中国人才外流(Brain Drain in China)
英语词汇的发展
英语词汇的最新发展
不但这三个单词得以推广，而且以类比方式在-speak前加 上人名、组织名称、机构名称、学科名称等构成了更多的 新词：computerspeak (计算机语言)、netspeak (网络 语 言 ) 、 a r t s p e a k 、 m e d i a - s p e a k 、 t e a c h e r- s p e a k 、 sportspeak、biz-speak(商业语言)、college-speak、 techno-speak；
一、英语词汇发展的原因
一．科学技术飞速进步 科学技术的日新月异使得英语词汇也随之发生变
化：一方面产生了大批新词，其中有的是用组合 形式构造的，有的是在已有词语的基础上加以改 动而成；另一方面一些旧词被赋予了新的意义。
一、英语词汇发展的原因
科学技术飞速进步 科学的某门学科的发展增加了新词语，比如对宇宙的深入探究和对生态环境的关注都产生了大量新 词语： Space-station(太空站), lunar rover(登月车), lander(宇宙分型着陆舱), linkup(两艘飞船在外 层空间的相接), readout(宇宙飞船发回地球的资料) Ecoactivist(生态学活动家), ecocatastrophe(生态灾难), noise pollution(噪音污染), visual pollution(视觉污染), environment-friendly(不会破坏环境)
一、英语词汇 发展的原因
世界局势动荡不安 缓和：detente 对话：dialogue 总体战：total war 特种战：special war
对抗：confrontation
热线：hotline
高/低姿态：high/low profile 丛林战：jungle war
MTI真题英汉互译词汇短语
M T I真题英汉互译词汇短语-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIANMTI真题英汉互译词汇短语(美）中期选举 (US) Midterm Election“苍蝇”“老虎”一起打 Eliminate both "tigers" and "flies"“高大上” "Luxury,Large,Level up"“光盘”行动 "Clear Your Plate" Campaign“南海行为准则” "Code of Conduct in the South China Sea"“一站式”办公 "One Stop" Civil Affairs Management《第二语言习得概论》 Understanding Second Language Acquisition 《红楼梦》 The Story of the Stone《儒林外史》 The Scholars《尚书》 Book of Documents《诗经》 The Book of Songs《泰晤士报》 The Times《新闻周刊》 NewsweekAA制 Algebraic AverageB超 B-scan Ultrasonography埃博拉病毒 Ebola Virus艾条 Moxibustion艾滋病 AIDS安全检查 Security Check安全生产 Work Safety按揭贷款 Mortgage Loan奥斯卡奖提名影片 Oscar Prize Nominated Film办公室恋情 Office Romance保税区 Bonded Area保险单 Insurance Policy保障性住房 Indemnificatory Housing暴力拆迁 Violent Demolition暴走 Go ballistic北美自由贸易协定 North American Free Trade Agreement 比较心理学 Comparative Psychology变频器 Variable-frequency Drive标普500指数 S&P 500 Index博览会 Exposition不动产登记 Real Estate Registration不动产统一登记 Real Estate Uniform Registration不记名投票 Secret Ballot不靠谱 Unreliable不可译性 Untranslatability布里斯班 Brisbane财税体系 Fiscal Revenue and Tax Sistribution System裁军会谈 Conference on Disarmament采用国际惯例 Adopting International Practice参赞 Counselor常住人口 Resident Population城市化 Urbanization城市通风廊道 Urban Ventilation Channel城市总体规划 Master Urban Plan城镇化 Urbanization橙色预警 Orange Alert吃空饷 Freeloading持股者 Shareholder出口配额 Export Quotas初恋 First Love畜牧养殖 Animal Husbandry and Breeding船上交货 Free on Board创新驱动发展战略 Innovation Driven Development Strategy 创新增长 Innovative Growth春运 The Spring Festival Transport Season存储地址 Memory Address错峰旅行 Staggered Travel大部制 Large Department System大同社会 Great Harmony Society单程票 Single Journey Ticket单杠 Horizontal Bar党内民主 Inner-party Democracy登机牌 Boarding Pass敌人的增援部队 Enemy Reinforcement Unit地球村 Global Village地热 Radiant Floor Heating第三产业 Tertiary Industry点赞 Like电子客票 Electronic Ticket叠罗汉 Human Pyramid铤而走险 Risk Danger in Desperation东南亚国家联盟 Association of Southeast Asian Nations 动态对等 Dynamic Equivalence端午节 Dragon Boat Festival短消息服务业务 Short Message Service对等贸易 Counter Trade对口支援 Response Support对外贸易区 Response Trade Zones多难兴邦 Challenges Make a Nation Much Stronger多样化经济 Diversity of Economy多语语料库 Multilingual Corpus恶性通货膨胀 Hyperinflation恶性循环 Vicious Cycle儿童福利 Child Welfare耳语传译 Whispering Interpreting二维码 2-dimensional Bar Code发行债券 Bond Issuance发挥想象力 Give the Rein to Imagination法律的实施 Law Implementation法治国家 Rechtsstaat翻译单位 Unit of Translation翻译方向 Direction of Translation翻译体 Translationese凡人皆有得意时 Every dog has his day反“四风”运动 Anti "Four Winds" Movement反腐倡廉 Anti-corruption房产税征收 House Duty Expropriation房地产开发 Real Estate Development房地产市场 Real Estate Market飞机机组人员 Air Crew分配制度 Distribution System风险投资 Venture Capital风姿翩翩 Graceful bearing封山育林 Closing Hill for Afforestation峰会 Summit否极泰来，盛极而衰 After a storm comes a calm 服务业 Tertiary Industry浮动汇率 Floating Exchange Rate付费网络直播 Paid Webcast附加费 Extra Charge改写 Rewrite刚性需求 Rigid Demand钢板 Steel Sheet港人治港，高度自治 Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy搞技术战争 High-Tech Warfare哥本哈根计划 Copenhagen Plan格林威治标准时间 Greenwich Mean Time个性奖学金 Individuality Scholarship各类市场主体 All kinds of market entities更高、更快、更强 Faster，Higher，Stronger工商管理硕士 Master of Business Administration工业综合实力 Comprehensive Industry Strength工艺精湛 Superior Craftsmanship公款吃喝 Banquet at Public Expenses公益文化活动 Nonprofit Cultural Programs关联理论 Relevance Theory关税税率 Customs Duty Rate关系网 Relative Network光盘行动 Clear Your Plate Campaign广场舞 Chinese Square Dance广东省广州中山路125弄34号201室 Room 201 , No.34, Lane 125, ZhongShan Road, Guangzhou, GuangDong规模效应 Scale Economy国际货币基金组织 International Monetary Fund国际经济新秩序 New International Economic Order国际空间站 International Space Station国际援助 International Aid国家安全部 Ministry of State Security国家安全战略 State Security Strategy国家法制统一、尊严、权威 safeguard the unity, dignity and authority of the national legal system国民待遇 National Treatment国民生产总值 Gross National Product国内汇兑 Domestic Exchange国内机场 Domestic Airport国内生产总值 Gross Domestic Product国事访问 State Visit国务院（中国） Sate Council国有企业 State-owned Enterprises国有资产监督管理委员会 State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commision of State Council过境免签 Visa Free过山车 Roller Coaster海上丝绸之路 Maritime Silk Road海淘 Overseas Online Shopping海洋权益 Maritime Rights and Interests喊破嗓子不如甩开膀子 Talking the talk is not as good as walking the walk行李寄存处 Left-luggage Office航站楼 Terminal Building好基友 Buddy耗油量 Fuel Consumption合同违约 Reneging the Contract和而不同 Harmony in Diversity和谐社会 Harmonious Society和谐宜居的现代化城市 Harmonious and Livable Modern City 核电站 Nuclear Power Plant核心竞争力 Core Competencies黑客 Hacker宏观调控 Macro-economic Control宏观调控体系 Macro-economic Control System互联网 Internet互联网金融 Internet Finance护照 Passport华氏温度 Fahrenheit化境 Perfection化学需氧量 Chemical Oxygen Demand环境保护 Environmental Protection黄金地段 Golden Mile黄金周 Golden Week黄牛党 Ticket Scalpers黄牛票 Scalped Ticket汇票 Bill of Exchange火车票实名制 Real Name Ticket Booking System货币操纵国 Currency Manipulator机场巴士 Airport Bus机构改革 Institutional Reform机械制造 Machinery Manufacturing积极的财政政策 Active Fiscal Policy积土成山，风雨兴焉 The accumulation of the soil will become a hill where the rain and storm will be originated基层民主 Democracy At the Grassroots Level基础设施 Infrastructure集成电路 Integrated Circuit集体经济 Collective Economy计划免疫 Planned Immunization计算机辅助翻译 Computer Aided Translation技术转让 Technical Transformation加强宪法实施 Enhancement of Constitution Implementation家庭暴力 Domestic Violence家政服务 Household Management Service甲骨文 Oracle Bone Inscriptions甲午战争 Sino-Japanese War假酒 Adulterated Wine剪彩仪式 Ribbon-cutting Ceremony建筑垃圾 Construction Waste建筑装饰 Architectural Decoration健康证明 Health Certificate交际翻译 Communicative Interpreting交替传译 Consecutive Interpreting胶原蛋白 Collagen街道妇女 Women in the Neighborhood节能减排 Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction借用 Take金边（柬埔寨首都） Phnum Penh (Capital of Kingdom of Cambodia)金融创新 Financial Innovation金砖五国 BRICS紧急出口 Emergency Exit紧缩政策 Contractionary Policy经济普查 Economic Census经济全球化 Economic Globalization经济适用男 Budget Husband经济一体化 Economic Integration经贸领域 Economic and Trade Field净利润 Net Profit居民区 Residential Area居住证 Residence Permit鞠躬尽瘁 Be loyal and devoted to the last军备竞赛 Arms Race抗药性 Drug Resistance科教兴国战略和人才强国战略 The strategy of invigorating the country through science, technology and education and the strategy of reinvigorating China through human resource development科学发展观 Scientific Outlook on Development可持续发展 Sustainable Development可行性报告 Feasibility Report可行性研究 Feasibility Study可靠度 Reliability可译性 Translatability可再生能源发电装机容量 Renewable Energy Power Generation Installed Capacity 空军基地 Air Base空气质量指数 Air Quality Index孔子 Confucius孔子学院 Confucius Institute控方证人 Witness for the Prosecution口碑 Public Praise跨国公司 Transnational Corporation拉住我的胳膊 Drag my arms来样加工 Processing with Given Materials蓝筹股 Blue Chips老龄化人口 The Aging of the Population礼乐文化 Culture of The Ritual and Music礼仪之邦 A state of Ceremonies利基营销 Niche Marketing利率和汇率市场化 Marketization of Interest Rate and Exchange Rate联合国安理会 United Nations Security Council联合国贸发会议 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 廉政建设 Construction of A Clean and Honest Administration量化宽松 Quantitative Easing流行歌曲排行榜 Ranking list for popular music流行音乐 Popular Music柳色青青 Green Willow落地签证 Visa upon Arrival旅游农业 Traveling of Agriculture律诗 Regulated Verse绿色国民经济 Green National Economy慢性病 Chronic Disease贸易逆差 Unfavorable Balance of Trade美国联邦调查局 Federal Bureau of Investigation美国梦 American Dream免费孕前体检 Free Pre-pregnancy Check-up免税的 Duty-Free免税商店 Duty-Free Shop民生问题 Livelihood Issues民主监督 Democratic Supervision民族危机感 Sense of National Crisis目标管理 Management by Objective睦邻友好合作关系 The Good-neighborly Relations and Cooperation拿回扣 Get A Rebate耐用消耗品 Durable Consumables农村扶贫标准 Poverty Alleviation Standard in Rural Areas农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业基础设施 Agricultural Infrastructure怒路症 Road Rage泡沫经济 Bubble Economy配音 Dubbing配字幕 Adding Subtitles of Motion Picture贫困线以下 Under the Poverty Line平等互利 Equality and Mutual Benefit平面设计 Graphic Design破产 Bankruptcy普惠制 Generalized System of Preference启蒙运动 The Enlightenment气候变化南南合作基金 Climate change South South Cooperation Fund 前瞻性战略产业 Prospective Strategic Industry潜规则 