考研写作词汇素材
考研英语作文素材
考研英语作文素材：电信(Telecommuting)elecommuting-- substituting the computer for the trip to the job ----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of sol itude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local government s are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work require s careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer p rogrammer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a we ek and works at home the other two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick chil d; she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommutin g workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a y oung child at the same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, muchless respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management too must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has pai d a great deal of atte ntion to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee‘s situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.考研作文写作素材：学校教育It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an e ducation. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is impo rtant.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education know s no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a c ertain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, i nclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one‘s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar t extbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an unde rstanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of t he subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely to f ind out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the f ormalized process of schooling.如何减少压力(How to Reduce Stress)Stress is an inevitable part in our normal life. Many kinds of things, such as natural disasters, war and death can cause too much stress in our life. But according to a psychol ogist, on a day-to-day basis, stress may result from the small things: taking an exam, wait ing in line, and having too many things to do in a limited time.We all need stress to add flavor, challenge, and opportunity to life, but too much str ess can seriously affect our physical and mental well-being, It reduces the body‘s immunit y and harms the brain, If the stress lasts a long time, it may cause physical illness, inso mnia, headaches, backaches, ulcers, high blood pressure-even heart disease.When stress does occur, it‘s important to recognize and deal with it. There ore some methods we can try. A large number of physical activities can reduce onxiety. Shoring o ur stress with others can be enormously helpful. Making time for fun such os listening to music may be good medicine. Sometimes even crying is on efficient way to releose stres s.父母过于娇纵孩子(Parents Are too Permissive with Their Children Nowadays) Th e child‘ s happiness is al I-important, the psychologists say, but what about the pa rents‘ happiness? Parents suffer constantly from fear and guilt while their children gaily ro mp about pulling the place apart.A good old-fashioned spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manua l would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who kn ows what dccp psychological wounds you might inflict? Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more har m than good.Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey?Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juven ile delinquency in our own age islargely due to parental laxity.The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job.And if children are knocked about a little bit in the proc ess, it may not really matter too much.At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them s omething positive to react against. Perhaps there‘s some t ruth in the idea that children wh o‘ ve had an excess of happiness in their childhood fail to make a success of life.写作素材：赞成广告论Money spent on advertising is money well spent. It assists a rapid distribution of goods a t reasonable prices. It draws attention to new ideas and so helps enormously to raise stan dards of living.By helping to increase the demand for goods, it increases the number of workers nee ded to supply the goods and,therefore, provides employment. It helps to pay for many ser vices. Without advertisements, your daily newspaper would cost a dollar or more, the pric e of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus would cost mor e.Perhaps most important of all, advertising helps to keep up the quality of the product s and services you buy. No regular advertiser dare offer a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for ong; for the public has the good sense not to buy the poor ua lity article more than once. If I see an article advertised, it s the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it is of good value.