群鸟会议 英国诗人Chaucer
杰弗雷乔叟
乔叟是第一个突出地运用独白来塑造人物的作家，这种手法的绝妙之处在于不是由人物直接说出自己是什么 样的人，而是让他在独自中往往不知不觉地把自己的本质、性格戏剧性地暴露出来。比如，卖赎罪券教士的卑劣 主要不在于他说出了自己是如何贪婪与无耻，而更在于他对此津津乐道。他不是在悔罪，而是在宣扬。
乔叟不仅创造了戏剧性独白，而且为英国文学引进了许多其它文学体裁。《坎特伯雷故事》堪称文学体裁的 宝库。虽然乔叟的故事集里只有21个完整的故事和另外一些未完成的片段，它们却包括了当时欧洲的大多数文学 体裁，如骑士故事、市井故事、悲剧故事、喜剧故事、传奇、圣徒传、历史传说、宗教奇迹故事、动物寓言、宗 教寓意故事、布道词等等。乔叟把悲剧故事体裁引入英国文学尤其具有特殊意义。
英国浪漫主义文学有哪些代表人物
英国浪漫主义⽂学有哪些代表⼈物 所谓浪漫主义⽂学，是指在现实的基础上，以热情奔放的语⾔和丰富多彩的想象以及夸张直⽩的表现⼿法来抒发⾃我的⼈⽣理想和追求。
以下是店铺为你精⼼整理的英国浪漫主义⽂学的代表⼈物，希望你喜欢。
浪漫主义⽂学的代表⼈物 消极浪漫主义代表⼈物 诗⼈威廉?华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)(1770-1850)与萨缪尔?柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)(1772-1834)和罗伯特?骚塞(Robert Southey)(1774-1843)曾在英国西北部的昆布兰湖区居住，并在思想观点和创作理论上有不少相同之处，因此他们被称为“湖畔派”。
湖畔派三位诗⼈缅怀中世纪和宗法式的乡村⽣活，是浪漫主义⽂学中温婉清丽的代表。
这些诗⼈对法国⼤⾰命抱着⽭盾的态度，对资本主义的⼯业⽂明和城市⽂明表⽰厌恶，竭⼒讴歌的是宗法制的农村⽣活和⼤⾃然，喜欢描写神秘离奇的情景与异国风光。
华兹华斯是湖畔派诗⼈中成就最⾼者，他与“湖畔派”另⼀诗⼈柯勒律治共同出版《抒情歌谣集》，成为英国浪漫主义⽂学的奠基之作。
诗集中收录的诗歌⼤部分为华兹华斯所做，⽽柯勒律治的名诗《古⾈⼦咏》和《忽必烈汉》(《Kubla Khan》)亦收⼊其中，充满幻觉和奇谲的意象。
华兹华斯的诗歌描写湖光⼭⾊和⽥园⽣活，歌咏⼤⾃然的美，诗风淳朴，清新⾃然，被封为“桂冠诗⼈”。
然⽽华兹华斯这⼀时期最重要的作品则是长诗《序曲》。
骚塞的诗歌极富古之幽情，与世俗格格不⼊。
柯勒律治 萨缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772—1834)既是英国浪漫主义思潮的主要代表，同时也是重要的理论家和评论家。
他强调形象思维和想象⼒，认为想象⼒是诗⼈的最⾼品质，诗歌具有了想象⼒才有灵魂。
真正的诗⼈都有想象⼒，庸才只有幻想。
但是他不同意华兹华斯，认为⽥园⽣活产⽣不了好的语⾔。
柯勒律治的代表作是《古⾈⼦咏》，描写⼀位⽼⽔⼿的⼀次奇特航⾏经历。
Geoffrey Chaucer
《坎特伯雷故事集》特点
• 一、它展现了广阔的社会画面。香客来自社会各 个阶层：骑士、僧侣、学者、律师、商人、手工 业者、自耕农、磨坊主等。 • 二、它综合采用了中世纪的各种文学体裁，有骑 士传奇、圣徒传、布道文、寓言等。 • 三、总序和开场白中对人物的描写和故事本身饶 有趣味，充满幽默感。 • 四、语言带上了讲述人自身的特征，每人所讲的 故事都体现出讲述人的身份、趣味、爱好、职业 和生活经验。
5.《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》--乔叟对中世纪宫廷爱情文学 传统的继承与超越 Troilus and Criseyde:Chaucer and Courtly Love Tradition [四川师范大学学报（社会科学版） Journal of Sichuan Normal University(Social Sciences Edition)] 肖明翰 6.乔叟语言艺术中的讽刺幽默 Ironical Humor in Chaucer‘s Language Art [哈尔滨学院学报 Journal of Harbin University] 王欣 7. 乔叟的梦幻诗和欧洲中世纪梦幻文学传统 Chaucer's Dream Poetry and the Medieval Tradition of Dream Vision [外国文学研究 Foreign Literature Studies] 刘进 , Liu Jin 8.论乔叟人文主义思想的形成 The Evolving of Chaucer's Humanism [徐州师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版） Journal of Xuzhou Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)] 王莹章
乔叟
2、The Italian period
Chaucer’s journey to Italy in 1372 exerted a profound influence on his literary development by immersing him in the works of the great Italian writers as Dante(但丁),Petrarch(皮特 拉特),and Boccaccio(薄伽丘).The poet’s own creativity shows itself through borrowed themes.
ＣＲＩ
ＥＡＳＹ
ＦＭ
ＡＴＷ
ＨＯＳＴ: ＴＷＯ
摩天轮
“Ａ”
ＡＭＹ&ＡＲＩＡ
ＦＡＬＬ
ＦＡＬＬ
Geoffrey Chaucer
Born Died
c. 1343 London, England 25 October 1400 (aged 56–57)
Resting place
Occupation Language
. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the ―poet's corner‖
Westminster Abbey
Poets’ corner
1、The French period
During this period Chaucer was mainly under the influence of the French literature. His earliest work was the Roman of the Rose(玫瑰传 奇).And Chaucer was trying his hand to meter language and subject.
英国文学（上）
英国文学（上）Exercises:1. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal _Cletic____ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of ___Angles_ , __Saxons__ , and __Jutes___ who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part __Anglio___ , or England.2. For nearly __400__ years prior to the coming of the English , British had been a Roman province . In__410_, the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3. The literature of early period falls naturally into two divisions, __pagan_and __Christian__.4.__The song of Beowulf__ can be justly termed England‘s national epic and its hero _Beowulf___—one of the national heroes of the English people.5. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the _European Continent___ approximately at the beginning of the _6th___ century , when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the __ Scandinavian peninsula __ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes ,e.g. with the __Danes__who lived on the other side of the straits.6. Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention _Caedmon___ who lived in the half of the ___7th_ century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.7. __Caedmon__ is the first know religious poet of Engla nd . He is known as the father of English song.8. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by __Cynewulf__ .9. The most important work of __a__ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede10. Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?ca. Hrothgatb. Heorotc. Grendeld. Beowulf11. ___b_ is the first important religious poet in English literature.a. Gynewulfb. Caedmonc. Shakespeared. Adam Bede12. The epic , The Song of Beowulf ,represents the spirit of _d__.a. Monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistsd. pagan13. Define the literary terms listed below. 1). Alliteration 2). Epic14. Please give brief description of The Song of Beowulf.Exercise:1.In the year __1066__, at the battle of _ Hasting___, the ___Normans_ headed by William Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2. The literature with Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, __romantic__ tales of ___love_ and adventures, in marked contrast with the __strength__ and __somberness__ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3. English literature of Anglo-Norman period is also a combination of __French__ and _Saxon___ elements.4. Defines the literary terms listed below.(1) Anglo-Norman Romance (2) Middle EnglishExercise:1. In the 14th century, the two most important writers are __William Langland__ and Chaucer.2. In the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose name is __Sir Thomas Malory__ . He wrote an important work called Morte d’Arthur.3. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the ―__father of English poetry__‖ and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about the year 1340.4. Chaucer‘s masterpiece is _The Canterbury Tales__,one of the most works in all literature.5.The _general prologue__ provides a frame work for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.6. Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of _his time and his country___.7. The Canterbury Tales opens with a general “prologue”where we are told of a company of pilgrims that gathered at __Tabard__ Inn in Southwark ,a suburb of London.8. Chaucer believes in the right of man to __earthly__ happiness.9.The name of the ―jolly innkeeper‖ in The Canterbury Tales is __Harry Bailey__,who proposes that each pilgrim of the __30__ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.10.