Implicit Rule倾销 Dumping情商 Emotional Quotient全国翻译资格考试 China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters 全国人大常委会 Standing Committee of the National People's Congress全国人民代表 The National People's Congress全面战略伙伴关系 The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership群众路线 Mass Line群众路线教育实践活动 Mass Line Educational Practice让利空间 Interest Concessions Space人才流失 The Outflow of Talent人才外流 The Brain Drain人工智能 Artificial Intelligence人口覆盖率 Coverage Rate of the Population人民的精神文化生活 People's Spiritual Culture Life人权法案 Bill of Rights人寿保险 Insurance on Life人造革 Artificial Leather融资 Financing儒家思想 Confucian Thought儒释道 Confucianism三公经费 The Three Public Consumptions三级跳远 Triple Jump森林蓄积量 Forest Stock Volume沙尘暴 Sand Duststorm山水画 Chinese Landscape Painting善与恶 Good and Evil商品经济 Commodity Economy上市公司 The Listed Company奢侈品牌 Luxury Brand社会保障制度 Social Security System社会的道德和心理底线 Moral and psychological bottom line of the society社会公平正义 Social fairness and justice社会核心价值体系 Social Core Value System申报个人财产 Declare Individual Assets生态旅游 Ecotourism生态文明 Ecocivilization生物圈 Biosphere声东击西 Making a feint to the east and attacking in the west失联 Out of Contact十八届三中全会 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China石油输出国组织 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries实际利用外资 Actual Utilization of Foreign Capital实况转播 Outside Broadcast实事求是 Seek truth from the facts实现中华民族伟大复兴 Bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 食品安全 Food Safety世界多样化 Diversity of The World世界知识产权组织 World Intellectual Property Organization市场细分 Market Segmentation市盈率 Price Earnings Ratio事业单位 Public Institutions首付 Down Payment数据交换格式 Data Interchange Format双边、多边开放合作 Bilateral and Multilateral Open Cooperation双开（一种纪律处分） Expel someone from the CPC and remove someone from public office双赢原则 Win-win Principle水上运输 Water Transportation司法公正 Judicial Fairness丝绸之路经济带 Silk Road Economic Belt丝路基金 Silk Road Fund私营部门 Private Sector饲料添加剂 Feed Additive素质教育 Quality Education太阳能电池板 Solar Panel太阳系 Solar System探究行为 Exploratory Behavior碳减排 Carbon Emission Reduction陶俑 Pottery Figurine特许经营 Franchise提单 Bill of Loading天人合一 The Harmony Between Human and Nature 通货紧缩 Deflation通货膨胀 Inflation通识教育 General Education同声传译 Simultaneous Interpretation头韵 Alliteration土地承载力 Land Bearing Capacity土豆泥 Mashed Potato土豪 Newly Rich土木工程 Civil Engineering吐槽 Spitslot团队精神 Spirit of Collaboration团购 Group Purchase推进政务公开 Promote Government Affairs Openness 退休金双轨制 Dual Pension Scheme托福考试 TOEFL Exam网民 Netizen文房四宝 The Four Treasures In A Chinese Study文化同化 Culture Assimilation文化移情 Cultural Transference文凭热 Diploma Craze文献性翻译 Translation of Historical Document文艺工作 Literary and Artistic Work乌克兰 Ukraine无本之木 A tree without roots蜈蚣 Centipede五环路 Fifth Ring Road五金店 Hardware Store武侠片 Martial Arts Film物以类聚，人以群分 Birds of a feather flock together雾霾 Fog and Haze夕阳工业 Sunset Industry衔接 Join Together现代文化市场体系 Modern Culture Market System香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region享乐主义 Hedonism消防队 Fire Brigade销售确认书 Sales Confirmation小产权房 Houses with limited property rights小康社会 A well-off society小康水平 A well-off Level小心轻放 Handle with Care校训 School Motto新常态 New Normal新华社 Xinhua News Agency新农合补助 New rural cooperative medical care system 新型城镇化 New-type Urbanization新型大国外交 New-type Big Power Diplomacy新兴市场 Emerging Markets新殖民主义 Neocolonialism信访 Letters and Calls信访制度 Letters and Calls System信托投资公司 Trust and Investment Corporation信息共享平台 Information Sharing Platform信息型文本 Informative Text形合 Hypotaxis形象工程 Image Project幸福指数 Happiness Index虚拟现实 Virtual Reality虚拟现实技术 Virtual Reality Technology需求曲线 Demand Curve选择 Choice炫富 Flaunt Wealth学龄儿童 School Age Children学前教育 Preschool Education学生减负 Alleviation of the Burden on Students寻租行为 Rent-seeking Behavior雅思 IELTS雅思考试 IELTS Test亚欧互联互通和贸易投资自由化 Asia Europe Interconnection and Trade and Investment Liberalization亚太伙伴关系 Asia-Pacific Partnership亚太经合组织第二十二次领导人非正式会议 Twenty-second APEC Leaders' Informal Meeting亚太梦 Asia-Pacific Dream亚太自由贸易区 Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific言必行行必果 Promise must be kept and action must be resultful阳光财政 Sunshine Finance药房 Pharmacy一个中国原则 One China Principle一国两制 One Country, Two Systems衣食住行 Clothing, food, shelter and means of travel衣食住行用条件 Conditions of clothing, food, shelter and means of travel医患纠纷 Medical Dispute依法行政 Law-based Administration宜居城市 Livable City以房养老 House-for-pension Program以人为本 People Oriented义务教育 Compulsory Education译前编辑 Pre-interpretation Editor音译 Transliteration英国财政大臣 Chancellor of the Exchequer of Great Britain英国广播公司 British Broadcasting Corporation影视翻译 Translation of Film and Television应试教育 Examination-oriented Education应收款 Account Receivable硬道理 Unyielding Principle有机食品 Organic Food有利的国际环境 Favorable International Environment有其父必有其子 Like father, like son余震 Aftershock舆论导向 Direction of Public Opinion与时俱进 Keeping Pace With the Times宇宙飞船 Space Craft语际翻译 Interlingual Translation语内翻译 Intralingual Translation语义空缺 Semantic Vacancy元宵节 Lantern Festival月球探测仪 Lunar Probe再就业工程 Re-employment Program暂住证 Temporary Residence Permit早恋 Puppy Love增收节支 To increase revenue and cut government expenditure 增值税 Value-added Tax债券 Bonds沾满了铜臭气 Full of Copper Odor占中 Occupy Central张伯伦 Chamberlain涨停板 Raising Limit照镜子、正衣冠、洗洗澡、治治病 Self purification, self perfection, self innovation, self improvement折子戏 Opera Highlights正能量 Positive Energy证券交易所 Stock Exchange政简放权 Streamline Administration and Delegate More Powers to Lower-level Governments政治协商制 Political Consultative System知青 Educated Youth知识产权 Intellectual Property脂肪酸 Fatty Acid职业道德 Professional Ethics治理环境污染 Governance of Environment Pollution智囊团 Think Tank中国国家交响乐团 China National Symphony Orchestra中国好声音 The Voice of China中国梦 China Dream中国青年旅社 China Youth Travel Service中国式马路 Chinese Style Road Crossing中国文化“走出去” "Going Out" of Chinese Culture中国文化走出去 Going Out of Chinese Culture中华人民共和国海商法 Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China中华文化走出去 Going Out of Chinese Culture中立国 Neutral State中美洲自由贸易协定 U.S.-Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement中签率 Lot Winning Rate中西部地区 The Middle and West Area中央八项规定精神 The Eight Rules of Political Bureau of the Central Committee 中央领导集体 Central Collective Leadership中医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine中庸 Moderate中庸之道 Doctrine of the Mean重阳节 Double Ninth Festival逐词翻译 Word-by-word Translation主页 Homepage注音 Phonetic Notation转换 Conversion转基因食品 Genetically Modified Food装船须知 Shipping Instructions资产负债表 The Balance Sheet子公司 Subsidiary自闭症 Autistic Disorder国际电信联盟 International Telecommunication Union自贸协定 Free Trade Agreement自媒体 We Media自主创新能力 Capability of Independent Innovation自主创业 Become Self-employed自助餐厅 Cafeteria字幕翻译 Subtitles Translation综合国力 Comprehensive National Strength总罢工 General Strike祖国统一 Reunification of China坐禅 Sit in Meditation做到既有金山银山又有绿水青山 We want both golden, silver hill and clean water, green mountains as wella bissextile year 闰年a container terminal 集装箱码头A flash in the pan 昙花一现a giant of a man 彪形大汉a lame duck 落选官员(或议员)a spring in every step 脚步轻盈（充满生机活力和自信）a UN report 联合国报告A/C compressor assembly 空调压缩机总成Absolute Velocity 绝对速度abstract log 摘要日志accident rate 事故率acculturation 文化适应accumulated fund 累积基金ACFW 美国基督教小说作家Achilles' s heel 致命弱点，致命伤acupuncture 针灸ADB 亚洲开发银行added value tax 增值税ADIZ (Air Defense Identification Zone) 防空识别区Adventure Novels 冒险小说aesthetic subject 审美主体AFTA(ASEAN free trade area) 东盟自贸区after-sales 售后Air Defense Identification Zone 防空识别区Air Force One 空军一号Air-Launched Cruise Missile 空射巡航导弹all-time high 历史新高American Iron and Steel Institute 美国钢铁协会amplification 放大anchorwoman 女主播angel investment 天使投资animal husbandry 畜牧业annotation 注释annual financial report 年度财务报告answer nature's call 上厕所Antarctica and Arctica 南极和北极anti-ballistic missile 反弹道导弹anti-dumping 反倾销anti-Semitism 反犹太主义Anti-Submarine Rocket 反潜火箭API 应用程序编程接口archaeological anthropology 考古人类学Armistice Day 休战纪念日asset portfolio 资产组合Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东盟ATV 全地形汽车avian flu 禽流感awarding ceremony 颁奖典礼back translation 回译bailout loans 救助贷款Balance of payments equilibrium 国际收支平衡balance sheet 资产负债表bar examination 律师资格考试Barcelona 巴塞罗那BBS 论坛BFA 博鳌亚洲论坛biateral cooperation 双边合作bilateral relations 双边关系Bilateralism 双边主义bitcoin 比特币blind date 相亲blockbuster 双边关系BOA 美国银行board of census 人口普查委员会Board of supervisors 监事会bogus marriage 假结婚bonsai 盆景brain trust 智囊团break a butterfly on the wheel 小题大作，杀鸡用牛刀Bremenhaven 不来梅哈芬brown paper 牛皮纸buffet 自助餐bull market 牛市bullet-screen movie 弹幕电影busboy 餐厅勤杂工business model 商业模式butterfly effect 蝴蝶效应CAAC 民航总局CAD 计算机辅助设计calling center 呼叫中心capital turnover 资金周转caravansary 商队旅馆carbon emission reduction goal 碳减排目标carbon footprint 碳足迹carpool 合伙使用汽车CAT 计算机辅助翻译Cbase 大学基础学科知能测验CBD 生物多样性公约CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司CCPIT 中国国际贸易促进委员会chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量(COD)China Certification Committee for Environment Labelling Production 中国环境标志产品认证委员会circumstantial evidence 