎子才犯这样愚蠢的错误。
;■It was her that I met yesterday.
■我昨天见到的是她。
■It was a key that I found in his pocket.
■我在他的口袋里找到的是钥匙。
■It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go to work.
■是因为母亲病了,她才没有来上班。
■2.这种强调句的一般疑问句只需把is(was) 提前,如:
■Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
*第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗?;
■Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?
■是王教授教你英语吗?;
;
■Was it during the Anti Japanese War that he died?
■他是在抗日战争期间去世的吗?
■3.它的特殊疑问句,只需在一般疑问句前加上疑问词,女口:
■Who was it that broke the window?
■打破窗子的是谁?;;;;
;
■When was it that you called me yesterday?
■你昨天打电话给我是什么时候?:
;
■What is it that you want me to do? ■你要我干的是什么?
■How was it that you succeeded?
■你是怎么成功的?;;;;;
■Why is it that smoking is not allowed here? ■这儿为什么不允许吸烟?;;;;
■Where was it that he bought the bike?
■他是在什么地方买到这辆自行车的?
■4. 有时可用It might be…that•…/It must have been...that...句型表示强调,如:
■It might be his father that youTe thinking of.
-你关心的可能是他父亲。
;;
;
■It must have been his brother that you saw. ■你看
到的想必是他的兄弟。
■5. not...until…句型的强调句
■其强调句式为:it is/was not until+被强调的部分+that+其他成分,如:
■He didn't go to bed until ten o'clock.
I:他直到十点钟才上床睡觉。
;;
;
■—It was not until ten o'clock that he went to bed. ■I didn't realize she was a famous film star until/till she took off her dark glasses.
■直到她取下墨镜我才意识到她是一名著名的影星。
■—>It was not until she took her dark glasses that I realized that she was a famous film star.
■6.强调词it与先行词it
■可恢复原句来判断,即把it is/was...that…去
掉,如果剩下的成分仍然能组成一个完整的句子,这就是强调句型,否则就不是。
如:
■It is there that accidents often happen.
■就是在那儿经常发生事故。
| | ■Accidents often happen there.
■以上就是强调句型,被强调成分是状语,把it is...that...去掉,还原成后来的非强调句
■ It is clear that not all boys like football.去掉it is... that... 句子成了Clear not all boys like football.
■很显然这不是一个完整的句子,因此不是强调句型,而是由it作先行词引导的一个主语从句。
■7・强调句型It is/was...that...
■It is/was + 时间+when从句;It is +时间 + since
从句;
■It was not long...before...
■①强调句型与It is/was+时间+whe n从句
■在上述句型中it指时间,when引导的是时间状语从句。
注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。
女口:
■It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.
■It was midnight when I got here yesterday.
■第一句是强调句型,被强调的是时间状语 ,因此用介词短语表达,而第二句是一般句型,时间
以名词的方式表达,用来作表语。
■②强调句型与it is +时间+ since从句;■................................................. It is ...since…表示“自从..................... 以来已有
(
时间)”
■注意两个句型中的时态一般不同。
;・试比较:;!■It was two years ago that I began to learn English.
■It is two years since I began to learn English.
■自从我开始学英语到现在已有两年了、
■第一句为强调句型,强调的是过去的事情 ,用一般过去时,而第二句表示“从过去到现在已有多长时间”用一般现在时。
但强调句型同样可以用一般现在时。
如:
■I t is two hours that he spends on English every day.
■他每天花两小时补英语。
■③强调句型与It was not long...before...从句上述几项可有以下几个句式:■...................................................................... It
was not long before... “不久以后就......... ”■It won't be long before... 不久就会 .... ”
■It was (not) two years/days...before...两年/天后(不到两年/两天)就……
■It will (not) be two years/days before…两年/天后才会……(用不了两年/两天就会……)
■试比较:
■It was two years before he came back from abroad.
■It was two years later that he came back from abroad.
-同样表示“他两年以后回国”,强调句型中应用状语的表达方式。
■考点二谓语动词的强调
■It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do, does或did。
如:
■Do come this evening.
■确保今晚过来。
:;;;
;
■He did write to you last week.
■上周他确实给你写信了。
;;;
;
■Tom does study hard now.
-现在汤姆学习的确很刻苦。
(三)省略
■省略是为了避免重复,突出新信息并使上、下文紧密连接的一种语法手段,可使语句简练,避免重复。
■替代是用替代词来替代上下文中的特定词或分句。
常见的替代词:one (ones), that (those), the same, do, so, not。
〃〃/7 //////
■考点一状语从句中的省略现象
■1.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时 ,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可岀现如下结构:
■①连词(as, as if, once)+名词
■Once(he was)a teacher, he now works in a government office.
■他曾经是一位教师,现在在政府办公室工作。
■②连词(though, whether, when) + 形容词
■Work hard when(you are)young,or you'll regret. ■当你年轻时要努力工作,否则你会后悔的O
■③连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语
■He looked everyone as if (he was)in search of something.
■他打量每一个人似乎在寻找某个东西。
■④连词(when, while, though) +现在分词
■While(I was)walking along the street. I heard my name called.
■我正在街上走,这时听到有人叫我的名字O
■⑤连词(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as) + 过去分词
■The exhibition is more interesting than(it was) expected.
■展览会比预料得更有趣。
:
:
■⑥连词(as if, as though) +不定式
■注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。
■Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street.
■她父亲告诉她过马路时要小心点。
■ 2•—当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有 系动词be 时,可以把it 和系动词be —起省略 。
此时构成连词(if , unless , when , whenever) +形容词的结构。
如I :
■另外,我们还可以用so 或not 代替上文内容 ,此时可有it+so/not 省略句式: Unless (it is) necessary, to the dictionary. you'd better not refer 除非有必要, 否则你最好别查字典。
■Get up early tomorrow. If not (you don't get up early),you will miss the first bus.
■明天早起床。
如果不能的话,你会错过第 ;一辆公交车。
:;
■He may not be at home then, if so (he is not at home), leave him a note.
■他可能不在家,如果这样,给他留下便条
■考点二不定式的省略
■1.代替动词不定式后被省略掉的动词,常在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后边,如I:
■I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to. ■我请他看电影,但他不想看。
■2・在have, need, ought, be going, used等后边,如:。