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently, I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather th an informs. This is hair-splitting. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If it only gave information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But per haps that is what the well-known television personality wants.lam prepared to make just one admission to the opponents of advertising. Not every advertisement is a good one.Some advertisements are silly. Some are pointless though not very many. Pick up the nearest magazine or newspaper and count the advertisements that really offend you. And then count the advertisements that, in some degree, interest you, o r give you pleasure. And be honest!。
2024考研管综联考写作素材汇总
2024考研管综联考写作素材汇总
一、宏观经济：
1.经济增长：中国经济的持续增长，稳定的产业结构等。
2.金融市场：金融市场开放、金融创新、金融风险管理等。
3.贸易战：中美贸易战对中国经济的影响，国际贸易保护主义趋势等。
二、产业与组织：
1.制造业转型升级：中国制造2025计划，智能制造，工业互联网等。
2.服务业发展：互联网经济、共享经济、创意产业、旅游业、金融服
务业等。
3.企业组织结构：扁平化管理、虚拟组织、团队合作、激励机制等。
三、劳动关系：
1.劳动力市场：人才流动，劳动力供求矛盾，农民工问题等。
2.劳动合同：灵活用工，劳动合同法，劳动关系协商等。
3.薪酬福利：职工薪酬、社会保险工资缴纳等。
四、管理理论与实践：
1.领导力：变革型领导，创新型领导，领导力培养等。
2.组织文化：企业文化建设，员工价值观，文化碰撞等。
3.创新与创业：创业环境，创新创造，科技创新，创业教育等。
五、企业战略与创新：
1.战略管理：企业战略选择，战略可持续发展，战略决策等。
2.企业创新：技术创新，产品创新，商业模式创新等。
3.全球化战略：企业全球化发展趋势，国际并购，跨国经营等。
考研必背的英语作文词汇
考研必背的英语作文词汇1. In today's fast-paced world, it's crucial to stay up to date with the latest trends and technologies. As a result, it's important to embrace lifelong learning and constantly acquire new knowledge and skills.2. When it comes to environmental issues, it's high time we took action. From reducing our carbon footprint to promoting sustainable practices, it's imperative that weall do our part to protect our planet for future generations.3. The importance of cultural diversity cannot be overstated. By embracing different cultures and traditions, we can foster greater understanding and tolerance in our global society.4. In the age of social media, it's become easier than ever to connect with people from around the world. However, it's important to remember that online interactions shouldnever replace real-life connections and human interactions.5. The power of words should never be underestimated. Whether it's through literature, poetry, or speeches, language has the ability to inspire, provoke thought, and bring about change.6. Education is the key to unlocking opportunities and achieving personal growth. By investing in our education,we can broaden our horizons and open doors to a brighter future.7. In order to succeed in today's competitive job market, it's essential to develop a range of transferable skills. From communication to problem-solving, these skills are invaluable in any professional setting.8. The importance of mental health should never be overlooked. Taking care of our mental well-being is just as important as taking care of our physical health.9. The power of teamwork should never be underestimated.By working together, we can achieve far more than we ever could on our own.10. It's important to embrace failure as a learning opportunity. By learning from our mistakes and persevering through challenges, we can grow stronger and achieve greater success in the long run.。
考研英语作文常用名词
考研英语作文常用名词When writing a graduate English composition, employing a diverse range of nouns is crucial for conveying ideas effectively. Here are several commonly used nouns that can enhance the quality of your writing:1. Education: Education is the cornerstone of societal advancement.2. Research: Research is essential for innovation and progress.3. Development: Development plays a pivotal role in shaping the future.4. Technology: Technology has revolutionized various aspects of human life.5. Economy: The economy influences global interactions and individual livelihoods.6. Society: Society reflects the collective values and norms of a community.7. Culture: Culture encompasses traditions, beliefs, and artistic expressions.8. Environment: The environment sustains life and requires protection.9. Health: Health is fundamental to individual well-being and productivity.10. Policy: Policy decisions influence governance and public welfare.11. Globalization: Globalization has interconnected nations and economies.12. Communication: Communication facilitates the exchange of ideas and information.13. Innovation: Innovation drives progress and competitiveness.14. Challenges: Challenges present opportunities for growth and adaptation.15. Opportunities: Opportunities arise from favorable circumstances and proactive efforts.16. Leadership: Leadership is vital for guiding organizations and societies.17. Change: Change is inevitable and shapes societal dynamics.18. Diversity: Diversity enriches communities and fosters understanding.19. Equality: Equality promotes fairness and social cohesion.20. Justice: Justice ensures accountability andprotects rights.These nouns can provide a solid foundation for discussing various topics in your English composition for the graduate entrance examination. Remember to integrate them seamlessly into your writing to convey your ideas clearly and effectively.。