间接证据Civil Procedure Law 民事诉讼法cloisonne 景泰蓝close shot 近景closing price 收盘价CNN 美国有线电视新闻网coal equivalent 煤当量cognition 认知cohesion and coherence 衔接和连贯Commit No Nuisance 禁止小便communication satellite 通信卫星Communicative Translation 交际翻译compensation 补偿competence 能力competent authorities 主管当局Compulsory Salvage of Shipwrecks or Sunken Objects 沉船沉物强制打捞Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计concourse 广场condtitions-based withdrawal 有条件撤军connotation 内涵conservatory 温室，音乐学院constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制Constructing Document 施工文件COO 首席运营官corporate income tax 企业所得税cost principle 成本原则CPA 注册会计师CPC 中国共产党credit crisis 信贷危机credit crunch 信贷紧缩crow's feet 鱼尾纹cruise missiles 巡航导弹culinary art 烹饪艺术cultural adaptation 文化适应cultural anthropology 文化人类学cultural deposits 文化底蕴cultural heritage 文化遗产cultural substitution 文化替代cultural turn 文化转向currency appreciation 货币升值customs valuation 海关估价cyber crime 网络犯罪Daniel come to judgment 解决难题的智者dead president 美钞Deconstructionism 解构主义deficit budget 赤字预算deluxe hotel 豪华酒店denotation 外延departure gate 登机门Descriptive Translation Studies 描述翻译研究Detrimental Resistance 有害阻力devolution of power 权力下放digital signaturen 数字签名diploma inflation 学历膨胀diplomatic policy 外交政策direct selling 直销disbursement services 支付服务discourse analysis 语篇分析distributor 经销商DIY 自己动手做Documentary Translation 纪实翻译domesticating translation 归化翻译DPOB 出生日期和地点Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白drones 无人驾驶飞机dubbing director 配音导演Duke it out 一决雌雄dynamic equivalence 动态对等EBITA 息税前利润Ebola epidemic 埃博拉病毒疫情economic recession 经济衰退Economic Value Added 经济增加值eco-translatology 生态翻译学editorial 社论Edward Snowden 爱德华斯诺登emergency landing 紧急降落emotional office abuse 职场冷暴力EMS 邮政特快专递服务Energy Metabolism 能量代谢escort interpreting 陪同口译Esperanto 世界语excess reclamation 过度开垦exhaust heat recovery unit 余热回收装置export tax refunding system 出口退税制extradition treaty 引渡条约F.I.T 免交所得税face shield 面罩FAO (联合国)粮食及农业组织farm sidelines 农副业FDA 食品及药物管理局federal deficit 联邦赤字Federal Reserves 联邦储备federal shutdown 联邦政府停摆FIBA 国际篮联FIFA 国际足联figure of speech 修辞filial piety 孝顺fill someone with longing 使人充满渴望film industry cunematograph 电影产业制作电影艺术first aid 急救five percent discount 百分之五的折扣flammable and combustible liquids 易燃和可燃液体flight-delay insurance 航班延误险flip phone 翻盖手机food security 食品安全force majeure 不可抗力Foreight Forwarder 货代Foreign capital flow 外国资本流foreign exchange control 外汇管理Foreign Exchange Reserves 外汇储备forensic medicine 法医学fossil fuel 化石燃料FRB 美联储freight rates 运费FTA 自由贸易协定FTP 文件传输协议FTZ (Free Trade Zone) 自贸区fulfill our plan ahead of schedule 提前完成我们的计划functionalism 功能主义G20 Leaders Summit 20国集团领导人峰会Galeries lafayette 老佛爷GATT 关贸总协定gender-biased 有性别偏见的geothermal energy 地热能GMO crops 转基因作物GMT 格林尼治时间government aid 政府援助GPS 全球定位系统(GPS)GRE 美国研究生入学考试Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program(GMS) 大湄公河次区域经济合作项目Green credit 绿色信贷gross domestic product 国内生产总值Halal food 清真食品hamstring 腿筋head-clerk 总管Heal a Breach 消除分歧health resort 疗养胜地Hedge Fund 对冲基金heuristic education 启发式教育high comfort hotel 高级酒店HKSAR 香港特别行政区Hollywood 好莱坞horticulture exports 园艺产品出口hospitality spending 酒店消费hotspot issues] 热点问题Http- 超文本传输通讯协议hush money 封口费IDD 国际国内直拨电话IELTS 雅思考试ILO 国际劳工组织IMF 国际货币基金组织Implicit Cost 隐性成本inbound tourism 国内游indemnificatory housing 保障性住房Independence Day 独立日indicative price 参考价格Individual All-round Competition 个人全能赛information highway 信息高速公路Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes 信息留存与黑洞天气预报informative texts 信息文本informercial 信息式广告infrastructure 基础设施inscription on tortoise shell 甲骨文instant coffee 速溶咖啡intangible assets 无形资产intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产intellectual property rights 知识产权Intelligent Design 智能设计interlinear translation 逐字翻译International Customs Union 国际关税同盟International Date Line 国际日期变更线International Monetary Foundation 国际货币基金组织international trade regime 国际贸易体制internet auction business 网上拍卖业务inversion 相反investment portfolio 投资组合IOJ 国际新闻工作者协会IPO 首次公开募股ISO 国际标准组织issue stocks and bonds 发行股票和债券IT 信息技术Jockey Club 赛马会Judicial Interpretation 司法解释just-in-time logistics 准时制物流key encryption technology 密钥加密技术kill time 消磨时间knowledge industry 知识产业Kyoto Protocol 京都议定书Labour Party 工党law of diminishing marginal returns 边际收益递减规律Learning City 学习型城市LED 发光二极管letter of credit 信用证Liaison Office 联络办公室Liberalized Operation 放开经营light heart 愉快的心情Likonomics 李克强经济学limestone 石灰石Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器Logos 理念,理性Los Angeles 洛杉矶Los Angeles Times 洛杉矶时报LRCS 荣誉奖Mack Daddy 万人迷magic realism literature 魔幻现实主义文学maglev train 磁悬浮列车managerial bureaucracies 管理机构mangrove 红树林Materialism 唯物主义Maximum Likelihood Method 最大似然方法Maximum Usable Frequency 最高可用频率memetics 模因论meritocracy 精英管理Metaphysics 形而上学MG 毫克MI 心肌梗死microprocessor 微处理器milk the bull 徒劳无益的事MIT 麻省理工学院MMercedes-Benz 奔驰汽车modem 调制解调器MOE 教育部monsoon climate 季风气候most-favored nation treatment 最惠国待遇Motor Vehicles 机动车MTI 翻译硕士专业学位Muslim Brotherhood 穆斯林兄弟会Myanmar 缅甸N.T 新生代NAACP 全国有色人种协进会NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定NASA 美国国家航空航天局NASDAQ 纳斯达克National Natural Science Foundation 国家自然科学基金NATO 北约NBA （美国）全国职业篮球协会negligent homicide 过失杀人Neoclassicism 新古典主义Netizen 网友No Angling 不准垂钓Noah' s Ark 诺亚方舟NPC 全国人大Obamamania 欧巴马热occupancy rate 入住率Occupy Central 占领中环OECD countries 经合组织国家41。
中国文化相关词汇英文翻译
大跃进：Great Leap Forward（Movement）
《西游记》：The Journey to the West
除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival
八卦：tricf.logo）
江湖（世界）：the jianghu World（the traits’world）
e.g.You can’t control everything in a traits’world.（人在江湖，身不由己）
道：Daoism（Taoism）
下岗：Lay off/Laid off
北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck
高等自学考试：Self-taught Examination of Higher Education
烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker
敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves
电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit
香港澳门同胞：Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao
文化大革命：Cultural Revolution
长江中下游地区：The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River
门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match
《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh
偏旁：radical
孟子：Mencius
亭/阁：Pavilion/Attic
大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises
中西部人才流失问题
我国中西部人才流失原因及对策分析杨清媛摘要: 我国现代化建设是一个整体，东部和中西部发展不可分割。
然而近些年来, 我国中西部科技人才流失的现象突出, 本文针对这种现状，分析造成中西部现有人才为何的难以留本地发展的主要因素，提供一些可行措施,。
使中西部能够适应市场经济人才配置的形势，实现中部崛起和西部大开发战略，进而真正构建社会主义和谐社会。
关键词:中西部人才外流成因对策The Causes and the Countermeasures of Human Resources Crisis in China's westernYangqingyuanAbstract:The modernization of our country is an entity .The development of eastern and western are indivisible. However in recent years, China's central and western highlights the phenomenon of brain drain.This paper view of this situation, analyze the reasons for brain drain in Midwestt and provide some practical measures. Intend to make the Midwest adapt to the allocation of talent of the market economy .And achieve to the Rise of Central China and the western development strategy, then really build a socialist harmonious society.Keywords:the central and western brain drain causes countermeasures中西部地区经济、文化落后,最主要的原因之一是教育落后。
人力资源管理毕业论文《我国中小型企业人才流失影响因素分析及对策研究》
我国中小型企业人才流失影响因素分析及对策研究摘要众所周知，21世纪的竞争归根结底是人才的竞争。
随着社会主义市场经济体制改革的不断深化和发展，市场经济迅猛突起，在国家各项扶持和鼓励性措施的牵引下，中小型企业雨后春笋般发展起来，并且对社会财富的增幅起到了举足轻重的作用，但是中小型企业人才流失却成了一个普遍的问题。
本文以我国中小型企业人才流失影响因素分析及对策研究为论题在对中小企业人力资源管理特点理论知阐述的基础上，从内外两个方面，分析出中小企业人才流失主要存在外企企业招揽贤才、中小企业管理、人力资本投入、激励机制等方面存在问题。
针对这些因素影响，结合中小企业的自身特点，本文重点从树立新理念、靠企业文化、靠激励机制、靠人情、靠平台等几个方面，提出了应对中小型企业人才流失的策略。
关键词：中小型企业；人才流失；因素；对策AbstractAs everyone knows, the twenty-first Century competition in the final analysis is the competition of talents. With the continuous deepening and development of the socialist market economic system reform, market economy fast processesin traction, national support and encourage measures like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, small and medium-sized enterprise development, and thewealth of society to play a decisive role in the role, but the loss of talents in small and medium enterprises has become a common problem.Based on the talents of small and medium sized enterprises in China erosion influence factors and Countermeasure of the subject based on the small and medium-sized enterprise human resources management theory knowledge on the exposition, from two aspects, analysis of the small and medium-sized enterprise brain drain are foreign enterprises recruit highly, in small business management, human capital, incentive mechanism etc. the problem. According to the influence of these factors, combined with small and medium-sized enterprises of their own characteristics, this paper focuses on establishing the new concept, depending on the enterprise culture, by the incentive mechanism, by human, on the platform and so on several aspects, proposed the talent to small and medium enterprises loss strategy.Key words: small and medium-sized enterprise; brain drain; factors;Countermeasures目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1 研究背景与意义 (1)1.1.1 研究背景 (1)1.1.2 研究意义 (1)1.2 国内外的研究现状 (1)1.2.1 国外研究现状 (2)1.2.2 国内研究现状 (2)1.3 研究内容与方法 (3)1.3.1 研究内容 (3)1.3.2 研究方法 (3)第2章概念界定与相关理论综述 (4)2.1 中小型企业人才流失 (4)2.2 中小型企业人力资源管理的特点 (4)2.2.1 中小型企业拥有灵活的用人机制 (4)2.2.2 中小型企业人力资源流动频繁 (4)2.2.3 选择合适的人才是中小型企业人力资源管理的关键 (5)第3章我国中小型企业人才流失现状及影响因素分析 (6)3.1 外界环境影响 (6)3.1.1 外来企业的掠夺式招揽贤才 (6)3.1.2 国内企业人心浮动 (6)3.2 企业内部管理的问题 (6)3.2.1 缺乏科学的人力资源管理战略 (6)3.2.2 家族式管理导致人才流失 (7)3.2.3 管理机构设置不科学，管理人员素质不高 (7)3.2.4 人力资本投入严重不足 (7)3.2.5 缺乏长期有效的薪酬与激励机制 (8)3.2.6 忽视员工职业生涯的发展 (8)第4章中小型企业人才流失的应对策略 (9)4.1 树立新理念 (9)4.1.1 人力资本比财力更重要 (9)4.1.2 用好人比选好人更重要 (9)4.1.3 物质激励与精神激励同等重要 (9)4.2 应重视五靠 (10)4.2.1 靠事业留人 (10)4.2.2 靠企业文化留人 (10)4.2.3 靠科学的管理体系和晋升体系留人 (10)4.2.4 靠提供具有市场竞争力的薪酬留人 (10)4.2.5 靠人情留人 (11)4.3 要为之提供平台 (11)4.3.1 企业公平竞争的平台 (11)4.3.2 参与企业团队合作的平台 (11)4.3.3 企业领导者的管理能力是提供这些平台的关键 (11)第5章结论与展望 (13)5.1 主要研究结论 (13)5.2 展望 (13)参考文献 (14)致谢 (15)第1章绪论1.1 研究背景与意义1.1.1 研究背景随着中国加入WTO，国际市场全球化的趋势加强，中国的经济体制进行了改革，企业的经营环境发生了很大的变化，中小企业如雨后春笋般的发展起来，中小企业已经成为中国经济发展和科技创新的重要力量，在中国民经济中占有重要地位。