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of __St. Thomas Becket‘s __ at a place named Canterbury.11.Despite the enormous plan , The Canterbury Tales in fact contains a general ―prologue‖ and only _24__ tale , of which two are left unfinished.12.In contradistinction to the __alliterative__ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry , Chaucer chose the metrical from which laid the foundation of the English __T onico-syllabic___ verse.13. Who is the ― father of English poetry ‖ and one of the greatest narrative poets of English?bA . Christopher Marlow B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. W. ShakespeareD. Alfred the Great14. When he died, Chaucer was buried in _a___ the Poet‘s Corner.A．Westminster Abbey B. NormandyC. CanterburyD. Southwark15. Chaucer‘s earliest work of any le ngth is his __c__ a translation of the French ―Roman de la Rose‖, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14thcenturies throughout Europe.A. Troilus and CriseydeB. A Red Red RoseC. Romance of the RoseD. Piers the Plowman16. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named __b___ based on Boccaccio‘s poem ―Filostrato‖.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. Beowulf17. In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures. Which one is not true?dA. French literatureB. Italian literatureC. English literatureD. German literature18. There are various kinds of ballads _historical___, __legendary__, __fantanstical__, __lyrical__ and ___homorous__.19. In the numerous __border ballads__, the age-long strugglebetween the Scots and the English is reflected.20. Bishop __Thomas Perry__ was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads.21. Robin Hood, a __Saxon__ by birth, was an outlaw, a robber but he robbed only the rich and never molested the poor and needy.22. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland‘s ___Piers the Plowman__.23. Define the literary terms listed below. (1) Ballad (2) Heroiccouplet24. Comment on Geoffrey Chaucer and his The Canterbury Tales. Exercise:1. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of __feudal __ relation and the establishing of the foundations of __capitalism__.2. Because the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk , it was s time when , according to Thomas More , ―__shape devoured man__ ‖.3. __King Henry the VIII__ broke off with the Pope , dissolved all the monasteries and Abbeys in the country , confiscated their lands proclaimed himself head of __Church of England__.4. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of __Queen Elizabeth I__.5. Together with the development of bourgeois relationships andformation of the English national state this period is marked by a Flourishing of national culture known as the __Renaissance__.6.__Thomas More_wrote his _Utopia__in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people‘s sufferings and put forwards his ideal of a future happy society.7._Thomas Wyatt__was the first to introduce the Italian sonnet into English literature.8. Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _The Faire Queene___.9. Define the literary terms listed below. (1)renaissance (2)Spenserian StanzaExercise:1.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and __Macbeth___ are generally reg arded as Shakespea re‘s four great tragedies.2. During the 22 years of his literary work, Shakespeare produced __37__ plays, __2__ narrative poems and __154___ sonnets.3. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of ___Christopher Marlowe__‘s best pl ays.4. __Edmund Spenser__ is often referred to as ― the poet‘s poet‖.5. ―Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day‖ is one of _Shakespeare‘s___ best known sonnets.6. In the __Elizabethan__ Period, William Shakespeare is thegreatest writer of England.7. Define the literary terms listed below: Dramatic Irony8. Comment on William Shakespeare and The Merchant of Venice.9. Comment on William Shakespeare and Hamlet.Exercises:1.Pope described Francis Bacon as ― the _wisest__, _brightest__,__meanest_ of man kind‖.2. Ba con‘s works may be divided into three classes, the _philosophy__, the __professional_, the _literary__ works.3. The final edition of Bacon‘s essays contains __58_ essays.4. The 17th century was a period when _absolute monarchy__ impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the _bourgeoisie__ could no longer bear the sway of __landed nobility_.5. The government of James I was a __despotism_ based on the theory of the divine right of kings.6. There were religious division and confusion and a long bitter struggle between the people‘s Parliament and theThrone--- __Puritans_ fighting against the _Cavaliers__ who helped the king.7. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of __Oliver Cromwell_.8. After _Oliver Cromwell__‘s d eath, monarchy as again restored (1660). It was called the period of the Restoration____.9. The Glorious Revolution in _1688__ meant three things the supremacy of _Parliament__, the beginning of _modern England__, and the final triumph of the principle of _political liberty__.10. The Puritans believed in __simplicity_ of life.11. The Revolution Period is also called _the Puritan Age__, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.12. Define the literary term – Blank verse.13. The first thing to strike the reader is Donne‘s extraordinary _frankness__ and penetrating _realism__. The next is the _cynicism__ which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reaction from the extreme __idealism__ of woman encouraged by the Petrarchan tradition.14. Donne entered the church in 1615, where he rose rapidly to be Dean of _St Paul‘s Cathedral__, and the most famous preacher of his time.15. Milton‘s father was a __Puritan_, but not so harsh as most of the _Puritans__ of his day.16. Milton opposed the __Monarchic_ party and gave all his energies to the writing of __pamphlets_ dedicated to the people‘s liberties.17. Paradise Lost tells how __Satan_ rebelled against God and how _Adam__ and __Eve_ were driven out of Eden.18. Paradise Lost presents the author‘s view in an_allegorical__, _religious__ form.19. The poem Paradise Lost consists of _12__ books.20. Paradise Lost is based on the __Bibelical__ legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race --- __Adam_ and __Eve_ , and involves God and his eternal adversary _Santan__ in its plot.21. In Revolution period __John Milton__ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer over the Medieval period.22. During the civil war and the commonwealth, there were two leadersin England, Cromwell, the man of action, and _John Milton__ the man of thought.23. In 1637Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, ―__Lycidas_‖to memorize the tragic death of a Cam bridge friend.24. Milton wrote his masterpiece __Paradise Lost_ during his blindness.25. Comment on John Milton and his Paradise Lost.Exercise:1. Milton and Bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic since _Beowulf___, the other gave us the only great _allegry___.2. Bunyan‘s most important work is _Pilgrim‘s Progess___, writtenin the old-fashioned medieval form of __allegory__ and ___dream_.3. In The Pilgrim‘s Progress, the story begins with a man called __Christian__setting out with a book in his hand and a great load on his back from the city of __Destuction__.4. Christian has two objects,--- to get rid of his __bureden__, which holds the sins and fears of his life, and to make his way tothe __Celestial City_.5. John Bunyan gives a vivid and satirical description of __Vanity Fair__ which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.6. The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of _John Milton___, in the prose writing of __John Bunyan__, and also in the plays and literary criticism of ___John Dryden_.Exercise:1. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal _Whigs___, and the conservative __Tories__.2. Another feature of the 18th century was the rapid development of __social life__.3. The Enlighteners believed in the power of reason and therefore the 18th century is also called ―the age of _Reason___‖.4. The Enlightenment on the whole was an expression of struggle ofthe progressive class of _bourgeoisie__ against __feudalism__.5. The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the __viciousness__ of human nature, and prove that man is born ___kind_ and __honest__, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of _corrupted__ social environment.6. It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions: the reign of so-called __neo-classicism__, the revival of __romatic_poetry, and the beginnings of the ___modern novel__.7. The essays and stories of Addison and Steele devoted not only to social problems, but also to __private_ life_ and __adventures__.8. Pope was a man of extraordinary __wit__ and extensive __learning__, and his contemporaries considered him as the highest __authority__ in matters of literary art.9. The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel__Robinson Crusoe__.10. ___Alexander Pope_ is the leading figure of neo-classicism in the early period of the 18th century.11. Robinson Crusoe is largely an _adventure__ story, rather than the study of __human character__ which Defoe probably intended it to be.12. In The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, in a vein of grim _humor__ which recalls Swift‘s Modest Proposal Defoe advocatedhanging all dissenting ministers, and sending all member of the free churches into exile.13. The full name of Robinson Crusoe is __The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe__.14. The story of Robinson Crusoe itself is real enough to have come straight from a sailor‘s __logbook__.15. Robinson named __Friday__ to the saved savage.16. Define the literary term, Picaresque Novels.Exercise:1.The 18th century in English literature is an age of __Prose___.2.Swift is born of English parents in ___Dublin Ireland___.3.Swift was the most remarkable __satirist__ in the 18th centurywho criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic society of his age with out mercy.4. Jonathan Swift‘s masterpiece is __Gulliver‘s Travels__.5. Gulliver‘s adventures begins with __Liliputians__, who are sosmall that Gulliver is a giant among them.6. The country in Gulliver‘s Travels is __Houyhnhnms__, wherehorses are the real people and human beings , __Yahoos___ are their filthy servants.7. In the country of __Brobdingnag __, Gulliver is but pygmy.8. Gulliver‘s third voyage is occupied with a visit to the flying islandof __Laputa__.9. A Modest Proposal is made to __English__ government to relievethe poverty of _Irish___ people.10. The Tale of a Tub is a satire on the various __churches__ of the day.Exercise:1.Henry Fielding is the greatest novelist of the __18th__ century.2.Fielding‘s fir st novel , _Joseph Andrews___ was inspir ed by thesuccess of Richardson‘s novel Pamela.3. Fielding‘s later novels are ___Jonathon Wild___, the story of arogue , which suggests Defoe‘s narrati ve ; __The History of _Tom Jones_, a Foundling_(1749) his best work; and__Amelia____ (1751) , the story of a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband.4.In his works Fielding strongly criticizes __social relations__ in theContemporary England.5. Fielding hates that hypocrisy which tries to conceal itself under Amask of __morality__.6. The lack of __spirituality__ of the age finds the most ample expression in his page.7.To read Milton‘s __Il Penseroso__ and Gray‘s is to see thebeginning and the perfection of that ―literature of melancholy‖which largely Occupied English poets for more than a century.8. The author of the famous Elegy is the most scholarly andwell-balanced of all the early __romantic__ poets.9. Oliver Goldsmith was one of the most __versatile__ of author andmade distinguished contributions in several literary forms.10. Goldsmith was born in __Ireland__ , the son of an __Anglican__clergyman whose geniality he inherited and whose improvidence he imitated.11. As ___essayest_ ,Goldsmith is among the best of the century.12. As a __poet__ he makes the riming couples as natural and simple as his prose.13. The Deserted Village is a (n )__idylice__ story of the family of aclergy-man after they have lost their money and are living in poverty.14. Goldsmith‘s two comedies , The Good-natured Man and She Stoopsto Conquer met with opposition because the fashion wasthen for __sentimental__ comedy.15. The two plays by Sheridan and _Goldsmith___ are the only plays ofthe 18th century that have been kept alive upon the modem stage.16. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was, like Goldsmith ,a (n) _Irish__man.17. His famous comedy , _The Rivals__ , was written in histwenty-four year.18. Sheridan‘s famous comedy _The School of Scadal___, written in1777, is considered his masterpiece.19. Define the literary term, comedy of humors.20. Of all the romantic poets of the 18th century ,Blake is the mostindependent and the most _original___.21. For greater part of his life Blake was the poet of inspiration alone ,following no man‘ s __lead__ , obeying no voice but that which be heard in his own mystic __soul__.22. Beyond learning to __read__ and __write__, he received no education.23. His only formal education was in __art__.24. At 14, Blake apprenticed for seven years to a well-known __engraver__ , James Basire.25. After three years at Felpham ,Blake moved back to London , determined to follow his ―__Divine Vision___‖ though it meant a life of isolation , misunderstanding , and poverty.26. The underlying theme in Songs of Innocence is the all-pervading presence of divine and __sympathy__ , even in troubleand sorrow. 27.In 1790 Blake engraved his principal prose , ___The Marriage of Heaven and Hell_ , in which, with vigorous satire and telling apologue , he takes up his Revolutionary position.28. The__Songs of Experienc__ (1794) are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence.29. The brightness of the earlier work gives place to a sense of _gloom___ and mystery , and of the power of __evil__.30. In Jerusalem we have expounded Blake ?s theory of __Imagination__ .31. The greatest of __Scottish__ poets is Robert Burns.32. In 1786. when he was 27 years old ,Burns resolved to abandon the struggle and seek position in the far-off island of __Jamaica__.33.Burns wrote some __patriotic__ poems , in which he expressed his deep l ove for his motherlan d ,such as ―My Heart’s in the Highlands‖. 34. Burns‘ poetry bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the __Scottish__ common people.。