考研英语写作必备素材50句
考研英语写作必备素材50句以下50句写作句型与考研写作考察的炙热话题相关，可以作为写作的论证素材。
建议考生在考前进展训练。
训练的方法是先独立将中文转化为英文，然后对照参考译文，自查错误，对自己的译文进展改正，并学习参考译文中较好的句型、词汇等。
最后要对好的语言素材进展背诵记忆。
1.涉及机动车使用量增加这一问题，有的人认为应该限制使用。
另一些人持相反意见。
也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是，无论车辆多少，必须对废气排放实行控制。
When it es tothe increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing,some people thinkthat use should be limited.Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, butemission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles.2.目前，针对流开工人的问题展开了普遍的争论。
反对流开工人增加的人认为这会导致犯罪率升高，从而危害社会稳定。
他们主X应该严格限制进入中国城市的流开工人。
但是，另一方面，支持廉价劳动力流入的人主X，为了支持大规模的城市根底设施建立规划，流动人口是必需的。
There is a general debate nowadays aboutthe problem ofitinerant workers.Those who tothe rising migrant populationargue thatincreasing numberslead torising crime rates and harm social stability.They believe that strict limits should be placed onmigrants e ntering China’s cities.But people who favorthe influx of the cheap labor force,on the other hand, maintain thatmigrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction program.3.人们普遍认为过度砍伐造成了夏季特大洪水。
2020年考研英语写作冲刺必背：运动健康词汇及素材
2020年考研英语写作冲刺必背：运动健康词汇及素材必备词汇：1、身体、心理上的：physically/ psychologically2、营养不良：malnutrition3、健康的，精力充沛的：healthy;energetic/vigorous4、疲倦的：tired/exhausted/worn out5、体育精神：sportsmanship6、首要目标：primary goal7、参与运动：be involved with sports8、大众健康：public health9、平衡饮食：balanced diet10、垃圾食品：junk food11、减肥：lose weight12、吃绿色/有机食品：eat green/organic food13、过健康的生活：lead a healthy life14、提升生活质量：improve the quality of life15、在日常生活中培养健康的习惯：cultivate/develop healthy habits in daily life必备素材句：1、运动对于强身健体是必要的。
Exercise is necessary to strengthen the body.2、绝大部分的人都在努力的拥有成功的工作和婚姻。
不过，最近大家也开始意识到健康的重要性，因为越来越多的人都开始知道健康是我们做任何事情的第一步。
Most people make as much effort as they can to achieve their own success in many aspects such as their work or families. Yet, in recent years being healthy has been an issue which attracts much attention from the public because people in growing numbers have realized that physical health is the first thing they shall focus on.3、近年来，中国人开始更多地参与各式各样的健身运动。
考研资料推荐写作素材积累
考研资料推荐写作素材积累考研资料推荐：写作素材积累考研写作是一项重要的考试内容，需要具备丰富的写作素材和积累。
本文将为大家推荐一些适合于考研写作的素材，并提供一些积累策略。
一、历史素材历史素材是考研写作中常见的素材之一。
首先，可以选择一些重要的历史事件或者历史人物作为写作素材，比如中国的改革开放、文化大革命等。
其次，可以关注一些国际历史事件，比如第二次世界大战、冷战等。
此外，可以结合自己所学专业领域的历史事件进行深入研究和思考，以丰富自己的写作素材。
二、社会热点社会热点是考研写作中常用的素材之一。
我们可以关注一些当前社会关注度较高的事件或者问题，比如环境污染、教育不公平、城市化等。
可以通过观察和研究社会热点问题，提出自己的观点和见解，并进行深入思考。
三、文学作品文学作品是考研写作中的重要素材之一。
我们可以选择一些经典的文学作品，比如《红楼梦》、《水浒传》等，进行阅读和分析。
通过对文学作品的研究，可以提高自己的文学素养和写作能力。
同时，还可以关注一些当代文学作品，了解当代文学发展的趋势和特点。
四、科技创新科技创新是考研写作中的重要素材之一。
我们可以关注一些科技创新领域的热点问题，比如人工智能、互联网、生物技术等。
可以通过了解和研究科技创新的发展动态，提出自己的见解和观点，并进行深入思考。
五、教育问题教育问题是考研写作中常用的素材之一。
我们可以关注一些热点教育问题，比如高考改革、素质教育、教育公平等。
可以通过观察和研究教育问题，提出自己的见解和观点，并进行深入思考。
六、国际关系国际关系是考研写作中的重要素材之一。
我们可以关注一些国际关系问题，比如国际安全、国际经济合作、文化交流等。
可以通过观察和研究国际关系问题，提出自己的见解和观点，并进行深入思考。
要想积累写作素材，需要进行多方面的阅读和思考。
可以通过阅读相关的书籍、报纸、杂志，关注电视、网络等媒体上的信息，还可以参加一些学术讲座、研讨会等活动，扩展自己的知识面。
考研英语作文时事热点词汇
考研英语作文时事热点词汇英文：As a graduate student preparing for the national entrance exam, I am constantly exposed to various hottopics in current affairs. One of the most discussed issues is the impact of artificial intelligence on the job market. Many people are concerned that AI will replace human workers, leading to unemployment and economic instability. However, I believe that AI can actually create new job opportunities and improve efficiency in the workplace.For example, in the field of customer service, AI chatbots can handle routine inquiries, allowing human employees to focus on more complex tasks that require empathy and critical thinking. In addition, AI can also be used to analyze large amounts of data and make predictions, which can help businesses make better decisions and increase productivity. Therefore, instead of fearing AI, we should embrace its potential to enhance our work and lives.中文：作为一名准备参加研究生入学考试的学生，我不断接触到各种时事热点话题。
考研：论说文写作素材指南
考研：论说文写作素材指南一、要么最早，要么更好1、20 世纪80 年代，好几家制造商也开始考虑混合动力汽车。
但是，将内燃机引擎和和电动机结合在一起需要大量的投资。
尽管如此，丰田公司很清楚，一旦引领市场，它将获得多重优势。
首先，丰田将赢得寻求环境友好型汽车的“早期采用者”的青睐。
其次，生产混合动力汽车能拓展已有市场和新市场。
再次，这会提升丰田公司的形象，因为它明确传达了丰田履行环保义务的信息，与此同时，让人们对丰田的新款汽车及创新能力产生了兴趣。