中国人才外流-Brain Drain in China_1500字
中国人才外流-Brain Drain in China_1500字Brain Drain in China1）中国人才流失的现状；2）对人才流失的看法；3）如何解决人才流失。
Composition for referenceNowadays, one of the most serious problems China is faced with is brain drain. While shortages of talent trouble many universities and state-owned enterprises, millions of talented people either emigrate to developed countries or work for foreign companies. At the same time, a big crowd of well-educated people who are determined to follow their footsteps take TOEFL or GRE as their passport to the West.However, people see this phenomenon in differentperspectives. Some hold the opinion that China suffers a lot from brain drain. They argue, on the one hand, that brain drain considerably weakens our international competitiveness. On the other hand, they believe that the talent should serve their native country first.In contrast, others highlight the advantages of international exchange and cooperation. They claim that Chinese youths should go abroad to study and gain more experience. What’s more, the long-term benefits will outweigh losses we suffer now.Brain drain poses a challenge. China should go all out to attract talented people in order to better compete in the world. For one thing, decent living and working conditions should be offered to specialists. For another, we have to better develop our economy, which is a sure bait for all kinds of talent. (204 words)。
中国流行词语英文翻译
中国一些流行词语的英文表达中国一些流行词语的英文表达1.素质教育：Quality Education2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient3.保险业：the insurance industry4.保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas5.补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears6.不良贷款：non-perFORMing loan7.层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontr acting8.城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas9.城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents 10.城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11.出口信贷：export credit 12.贷款质量：loan quality13.贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14.防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15.防洪工程：flood-prevention project 16.非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction 17.非贸易收汇：foreign excha nge earnings through nontrade channels 18.非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions 19.费改税：transFORM administrative feessintostaxes 20.跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing 21.工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects 22.国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets 23.过度开垦：excess reclamation 24.合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects 25.积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy 26.基本生活费：basic allowance 27.解除劳动关系：sever labor relation 28.金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision 29.经济安全：economic security 30.*扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the defici t to spend more on development 31.扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand 32.拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth 33.粮食仓库：grain depot 34.粮食收购企业：grain coll ection and storage enterprise 35.粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchas e funds 36.粮食销售市场：grain sales market 37.劣质工程：shoddy engineering 38.乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款：arbitrary charges, fund-raising, quotas and fines 39.骗汇、逃汇、套汇：ob tain foreign currency under false pretenses, not turn over foreign owed to the government and ill egal arbitrage 40.融资渠道：financing channels 41.商业信贷原则：the principles for commer cial credit 42.社会保险机构：social security institution 43.失业保险金：unemployment insura nce benefits 44.偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税：tax evasion, tax fraud and refusal to pay taxes 4 5.外汇收支：foreign exchange revenue and spending 46.安居工程：housing project for low-inco me urban residents 47.信息化：inFORMation-based; inFORMationization 48.智力密集型：con centration of brain power; knowledge-intensive 49.外资企业：overseas-funded enterprises 5 0.下岗职工：laid-off workers 五十一号.分流：reposition of redundant personnel 52.素质教育：education for all-round development 53.豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects 54.社会治安情况：l aw-and-order situation 55.民族国家：nation state 56.“台独”："independence of Taiwan" 57.台湾当局：Taiwan authorities 58.台湾同胞：Taiwan compatriots 59.台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分：Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory. 60.西部大开发：Developm ent of the West Regions 61.可持续性发展：sustainable development 62.风险投资：risk inve stment 63.通货紧缩：deflation 64.扩大内需：to expand domestic demand 65.计算机辅助教学：computer-assisted instruction ( CAI ) 66.网络空间：cyberspace 67.虚拟现实：virtual r eality 68.网民：netizen ( net citizen ) 69.电脑犯罪：computer crime 70.电子商务：the e-business 71.网上购物：shopping online 72.应试教育：exam-oriented education 73.学生减负：to reduce study load 74.“厄尔尼诺”：(EL Nino) 75.“拉尼娜”：(La Nina) 76.“智商”：(IQ) 77.“情商”：(EQ) 78.“第三产业”：(third/tertiary industry,service sector,third sequence ofenterpri ses)79.“第四产业”：(quaternary/inFORMation industry) 79.“军嫂”：(military spouse) 80.“峰会”(香港译“极峰会议”)”：summit(conference) 81.“克隆”：clone 82.“冰毒”：ice 83.“摇头丸”：dancing outreach 84.“传销”：multi level marketing 85.“(计算机)2000年问题”：Y2K p roblem(y for year, k for kilo or thousand) 86.“白皮书”：white paper(不是white cover book) 87.“傻瓜相机”：Instamatic(商标名，焦距、镜头均固定，被称为foolproof相机)；88.“白条”：IOU note(IOU：债款、债务，由I owe you的读音缩略转义而来) 89.“巡回招聘”：milk round(一种招聘毕业生的方式，大公司走访各大学及学院，向求职者介绍本公司情况并与报名者晤谈)。
HR词组
( HR词组) 欢迎补充我們每天都在?里學到不少的新的詞,和人力資源有關的,大家可在下面補充.Exempt employee这里指不能取得加班额外工资(over-time pay)的专业人员，non-exempt employee 则是指一般的职员。
例如：(1) Our university has hired many exempt employees. (我们大学聘用了许多专业人员。
)(2) Non-exempt employees are eligible for over time pay.) (一般职员超时工作，可领取额外工资。
)Brain drain人才外流或人才流失。
例如：(1) Brain drain has become a source of concern in China.(人才外流在中国已是一件令人关注的事。
)(2) China has encouraged their overseas students to return to the homeland in order to stop brain drain. (中国鼓励留学生回国以免人才流失。
)orientation programorientation program新生訓練在人力資源中意思為适应性培训计划Those foreign students are accommodated in Canadian homes near the campus for a three-week orientation programHS degree我們可能經常在招聘廣告上看到的一個詞.HS degree 其實就是high school degree高中學歷File Clerk I - Performs routine filing in an office environment. Does not require typing. Normally requires a HS degree and minimal experience.人力资源管理专业词汇要回复啊，人力资源管理专业词汇，很有用的啊，职业profession道德标准ethics操作工operative employees专家specialist人力资源认证协会the Human Resource Certification Institute,HRCI外部环境external environment内部环境internal environment政策policy企业文化corporate culture目标mission股东shareholders非正式组织informal organization跨国公司multinational corporation,MNC管理多样性managing diversity工作job职位posting工作分析job analysis工作说明job description工作规范job specification工作分析计划表job analysis schedule,JAS职位分析问卷调查法Management Position Description Questionnaire,MPDQ 行政秘书executive secretary地区服务经理助理assistant district service manager人力资源计划Human Resource Planning,HRP战略规划strategic planning长期趋势long term trend要求预测requirement forecast供给预测availability forecast管理人力储备management inventory裁减downsizing人力资源信息系统Human Resource Information System,HRIS招聘recruitment员工申请表employee requisition招聘方法recruitment methods内部提升Promotion From Within ,PFW工作公告job posting广告advertising职业介绍所employment agency特殊事件special eventsHRM,human resource management人力資源管理HRS,(Human Resource System人力资源系统HRD,human resource development or human resource director人力资源开发或人力資源總監,一般指前者HRA,?個我好像是第一次見哦,在網上查到有三种意思喲.第一种,人力资源会计(Human Resource Acconuting,简称HRA第二种,HRA（human resource associate）即HR观景点，是招聘网在为求职者提供优质求职服务的同时，深知人事经理本身对个人事业发展的需求，为HR经理举办，致力于成为中国HR经理人职业发展的，交流与学习的组织。
基于人才回流动因计量的中国人才外流问题研究_杨玉杰
strategic thought and experience of competition for talents during the Three Kingdoms period, the author provides some rational recommendations.