英国文学史知识点
英国文学史知识点 Revised by BETTY on December 25,2020一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims arepeople from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
2.4《致云雀》课件统编版高中语文必修上册
雪莱认为妻子的灵魂空泛又无聊，在哈丽艾特怀孕后竟抛下她 离家出走，哈丽艾特则在遭遇爱人背叛的绝望中投湖自尽。
诗人为什么创作云雀这一形象？请概括本诗的主旨。
云雀是诗人理想的自我形象的象征。诗人和云雀在许 多方面都很类似：追求光明，鄙弃地面（黑暗现实）， 向往理想的世界。
诗人运用浪漫主义的手法，热情赞美云雀美好的歌 声，抒发对欢乐、光明、自由和理想的深情向往，表现 了诗人的精神世界、美学理想和艺术追求。
后 会有
写作 背景
这首诗是1820年夏季一个黄昏，雪莱在莱杭郊野 漫步时听到云雀鸣叫有感而作。
当时黑暗恐怖正笼罩着整个英国社会，大规模的 圈地运动，严重的经济危机等使得人民处在水深火热 之中，百姓流离失所，暴政几乎压得人透不过气来， 因此人们对光明和幸福生活的渴盼非常迫切，而雪莱 的这首诗，在一定程度上反应了当时人们的这一迫切 愿望。
题目 解说
云雀，形似麻雀，以活泼悦耳的 鸣声著称，构巢于地又性喜高飞，常 从巢中一跃而起，直冲云霄，边飞边 叫，越飞越高。
云雀常被诗人选作赞美的对象。 在诗歌中，云雀是欢乐、光明、美丽 的象征。
层次 结构
全文分为四部分： 第一部分பைடு நூலகம்第1-2节）：总体描写云雀高飞欢唱的特点。
称赞云雀是"欢乐的精灵"。 第二部分（第3-7节）：具体描写云雀高飞欢唱的特点。 第三部分（第8-20节）：将云雀的美丽形象生动地展现
致云雀
鸟儿之情 诗人之志——读渥兹华斯的两首抒情诗
作者： 穆楠;陈蓓
作者机构： 不详
出版物刊名： 名作欣赏
页码： 41-42页
摘要：英国十九世纪最重要的浪漫主义诗人渥兹华斯,始终把"微贱的田园生活"当作萌发诗意的苗床;而在那芳香万种的苗圃里,天真的儿童、纯洁的鲜花,和欢快的飞鸟,最是他的钟情所在.《致花谷鸟》和《致云雀》,是他以飞鸟为题材的诗篇中比较著名的两首.《致布谷鸟》写于一八○二年三月.当时,诗人刚刚挣脱了一场剧烈的摩隋危机:九年前,雅各宾派的专政使他离开了法国革命,随之而起的战火更把他的理想和爱情完全隔绝在异乡.于是他隐居到恬静的湖区,借助自然的魅力来平复痛苦、陶冶情怀,从而也酿就了这些美妙的诗行.。
英国文学湖畔派三诗人
英国文学湖畔派三诗人
湖畔派诗人是英国早期浪漫主义的代表。
指居住在英国北部昆布兰湖区的三诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞结成的诗歌流派。
早年向往法国大革命，以后转向保守立场，主张恢复封建宗法制。
在文学上，共同反对古典主义传统，向往唯情论，歌颂大自然。
通过缅怀中古的淳朴来否定现实的城市文明。
1、罗伯特·骚塞（ROBERT SOUTHEY，1774-1843年），英国作家，湖畔派诗人之一。
“消极浪漫主义”诗人，他曾一度激进，后反对法国革命，于1813年被国王封为桂冠诗人。
作为早期的浪漫主义者，在他的带领下，民谣体诗得以复兴。
他尝试使用无韵的不规则诗句，是十九世纪和二十世纪自由诗体运动的先行者。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge，1772-1834年），英国诗人和评论家，他一生是在贫病交困和鸦片成瘾的阴影下度过的，诗歌作品相对较少。
尽管存在这些不利因素，柯勒律治还是坚持创作，确立了其在幻想浪漫诗歌方面的主要浪漫派诗人地位。
3、华兹华斯（William Wordsworth，1770-1850年），英国浪漫主义诗人，曾当上桂冠诗人。
其诗歌理论动摇了英国古典主义诗学的统治，有力地推动了英国诗歌的革新和浪漫主义运动的发展。
他是文艺复兴运动以来最重要的英语诗人之一，其诗句“朴素生活，高尚思考（plain living and high thinking）”被作
为牛津大学基布尔学院的格言。
英国维多利亚时代名人诗歌
英国维多利亚时代名人诗歌英国维多利亚时代是指1837年至1901年，维多利亚女王在位期间的时代。
这一时期在英国文学史上具有重要的地位，涌现了许多优秀的诗人和作品。
以下将介绍几位维多利亚时代的著名诗人及其代表作品。
首先介绍的是艾尔弗雷德·丁尼生（Alfred Tennyson）。
他被誉为英国维多利亚时代最伟大的诗人之一，作品情感丰富，饱含深度。
他的名作《乌鸦》（The Raven）描绘了一只乌鸦的形象，寓意诗人对生活的悲观态度。
《锁履人》（The Lady of Shalott）则是他最具代表性的作品之一，描写了一个困居在城堡中的女子的生活，通过女主角的视角展现了对外界的渴望和追求自由的愿望。
接下来是罗伯特·布朗宁（Robert Browning）。
他的作品风格独特，注重写实和心理描写。
其中最著名的作品包括《卡斯托勒桥上的千步人》（The Pied Piper of Hamelin）和《我的最后的世界》（My Last Duchess）。
《卡斯托勒桥上的千步人》描绘了一个神秘的笛手诱走小镇上的孩子们的故事，寓意着人性的贪欲和无法抗拒的诱惑。
《我的最后的世界》则通过一位贵族男子的视角，揭示了男性权力和控制的阴暗面，让人深思。
还有伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁（Elizabeth Barrett Browning）。
她以她的爱情诗而闻名，最著名的作品是《葬礼赞歌》（The Funeral Sonnets）。
这是一组由44首构成的诗集，通过表达对逝去亲人的思念和痛苦，展现了作者的深情和才华。
此外，还有克里斯蒂娜·罗塞蒂（Christina Rossetti）。
她的作品以清新的感觉和宗教主题著称。
《寻径》（Goblin Market）是她最著名的作品之一，讲述了两个姐妹面对妖精市场的诱惑与冲突的故事，寓意着诱惑与纯洁的对抗。
维多利亚时代的诗歌作品丰富多样，不仅有以上几位诗人的经典之作，还有很多其他才华横溢的诗人和作品。
湖畔诗人名词解释
湖畔诗人（The Lake Poets），是指十九世纪英国浪漫主义运动中较早产生的一个流派。
他们的诗作中的词句赞美大自然的湖光山色、抒发缠绵的爱情、歌颂纯真的友谊，多带有清新自然、青春亮丽、富有哲理的特点。
也指20世纪初中国新诗的一个与前者有着一定相似性的诗派湖畔诗人是指汪静之、应修人、潘漠华、冯雪峰四人，是中国20年代新诗一团体。
他们于1921年左右开始写诗，1922年春在杭州西子湖畔成立湖畔诗社，1922年4月出版诗歌合集《湖畔》，同年五月出版汪静之的个人诗集《蕙的风》，后1927年出版《寂寞的国》。
1923年出版诗歌集《春的歌集》。
他们的作品以抒情短诗为主，内容多为歌唱大自然的清新美丽和赞美友情、爱情的纯真，表现了新文学运动初期刚刚挣脱封建礼教束缚的青少年对美好自然的向往和幸福爱情的憧憬，展现了五四新人的青春人格与气质，独具一种单纯、清新、质朴的美。
朱自清称他们是真正专心致志作情诗的年轻人，爱情诗是他们对于中国诗歌的主要贡献。
他们诗中的真纯的自我抒情主人公形象是五四个性解放精神的另一表现形式。
湖畔派后有魏金枝、谢旦如（谵如）、楼建南（适夷）等人加入，编辑出版刊物《支那二月》。
受周作人所翻译的日本短歌、俳句和郑振铎所译介的泰戈尔《飞鸟集》影响，冰心、宗白华、徐玉诺、何植三等人的小诗也曾风行一时。
其中，冰心的《繁星》、《春水》两集和宗白华的《流云小诗》影响较大。
稍后于"湖畔诗人"出现的浅草-沉钟社成员之一冯至，是现代诗坛的又一重要抒情诗人。
他的诗采取半格律体诗的形式，具有一种整饬、节制的美。
其诗意象明净简约，于平易淡泊之中蕴含激情，并富于哲理性。
20年代他即以《昨日之歌》一集获得了鲁迅给予的"中国最为杰出的抒情诗人"的评价。
40年代，他更进一步探索诗艺，写出了更具开创意义的《十四行集》。
英国流派流派简介华兹华斯湖畔派诗人是英国早期浪漫主义的代表。
指居住在英国北部昆布兰湖区的三诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞结成的诗歌流派。
九年级上册语文外国诗知识点
九年级上册语文外国诗知识点外国诗两首知识点：作者简介济慈(1795-1821)，英国浪漫主义诗人，出身卑微，少年即成孤儿，生活贫困，做过医生助理。
自幼喜爱文学。
1817年出版第一部诗集《诗歌》，其中有名篇《蝈蝈与蛐蛐》，从此斩露头角。
他在短促的一生中留下不少著名的诗篇，如颂诗中的《夜莺颂》《希腊古瓮颂》《秋颂》《忧郁颂》，十四行诗《白天逝去了》等。
他的诗想象丰富，绚丽多彩，诗中有画，色彩感和立体感强，具有一种永恒的美，一如温柔、清丽而又梦幻般恬静的月光，洋溢着进步的自由精神和人类的崇高理想。
他主张诗人以"美的梦幻""自由的想象"进行创作，表现"永恒的美的世界"。
他的诗对英国维多利亚时代的诗人、后来的唯美派诗人以及20世纪的意象派诗人都有很大影响。
诗人25岁宏才初展时，就不幸与世长辞。
他留下的墓志铭是："这里安息着一个把名字写在水上的人。
"外国诗两首知识点：诗歌主旨全诗分为前后对应的两部分，分别以"大地的诗歌从来不会灭亡"和"大地的诗歌呀，从来没有停息"开头，点明主旨;又分别描绘盛夏"蛔蝈的乐音"和冬天"蛐蛐的歌儿"，并通过联想使二者巧妙地联系起来，生动地表现了"大地的.诗歌从来不会死亡"的主题。
这首诗仅仅勾勒了夏、冬两幅小景，而没有描绘春、秋两季的景色;仅仅描写了蝈蝈、蛐蛐这两种昆虫的鸣唱，而没有去写大地上其他百鸟千虫的歌唱。
但它所表现的却是大自然一年四季"歌声"不断的景象，歌颂了大自然周而复始、生命不息的永恒美。
全诗讴歌大自然的无限美好、无限生机，着墨不多却能以少胜多，富有内涵，给人以广阔的想象空间，角度新颖独到，构思颇具匠心。
外国诗两首知识点：诗歌主题美好的诗歌是动人心弦的，因为它是生命的歌吟。
英国湖畔派诗人的理论主张与历史意义
英国湖畔派诗人的理论主张与历史意义
（1）英国湖畔派诗人
英国湖畔派诗人是指19世纪英国浪漫主义运动中较早产生的一个流派。
主要代表人物有华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。
由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，先后在格拉斯米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人”之称。
在文学上，他们共同反对古典主义传统，向往唯情论，通过缅怀中古的淳朴来否定现实的城市文明。
（2）英国湖畔派诗人的理论主张
《抒情歌谣集·序言》是湖畔派诗人的理论主张。
在序言里谈到：
①关于诗歌题材，主张从宫廷转向民间，从城市转向乡村湖畔，写普通人民的日常生活；
②关于诗歌语言，主张采用人民大众的语言，做到通俗易懂，节奏上应与口语音调一致；
③关于诗的本质，提出“诗是强烈感情的自然流露”，强调诗人的真情实感。
（3）英国湖畔派诗人的历史意义
湖畔派的理论和实践结束了英国古典主义诗学的统治，对英国诗歌的改革和发展起了很大作用，有力地推动了英国诗歌的革新和浪漫主义运动的发展，因而英美评论家将华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集序》称为英国浪漫主义的宣言。
但是他们否定诗歌的社会作用，美化中世纪的田园生活，提倡唯心主义、唯灵主义、神秘主义，把“听天由命”
看成是人的“天性的永恒部分”，拜伦和雪莱对此进行过激烈的批评。
英国诗人T·S·艾略特生平简介
英国诗人T·S·艾略特生平简介托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特(通称T·S·艾略特)，英国诗人、剧作家和文学批评家，诗歌现代派运动领袖。
出生于美国密苏里州的圣路易斯。
代表作品有《荒原》、《四个四重奏》等。
下面是店铺为大家整理的英国诗人T·S·艾略特生平简介，希望大家喜欢!T·S·艾略特简介T·S·艾略特是一位著名的诗人、剧作家和文学批判家，是诗歌现代派运动领袖。
T·S·艾略特1888年出生于美国密苏里州的圣路易斯。
T·S·艾略特在1948年获得了诺贝尔文学家，可见他的成就很高。
艾略特的祖父是一位牧师，他曾经担任了大学的校长，父亲是经商的，母亲是一位诗人，写过很过宗教诗歌。
艾略特曾经在哈佛大学学习哲学和比较文学，还接触了梵文和东方文化，对黑格尔派的哲学也十分有兴趣，曾经受到了法国象征主义文学的影响。
1914年，艾略特认识了美国著名的诗人庞德。
在第一次世界大战爆发之后，他就来到英国，并定居在了伦敦，先后做过银行职员和教师等职业。
1922年，T·S·艾略特创办了文学评论季刊《标准》，担任了主编，一直到1939年才辞去。
艾略特认为自己在政治上是保皇党，文学上是古典主义者。
在1922年T·S·艾略特所发表的《荒原》为他赢得了国际名誉，并被评论界看作是二十世纪最具有影响力的一部诗作，也被认为是英美现代诗歌的里程碑。
1927年，艾略特加入了英国国籍，成为了英国人。
1943年艾略特结集出版的《四个四重奏》使他获得了1948年度诺贝尔文学奖，同时也确立了当时在世的最伟大英语诗人和作家的地位。
T·S·艾略特晚年致力于诗剧创作，1965年艾略特在伦敦逝世，享年77岁。
T·S·艾略特的成就1916年4月，艾略特完成了博士论文，但因为他拒绝回国而失去了学位。
第一首记录情人节的英国诗歌
第一首记录情人节的英国诗歌
《鸟儿之声》是一首长诗，描绘了一场鸟儿们在情人节之夜聚
集在一起，为了选择自己的伴侣而进行的会议。
诗中描述了各种不
同种类的鸟儿，它们各自表达了对自己心仪对象的爱慕之情。
这首
诗歌中的情人节被视为鸟儿们庆祝爱情的日子，也被认为是人类情
人节的起源之一。
以下是《鸟儿之声》中的一段诗句，用现代英语翻译：
"For this was on seynt Valentynes day,。
Whan every foul cometh ther to chese his make."