直到现在，丰田的先行优势仍在为他带来收益。
2、在一次性婴儿纸尿裤市场中，宝洁比先行企业晚十年进入。
1961 年，宝洁才推出了帮宝适品牌，远远晚于强生1949 年推出的Chux。
那时，一次性纸尿裤还是个新鲜事物，顾客对它心存芥蒂。
宝洁公司一直等到消费者接受纸尿裤才进入市场。
不仅如此，宝洁耗费了五年时间来研究并解决Chux 的主要问题，开发出了吸收力强渗漏少、让婴儿更为舒适的产品，它还提供了两种尺寸，并大大降低了生产成本。
如今，全球逾百个国家的两亿五千万名消费者都在购买宝洁生产的纸尿裤。
相比之下，Chux 由于销量缩水，在20 世纪70 年代被强生逐渐淘汰。
3、eBay 于1995 年率先进入在线拍卖市场，之后很长一段时间一直占据着主导地位。
类似地，沃尔沃在印度最早发现了豪华大巴的销售机会，其销售状况一直不错。
相反，Facebook 并不是第一个社交网络，但却是最成功的，其优势是拥有更好的产品。
同样的，谷歌也不是第一个做搜索引擎的公司，但却凭借其不断的完善搜索算法，改进用户体验，最终成为全球最大搜索引擎公司。
适用角度参考：先发制人(①③)；后发制人(②③)；创新(①②)；关注消费者需求(①②)；把握机会(①③)；精益求精(②③)；环保(①)；目光长远(①)；找准时机(②)二、建立合乎伦理的企业文化1、英国时装品牌泰德贝克（Ted Baker）以其玩世不恭的设计风格所著称，不过与其风格相反的是，它希望自己的经营模式成为典范。
考研写作素材
考研写作素材1. 人物素材：明朝著名思想家、文学家李贽，他的思想对后世产生了深远影响。
负荆请罪的故事，表现了廉颇和蔺相如的合作精神和以大局为重的态度。
清代文学家蒲松龄，他通过辛勤搜集和创作，完成了《聊斋志异》这部文学巨著。
南朝的江淹，年轻时便成为著名文学家，他的作品在当时备受赞誉。
2. 名人名言：“以近知远，以一知万，以微知明。
”——《荀子·非相》“丧失远见的人不是那些没有达到目标的人们，而往往是从目标旁溜过去的人们。
”——拉罗什富科“建立目标是一种平衡，在企业成果与遵循人们所相信的原则之间的平衡，在企业当前需要与长远需要的平衡，在期望的结果与可用的资源之间的平衡。
”——德鲁克“即使在人生中，也和国际象棋一样，能聪明地预见的人才能获胜。
”——巴克斯顿3. 勤奋主题：陈胜的故事，他虽然出身农民，但有着鸿鹄之志，最终实现了自己的目标。
天才不是生而知之，而是需要经过不断的学习和实践才能获得。
——郭沫若才华是刀刃，辛苦是磨刀石，再锋利的刀刃，若日久不用磨，也会生锈，成为废物。
——老舍业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。
——韩愈·《进学解》4. 关于自我提升：不断学习，不断提升自己的能力和技能，是通往成功的必经之路。
只有不断挑战自己，才能突破自己的局限，实现更大的成就。
5. 关于创新和创造力：创新是推动社会进步的重要力量，创造力则是个人发展的核心竞争力。
在面对问题和挑战时，要敢于打破常规，寻找新的解决方案。
6. 关于领导力：一个优秀的领导者应该具备远见卓识、善于沟通、能激励团队等品质。
领导者的职责不仅是管理团队，更是引导团队朝着正确的方向前进。
7. 关于人际关系：良好的人际关系是个人成功的关键因素之一，建立和维护人际关系需要诚信、尊重和理解。
在人际交往中，要学会倾听和表达，建立有效的沟通渠道。
8. 关于健康和身体：保持健康的生活方式，注重锻炼和均衡饮食，是保持身体健康的关键。
身体是革命的本钱，只有身体健康，才能更好地实现个人理想和抱负。
考研英语作文词汇
考研英语作文词汇英文回答：In the multifaceted tapestry of human experience, the interplay between language and culture is an intricate and enduring dance. As a passionate student of English, I am deeply enthralled by the transformative power of words and their ability to bridge the vast chasms that separate peoples and civilizations.During my undergraduate studies, I immersed myself in the study of English literature, reveling in the nuanced prose of Jane Austen and the lyrical eloquence of William Shakespeare. These literary giants taught me the profound impact that language can have on shaping our perceptions of the world and ourselves. I was particularly captivated by the way in which authors use language as a tool for social commentary and cultural critique.One example that left an enduring mark on my mind wasthe novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. This powerful work explores the complexities of race andmorality in the American South during the 1930s. Throughthe eyes of a young girl named Scout, the novel exposes the insidious nature of prejudice and the importance of empathy. It also highlights the transformative power of language, as Scout's father, Atticus Finch, uses his eloquence to defend an innocent black man accused of a heinous crime.Beyond literature, I have also delved into the study of English linguistics. This field has provided me with a deep understanding of the structure and function of language. I have gained insights into the ways in which words and phrases interact to create meaning, and I have learned to appreciate the intricate rules that govern our communication.My passion for English has not only enriched my academic journey but has also had a profound impact on my personal life. It has opened up a world of opportunitiesfor me, from traveling to different countries to meeting people from diverse backgrounds. Through these experiences,I have come to realize that language is not merely a tool for communication but a bridge that connects us to the hearts and minds of others.In the coming years, I aspire to pursue a Master's degree in English Literature with a specialization in Postcolonial Studies. I am particularly interested in exploring how English literature has been used by writers from former colonies to challenge traditional notions of power and identity. I believe that this research will not only deepen my understanding of English literature but also contribute to a broader understanding of the complex relationship between language, culture, and power.In conclusion, my journey as a student of English has been a transformative and deeply rewarding one. I am eternally grateful for the opportunities that have been afforded to me, and I am eager to continue my exploration of this fascinating and multifaceted field. Through my continued studies, I hope to gain a deeper understanding of the power of words and to use my knowledge to make a positive impact on the world.中文回答：英语作为一门语言，魅力无穷。
考研英语写作精华素材
英语写作精华素材句子：1. As a popular saying goes,” everything has two sides”.常言道，事物总是一分为二的。
2. Any government, which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.任何政府忽略这一点将付出巨大的代价3. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效地措施。