关 键 词 ：人才外流；回流动因；社会影响；计量分析
流，不仅教育支出无法得到补偿，还降低了我国在科技发展和国际
t=（31.9473）（-4.070007）
人力资源方面的竞争力。
从模型的各项参数来看，方程拟合程度较好，而且教育环境与
1.2.2 人才外流对中国带来的正面影响 首先，由于高技术工人 回国人数的相关系数比 GDP 与回国人数的相关系数还要高，达到
后果入手，总结其教训来维护我国人才安全和实施人才强国的战 日本等发达国家，是这些人的首选国家。近年来，随着市场经济的进
略[6]。从现有研究来看，我国人才问题得到了众多研究人员的重视， 一步深化和社会分工的专业化发展，人才流动变得越来越容易。而
研究存在如下特点和不足：①观点不一，角度不一。每位学者从不 且从国内的实际情况来看，人才流动实际上已经发生了一些质的变
经济发展带来一些负面影响。我国自 1978 年改革开放以来，人才 点与不足，本文借鉴三国时期的历史经验和当前中国人才回流的
外流严重，很多中国学生选择出国深造。中国社会科学院发表 动因计量分析，较为深入地研究了中国人才外流问题，通过近期智
《2007 年全球政治与安全报告》显示：超过 70%的中国留学生选择 力回流的趋势，分析吸引人才的关键因素，为我国人才的合理性流
数的近 20%，有 711 人去了美国，占出国人数的近 87%。这些国内的 NUM 为自变量，回国人数为因变量做一元回归，得回归模型：
翻译复习
1、The factory is famous for its arsenal （军火库）of technical geniuses.这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。
2、Brain drain has been China’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been anepidemic（流行病）in this country.人才外流一直是中国的头号问题，实际上，这已经成为该国带普遍性的严峻问题。
3、Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
4、This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
5、The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.万变不离其宗。
6、He was thin and haggard（憔悴的）and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，（他）看上去一副可怜相。
7、He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。
8、He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
9、His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了10、What kind of sailor are you? 你晕不晕船？11、“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across theveranda（阳台）, and into the porch（门廊）.“来啦!” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。
企业人才流失的现状及防范
企业人才流失的现状及防范摘要：随着人才市场的逐步完善和健全，现代企业在吸引和利用人才方面有更大的自由选择，同时，企业在留住人才的问题上面临了更大的挑战，人才流失已经成为现代企业很棘手的一个问题。
因此，对于企业人才流失的对策及防范措施研究已经成为当前亟须加强的现实问题。
具体的措施主要有：运用法律法规来预防人才流、企业注入“以人为本”的理念、企业健全其内部制度、借鉴国外的先进做法等。
关键词：人才流失；现状分析；防范措施中图分类号：f272.92 文献标志码：a 文章编号：1673-291x （2012）35-0068-02随着经济全球化程度的日益提高，企业的人才流动日趋加快。
伴着国外企业在中国市场的抢滩登陆，我国国内企业人才流失的现象也日趋严重。
人才流失，英文称为“brain drain”，是指人才终止与企业的劳动合同（雇佣关系）的过程[1]。
人才流失不同于人才流动。
从市场资源配置的角度来看，只有合理的人才流动才能优化配置人才资源；从企业的角度来看，通过合理的人才流动可以给企业带来新知识、新技术、新理念和新思想，从而为企业注入新的活力。
一、企业人才流失的现状（一）人才外流突出在世界范围内的人才争夺中，发达国家充分利用其雄厚的资金实力和所能提供的优厚待遇、环境，吸引了大批中国优秀人才，造成我国人才的外流严重。
美国“国家科学基金会”统计显示：在1989—1998年的10年中，中国公民在美国获得自然科学及工程技术类博士学位的共2万余人，其中大部分留在了美国。
人才主要是以出国留学不归的形式外流。
据有关统计资料显示，近年来，国内著名大学毕业生有相当一部分选择出国。
在有中国“硅谷”之称的中关村科技园，有4 500多家企业、8万多名从业人员，其中，截至1998年，从海外归国的留学人员只有748人，不到从业人员总数的1%。
（二）国有企业和民营企业人才流失严重中国社会调查事务所（ssic）曾对中国国有企业科技人才流失的状况进行调查，调查对象是北京、上海、武汉、重庆、广州五市的500家大中型国有企业。
如何看待高校“脑力流失”现象？
不过，评价一种人口趋势，我们需要观察目标群体及其对应总体的关系。这就好比估算一个分数的大小，要看分子，也要看分母。如前所述，多科尔等学者发现，2000年以前，仅有3.1%受过高等教育的中国人在22岁后迁移到了发达国家，中国的人才外流率在193个国家中位居第158位。虽然2010年左右的普查数据尚未完成汇总，但据升，可高等院校也在扩招。
近年来，全球人才外流现象呈现出两大趋势。一是绝对数量增长，相对比例平稳。在1990年到2000年之间，技术移民的总量从一千万增长到两千万。可除了撒哈拉以南非洲，世界各大区域的外流率仅出现较小幅度的变化，这多是由于发展中国家大学扩招的缘故。二是人才层次越高，选择性就越强。全球受过高等教育群体的外流率是受过中等教育群体的3.5倍；在大学毕业生中，博士和硕士的外流率也较本科生为高。那么中国的人才流失情况到底有多严重？我们不妨先看看人才外流的正负效应再行讨论。
如何看待高校“脑力流失”现象？
20世纪70年代以来，随着科学技术的迅猛发展、产业结构的不断升级和管理科学水平的不断提高，一场世界性的人才争夺战日趋激烈。高校作为高端人才的聚集地，无疑处在这场争夺战的前沿，而且中国高校被认为是处在被动和不利的地位，“脑力流失”现象严重。那么，当今世界高端人才流动的情况究竟如何？我国高端人才流出的具体特征有哪些，流失现象果真如人们感觉中的那么严重吗？“脑力流失”对我国的发展有哪些影响，我们究竟应该怎么看待这种现象？根据国际前沿的理论和实证研究，作出解答。
可如果我们聚焦中国高层次人才，就会发现他们的外流率颇为可观。国内名校的留学趋势蔚然成风，以至于几年前有报道称，培养美国博士毕业生最多的两所本科院校，不是哈佛、耶鲁，而是北大、清华。仅在2006年，两校各有500多名本科毕业生在美国拿到博士学位，而且这些留美博士绝大多数选择继续留在美国工作。在美外国博士毕业5年后留在该国的平均比例约为六成，中国毕业生的这一指标却高达九成。笔者自己的研究也发现，就职于世界500强大学的中国科学家，约有三分之一在国外就职。因此，人才外流的症结主要不在规模，而在乎层次。
全球化背景下的人才跨国流动
全球化背景下的人才跨国流淌人才跨国流淌总体趋势（一）人才流失现象依旧严峻人才跨国流淌也确实是国家之间的人才交换（brain exchange），这种交换同商品或劳务贸易一样差不多上双向的。
一个国家在一定时期内的人才输出量远远高于人才输入量时，便出现了人才流失（brain drain）；相反，便出现人才收益(brain gain)。
“人才流失”概念在20世纪60年代时被提出，确实是用来强调欧洲特不是英国的人才向北美的流失。
后来则要紧是用来强调进展中国家的人才向西方国家的流失。
目前，欧盟国家向美国的人才流失仍然存在，进展中国家向西方国家的人才流失依旧是人才跨国流淌中的突出现象。
1．欧盟国家向美国的人才流失20世纪60年代，英国化学家约翰-波普尔前往美国从事研究并在那儿获得诺贝尔化学奖。
因为他的离开，英国议会对政府提出了不信任案，差点让政府倒台。
但从那以后，欧们顶尖人才流失的势头并没有得到遏止，反倒有增强的趋势。
到2003年，整个欧盟大约有40万高级人才在美国工作。
《欧洲2003年度科技指标报告》指出，在美国工作的欧洲籍高级研究人员有75%宁愿接着留在那儿。
欧盟人才向美国流淌的要紧缘故是欧盟的科技投入太少了，只占国内生产总值的1.9%，而美国则达到2.8%。
较少的科技投入也意味着相对较差的工作条件和较低的工作酬劳。
欧盟国家的学术科研机构和高校倾向于保守，外国人才专门难进入欧盟工作。
尤其是在南欧国家外来科研人员即使有专门强的科研能力，也专门难获得较高的学术地位。
为改变欧洲人才向美国流淌，2003年欧盟委员会提出了一个吸引高级科研人才的打算：要求欧盟国家至少拿出国内生产总值的3%作为科研投入，在欧盟范围内建立对研究人员能力和成绩进行评估的共同标准，让科研人员在不同的国家之间相互流淌更为便利，为外国科研人员到欧盟工作提供方便等。
2．进展中国家向发达国家的人才流失进展中国家向发达国家的人才流失是人才跨国流淌中的一个特不明显的现象。
中国独特文化的英语表达方式
中国独特文化的英语表达方式托福作文和口语中，经常会有需要考生做介绍，文化和对比话题考生通常倾向于使用本国自己的所见所谓来描述，但是中国有很多国外没有的词语，他们怎么说?下面是中国传统词汇英文盘点，快看看吧。
1.元宵节： Lantern Festival2.对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets3.清明节：Tomb sweeping day4.刺绣：embroidery5.重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival6.剪纸：Paper Cutting7.书法：Calligraphy8.象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9.人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow10.四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle11.战国：Warring States12.风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13.铁饭碗：Iron Bowl14.函授部：The Correspondence Department15.集体舞：Group Dance16.黄土高原：Loess Plateau17.红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals18.中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day19.结婚证：Marriage Certificate20.儒家文化：Confucian Culture21.附属学校：Affiliated school22.古装片：Costume Drama23.武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie24.元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)25.一国两制：One Country, Two Systems26.火锅：Hot Pot27._：Gang of Four28.《诗经》：The Book of Songs29.素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education30.《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31.大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement)32.《西游记》：The Journey to the West33.除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34.针灸：Acupuncture35.唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The T ang Tri-colored pottery36.中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics37.偏旁：radical38.孟子：Mencius39.亭/阁： Pavilion/ Attic40.大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises41.火药：gunpowder42.农历：Lunar Calendar43.印/玺：Seal/Stamp44.物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization45.京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46.秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47.太极拳：Tai Chi48.独生子女证：The Certificate of One-child49.天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing50.小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand51.红双喜：Double Happiness52.政治辅导员：Political Counselor/School Counselor53.春卷：Spring Roll(s)54.莲藕：Lotus Root55.追星族：Star Struck56.故宫博物院：The Palace Museum57.相声：Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58.下岗：Lay off/Laid off59.北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck60.高等自学考试：Self-taught Examination of Higher Education61.烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker62.敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves63.电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit64.香港澳门同胞：Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao65.“”：Cultural Revolution66.长江中下游地区：The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River67.门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match68.《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69.中外合资企业：Joint Ventures70.文房四宝(笔墨纸砚)："The Four Treasure of the Study" "Brush, Inkstick, Paper, and Inkstone"71.兵马俑：cotta Warriors/ Terracotta Army。
中国特色社会文化词语英文 翻译
中国特色社会文化词语英文翻译1. 元宵节： Lantern Festival2. 刺绣：embroidery3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting6. 书法：Calligraphy7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow10. 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle11. 战国：Warring States12. 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13. 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl14. 函授部：The Correspondence Department15. 集体舞：Group Dance16. 黄土高原：Loess Plateau17. 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals18. 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day19. 结婚证：Marriage Certificate20. 儒家文化：Confucian Culture21. 附属学校：Affiliated school22. 古装片：Costume Drama23. 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie24. 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)25. 一国两制：One Country, Two Systems26. 火锅：Hot Pot27. 四人帮：Gang of Four28. 《诗经》：The Book of Songs29. 素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education30. 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31. 大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement)32. 《西游记》：The Journey to the West33. 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34. 针灸：Acupuncture35. 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery36. 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics37. 偏旁：radical38. 孟子：Mencius39. 亭/阁： Pavilion/ Attic40. 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises41. 火药：gunpowder42. 农历：Lunar Calendar43. 印/玺：Seal/Stamp44. 物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization45. 京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46. 秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47. 太极拳：Tai Chi48. 独生子女证：The Certificate of One-child49. 天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing50. 小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand51. 红双喜：Double Happiness52. 政治辅导员：Political Counselor/School Counselor53. 春卷：Spring Roll(s)54. 莲藕：Lotus Root55. 追星族：Star Struck56. 故宫博物院：The Palace Museum57. 相声：Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58. 下岗：Lay off/Laid off59. 北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck60. 高等自学考试：Self-taught Examination of Higher Education61. 烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker62. 敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves63. 电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit64. 香港澳门同胞：Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao65. 文化大革命：Cultural Revolution66. 长江中下游地区：The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River67. 门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match68. 《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69. 中外合资企业：Joint Ventures70. 文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）："The Four Treasure of the Study" "Brush/Writing Brush, Tusche/ Inkstick, Paper/ Rice Paper, and Inkstone/ Inkslab"71. 笔 架：penholder72. 笔 筒：brush pot73. 镇 纸：paperweight74. 书 法：calligraphy75. 湖笔的尖健齐圆四德：sharp, tough, neat, and round.76. 衙门 yamen77. 叩头 kowtow78. 孔子Confucius79. 牌楼 pailou；pai-loo80. 武术 wushu(Chinese Martial Arts)81. 功夫 kungfu ；kung fu82. 中庸 the way of medium (cf. Golden Means)83. 中和 harmony (zhonghe)84. 孝顺 to show filial obedience85. 孝子 dutiful son86. 家长 family head87. 宗族 patriarchal clan88. 三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband guides wife89. 五常：仁、义、理、智、信 five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity90. 八股文 eight-legged essays/ eight-part essays91. 四书五经 Four Books and Five Classics92. 多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness93. 养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age94. 八卦 trigram95. 阴、阳 yin, yang96. 