这段诗句的意思是，“因为这是圣瓦伦丁节，每只鸟都来这里
选择自己的伴侣。
”。
这首诗歌被认为是英国文学史上最早提到情人节的作品之一，
它为情人节赋予了浪漫和庆祝爱情的意义。
从那时起，情人节在英
国逐渐成为了一种庆祝爱情的传统，人们会互赠贺卡、花束和礼物，表达对彼此的爱意。
这首诗歌不仅记录了情人节的起源，也展示了乔叟作为英国文学巨匠的才华。
它在英国文学史上具有重要的地位，为后来的诗人们提供了灵感和启发。
乔叟梦境诗《众鸟之会》的法语文学传统
乔叟梦境诗《众鸟之会》的法语文学传统胡世仪【期刊名称】《海外英语(上)》【年(卷),期】2015(000)009【摘要】As the father of English Literature,the importance of Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is self-evident. Chaucer’s dream poetries have long been ignored by the academic while they’re of greater significance. Most scholars tend to regard Chaucer’s dream poetry as his practice writing and imitation works. But in fact, imitation is the trend of medieval literature. The Parliament of fowls is Chaucer’s first perfected mature work. It has been influenced by various literature tradition from its genre, theme and sources, especially the French tradition. Many elements in the Parliament of Fowls are derived from French love vision literature. Inheriting from the French literature tradition, Chaucer realized his own creativity and mixed the borrowing and originality to a per⁃fect degree.%乔叟作为英国文学之父，其作《坎特伯雷故事集》的重要性已不言而喻，而乔叟的梦境诗作数量和分量都更重于前者，却鲜为人们关注。
雪莱三大颂
雪莱三大颂雪莱三大颂珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792年8月4日—1822年7月8日），英国著名作家、浪漫主义诗人，被认为是历史上最出色的英语诗人之一。
英国浪漫主义民主诗人、第一位社会主义诗人、小说家、哲学家、散文随笔和政论作家、改革家、柏拉图主义者和理想主义者，受空想社会主义思想影响颇深。
雪莱生于英格兰萨塞克斯郡霍舍姆附近的沃恩汉，12岁进入伊顿公学，1810年进入牛津大学，1811年3月25日由于散发《无神论的必然》，入学不足一年就被牛津大学开除。
1813年11月完成叙事长诗《麦布女王》，1818年至1819年完成了两部重要的长诗《解放了的普罗米修斯》和《倩契》，以及其不朽的名作《西风颂》。
1822年7月8日逝世。
恩格斯称他是“天才预言家”。
1792年8月4日，佩西·比希·雪莱生于英国苏塞克斯郡霍舍姆附近的菲尔德·普莱斯一个世袭从男爵的家庭中。
父母思想都陈腐庸俗，雪莱自幼与父母不亲，后有四妹及一弟。
雪莱六岁时即被每日送往一教士处学拉丁文。
1800年，作讽刺诗《一只猫咪》，此为雪莱诗全集中所载雪莱最早的一首诗作。
1802年，入萨昂学校（Sion House Academy），该校在勃兰特福德（Brentford）附近。
1804年，雪莱被送到伊顿贵族学校，并在此度过了六年的中学生活。
伊顿公学在当时有一些在现代社会看来粗俗野蛮的规矩，比如，低年级学生就是高年级学生的“学仆”或奴隶。
每个“学仆”要替他的“宗主”铺床叠被，刷衣刷鞋，如不服从，均要接受处罚。
但身体瘦弱的雪莱却以他的激烈反抗的形式表示了他的不予服从，以至得了一个“疯子”的外号雪莱在该校近六年，处境极坏。
他在萨昂学校时即受同学辈欺侮，至伊顿更甚。
只有一个比他年幼的同学豪立戴（W.S.Halliday）同他友善，据豪立戴回忆，雪莱在伊顿确实备受贵族子弟同学辈欺凌；但雪莱学业优良，视作业和考试如同儿戏，尤其拉丁诗艺出众超群。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
"Ever would it be night, but always clear day to any man's sight."曾经陷入黑暗但对每个人来说又宛若白昼PF 1 The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne,PF 2 Th' assay so hard, so sharp the conquerynge,PF 3 The dredful joye alwey that slit so yerne:PF 4 Al this mene I by Love, that my felyngePF 5 Astonyeth with his wonderful werkyngePF 6 So sore, iwis, that whan I on hym thynkePF 7 Nat wot I wel wher that I flete or synke.PF 8 For al be that I knowe nat Love in dede,PF 9 Ne wot how that he quiteth folk here hyre,PF 10 Yit happeth me ful ofte in bokes reedePF 11 Of his myrakles and his crewel yre.PF 12 There rede I wel he wol be lord and syre;PF 13 I dar nat seyn, his strokes been so sore,PF 14 But "God save swich a lord!" -- I can na moore.PF 15 Of usage -- what for lust and what for lore --PF 16 On bokes rede I ofte, as I yow tolde.PF 17 But wherfore that I speke al this? Nat yoorePF 18 Agon it happede me for to beholdePF 19 Upon a bok, was write with lettres olde,PF 20 And therupon, a certeyn thing to lerne,PF 21 The longe day ful faste I redde and yerne.PF 22 For out of olde feldes, as men seyth,PF 23 Cometh al this newe corn from yer to yere,PF 24 And out of olde bokes, in good feyth,PF 25 Cometh al this newe science that men lere.PF 26 But now to purpos as of this matere:PF 27 To rede forth hit gan me so delitePF 28 That al that day me thoughte but a lyte.PF 29 This bok of which I make menciounPF 30 Entitled was al ther, as I shal telle:PF 31 "Tullyus of the Drem of Scipioun."PF 32 Chapitres sevene it hadde, of hevene and hellePF 33 And erthe, and soules that therinne dwelle,PF 34 Of whiche, as shortly as I can it trete,PF 35 Of his sentence I wol yow seyn the greete.PF 36 Fyrst telleth it, whan Scipion was comePF 37 In Affrike, how he meteth Massynisse,PF 38 That hym for joie in armes hath inome;PF 39 Thanne telleth [it] here speche and al the blyssePF 40 That was betwix hem til the day gan mysse,PF 41 And how his auncestre, Affrycan so deere,PF 42 Gan in his slep that nyght to hym apere.PF 43 Thanne telleth it that, from a sterry place,PF 44 How Affrycan hath hym Cartage shewed,PF 45 And warnede hym beforn of al his grace,PF 46 And seyde hym what man, lered other lewed,PF 47 That lovede commune profyt, wel ithewed,PF 48 He shulde into a blysful place wendePF 49 There as joye is that last withouten ende.PF 50 Thanne axede he if folk that here been dedePF 51 Han lyf and dwellynge in another place.PF 52 And Affrican seyde, "Ye, withouten drede,"PF 53 And that oure present worldes lyves spacePF 54 Nis but a maner deth, what wey we trace;PF 55 And rightful folk shul gon, after they dye,PF 56 To hevene; and shewede hym the Galaxye.PF 57 Thanne shewede he hym the lytel erthe that here is, PF 58 At regard of the hevenes quantite;PF 59 And after shewede he hym the nyne speres;PF 60 And after that the melodye herde hePF 61 That cometh of thilke speres thryes thre,PF 62 That welle is of musik and melodyePF 63 In this world here, and cause of armonye.PF 64 Than bad he hym, syn erthe was so lyte,PF 65 And dissevable and ful of harde grace,PF 66 That he ne shulde hym in the world delyte.PF 67 Thanne tolde he hym, in certeyn yeres spacePF 68 That every sterre shulde come into his placePF 69 Ther it was first, and al shulde out of myndePF 70 That in this world is don of al mankynde.PF 71 Thanne preyede hym Scipion to telle hym alPF 72 The wey to come into that hevene blisse.PF 73 And he seyde, "Know thyself first immortal,PF 74 And loke ay besyly thow werche and wyssePF 75 To commune profit, and thow shalt not myssePF 76 To comen swiftly to that place deerePF 77 That ful of blysse is and of soules cleere.PF 78 "But brekers of the lawe, soth to seyne,PF 79 And likerous folk, after that they ben dede,PF 80 Shul whirle aboute th' erthe alwey in peyne,PF 81 Tyl many a world be passed, out of drede,PF 82 And than, foryeven al hir wikked dede,PF 83 Than shul they come into that blysful place,PF 84 To which to comen God the sende his grace."PF 85 The day gan faylen, and the derke nyght,PF 86 That reveth bestes from here besynesse,PF 87 Berafte me my bok for lak of lyght,PF 88 And to my bed I gan me for to dresse,PF 89 Fulfyld of thought and busy hevynesse;PF 90 For bothe I hadde thyng which that I nolde,PF 91 And ek I ne hadde that thyng that I wolde.PF 92 But fynally my spirit at the laste,PF 93 For wery of my labour al the day,PF 94 Tok reste, that made me to slepe faste;PF 95 And in my slep I mette, as that I lay,PF 96 How Affrican, ryght in the selve arayPF 97 That Scipion hym say byfore that tyde,PF 98 Was come and stod right at my beddes syde.PF 99 The wery huntere, slepynge in his bed,PF 100 To wode ayeyn his mynde goth anon;PF 101 The juge dremeth how his plees been sped;PF 102 The cartere dremeth how his cart is gon;PF 103 The riche, of gold; the knyght fyght with his fon; PF 104 The syke met he drynketh of the tonne;PF 105 The lovere met he hath his lady wonne.PF 106 Can I not seyn if that the cause werePF 107 For I hadde red of Affrican byfornPF 108 That made me to mete that he stod there;PF 109 But thus seyde he: "Thow hast the