4. This is a matter of life and death-a matter no country can afford to ignore.这是一个关系国家生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。
5. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.许多专家指出这是现代社会发展的必然结果，无法避免。
6. So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它。
7.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。
短语/模板：1. modernization program 现代化建设2. around the corner 迫在眉睫3. Sth. have gone bad to worse 每况愈下4. be linked to …与……有关5. quite a few 相当多6. Sth. have worsened sth. ……使……恶化7. at the mere mention of 一提到8. It is disputable that…无可争辩……9. Although this view is widely held, this is little evidence that...尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明……10. In fact, we have to admit the face that…事实上，我们不得不承认……这个事实。
2022考研英语作文话题词必备：经济贸易类
考研英语作文积累素材是一个必备的任务，在冲刺复习阶段，作文是重要的提分项目，大家要重视起来，对于一些常见话题所涉及的词汇短语最好多积累积累，以便于在写作时能够更好的遣词造句。
下面是经济贸易类的常见词汇短语，大家注意看下。
1.改革产业结构reform the structure of industries2. 亏损企业loss-making enterprises3. 搞活企业enliven enterprises4. 加快现代化步伐quicken the modernization drive5. 跨国公司transnational corporation / multinational corporation6. 乡镇企业township enterprises7. 国有企业state-owned enterprises8. 合资企业joint ventures9. 解放生产力emancipate/ liberate productivity10.振兴国家经济invigorate our state economy11.实行股份制introduce the shareholding system12.全面深化改革deepen reform all round13.提高经济效益improve economic results14.增进效益increase economic returns15.宏观经济调控macro-economic control and management16. 经济实力economic strength17. 经济转轨economic transformation18. 经营机制operative mechanism19. 整顿经济秩序rectify economic order20. 引进竞争机制introduce a competitive mechanism21. 建立技术密集型企业set up technologically-intensive enterprises22. 招商引资canvass business and introduce investment23. 房地产real estate24. 经济特区special economic zone25. 基础设施infrastructure facilities26. 豆腐渣工程jerry-built projects27. 投资热点investment hot spot28. 外向型经济export-oriented economy29. 按劳分配distribute according to the work performance30. 打破平均主义break / abandon equalitarian31. 沿海开放城市open coastal cities32. 保税区bonded zone/ area33. 金融改革banking system34. 国民生产总值Gross National Product35. 扶贫项目anti-poverty project36. 下海经商plunge into the private business37. 协调发展coordinate the development38. 住房改革housing reform39.社会保障体系social security system40. 数字时代digital times41. 信息高速公路the information superhighway42. 虚拟社区virtual communities43. “菜蓝子”工程the “shopping-basket”project ( the non-staple foodproject)44. 拳头产品knock-out products/ competitive products45. 市场萧条slack market46. 中国质量万里行China’s Long March to Quality campaign47. 冒牌产品fake brand-name products48. 假冒伪劣商品fake and poor quality commodities49. 谋取暴力reap colossal profits50. 提出索赔lodge a claim51. 投诉lodge complaint52. 贸易争端trade disputes53. 乱收费random charges54. 市场疲软sluggish market55 .贸易顺差favorable trade balance56. 贸易逆差unfavorable trade balance57. 实行优惠政策launch a preferential policy58. 繁荣市场flourish the market59. 加入世贸组织accession to the WTO/ entry into the WTO60. 最惠国待遇Most-Favored-Nation treatment61. 消费者协会consumer’s association62. 消费者购买力consumer purchasing power63. 新兴市场emerging market64. 抑制消费control / inhibit consumption65. 无形资产intangible assets66. 有形资产tangible assets67. 市场占有率market share68. 严重违约grave breach of contract69. 泡沫经济bubble economy70. 品牌效应brand effect71. 企业重组reshuffle of enterprises72. 贸易壁垒trade barrier73. 人才流失brain drain74. 清理“三角债”break up the debt chain75. 企业文化corporate culture76. 商业炒作commercial speculation77. 扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption78. 拉动经济增长fuel economic growth79. 连锁反应chain reaction / domino effect80. 竞争优势competitive edge81. 经济结构调整economic restructuring82. 经济增长点economic growth point ; growth engine83. 经济过热overheated economy84. 经济滑坡economic downturn85. 集约化经营intensive management86. 灰色收入gray income87. 福利分房welfare-oriented public housing distribution system88. 分期付款installment payment89. 从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensive economy to intensive economy90. 按揭购房buy a house on a mortgage ; mortgage a house91. 边际效益marginal benefit92. 不良贷款non-performing loan93. 裁减冗员lay off redundant staff; cut down on overstaffing94. 产品更新换代upgrade of products95. 创业园high-tech business incubator; pioneer park96. 促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy97. 家庭联产承包责任制household contract responsibility system98. 人才战competition for talented people99. 脱贫致富shake/cast off poverty and set out a road to prosperity100. 资源优化配置optimizing the allocation of resources。
考研论说文五大万能素材
考研论说文五大万能素材，助你攻克考研写作难关考研论说文是考研写作的重点之一，而五大万能素材则是写好论说文不可或缺的关键。
本篇文章将为大家详解五大万能素材，并提供相关指导，助你攻克考研写作难关。
一、历史典故历史典故在论说文中的运用可以体现作者的博学多才，也可以增加文章的深度和厚度。
历史典故的灵活运用可以让你的文章不拘泥于表面，而有更广阔的思考空间。
但要注意的是，在使用历史典故时，应该细心地考虑它与文章主题的关联，避免随意插入，以免破坏文章整体美感。
二、名人名言在论说文中引用名人名言是提高文章说服力的有效手段。
名人名言凭借名人的权威和名气来表达一个观点，更好地证明分析结果。