江湖（世界） the jianghu World（the traits’ world）97. 道 Daoism（Taoism）98. 上火 excessive internal heat99. 儒学 Confucianism100. 红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology101. 世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia102. 开放 kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world）103. 大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done 104. 不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on …105. 合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people106. 乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge107. 铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post 108. 脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty109. 治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline110. 锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi)111. 花卷 steamed twisted rolls112. 套餐 set meal113. 盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away114. 米粉 rice noodles115. 冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.) 116. 火锅 chafing dish117. 八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding118. 粉丝 glass noodles119. 豆腐脑 jellied bean curd120. 基层监督 grass-roots supervision121. 婚介所 matrimonial agency122. 机器阅卷 machine scoring123. 基础税率 base tariff level124. 婚外恋 extramarital love125. 黑心棉 shoddy cotton126. 婚纱摄影 bride photo127. 家政服务 household management service128. 即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery129. 价格听证会 public price hearings130. 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development131. 加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion132. 假帐 accounting fraud133. 叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel134. 渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence135.借调 temporarily transfer136. 扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group.137. 扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption 138. 焦点访谈 Topics in Focus139. 新闻调查 News Probe140. 新闻30分 News in 30 Minutes141. 市场热线 Market Hotline142. 世界经济报道 World Economic Report143. 股市分析 Stock Market Analysis144. 足球之夜 Soccer Night145. 东方时尚 Oriental Fashion146. 春节联欢晚会 Spring Festival Gala Evening 147. 半边天 Half the Sky148. 综艺大观 Super Variety Show149. 戏迷园地 Garden for Opera Fans150. 大风车 Big Pinwheel151. 七巧板 Tangram152. 中华民族 Chinese Ethnic Peoples153. 周日话题 Sunday Topics154. 科技博览 Science and Technology Review 155. 人与自然 Man and Nature156. 正大综艺 Zhengda Variety Show157. 书坛画苑 Gallery of Calligraphy Painting 158. 天涯共此时 Time Together across the Strait 159. 华夏风情 China Kaleidoscope160. 中国各地 Around China161. 诗 The Book of Songs162. 书 Collection of Ancient Texts163. 礼 The Rites164. 易 The Book of Changes165. 春秋 The Spring & Autumn Annals166. 四库全书 The Four Branches of Literature 167. 经部 Confucian Classics168. 史部 Historical Classics169. 子部 Philosophical & Scientific Classics 170. 集部 Literary Classics (Belles Lettres)171. 卦 hexagrams172. 六爻 hexagram173. 卦辞 text supplementary to hexagram174. 越剧 Yue Opera- Zhejiang & Shanghai175. 黄梅戏 Huangmei Opera- Anhui176. 豫剧 Yu Opera- Henan177. 平剧 Ping Opera- north (Hebei)178. 昆腔 Kun Tune179. 高腔 High Tune (Yi 弋 and Jing Tune)180. 弦索腔 Xuansuo Tune181. 梆子腔 Bangzi Tune182. 皮簧腔 Pihuang Tune183. 象形字 Pictographic Characters184. 指事字 Self-Explanatory Characters185. 会意字 Associative Compounds186. 形声字 Pictophonetic Characters187. 假借字 Phonetic Characters188. 转注字 Mutually Explanatory Characters189. 甲骨文Inscriptions on Bones & Tortoise Shells 190. 钟鼎文 Bronze Inscription191. 大篆 Big Seal Characters 192. 小篆 Small Seal Characters 193. 隶书 Official Script194. 楷书 Regular Script195. 草书 Cursive Hand196. 行书 Running Hand。
研究生英语阅读Unit7课后答案
Unit 7CulturesLearning ObjectivesAt the end of the unit, students will be able to:1.Know about some famous cultural landmarks of the world;2.Have a general understanding of cultural differences, such as marriage customs,table manners, etc.;3. show their mastery of the words and expressions concerning cultures.Part I Warm-up ActivitiesA Directions: Below are the names of the world’s famous cultural landmarks. Pleasematch them with the corresponding pictures.A. PyramidB. Sydney Opera HouseC. Eiffel TowerD. ColosseumE. the Statue of LibertyF. Taji Mahal1. Eiffel Tower2. Taji Mahal3.the Statue of Liberty4. Pyramid5. Sydney opera house6. ColosseumB Directions:Certain animals are chosen as symbols because they have qualities thatstand out. In different cultures the qualities they are associated are different. The following table includes some of the names of the animals. Complete the phrases by filling the right word in the blanks and discuss with your partner about their Chinesecounterparts.mule lamb dog snail fish bee snake horsesheep fox cat lion toad goose lark1. as happy as a lark2. as cunning as a fox3. as stubborn as a mule4. as busy as a bee5. as slow as a snail6. as strong as a horse7. as ugly as a toad 8. as meek as a lamb9. as brave as a lion 10.as evil as a snake11. kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 12. black sheep of the family13. lead a cat -and- dog life 14. love me, love my dogUseful Words and Expressionscultural heritage of the world 世界文化遗产cultural industries 文化产业cradle of culture 文化摇篮 culture shock 文化冲击hitch-hiking 搭乘 cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 icon 偶像 diversity 多样性 bilateral 双边的 ink and wash painting 水墨画 local customs and practices 风土人情 native/rural/country culture 乡土文化 The big apple “大苹果”，纽约 champagne 香槟酒 cocktail 鸡尾酒 liqueur 烈酒mainstream culture 主流文化 cultural treasures 文化宝藏 brain drain 人才外流 oriental 东方的 Confucius Institute 孔子学院 Collectivism 集体主义 filial piety 孝道 frugality 节俭 egalitarian平等主义 money-orientated 金钱至上的 ethnic 种族的，人种的 exotic 异国的，外来的，异国情调的 Part II Listening1. Quotes about the United KingdomRead the new words below before listening.Directions:You will hear a number of quotes from people across the globe on their perceptions of the UK according to a survey commissioned by the British Council. Listen and match column A with key words in column B.COLUMN A COLUMN B1. ITALY ( e ) a. quality education2. HUNGARY ( b ) b. self-irony3. HONG KONG ( g ) c. heritage4. JAPAN ( h ) d. limited5. KENYA ( a ) e. liveliness and people’s open-mindedness6. BANGLADESH ( c ) f. innovative trends in music7. KOREA ( k ) g. drunk8. GREECE ( f ) h. discrimination and government.9. MEXICO ( d ) i. soccer10. NIGERIA ( j ) j. high quality products11. SAUDI ARABIA ( i ) k. royal family and democracyTapescriptQuotes about the United Kingdomby British CouncilA survey commissioned by the British Council gave rise to a number of quotes from people across the globe on their perceptions of the UK.• First set of quotesUAE - When young people say about the British that he's unpleasant or old, it is an impression we have from the time when Great Britain was a great power together with Portugal.ITALY - I particularly liked the spirit, the liveliness, the people and their open-mindedness.HUNGARY - It's so fantastic that they are able to look at themselves with self-irony. I think this is exceptional. They write books and make movies that tell a negative picture about them and they show it.HONG KONG - A lot of them are drunk and cause trouble.JAPAN - There are bad points such as discrimination but also good points such as the parliamentary government.KENYA - It's believed that if you go for further education in Britain, you get quality education.THAILAND - They seem so cold in general.BANGLADESH - Heritage from Britain, technology and dynamism from the United States. SINGAPORE - The British always give me the idea of old and boring.KOREA - Underlying the British people's ideologies is their deeply rooted tradition, long history, long history of the royal family and democracy, and the class structure.GREECE - I am thinking about music. It's not by accident that the most innovative trends in music come from England.VIETNAM - UK is a small island but it has a global trading system.• Second set of quotesMEXICO - The British are limited. They don't try new things.JAPAN - British scientists are, almost manic, in particular categories. But they are doing something that really doesn't matter.CZECH REPUBLIC - Britain was the first country with a constitution, I think. So there is a real democratic tradition in Britain.SPAIN - Out of the European countries I think the closest to the US is England; but you can't separate them from Europe.SINGAPORE - They have a group of white trash, you know, skinheads. That group is very, very racist. But I think the majority is fine. In fact, I know there are some community leaders that are black.FRANCE - There are many differences between the English, the Irish and the Scottish. Irish and Scottish are much more friendly.HUNGARY - Their mistrust with strangers is also a characteristic. Usually this is said for the Germans but it is far more true for the English.NIGERIA - A British product is very high quality. You'll use it and use it until you are tired. RUSSIA - People are very involved in the life of society, politics. They are very well aware of what is going on.GERMANY - The really crazy people all come from England.SAUDI ARABIA - They don't have any famous artists. They like soccer.2. Marriage CustomsA Directions：In this section you will hear an extract from a radio talk on marriagecustoms in different parts of the world by Professor Robin Stuart. Listen to the talk andanswer the following questions..1)How do people in the West perceive courtship and marriage despite the recent growth inthe number of divorces,?They regard courtship and marriage through the eyes of a Hollywood producer.2)What is very common as far as marriage is concerned in India?Arranged marriage3) In Japan, if one of the young people involved in the arranged meeting says ‘Oh, no, Icould never marry him or her’, what will happen next?They call the whole thing off.B Direction: Listen to the talk again and fill in the blanks.In parts of Africa, a man is allowed to have several wives. Now that sounds fine from the man’s point of view, but in fact the man is taking on a 1) great responsibility. When he takes a new wife and buys her a nice present, he has to buy all his other wives 2) presents of equal value and, although we are obviously speaking of a 3) male-dominated society, the wives often become very close and so, if there is a disagreement in the family, the husband has three or four wives to argue with 4) instead of just one.Now, most listeners, being used to the Western style of courtship and marriage, will assume this is the best system and the one with greatest chance of 5) producing a happy marriage. But pause and reflect. Marriage must always be 6) something of a gamble. Going out with somebody for six months is very different from being married to them for six years.It is true that American women, brought up in the United States, who married Africans and went to live in Africa, have sometimes found