so wel bornPF 110 In lokynge of myn olde bok totorn,PF 111 Of which Macrobye roughte nat a lyte,PF 112 That sumdel of thy labour wolde I quyte."PF 113 Cytherea, thow blysful lady swete,PF 114 That with thy fyrbrond dauntest whom the lestPF 115 And madest me this sweven for to mete,PF 116 Be thow myn helpe in this, for thow mayst best! PF 117 As wisly as I sey the north-north-west,PF 118 Whan I began my sweven for to write,PF 119 So yif me myght to ryme, and endyte!PF 120 This forseyde Affrican me hente anonPF 121 And forth with hym unto a gate broughte,PF 122 Ryght of a park walled with grene ston;PF 123 And over the gate, with lettres large iwroughte, PF 124 There were vers iwriten, as me thoughte,PF 125 On eyther half, of ful gret difference,PF 126 Of which I shal yow seyn the pleyn sentence:PF 127 "Thorgh me men gon into that blysful placePF 128 Of hertes hele and dedly woundes cure;PF 129 Thorgh me men gon unto the welle of grace,PF 130 There grene and lusty May shal evere endure. PF 131 This is the wey to al good aventure.PF 132 Be glad, thow redere, and thy sorwe of-caste; PF 133 Al open am I -- passe in, and sped thee faste!" PF 134 "Thorgh me men gon," than spak that other side, PF 135 "Unto the mortal strokes of the sperePF 136 Of which Disdayn and Daunger is the gyde,PF 137 Ther nevere tre shal fruyt ne leves bere.PF 138 This strem yow ledeth to the sorweful werePF 139 There as the fish in prysoun is al drye;PF 140 Th' eschewing is only the remedye!"PF 141 These vers of gold and blak iwriten were,PF 142 Of whiche I gan astoned to beholde.PF 143 For with that oon encresede ay my ferePF 144 And with that other gan myn herte bolde;PF 145 That oon me hette, that other dide me colde; PF 146 No wit hadde I, for errour, for to chesePF 147 To entre or flen, or me to save or lese.PF 148 Right as betwixen adamauntes twoPF 149 Of evene myght, a pece of yren setPF 150 Ne hath no myght to meve to ne fro --PF 151 For what that oon may hale, that other let -- PF 152 Ferde I, that nyste whether me was betPF 153 To entre or leve, til Affrycan, my gide,PF 154 Me hente and shof in at the gates wide,PF 155 And seyde, "It stondeth writen in thy face,PF 156 Thyn errour, though thow telle it not to me; PF 157 But dred the not to come into this place,PF 158 For this writyng nys nothyng ment bi the,PF 159 Ne by non but he Loves servaunt be:PF 160 For thow of love hast lost thy tast, I gesse, PF 161 As sek man hath of swete and bytternesse.PF 162 "But natheles, although that thow be dul,PF 163 Yit that thow canst not do, yit mayst thow se. PF 164 For many a man that may nat stonde a pulPF 165 Yet liketh hym at wrastlyng for to be,PF 166 And demen yit wher he do bet or he.PF 167 And if thow haddest connyng for t' endite,PF 168 I shal the shewe mater of to wryte."PF 169 With that myn hand in his he tok anon,PF 170 Of which I confort caughte, and wente in faste. PF 171 But, Lord, so I was glad and wel begoon!PF 172 For overal where that I myne eyen castePF 173 Were trees clad with leves that ay shal laste,PF 174 Ech in his kynde, of colour fresh and greene PF 175 As emeraude, that joye was to seene.PF 176 The byldere ok, and ek the hardy asshe;PF 177 The piler elm, the cofre unto carayne;PF 178 The boxtre pipere, holm to whippes lashe;PF 179 The saylynge fyr; the cipresse, deth to playne; PF 180 The shetere ew; the asp for shaftes pleyne;PF 181 The olyve of pes, and eke the dronke vyne;PF 182 The victor palm, the laurer to devyne.PF 183 A gardyn saw I ful of blosmy bowesPF 184 Upon a ryver, in a grene mede,PF 185 There as swetnesse everemore inow is,PF 186 With floures white, blewe, yelwe, and rede,PF 187 And colde welle-stremes, nothyng dede,PF 188 That swymmen ful of smale fishes lighte,PF 189 With fynnes rede and skales sylver bryghte.PF 190 On every bow the bryddes herde I synge,PF 191 With voys of aungel in here armonye;PF 192 Some besyede hem here bryddes forth to brynge; PF 193 The litel conyes to here pley gonne hye;PF 194 And ferther al aboute I gan aspyePF 195 The dredful ro, the buk, the hert and hynde, PF 196 Squyrels, and bestes smale of gentil kynde.PF 197 Of instruments of strenges in acordPF 198 Herde I so pleye a ravyshyng swetnesse,PF 199 That God, that makere is of al and lord,PF 200 Ne herde nevere beter, as I gesse.PF 201 Therwith a wynd, unnethe it myghte be lesse, PF 202 Made in the leves grene a noyse softePF 203 Acordaunt to the foules song alofte.PF 204 Th' air of that place so attempre wasPF 205 That nevere was grevaunce of hot ne cold.PF 206 There wex ek every holsom spice and gras;PF 207 No man may there waxe sek ne old;PF 208 Yit was there joye more a thousandfoldPF 209 Than man can telle; ne nevere wolde it nyghte, PF 210 But ay cler day to any mannes syghte.PF 211 Under a tre, besyde a welle, I sayPF 212 Cupide, oure lord, his arwes forge and file; PF 213 And at his fet his bowe al redy lay;PF 214 And Wille, his doughter, temprede al this while PF 215 The hevedes in the welle, and with hire wile PF 216 She couchede hem, after they shulde servePF 217 Some for to sle, and some to wounde and kerve.PF 218 Tho was I war of Plesaunce anon-ryght,PF 219 And of Aray, and Lust, and Curteysie,PF 220 And of the Craft that can and hath the myghtPF 221 To don by force a wyght to don folye --PF 222 Disfigurat was she, I nyl nat lye;PF 223 And by hymself, under an ok, I gesse,PF 224 Saw I Delyt, that stod with Gentilesse.PF 225 I saw Beute withouten any atyr,PF 226 And Youthe, ful of game and jolyte;PF 227 Foolhardynesse, Flaterye, and Desyr,PF 228 Messagerye, and Meede, and other thre --PF 229 Here names shul not here be told for me --PF 230 And upon pilers greete of jasper longePF 231 I saw a temple of bras ifounded stronge.PF 232 Aboute the temple daunsedyn alweyPF 233 Women inowe, of whiche some ther weerePF 234 Fayre of hemself, and some of hem were gay;PF 235 In kertels, al dishevele, wente they there:PF 236 That was here offyce alwey, yer by yeere.PF 237 And on the temple, of dowves white and fayrePF 238 Saw I syttynge many an hundred peyre.PF 239 Byfore the temple-dore ful soberlyPF 240 Dame Pees sat, with a curtyn in hire hond,PF 241 And by hire syde, wonder discretly,PF 242 Dame Pacience syttynge there I fond,PF 243 With face pale, upon an hil of sond;PF 244 And aldernext, withinne and ek withoute,PF 245 Byheste and Art, and of here folk a route.PF 246 Withinne the temple, of sykes hoote as fyrPF 247 I herde a swogh that gan aboute renne,PF 248 Whiche sikes were engendered with desyr,PF 249 That maden every auter for to brennePF 250 Of newe flaume; and wel espyed I thennePF 251 That al the cause of sorwes that they dryePF 252 Cam of the bittere goddesse Jelosye.PF 253 The god Priapus saw I, as I wente,PF 254 Withinne the temple in sovereyn place stonde,PF 255 In swich aray as whan the asse hym shentePF 256 With cri by nighte, and with hys sceptre in honde. PF 257 Ful besyly men gonne assaye and fondePF 258 Upon his hed to sette, of sondry hewe,PF 259 Garlondes ful of freshe floures newe.PF 260 And in a prive corner in disportPF 261 Fond I Venus and hire porter Richesse,PF 262 That was ful noble and hautayn of hyre port -- PF 263 Derk was that