在使用名言时要注意选择得当，不能直接套用，而应该通过思考找到与论证主题相符合的内容，这样才能让文章更具说服力。
三、统计数字统计数据在论说文中的应用可以证明某种说法的真实性，同时可以增强文章的逻辑性。
例如，运用百分比、比较、对比等方式，可以让读者更直观地看到数据之间的关系，从而得出更准确的结论。
但要注意，不宜把过多的数据展示放在论说文中，否则会影响文章的可读性。
四、学科名词在论说文中使用学科名词可以展示作者的学术背景和专业水平，同时也能够使文章更加精炼。
学科名词的使用需得当，要避免使用过于晦涩的专业词汇，应该用简单易懂的语言表达，同时要合理地解释这些名词，让读者能够快速理解。
五、经典引用经典引用在论说文中常常用于提出观点和印证结论。
在使用经典引用时，应该尽量避免直接套用，而应通过自己的理解加以阐释。
这样才能体现出自己的思考和创造，从而让文章更具有个人色彩。
总之，五大万能素材对于考研论说文的写作至关重要，但要注意运用得当。
多进行练习和总结，积累素材和经验，相信会有很大的提高。
考研英语作文万能模板【五篇】
【导语】作文是英语考试的重中之重，想要写出好的作文，可以多背多记一些写作素材，灵活运用。
以下是为大家整理的《考研英语作文万能模板【五篇】》希望对大家写作有所帮助。
【第一篇：教育主题】The picture shows…… . symbolizes…… . As is quoted in the picture,…… .It apparently mirrors an increasingly common social phenomenon in China—in contrast with…… . One the one hand，the problem partially attributes to…… . Sometimes…… . On the other hand,…… . For example,…… ,while…… .In my opinion, the government needs to launch a reform in the education system with measures that can show immediate effect. proves to be most beneficial to students. Further, a large-scale reform in the macroeconomic level to is the basic solution of this issue【第二篇：文化交流主题】What is presented here is a very i nteresting scenario…… . From the subtitle we can infer that…… . Conspicuously,…… . We can deduce from the picture that…… . It partly owes to…… , and partly to…… . Except the case reflected in the picture, there are numerous evidence demonstrating…… . For example,…… . From a personal point of view, I am delighted to witness ……. To sum up,…… . As for China,…… . Therefore,……. I can firmly conclude that in the long run, cultural exchanges will contribute to a flourishing Chinese and global economy, as well as diversified cultures.【第三篇：家庭关系主题】There is a popular Chinese song, named "…… ", which encourages…… . However, the in the picture does but for a very different reason—…… . From the facial expression of we can read…… .Sadly as it is, this phenomenon does not occurrarely in today's society, for which are responsible. For one thing,…… . For another,…… . As a matter of fact, the boosting economic development in China sadly and ironically witnesses a deterioration of…… .The above analysis is best exemplified by…… . In my opinion, the awareness of is elementary for paving the way towards success.【第四篇：社会热点主题】It goes without saying that this picture aims at revealing a current problem; ……. In this drawing,Even ……..It seems to me that the artist is sending a message about the importance of ……. Though the drawing is a little exaggerating,it is not rare for us to find in ……. If we let this situation of continues,it not only harms ……,but also prevents …….Accordingly,we urgently call for ……. Though the governm ent has already taken pains to implement regulations,it still failz to ……. In my opinion,this problem should be urgently solved so as to protect benefits. I expect the government will put forward more effective propositions as soon as possible.【第五篇：展望未来主题】With the rapid advances of _____________ in recent years, ___has____________(引出现象). However, _______ has________________, as____________(提出问题). As a result, _____has ____________________(指出影响).The effects ___________ has produced on____________ can be boiled down to two major ones. First , __________________(影响一). More importantly, ________________(影响二). Hence, I believe that we will see a ____________(提出展望)/ Nevertheless, I do not think we will see a ______(或反面展望) There are numerous reasons why ____, and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. The first is that the more(比较级)_____, the more (比较级). Inaddition, we all agree that________________________(第二个原因)。
2023考研英语作文常用词汇及搭配
2023考研英语作文常用词汇及搭配2023考研英语作文常用词汇及搭配导语：虽然，考研英语作文一直得分率不高，但作文其实是英语中最容易提分的局部了。
对于作文的复习，除了背诵一定的范文模板之外，还学要掌握一些常用的分类、词汇和句型，这样才可以保证再考场上，更灵敏应用模板，而防止生搬硬套的现象。
下面，为大家总结8类写作中经常会涉及到的常用高频词汇以及一些短语。
希望可以帮助大家能在英语写作工程中有更好的发挥。
精彩链接：暑期英语阅读“破冰”之战提速突击考研复习：学会“英式考虑” 打破英语高分2023考研英语复习进度面面观2023考研英语：单词之路如何躲避风险第一篇：词汇篇1、经济：economic globalization〔经济全球化〕， sustainable development〔可持续开展〕，unfair petition〔不正当竞争〕，crack down on fake modities 〔打假〕， boom〔繁荣〕， fierce petition〔剧烈竞争〕， credit crisis〔信誉危机〕， stabilize prices 〔稳定物价〕考研教育\网2、文化：3、环保：4、科技：science and technology〔科学技术〕，web-addiction 〔沉迷网络〕， puter crime〔电脑犯罪〕， e-merce〔电子商务〕， virtual life 〔虚拟生活〕，information era 〔信息时代〕，cyber romance〔网恋〕，surf the Inter 〔网上冲浪〕5、就业：6、大学生活/教育：cultivate〔培养〕，further one‘s study 〔深造〕，quality education〔素质教育〕，foster abilities 〔培养才能〕，relieve the burden on students〔减轻学生负担〕，be occupied with so much schoolwork〔忙于功课〕place emphasis on〔以…为重心〕，prehensive〔全面的，广泛的〕，practical capability〔实际才能〕，duck-stuffing〔填鸭式〕7、社会现象：enlightening〔富有启发的〕，cause alarm and attention〔引起了警觉和重视〕，set good exle for〔为…树立典范〕，dedicate〔做奉献〕， take action 〔采取行动〕，ensure implementing activities〔确保执行〕，vulnerable〔易诱惑的，易受影响的〕，be supposed to〔应该〕8、人物特征、情感描写：strong-minded〔坚强的〕，industrious〔勤奋的〕，promising〔有前途的〕，dynamic〔有生气的〕，responsible〔有责任心的〕， influential〔有影响力的〕， profound〔渊博精深的〕，devoted〔忠实的，投入的〕，warm-hearted〔热心的〕。