it 7) exceedingly difficult to assume the role of the wife of an African living in Africa. However, my observations have led me to believe that various forms of arranged marriage have just as much 8) chance of bringing happiness to the husband and wife as our Western system of choosing marriage partners. TapescriptMarriage CustomsHere is an extract from a radio talk on marriage customs in different parts of the world by Professor Robin Stuart:Despite the recent growth in the number of divorces, we in the West still tend to regard courtship and marriage through the eyes of a Hollywood p roducer. For us it’s a romantic business. Boy meets girl, boy falls in love with girl, boy asks girl to marry him, girl accepts. Wedding, flowers, big celebration.But in other parts of the world things work differently. In India, for instance, arranged marriage is still very common. An intermediary, usually a married lady, learns that a young man wishes to get married and she undertakes to find him a suitable bride. The young couple meets for the first time on the day of the wedding.In Japan, too, arranged marriages still take place. But there things are organized in a different way. A girl wishes to find a husband, and the girl’s mother, or an aunt perhaps, approaches the mother of a suitable young man and the young couples are introduced. They get a chance to have a look at one another and if one of them says ‘Oh, no, I could never marry him or her,they call the whole thing off. But if they like one another, then the wedding goes ahead.In parts of Africa, a man is allowed to have several wives. Now that sounds fine from the man’s point of view, but in fact the man is taking on a great responsibility. When he takes a new wife and buys her a nice present, he has to buy all his wives presents of equal value and, although we are obviously speaking of a male-dominated society, the wives often become very close and so, if there is a disagreement in the family, the husband has three or four wives to argue with instead of just one.Now, most listeners, being used to the Western style of courtship and marriage, will assume that this is the best system and the one with the greatest chance of producing a happy marriage. But pause and reflect. Marriage must always be something of a gamble. Going out with somebody for six months is very different from being married to them for six years.It is true that American women, brought up in the United States, who married Africans and went to live in Africa, have sometimes found it exceedingly difficult to assume the role of the wife of an African living in Africa. However, my observations have led me to believe that various forms of arranged marriage have just as much chance of bringing happiness to the husband and wife as our Western system of choosing marriage partners.3. For Immigrants, Making Small Talk is Big DealA Directions:In this section you will hear a passage about the importance of small talk.Listen and answer the following questions.1) Why is it hard for Americans to find jobs?Because it is the recession time.2) How is Wei Fang feeling in interviews with American employers?He is uncomfortable promoting himself.3) What can make a difference in meeting potential employers in America?Knowing how to make small talk.B Directions: Listen to the passage again. Complete the summary.Wei Fang, who is from the Shanghai area, is getting his MBA at Brandeis University in Boston, Massachusetts, felt 1) blind during his first few job interviews in the United States. When he was in conversation, he didn’t know 2) where to go next.This type of 3)cultural anxiety can be a real disadvantage at interview time. So the Brandeis business school 4) offers a program to help foreign students adapt to the American culture.Ndawula and Mutamba are both from 5) Africa. In their countries, people usually don't chat with strangers. If a woman approaches a man, it could seem 6) suggestive.As part of a homework assignment, Mutamba learned to start 7) talking about the weather with a stranger in a restaurant in America. After a semester's practice, she’s becoming more 8) confident conversationalist.The organizational behavior professor explained that even when workers are qualified, they can end up 9) socally incompetent if they don’t know what the norm of culture are. In Russia, the rule for appropriate behavior in a job interview are to be honest, modest and serious. In America, a 10) smile can get you a job, at least a chance.Tapescript (This is not a word for word tapescript)For Immigrants, Making Small Talk is Big DealThe foreign-born population in the United States is now at an all-time high - more than 10 percent. And while recession-time jobs are hard to come by for Americans, for those born overseas, finding a job here can be even tougher.Wei Fang, who is from the Shanghai area, is getting his MBA at Brandeis University in Boston, Massachusetts. And he's looking for a job in the United States. But he says he's uncomfortable promoting himself in interviews with American employers."In China," he explains, "the employers like the employees to be hard working and quiet. They want you speak only when they want you speak."In meeting potential employers here, knowing how to make small talk can make a big difference. But for foreign workers, promoting themselves - making small talk, "schmoozing," things Americans take for granted - can be tricky. Fang says he felt blind during his first few job interviews here."Lost, actually, when I was in the conversation. I don't know where to go next."This type of cultural anxiety can be a real disadvantage at interview time. So the Brandeis business school offers a program to help foreign students adapt to the American culture.Today is the last day of class. Students from around the world are setting up their final projects, opening laptops and taping posters to the walls. In one corner, Isaac Ndawula stops to talk with fellow student Sheila Mutamba. Her project is learning to make American-style small talk."So after all this, do you intend to take this back home?" (he asks her. She nods.)"I do, because I think small talk is very important."Ndawula is from Uganda, Mutamba from Rwanda. Both say in the part of Africa they come from, you don't get chatty with strangers. Mutamba says now, after a semester's practice, she's becoming a more confident conversationalist. But she says her first attempt at making small talk was very different."I remember that very clearly, because it was very hard. And just 'cause I'm black, I can't blush, but I was really feeling very awkward and very embarrassed," she says with a laugh.As part of a homework assignment, Mutamba says she did something an American might not think twice about. She turned to a stranger in a restaurant and started talking about the weather."So I keep trying to talk, but I have all these things in my head. I'm trying to be appropriate. I'm trying not to be nosey."Back home, she says, things are more conservative. If a woman approaches a man, it could seem suggestive.Adapting to a different set of rulesAndrew Molinksy, who created the Brandeis program, observes, "They don't know the rules. They don't know the script."The organizational behavior professor explains that even when workers are qualified, if they don't know what the norms of the culture are, they can end up looking socially incompetent. That was the case with a Russian engineer he worked with, who had 17 unsuccessful job interviews. Molinsky says she was extremely qualified, "but she kept failing on the interview, and she would get feedback that she wasn't a great fit."The rules for appropriate behavior in a traditional Russian job interview, he says, are to be honest, modest and serious. The engineer told him smiling was inappropriate."All this silly, friendly behavior," he recalls her saying, "if you smile in my culture like this, you look like a fool."But, he points out, in America, it gets you a job, or at least a chance.According to Columbia University Business School professor Michael Morris, in an increasingly global economy, all workers need to learn to manage across cultures. He says there's not much emphasis on that in the U.S. educational system, so it's something many Americans never learn how to do."Despite all the advantages, all the good luck of being born an American, having this great educational system and this affluent country, this is one disadvantage," Morris notes, suggesting we all need to catch up if we want to be global leaders.4. Table Manners and Diet CustomsA Directions:You will hear a dialogue about cultural shock. While listening for the firsttime , write down some key words in the notes column.B Directions:L isten to the dialogue again and decide whether these statements are true orfalse.1) When the man went to the host’s house, he brought a bottle of wine as a gift and theydrank together in the dinner. ( F )2) When Americans accept a gift, they almost always open the gift right away. ( T )3) American hosts are always saying “Eat some more! Take a bit more!”( F )4) Chinese hosts like to say that there is nothing here to eat, it wasn’t prepared very well andthey mean it. ( F ) 5) Since the man has been studying Chinese for a long time, he knows all the customs quite well. ( F ) TapescriptM: Last weekend, I went as a guest to a Chinese friend’s house. It was really an interesting experience! I felt a little bit of cultural shock.F: Really? So you discovered a few China and America’s different customs.M: Definitely. First, Chinese and Americans have very different ways of accepting gifts. When I went to their house, I brought a bottle of wine as a small gift. I originally thought we would drink together as we ate. So I surprised when the host put it aside and didn’t open it. I really didn’t understand but I didn’t say anything.F: You shouldn’t have worried. That’s just a way Chinese people accept gifts. It’s considered impolite to open something right when you receive it. The way Chinese people see it, opening the gift on the same occasion that you receive it seems to imply that you only want to see whether the gift is good or bad and you don’t care about the thought that your friend put into it.M: Oh really? Well I guess it was just a misunderstanding then. Americans almost always open the gift right away. Then they can say something nice to show that they like what theperson gave them.F: When you were having dinner, did they keep encouraging you to eat and drink?M: Yes! They were always saying “Eat some more! Take a bit more!” And the moment there is a bit space in my bowl, they immediately gave me another helping. That day I had 4 bowls of rice, ate I don’t know how much food. I ate so much I couldn’t walk in a straight line. In America, the host won’t urge the guest to