place, but afterward lightnesse PF 264 I saw a lyte, unnethe it myghte be lesse -- PF 265 And on a bed of gold she lay to reste,PF 266 Til that the hote sonne gan to weste.PF 267 Hyre gilte heres with a golden thredPF 268 Ibounden were, untressed as she lay,PF 269 And naked from the brest unto the hedPF 270 Men myghte hire sen; and, sothly for to say, PF 271 The remenaunt was wel kevered to my pay,PF 272 Ryght with a subtyl coverchef of Valence -- PF 273 Ther was no thikkere cloth of no defense.PF 274 The place yaf a thousand savours sote,PF 275 And Bachus, god of wyn, sat hire besyde,PF 276 And Ceres next, that doth of hunger boote,PF 277 And, as I seyde, amyddes lay Cypride,PF 278 To whom on knees two yonge folk ther crydePF 279 To ben here helpe. But thus I let hire lye, PF 280 And ferther in the temple I gan espiePF 281 That, in dispit of Dyane the chaste,PF 282 Ful many a bowe ibroke heng on the walPF 283 Of maydenes swiche as gonne here tymes waste PF 284 In hyre servyse; and peynted overalPF 285 Ful many a story, of which I touche shalPF 286 A fewe, as of Calyxte and Athalante,PF 287 And many a mayde of which the name I wante. PF 288 Semyramis, Candace, and Hercules,PF 289 Biblis, Dido, Thisbe, and Piramus,PF 290 Tristram, Isaude, Paris, and Achilles,PF 291 Eleyne, Cleopatre, and Troylus,PF 292 Silla, and ek the moder of Romulus:PF 293 Alle these were peynted on that other syde, PF 294 And al here love, and in what plyt they dyde. PF 295 Whan I was come ayeyn into the placePF 296 That I of spak, that was so sote and grene, PF 297 Forth welk I tho myselven to solace.PF 298 Tho was I war wher that ther sat a queenePF 299 That, as of lyght the somer sonne shenePF 300 Passeth the sterre, right so over mesurePF 301 She fayrer was than any creature.PF 302 And in a launde, upon an hil of floures,PF 303 Was set this noble goddesse Nature.PF 304 Of braunches were here halles and here boures PF 305 Iwrought after here cast and here mesure;PF 306 Ne there nas foul that cometh of engendrurePF 307 That they ne were prest in here presencePF 308 To take hire dom and yeve hire audyence.PF 309 For this was on Seynt Valentynes day,PF 310 Whan every foul cometh there to chese his make, PF 311 Of every kynde that men thynke may,PF 312 And that so huge a noyse gan they makePF 313 That erthe, and eyr, and tre, and every lakePF 314 So ful was that unethe was there spacePF 315 For me to stonde, so ful was al the place.PF 316 And right as Aleyn, in the Pleynt of Kynde,PF 317 Devyseth Nature of aray and face,PF 318 In swich aray men myghte hire there fynde.PF 319 This noble emperesse, ful of grace,PF 320 Bad every foul to take his owne place,PF 321 As they were woned alwey fro yer to yeere,PF 322 Seynt Valentynes day, to stonden theere.PF 323 That is to seyn, the foules of ravynePF 324 Weere hyest set, and thanne the foules smalePF 325 That eten, as hem Nature wolde enclyne,PF 326 As worm or thyng of which I telle no tale;PF 327 And water-foul sat lowest in the dale;PF 328 But foul that lyveth by sed sat on the grene,PF 329 And that so fele that wonder was to sene.PF 330 There myghte men the royal egle fynde,PF 331 That with his sharpe lok perseth the sonne,PF 332 And othere egles of a lowere kynde,PF 333 Of whiche that clerkes wel devyse conne.PF 334 Ther was the tiraunt with his fetheres donnePF 335 And grey -- I mene the goshauk that doth pynePF 336 To bryddes for his outrageous ravyne.PF 337 The gentyl faucoun, that with his feet distrayneth PF 338 The kynges hand; the hardy sperhauk eke,PF 339 The quayles foo; the merlioun, that paynethPF 340 Hymself ful ofte the larke for to seke;PF 341 There was the douve with hire yen meke;PF 342 The jelous swan, ayens his deth that syngeth.PF 343 The oule ek, that of deth the bode bryngeth.PF 344 The crane, the geaunt, with his trompes soun;PF 345 The thef, the chough; and ek the janglynge pye; PF 346 The skornynge jay; the eles fo, heroun;PF 347 The false lapwynge, ful of trecherye;PF 348 The stare, that the conseyl can bewrye;PF 349 The tame ruddok, and the coward kyte;PF 350 The kok, that orloge is of thorpes lyte;PF 351 The sparwe, Venus sone; the nyghtyngale,PF 352 That clepeth forth the grene leves newe;PF 353 The swalwe, mortherere of the foules smalePF 354 That maken hony of floures freshe of hewe;PF 355 The wedded turtil, with hire herte trewe;PF 356 The pekok, with his aungels fetheres bryghte; PF 357 The fesaunt, skornere of the cok by nyghte;PF 358 The waker goos; the cukkow ever unkynde;PF 359 The popynjay, ful of delicasye;PF 360 The drake, stroyere of his owene kynde;PF 361 The stork, the wrekere of avouterye;PF 362 The hote cormeraunt of glotenye;PF 363 The raven wys; the crowe with vois of care;PF 364 The throstil old; the frosty feldefare.PF 365 What shulde I seyn? Of foules every kyndePF 366 That in this world han fetheres and staturePF 367 Men myghten in that place assembled fyndePF 368 Byfore the noble goddesse Nature,PF 369 And ech of hem dide his besy curePF 370 Benygnely to chese or for to take,PF 371 By hire acord, his formel or his make.PF 372 But to the poynt: Nature held on hire hondPF 373 A formel egle, of shap the gentillestePF 374 That evere she among hire werkes fond,PF 375 The moste benygne and the goodlieste.PF 376 In hire was everi vertu at his reste,PF 377 So ferforth that Nature hireself hadde blysse PF 378 To loke on hire, and ofte hire bek to kysse. PF 379 Nature, the vicaire of the almyghty Lord,PF 380 That hot, cold, hevy, lyght, moyst, and dreye PF 381 Hath knyt by evene noumbres of acord,PF 382 In esy voys began to speke and seye,PF 383 "Foules, tak hed of my sentence, I preye,PF 384 And for youre ese, in fortheryng of youre nede, PF 385 As faste as I may speke, I wol yow speede.PF 386 "Ye knowe wel how, Seynt Valentynes day,PF 387 By my statut and thorgh my governaunce,PF 388 Ye come for to cheese -- and fle youre wey -- PF 389 Youre makes, as I prike yow with plesaunce;PF 390 But natheles, my ryghtful ordenauncePF 391 May I nat lete for al this world to wynne,PF 392 That he that most is worthi shal begynne.PF 393 "The tersel egle, as that ye knowe wel,PF 394 The foul royal, above yow in degre,PF 395 The wyse and worthi, secre, trewe as stel,PF 396 Which I have formed, as ye may wel se,PF 397 In every part as it best liketh me --PF 398 It nedeth not his shap yow to devyse --PF 399 He shal first chese and speken in his gyse.PF 400 "And after hym by ordre shul ye chese,PF 401 After youre kynde, everich as yow lyketh,PF 402 And, as youre hap is, shul ye wynne or lese.PF 403 But which of yow that love most entriketh,PF 404 God sende hym hire that sorest for hym syketh!"PF 405 And therwithal the tersel gan she calle,PF 406 And seyde, "My sone, the choys is to the falle.PF 407 "But natheles, in this condiciounPF 408 Mot be the choys of everich that is heere,PF 409 That she agre to his eleccioun,PF 410 Whoso he be that shulde be hire feere.PF 411 This is oure usage alwey, fro yer to yeere,PF 412 And whoso may at this tyme have his gracePF 413 In blisful tyme he cam into this place!"PF 414 With hed enclyned and with humble cheerePF 415 This royal tersel spak, and tariede noght:PF 416 "Unto my