考研论说文五大万能素材
考研论说文五大万能素材在考研复习过程中，写好一篇论说文是必不可少的一项任务。
而要写好一篇论说文，就要掌握一些好的素材，这些素材既可以帮助我们提高写作质量，又可以节约我们的时间。
下面，本文将为大家介绍考研论说文五大万能素材。
黄金句型：在写作中，合适的句型能够起到加分的效果，黄金句型就是这样一种好的句型。
黄金句型通常是经过数年甚至几十年的考研研究再通过考研考察得出的优秀句型。
使用黄金句型需要注意的是，不能生搬硬套，而是要根据具体的文章情境才能妥当使用。
常用名言：在写作中引用一些名人名言可以体现作者思想。
常用名言有些是很经典的，比如孔子的名言：“学而时习之，不亦说乎”，或是某些领袖的批示和谆谆教导。
使用常用名言需要注意的是，要选用恰当的名言，而不要盲目模仿。
研究成果：在论说文中，引用研究成果可以提高文章的学术性。
研究成果可以是相关学科的研究成果，也可以是相关领域的研究成果。
看似调用难度很高，可以通过查找相关文献资料进行引用。
不过，鉴于其不易立功功效，还是需要根据情境适度选择。
社会事件：社会事件通常具有时代性、社会性、文化性等特点，也是考研论说文的必备素材之一。
社会事件可以是国内外的事件，也可以是通常生活中发生的一些事情。
使用社会事件需要注意的是，要选择与所写作的论题相关的事件。
个人经历：个人经历往往具有情感性和人性的特点，使用得当可以使文章更具有感染力和亲近感。
在选择个人经历时，需要注意的是，要选择相应的经历，而不是随便进行选择，在体现个人经历的同时，也要注意与所写作的论题之间的相互呼应。
使用过程中，要注意具体语境，切勿死板。
总之，以上五大素材都是考研论说文中不可或缺的素材，使用好这些素材有助于提高文章质量，获得好的成绩。
在使用这些素材时，需要经常注意掌握相关领域的知识，同时也要多加练习，让自己的写作水平与日俱增。
关于传统文化的英语写作素材考研
关于传统文化的英语写作素材考研当然可以，以下是一些关于传统文化的英语写作素材，这些素材适用于各种关于中国传统文化的讨论和写作，包括考研：1. Chinese Traditional Values: Confucianism, Daoism, and Mohism are the three main traditional Chinese philosophies that have shaped Chinese culture and values over centuries. Confucianism emphasizes respect, loyalty, and filial piety, while Daoism promotes harmony with nature and the universe. Mohism emphasizes logic, reason, and scientific thought.2. Chinese Art and Architecture: Chinese art and architecture are known for their unique styles and techniques. Traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, and陶瓷 (ceramics) have developed over centuries and are still popular today. Chinese architecture is also distinctive, featuring elements such as the 屋顶 (roof), the 斗拱(bracket set), and the 庭院 (courtyard).3. Chinese Literature: Chinese literature has a long history, with works such as the 《诗经》 (The Book of Songs), 《论语》 (The Analects of Confucius), and 《红楼梦》 (Dream of the Red Mansions) being some of the most famous and influential works in Chinese literature. Theseworks are not only important for their literary value, but also for their insights into Chinese culture and society.4. Chinese Festivals: Chinese festivals are an important part of Chinese culture, with some of the most well-known being the 春节(Chinese New Year), the 清明节 (Tomb Sweeping Day), the 中秋节(Mid-Autumn Festival), and the 端午节 (Dragon Boat Festival). These festivals are not only important for their cultural and historical significance, but also for the vibrant celebrations and traditions that surround them.这些关于传统文化的素材，涵盖了价值观念、艺术、文学和节日等方面，可以为您的写作提供丰富的背景和观点。
天津市考研写作素材整理
天津市考研写作素材整理天津市位于中国的东北沿海地区，是一座历史悠久、文化底蕴深厚的城市。
作为中国的直辖市之一，天津在经济、文化、教育等多个领域都具有重要的影响力。
本文将为考研写作提供天津市相关的素材，包括天津市的发展变化、历史文化、教育发展等内容。
一、天津市的发展变化天津市作为中国的经济中心之一，近年来取得了令人瞩目的发展成就。
首先，天津港是中国重要的国际化大港，其货物吞吐量逐年增长。
其次，天津自贸区的设立为外商投资提供了便利，吸引了众多跨国公司的入驻。
再者，天津市在高新技术、金融、现代制造业等领域实施了一系列创新驱动发展战略，推动了城市转型升级。
这些发展变化使得天津市在国内外产生了广泛的影响。
二、天津市的历史文化天津市拥有悠久的历史文化传统，融合了多种民族文化的特点。
首先，天津是中国近代工业的摇篮，曾是中国最早的开埠城市之一，留下了大量具有历史意义的建筑物和文化遗产。
其次，天津曾是中国的文化重镇，孕育了许多文化名人，如文学家鲁迅和郭沫若等。
此外，天津的方言和传统曲艺表演等也是其独特的文化符号。
这些传统与现代相结合的文化元素为天津市增添了独特的魅力。
三、天津市的教育发展天津市拥有多所世界知名的高等学府，为中国的教育事业做出了巨大的贡献。
首先，天津大学是中国最早的现代大学之一，以其优秀的人才培养和科研水平享誉海内外。
其次，南开大学作为中国的著名综合大学，培养了一大批杰出的学者和政治家。
此外，天津市还有众多的职业教育机构和国际学校，为培养各类人才提供了广阔的舞台。
天津市的教育资源丰富，为国内外学生提供了良好的学习环境。
综上所述，天津市作为中国的一座直辖市，在经济、文化、教育等多个领域均有显著的发展成就。
其发展变化、历史文化和教育发展等方面的素材为考研写作提供了丰富的内容。
考生们可以根据这些素材，结合自己的思考和观点，将其运用到自己的写作中，展现对天津市的深入理解和独到观点。
通过对素材的整合和运用，可以提升自己的写作水平，展示出扎实的知识储备和逻辑思维能力。
考研英语写作素材：Face-to-facevs.OtherTypesofCommunication
Face-to-face vs. Other Types of Communication When deciding between face-to-face communication and other types, such as e-mail and telephone calls, the kind of communication one thinks is better depends on the definition of “better”. Face-to-face communication is usually the most effective form because there is the least chance for a misunderstanding to occur. On the other hand, letters, e-mail, and telephone calls are more efficient means of communication. In my opinion, the latter type of communication is better because efficiency is becoming increasingly important in the workplace. There are times when information must be communicated with exactness, and at such times a face-to-face conversation would be better. However, this is not always necessary or feasible. Many times we have to communicate with people who are far away. Traveling to meet them would be both prohibitively expensive and take a great deal of time. In these cases other forms of communication, especially electronic communication, are more appropriate. In addition, letters and e-mail allow us to have a record of the communication. This can be referred back to later should any dispute arise. Finally, these are types of communication that allow us to send messages when it is convenient. We do not have to match the schedule of another person. In conclusion, letters, e-mail, and telephone calls are more efficient means of communication than a face-to-face conversation. They allow us to save both time and money. In today’s world I think these are very important factors to consider. Therefore, I believe that these forms of communication are better. 参考译⽂： ⾯对⾯沟通与其他的沟通⽅式 决定哪⼀种沟通⽅式⽐较好，是⾯对⾯沟通还是其他的沟通⽅式，如电⼦邮件、打电话等，要看个⼈对“⽐较好”的定义的理解。