eat and drink more. The guest just eats however much they want to eat.F: That’s just the Chinese way of being friendly and welcoming to one’s guests. For Chinese people, making sure their guest eat their fill and eat well is the most important thing.M: Also they set up this incredibly abundant table of food but then they said there is nothing here to eat, it wasn’t prepared very well and other things like that. And it seems even stranger to me. If they have prepared well, then how many dishes will they have to have?F: T hey were just being modest. Even if they had prepared more, they still would have said that. And Chinese hosts would always prepare a whole lot of dishes. Because if they are among meager selection, the host will feel that he had lost face. Preparing a huge feast is a way of showing your respect for the guest.M: Oh the Chinese customs are so complicated. I will never have understood if you haven’t told me.F: Every culture has its own particular ways of doing things though. There are some western customs that Chinese people think are hard to understand.M: I guess what I have learned is that when you study a language, you also have to understand the culture that behind it because otherwise it’s easy to create misunderstandings and miscommunications.F: I agree.Part III WatchingDirections:The extract is taken from BBC. In this extract the host will take you on a journey through the most thrilling art form of the world opera - Italian opera. Watch the video clip and answer the questions.1)When was the first opera unveiled to the delighted audience?In 1647.2)How do the Italian love opera?They love opera. It is in their blood.3)Opera is an entirely new art form in that it uses speech, songs and dance in a moreexpressive, more powerful and more emotional way.AudioscriptBewildering plots, exotic locations, foreign lyrics, spectacular music and yes, temperamental singers and conductors —— This is the world of opera. In these programmes, I will take you on a journey through the most thrilling art form of them all. One where all of human life and emotion are on display. Music fuses with words to create stories of love, betrayal, revenge, sorrow, passion, tragedy and comedy, to create the stirring and most magical world of Italian opera.The Italians love opera. It’s in their blood. In this film, I’ll be looking at four composers who shaped Italian opera, beginning a whole new art form that, 400 years later, is still thrilling audiences.The smell of the greasepaint, this is what opera is all about. I was born into this world. My father was a voice teacher, and he imbued in me a sense of theatre, the voices, the love of vocal music and just this backstage buzz just gets my blood going in a way that no other thing can. And now I’m lucky enough to have one of the to p jobs in opera- music director at the Royal Opera House in London.“Ladies and gentlemen, you have 30 minutes, please. Thank you.”Today is the dress rehearsal of Barbiere di Siviglia and I’m conducting the piece for the first time, so it’s a really bi g moment for me actually. The singers are all getting ready. The announcement has been made that I have to get down to the pit and so that’s where I’m going now.ApplauseOpera began in Italy 200 years before Rossini’s highly charged barber of Seville. A nd the man who composed its first undisputed masterpiece was Claudio Monteverdi.Monteverdi worked as courts composer at the Ducal Palace here in Mantua. He came here in 1590 at the age of 23, employed by the powerful Gonzagas to supply music to order for all kinds of occasions.This is Vincenzo Gonzaga, Monteverdi’s patron. Now here, he is royally clad in ermine and he had plenty of money for his mistresses but was obscenely in arrears when it came to paying Monteverdi for his music. Monteverdi was treated like a slave in this ducal Palace and was miserable, all the while, producing heavenly music.Monteverdi wrote a wide range of music for his employer. And the fashion at the time was for extravagant courtly entertainments, using speech, songs and dance. These were going toprovide the basis for something entirely new. In the late 1590s, a group of Florentine intellectuals got together and tried to find a way to combine music and drama. They wanted to return to the classical Greek and Roman idea of theatre, of declamation, but what they wanted to achieve with the music and this declamation was something more expressive, more powerful, and emotional. Inspired by these ideas, Monteverdi used the Greek myth of Orpheus and created one of the first examples of what was to become a new art form, opera. Orpheus himself is a singer, so of course his story fitted perfectly with the idea of having a completely sung drama. He uses his musical powers at the gates of Hades to bring his wife back from the dead. But before the story starts, there’s a prologue. Introducing his first character, the character named “music”, or the spirit of music if you l ike, perfectly shows this marriage of speech and music.There’s now real pulse in the music, it’s just free. Just a few chords, and yes, almost spoken words, recitativo, or in English, recit, that’s the shorthand we use. This sung speech was the revolutionary idea that created opera, telling a story and developing characters.In a different tempo… “Where have you come from? Where are you going?”Monteverdi successfully integrated this sung speech with songs dance and scenic effects to create a complete dramatic world. And it was unveiled in 1607 to a delighted audience in Mantua at carnival time.Part IV Oral PracticeRole Play: a dinnerDirections: You are an overseas student studying in China. Your Chinese friend invites you to his/ her home for dinner. During this visit, you found a lot of cultural differences between Chinese culture and the one you are from.Possible words from the host:—Help yourself.—Make yourself at home.—Have some more.As a foreign guest, you should try to include the following information in your talk.—the table manners and dining customs in your country—the cultural differences you have perceived since you come to ChinaEnrichment reading (略)。
智力外流(1)
• 总体而言，站在全球对比的角度来看，中国的移 民总量与移民率在世界上的地位截然相反，前者 位居移民来源国的前茅，后者则居于世界末尾； 高技能移民同样存在规模巨大，但技能移民率很 低的现实；中国高技能移民集中分布在美国等发 达国家。
我国智力外流的新特点
1
自费出国留学生成为总留学生人数中的主力军
2
一、基本现状 （1）出国留学热度不减，留学生回国人数开始增加
中国在改革开放30年中，出国留学人数达到162万人，出国留学人数年平均 增长25.8%，出国留学规模扩大了267。据统计，2009年全国回国人数为10.8 万人，同比增长56.2%。 中国在改革开放30年期间，中国出国留学生的人数除了在2004年有小幅度 下滑外，一直呈上升趋势。2002年开始，中国加入WTO和各个国家调整了对 中国留学签证制度等原因，出国留学人员也在急剧增多。我国留学人数每年以 10万人的数量递增。
留学生回国人数开始增加
3
出国人员呈现低龄化
一、积极影响
1、拉动政府对教育的投资，进而提高我国全民素质 2、为国家获取国际经济、技术信息提供重要通道
Байду номын сангаас
二、消极影响
1、我国转入以技术密集型产业为主的速度下降
2、我国财政支出的损失（财政教育支出）
3、对我国的产业分工不利? 4、对教育、科研存在“隐性入侵”
思考题：
•
内在的智力外流在发展中国家甚至比外在 的智力外流更普遍、更严重。从智力外流 的角度，谈谈外资企业对中国经济发展的 积极和消极影响？
积极影响：发展中国家可以充分利用外资并向国 外先进企业学习管理技能，这种内在的智力外流 肯定是必要的。再次，外资企业的本国员工把收 入主要用于国内消费，从而带动国内的经济发展。 消极影响这种内在的智力外流对发展中国家的影 响表现在其产出的损失上（他们更熟悉国内企业 和市场，从而帮助外资企业在竞争中击败国内企 业，占领市场，比如美国宝洁公司的产品近几年 来在洗涤用品的几个领域内的市场占有率一直都 是第一），而且培养一批潜在的智力外流者。许 多职工把外企工作看成一种能力、一种时尚和一 种追求，这种消极影响甚至比外在的智力外流还 要巨大。
论中国人才流失影响及原因
论中国人才流失的现状、影响及原因第四十一中学初三22班吴昱村【内容提要】随着经济全球化和技术革命的进一步拓展，市场竞争日益激烈。
在这场争夺的背后，人才的竞争又是重中之重。
面对海外各国的高福利、高待遇，我国高新人才不顾祖国伟大复兴任务，毅然迁居海外。
中国社会科学院发表了2007年全球政治与安全报告。
报告得出的结论之一是：“国际迁徙最大的负效应是人才流失，中国亦为此付出了高昂的代价”。
中国耗费大量教育资源培养出的高材生移民美国、新加坡、加拿大及欧洲发达国家，为其社会发展和经济进步贡献力量；但对于祖国来说，无论是经济还是资源来说，确实是一笔巨大的损失。
面对这一恶性循环，反思我国的国情、对科研人员的待遇、人们的认知等方面，分析人才外流的原因。
【关键词】人才流失，海外移民，基本国情，福利，科研经费，待遇【Summary】With economic globalization and technological revolution, the further expansion of an increasingly competitive market. Behind in this competition, competition for talent is top priority. Expansion of large multinational companies in the process of localization strategies implemented are qualified, they landed in China's first step is to dig people. Overseas countries face high welfare, hightreatment, high-tech talent of the great rejuvenation of the task is not Guzu Guo, decided to move to overseas. Develop educational resources in China spend a lot of immigrants out of the top students in the United States, Singapore, Canada and European countries, their social development and contribute to economic progress; but for the motherland, whether economic or resource, it is indeed a a great loss.【Key words】Brain drain, diaspora【正文】1.人才的定义21世纪，关于人才的定义又有了新的发展，人才是指那些具有良好的内在素质，能够在一定的条件下通过不断的取得创造性劳动成果，对社会的进步和发展产生了较大影响的人。
中国社会文化现象及其英译
中国社会文化现象及其英译自１９７８年中国实行改革开放，中国人在政治生活、经济生活、社会文化生活等方方面面都发生了巨大的变化。
对外开放和经济发展使许多新的社会文化现象纷纷出现，与之相应的新词也随之产生。
一、人才流动@铁饭碗“iron-rice bowl”, the job-for-life system，打破“铁饭碗”为改革中一个最大举措。
@跳槽job-hopping; jump the trough; seek a better trough; seek a better job，允许人才流动（talent flow）和人才交流（talent exchange）的政策使许多人离开不能很好施展自己才能的原单位，而转向一份既能发挥自己才能，收入也更好的工作。
@人才交流中心talent exchange center，与“跳槽”现象相适应而出现。
@人才竞争talent scramble; scramble for talents@人才外流brain drain，与之相对的是“人才流入”（brain gain）@“炒鱿鱼”（解雇）sack; disemploy; fire; give someone the axe 随着“铁饭碗”的打破和外资企业（foreign-invested enterprise）的建立而开始常见的现象。
@猎头公司Head Hunter，九十年代初在中国城市出现。
即通过特别的方法发现和向用人单位介绍人才并策动“跳槽”成功的产业公司，也称挖人公司。
与一般人才交流中心不同的是，猎头公司“猎”的是“头”，即层次较高，有特殊技能的管理或科技人才，帮助那些不愿或不能参加公开应聘、甚至没有“跳槽”愿望的中高层人才寻找安排新的从业位置。
不过，猎头公司并非中国产物，而是来自美国的泊来品。
世界上最早的猎头公司诞生于二次世界大战后的美国，因其特殊的挖掘人才的功能而备受青睐，很快流行到世界各地。
二、下海经商@下海这个词相对直译的译文为“ "jump into the sea" to risk one's fortune in business”，意译则有几种译文，如“start a business; do business; take to business; turn to business; conduct business; be in business”，该词原为旧词，如今被赋予新义，成了“经商”的代用词。
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中国人才外流(Brain Drain in China)
中国人才外流(Brain Drain in China)中国人才外流(Brain Drain in China) nowadays, one of the most serious problems china is faced with is brain drain. while shortages of talent trouble many universities and state-owned enterprises, millions of talented people either emigrate to developed countries or work for foreign companies. at the same time, a big crowd of well-educated people who are determined to follow their footsteps take toefl or gre as their passport to the west.
however, people see this phenomenon in different perspectives. some hold the opinion that china suffers a lot from brain drain. they argue, on the one hand, that brain drain considerably weakens our international competitiveness. on the other hand, they believe that the talent should serve their native country first.in contrast, others highlight the advantages of international exchange and cooperation. they claim that chinese youths should go abroad to study and gain more experience. what s more, the long-term benefits will outweigh losses we suffer now.
brain drain poses a challenge. china should go all out to
attract talented people in order to better compete in the world. for one thing, decent living and working conditions should be offered to specialists. for another, we have to better develop our economy, which is a sure bait for all kinds of talent.。