句子成分及类型

动词

一．实义动词、连系动词、情态动词、助动词、使役动词

注意：在不同的句子中，有些动词可能分属不同的种类。

例如：Have you seen my pen?﹙现在完成时，have为助动词﹚

He has a red car.﹙have为实义动词﹚

〈一〉实义动词

含义：又称行为动词，按在句子中按是否需要跟宾语可分为两类：及物动词、不及物动词。但事实上大多数动词既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。

1. 及物动词：可以直接跟宾语的动词。

如believe/buy/like/catch/thank/have等

及物动词的宾语：a.及物动词后可接名词、代词、数词、动名词等作宾语

①The story canˊt interest the children.﹙名词作宾语﹚

②I must thank you for telling me this.﹙代词﹚

③I got three apples.﹙数次﹚

④We like talking about the subject.﹙动名词﹚

b.有些及物动词后可跟双宾语。﹙间接宾语人，直接宾语物﹚如：give/ask/tell/buy/show/send/take/teach等

①Please give me the book.

②Can you send me your bike?

③My parents bought me a new shirt.

→

2. 不及物动词

a. 不需要跟宾语，句意可完整，

如：blead/caugh/cry/die/sleep/swim/weep等

I want to sleep. Don’t cry.

My grandmother died.

b. 不能直接跟宾语，往往先加一个介词然后再跟宾语，

如：rely/look/live/think/belong/insist等

Listen to the teacher carefully. ②Please look at the tree.

③We should rely on ourselves.

3. 既是及物动词又是不及物动词：

①I ran as quickly as I could.﹙vi﹚跑

Teach me how to run business. ﹙vt﹚经营

②The train was alreadly moving.﹙vi﹚移动

Her story moved me deeply.﹙vt﹚感动

要掌握好及物、不及物动词方法有两种：

①背单词时关注词性符号②读句子时关注动词后的宾语。

〈二〉连系动词

含义:又叫系动词，一般与表语一起构成系表结构。

1. 系动词be:am/is/are/was/were后面的表语通常是形容词、名词、介词短语等

①He is strong.﹙形容词﹚

②I am a student.﹙名词﹚

③Mary is in the house.﹙介词短语﹚

2. 半系动词：

a. 感官动词：feel/smell/sound/taste等

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

The flower smells very sweet.

b.“看起来像”seem/appear/look等

He looks tired.

c.继续保持一种状态的词：keep/leave/remain/stay等

He always kept silent at the meeting.

d.“变成”含义的词：become/grow/turn/get/go等

The food went bad.

e.“证实”“变成”的词:prove/turn out

His plan turned out a success.

<三>情态动词

情态动词：表示说话人的语气和情态。需要，恳求，命令，可能，意愿等。有一定的意义，但不能单独作谓语。如：can ,could,may,might,must,should.

特点：1. 不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟动词原型，共同构成谓语。

She may be ill.

2. have to 有人称和数的变化，替他的词都没有。

We have to work hard. He has to study hard.

3.否定式：后面直接加not.

He can＇t use the computer.

<四>助动词

含义：无词义。不单独作谓语。帮助构成时态，语态，语气，否定或疑问等结构，如:do/does/did 作用：﹙1﹚表示时态：﹙帮助构成各种时态的词叫助动词﹚

He is singing. / he has got married.

﹙2﹚表示语态：A building is buit beside the school.

﹙3﹚疑问句：I like college life.→Do you like college life?

﹙4﹚否定句：He watch TV every day.

→He doesnˊt watch TV every day.

﹙5﹚加强语气

Do come to the party tomorrow evening.

〈五〉使役动词

含义：叫别人去做事情，就是“使役”。如：have,let,make,get等

用法：①have/let/make sb. dosth.

The teacher made John take away his book.

Let me help you.

②get sb. to do sth.

Dad got me to wash the car.

练习：给下列动词分类：﹙部分词的类别不唯一﹞

become,drive,were,begin,let,sing,break,feel,sleep,did,win,build,fly,smell,will,send,make,catch,giv e,swim,must,keep,learn,should,get,come,go,show,have to,seem

实义动词①及物