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考研写作词汇素材李达一、写作常用词1.accident n. 意外事件，事故2.achievement n. 成就，功绩3.activity n. 活跃，活动性，行动，行为，4.adopt vt. 采用，收养5.advantage n. 优势，有利条件，利益6.afford vt. [常与can，could，be able to 连用] 担负得起费用（损失、后果等），花费得起，经受得住；抽得出（时间）7.ambition n. 野心，雄心8.approach n. 接近，逼近，走进，方法，步骤，途径，通路vt. 接近，动手处理vi. 靠近9.attract vt. 吸引vi. 有吸引力，引起注意10.bribe n. 贿赂vt. 贿赂，向……行贿11.chance n. 机会，可能性，偶然性，运气12.cheat n. 欺骗，骗子v. 欺骗，骗取13.client n. [计]顾客，客户，委托人munication n. 传达，信息，交通，通讯pare v. 比较，相比，比喻n.比较pete vi. 比赛，竞争17.concentrate v. 集中，浓缩18.consequently adv. 从而，因此19.contribution n. 捐献，贡献，投稿20.convenient adj. 便利的，方便的21.decline vi. 下倾，下降，下垂v. 拒绝，衰落22.decrease n. 减少，减少之量v. 减少23.demand n. 要求，需求（量），需要v.要求，需要，要求知道，查询24.depict vt. 描述，描写25.duality n. 二元性26.economy n. 经济，节约，节约措施，经济实惠，系统，机体，经济制度的状况cation n. 教育，训导，训练，培养，教育学28.effect n. 结果，效果，作用，影响，（在视听方面给人流下的）印象29.efficiency n. 效率，功效30.emphasis n. 强调，重点31.enjoy vt. 享受……的乐趣，欣赏，喜爱32.enrich vt. 使富足，使肥沃，装饰，加料于，浓缩33.ensure vt保证，担保，使安全，保证得到v. 确保，确保，保证34.entertain vt. 娱乐，招待，接受，怀抱vi. 款待35.environment n. 环境，外界36.expense n. 费用，代价，损失，开支，费钱之物37.fee n. 费（会费、学费等），酬金38.figure n. 外形，轮廓，体形，图形，画像，数字，形状，身份39.finance n. 财政，金融，财政学vt. 供给……经费，负担经费vi.筹措资金40.fulfill vt. 履行，实现，完成（计划等）41.gdp abbr. 国内生产总值（gross domestic product）ernment n. 内阁，政治，政体43.healthy adj. 健康的，健壮的，有益于健康的44.implement n. 工具，器具vt. 贯彻，实现v.执行45.implication n. 牵连，含意，暗示46.improve v. 改善，改进47.indicate vt. 指出，显示，象征，预示，需要，简要地说明48.indifferent adj. 与to连用）不感兴趣的；漠不关心的；不注意的49.inseparable adj. 不能分离的；不能分开的50.internet n. 〈计〉因特网，互联网51.issue n. 出版，发行，（报刊等）期、号，论点，问题，结果，（水，血等的）流出vi. 发行，流出，造成……结果，进行辩护，传下52.maximum n. 最大量，最大限度，极大adj. 最高的，最多的，最大极限的53.measure n.尺寸，量度器，量度标准，方法，测量，措施vt.测量，测度，估量，分派，权衡，调节vi. 量54.media n. 媒体lion num. 百万，百万个56.mobilize v. 动员57.necessity n. 必要性，需要，必需品58.negative n. 否定，负数，底片adj. 否定的，消极的，负的，阴性的59.offspring n. （单复数同形）儿女，子孙，后代，产物60.operation n. 运转，操作，实施，作用，业务，工作，手术，军事行动61.patient n. 病人，患者adj. 忍耐的，耐心的62.performance n. 履行，执行，成绩，性能，表演，演奏63.phenomenon n. 现象64.pollution ] n. 污染，玷污65.popular adj. 通俗的，流行的，受欢迎的66.population n. 人口67.poverty n. 贫穷，贫困，贫乏，缺少68.present n. 赠品，礼物，现在，瞄准adj. 现在的，出席的，当面的69.pressure n. 压，压力，电压，压迫，强制，紧迫70.priority n. 先，前，优先，优先权71.producer n. 生产者，制作者，演出人，（电影）制片人72.protect vt. 保护73.protection n. 保护74.punish vt. 惩罚，处罚75.quality n. 质量，品质，性质76.realize vt. 认识到，了解，实现，实行77.reduce vt. 减少，缩小，简化，还原78.relationship n. 关系，关联79.report n. 报告，传说，80.responsible adj. 有责任的，可靠的，可依赖的，负责的81.retailer n.零售商82.reveal vt. 展现，显示，揭示，暴露83.satisfactory adj. 满意的，赎罪的84.significance n. 意义，重要性85.similar adj. 相似的，类似的86.situation n.情形，境遇，（建筑物等的）位置87.slogan n. 口号，标语88.source n. 来源，水源，消息来源，原始资料，发起者89.statistic n. 统计数值，统计量90.steady adj. 稳固的，稳定的，坚定的，扎实的，坚定不移的91.strategy n. 策略，军略92.sustainable adj. 可以忍受的，足可支撑的，养得起的93.totally adv. 完全地，整全地94.traffic n. 交通，通行，运输，贸易，交通量，交易，交往，通信量95.vividly adv. 生动地，鲜明地二、普遍词替换1. important=crucial=significant=imperative2. common=universal=ubiquitous=pervasive3. abundant=ample=plentiful=adequate4. stick=adhere=cling5. neglect=ignore=overlook6. near=adjacent=adjoin7. pursue=seek8. accurate=precise=exact9. vague=obscure=veiled10. top=peak=summit11. competitor=rival=opponent12. blame=condemn=criticize13. opinion=perspective=view=standpoint14. fame=prestige=reputation15. build=erect=establish16. insult=humiliate=disgrace17. complain=grumble18. primary=radical=fundamental19. relieve=alleviate=reduce20. force=coerces=compel21. enlarge=magnify22. complex=intricate=complicated23. Lonely=solitary24. small=minuscule=minute25. praise=extol=compliment26. hard-working=assiduous27. difficult=arduous=hard28. poor(soil)=barren=infertile29. fragile=brittle=vulnerable=delicate30. show=demonstrate=depict=indicate31. big=massive=enormous=tremendous32. avoid=shun33. fair=impartial=impersoned=disinterested34. attack=assault=assail35. dislike=hate=abhor=loathe36. ruin=destroy=devastate39. always=invariably40. forever=perpetual=eternal=lasting=timeless=permanent41. surprise=startle=astound=astonish42. enthusiasm=zeal=fervancy43. quiet=silent=tranquil=serene44. expensive=exorbitant=unaffordable45. luxurious=lavish46. boring=tedious=monotonous47. respect=esteem=admire48. worry=fret49. cold=chilly=icy50. result=outcome=consequence。