soverayn lady, and not my fere,PF 417 I chese, and chese with wil, and herte, and thought, PF 418 The formel on youre hond, so wel iwrought,PF 419 Whos I am al, and evere wol hire serve,PF 420 Do what hire lest, to do me lyve or sterve;PF 421 "Besekynge hire of merci and of grace,PF 422 As she that is my lady sovereyne;PF 423 Or let me deye present in this place.PF 424 For certes, longe may I nat lyve in payne,PF 425 For in myn herte is korven every veyne.PF 426 Havynge reward only to my trouthe,PF 427 My deere herte, have on my wo som routhe.PF 428 "And if that I be founde to hyre untrewe,PF 429 Disobeysaunt, or wilful necligent,PF 430 Avauntour, or in proces love a newe,PF 431 I preye to yow this be my jugement:PF 432 That with these foules I be al torent,PF 433 That ilke day that evere she me fyndePF 434 To hir untrewe, or in my gilt unkynde.PF 435 "And syn that non loveth hire so wel as I,PF 436 Al be she nevere of love me behette,PF 437 Thanne oughte she be myn thourgh hire mercy,PF 438 For other bond can I non on hire knette.PF 439 Ne nevere for no wo ne shal I lettePF 440 To serven hire, how fer so that she wende;PF 441 Say what yow list, my tale is at an ende."PF 442 Ryght as the freshe, rede rose newePF 443 Ayeyn the somer sonne coloured is,PF 444 Ryght so for shame al wexen gan the hewePF 445 Of this formel, whan she herde al this;PF 446 She neyther answerde wel, ne seyde amys,PF 447 So sore abasht was she, tyl that NaturePF 448 Seyde, "Doughter, drede yow nought, I yow assure." PF 449 Another tersel egle spak anon,PF 450 Of lower kynde, and seyde, "That shal nat be!PF 451 I love hire bet than ye don, by Seint John,PF 452 Or at the leste I love hire as wel as ye,PF 453 And lenger have served hire in my degre;PF 454 And if she shulde have loved for long lovynge,PF 455 To me allone hadde be the guerdonynge.PF 456 "I dar ek seyn, if she me fynde fals,PF 457 Unkynde, janglere, or rebel any wyse,PF 458 Or jelous, do me hangen by the hals!PF 459 And, but I bere me in hire servysePF 460 As wel as that my wit can me suffyse,PF 461 From poynt in poynt, hyre honour for to save,PF 462 Take she my lif and al the good I have!"PF 463 The thridde tercel egle answerde tho,PF 464 "Now, sires, ye seen the lytel leyser heere;PF 465 For every foul cryeth out to ben agoPF 466 Forth with his make, or with his lady deere;PF 467 And ek Nature hireself ne wol not heere,PF 468 For taryinge here, not half that I wolde seye;PF 469 And but I speke, I mot for sorwe deye.PF 470 "Of long servyse avaunte I me nothing;PF 471 But as possible is me to deye to-dayPF 472 For wo as he that hath ben languysshyngPF 473 This twenty wynter, and wel happen may;PF 474 A man may serven bet and more to payPF 475 In half a yer, although it were no moore,PF 476 Than som man doth that hath served ful yoore.PF 477 "I seye not this by me, for I ne canPF 478 Don no servyse that may my lady plese;PF 479 But I dar seyn, I am hire treweste manPF 480 As to my dom, and faynest wolde hire ese.PF 481 At shorte wordes, til that deth me sesePF 482 I wol ben heres, whether I wake or wynke,PF 483 And trewe in al that herte may bethynke."PF 484 Of al my lyf, syn that day I was born,PF 485 So gentil ple in love or other thyngPF 486 Ne herde nevere no man me beforn --PF 487 Who that hadde leyser and connyngPF 488 For to reherse hire chere and hire spekyng;PF 489 And from the morwe gan this speche lastePF 490 Tyl dounward went the sonne wonder faste.PF 491 The noyse of foules for to ben delyveredPF 492 So loude rong, "Have don, and lat us wende!"PF 493 That wel wende I the wode hadde al to-shyvered. PF 494 "Com of!" they criede, "allas, ye wol us shende! PF 495 Whan shal youre cursede pletynge have an ende?PF 496 How sholde a juge eyther parti levePF 497 For ye or nay withouten any preve?"PF 498 The goos, the cokkow, and the doke alsoPF 499 So cryede, "Kek kek! kokkow! quek quek!" hye,PF 500 That thourgh myne eres the noyse wente tho.PF 501 The goos seyde, "Al this nys not worth a flye!PF 502 But I can shape herof a remedie,PF 503 And I wol seye my verdit fayre and swythePF 504 For water-foul, whoso be wroth or blythe!"PF 505 "And I for worm-foul," seyde the fol kokkow,PF 506 "For I wol of myn owene autorite,PF 507 For comune spede, take on the charge now,PF 508 For to delyvere us is gret charite."PF 509 "Ye may abyde a while yit, parde!"PF 510 Quod the turtel, "If it be youre willePF 511 A wight may speke, hym were as fayr be stylle.PF 512 "I am a sed-foul, oon the unworthieste,PF 513 That wot I wel, and litel of connynge.PF 514 But bet is that a wyghtes tonge restePF 515 Than entermeten hym of such doinge,PF 516 Of which he neyther rede can ne synge;PF 517 And whoso hit doth ful foule hymself acloyeth,PF 518 For office uncommytted ofte anoyeth."PF 519 Nature, which that alwey hadde an erePF 520 To murmur of the lewednesse behynde,PF 521 With facound voys seyde, "Hold youre tonges there! PF 522 And I shal sone, I hope, a conseyl fyndePF 523 Yow to delyvere, and fro this noyse unbynde:PF 524 I juge, of every folk men shul oon callePF 525 To seyn the verdit for yow foules alle."PF 526 Assented were to this conclusiounPF 527 The briddes alle; and foules of ravynePF 528 Han chosen fyrst, by pleyn eleccioun,PF 529 The tercelet of the faucoun to diffynePF 530 Al here sentence, and as him lest, termyne;PF 531 And to Nature hym gonne to presente,PF 532 And she accepteth hym with glad entente.PF 533 The terslet seyde thanne in this manere:PF 534 "Ful hard were it to preve by resounPF 535 Who loveth best this gentil formel heere;PF 536 For everych hath swich replicaciounPF 537 That non by skilles may be brought adoun.PF 538 I can not se that argumentes avayle:PF 539 Thanne semeth it there moste be batayle."PF 540 "Al redy!" quod these egles tercels tho.PF 541 "Nay, sires," quod he, "if that I durste it seye, PF 542 Ye don me wrong, my tale is not ido!PF 543 For, sires -- ne taketh not agref I preye --PF 544 It may not gon as ye wolde in this weye;PF 545 Oure is the voys that han the charge in honde,PF 546 And to the juges dom ye moten stonde.PF 547 "And therfore pes! I seye, as to my wit,PF 548 Me wolde thynke how that the worthiestePF 549 Of knyghthod, and lengest had used it,PF 550 Most of estat, of blod the gentilleste,PF 551 Were sittyngest for hire, if that hir leste;PF 552 And of these thre she wot hireself, I trowe,PF 553 Which that he be, for it is light to knowe."PF 554 The water-foules han here hedes leidPF 555 Togedere, and of a short avysement,PF 556 Whan everych hadde his large golee seyd,PF 557 They seyden sothly, al by oon assent,PF 558 How that the goos, with here facounde gent,PF 559 "That so desyreth to pronounce oure nede,PF 560 Shal telle oure tale," and preyede "God hire spede!" PF 561 And for these water-foules tho beganPF 562 The goos to speke, and in hire kakelyngePF 563 She seyde, "Pes! Now tak kep every man,PF 564 And herkeneth which a resoun I shal forth brynge! PF 565 My wit is sharp; I love no taryinge;PF 566 I seye I rede hym, though he were my brother,PF 567 But she wol love hym, lat hym love another!"PF 568 "Lo, here a parfit resoun of a goos!"PF 569 Quod the sperhauk; "Nevere mot she thee!。