英语语言学概论第三章习题及答案

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【自学考试】江苏省自考英语语言学概论(27037)填空题与选择题题库及中文翻译最新

第一章绪论填空题或选择题1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.一个符号由两个部分组成：一个具体的形式和它所表达的意思。

2.By saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form ispronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..当说语言是任意的，我们指我们不能合理地解释为什么这个音以这种形式而不是以那种形式发音。

并且为什么以这种形式而不是以那种形式来表明某种特殊的意义。

3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaninglesslevel.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。

4.Human languages have such design features asproductivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人类语言具有以下的甄别性特征：能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。

nguage is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’sactual speech or writing .语言是一种体系，因为每种语言都是由一套规则组成的，这些规则表明了人们的真正语言或书面形式。

《英语语言学概论》题与答案

ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]?A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]?A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affix?A. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of English?A. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In the phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonyms?A. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographs?A. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonyms?A. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrow can be readas______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates the maxim of ______.X: When is Su san’s farewell party?Y: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in the sense relation? ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others? ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymy?A. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms betweenthe two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds andletters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageare called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of itsmeaning.7.A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition ofaffixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts ofwords, e.g. –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes. 10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.21.The two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they areknown as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory insemantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked thestudent” belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the category of the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) 12.In the history of any language the writing system always came into beingbefore the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in aparticular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply incontext.( F ) 22.Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to betrue.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.请浏览后下载，资料供参考，期待您的好评与关注！。

语言学概论试题及答案三

语言学概论试题及答案三：一、名词解释1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的,叫历时语言学.2、语言——语言是一种社会现象,是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具.就语言本身的结构来说,语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统.3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式,词这样的符号是声音和好处相结合的统一体.任何符号都是由声音和好处两方面构成的.4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置,其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列,这一层又分为若干级,第一级是语素,第二级是由语素构成的词,第三级是由词构成的句子.5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系.所谓“社会”,就是指生活在一个共同的地域中,说同一种语言,有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体.语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面,语言在人们的使用中能够有不一样的变异、不一样的风格.二、填空1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描述语言学三个学派.2、历史比较语言学是在xx世纪逐步发展和完善的,它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志.3、人的大脑分左右两半球,大脑的左半球控制语言活动,右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维.4、一个符号,如果没有好处,就失去了存在的必要,如果没有声音,我们就无法感知,符号也就失去了存在的物质基础.5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的好处,完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成.6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点.7、语言的底层是一套音位,上层是符号和符号的序列,能够分为若干级,第一级是语素,第二级是词,第三级是句子.8、语言系统中的所有符号,既能够同别的符号组合,又能够被别的符号替换,符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合.9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系,聚合是指符号在性质上的归类.三、决定正误（正确的打钩,错误的打叉）1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具.（×）2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言,这说明语言是有阶级性的.（×）3、在现代社会,文字比语言更加重要.（×）4、现代社会,沟通的方式很多,语言的重要性日渐削弱.（×）5、语言是思维的工具,没有语言,人类就无法思维.（√）6、语言和思维互相依存,共同发展.（√）7、任何一种符号,都是由资料和好处两个方面构成的.（×）8、从本质上看,语言其实是一种符号系统.（√）9、人类选择语音而不是色彩、手势作为语言符号的形式,是因为语音比较好听.（×）10、语言符号的约定俗成是指语音形式和好处资料的结合是社会成员共同约定认同的.（√）四、问答题1、语言的作用是什么？同社会有什么样的联系？语言是表达思想、进行交际的工具,是人类最重要的交际工具.语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系.所谓“社会”,就是指生活一个共同的地域中,说同一种语言,有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体,即一般所说的部落、部旅和民族.每一个社会都务必有自我的语言,因为,语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素.人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持.有了语言,生活在社会中的人才能共同生产、共同生活、共同斗争,协调在同自然力的斗争中,在生产物质资料的斗争中的共同行动.没有语言,人与人之间的联系就会中断,社会就会解体.语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的,共同的,但在人们的使用中能够有不一样的变异、不一样的风格.2、怎样理解语言是一种特殊的社会现象？语言有没有阶级性？为什么？答：语言是一种特殊的社会现象,是人类最重要的交际工具.这首先能够从语音与语义的结合关系以及世界语言的多样性来加以说明.语言都是由语音和语义结合而成的,但相同的好处,在不一样的语言中就能用不一样的声音来表达；在同一语言中也有用相同的声音来表达不一样的好处的情形；可见,语音与语义怎样结合成特定的语言成分决定于必须社会群众的意志,决定于“约定俗成”的社会习惯.其次,从语言与社会相互依存的关系中也能够说明语言是社会现象.一方面,语言依存于社会,语言是随着人类社会的产生而产生的,只有人类才有语言.另一方面,社会不能没有语言,语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志.作为交际工具的语言是全民的,没有阶级性.第一,从语言的创造者和语言的服务对象来看,语言是在许多时代中为全民所创造出来和丰富起来的.人类出现时语言就同时产生了,那时的人类社会不分阶级,语言只能是全民所创造并为全民服务的.第二,从语言本身的状况来看,不一样阶级可能创造并运用一些自我的专门的词和语,构成所谓阶级习惯语,但是阶级习惯语并不就是语言,它没有自我的语法结构和基本词汇.3、什么是语言符号的任意性？从哪些地方看出来语言具有任意性？答：语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的音与义的结合是任意的,由社会约定俗成.不一样语言能够用不一样的音来表示相同的事物（如汉语的“sh ū”和英语的“book”）,也能够用相同的、类似的音来表示不一样的事物（如：汉语的“哀”和英语的“I”）.这些都是符号任意性的表现.4、语言是自然现象还是社会现象？为什么？答：语言是社会现象,它不是自然现象,也不是个人现象.①语言是社会现象和人类社会有着十分紧密的联系,语言随社会的产生而产生,随社会的发展而发展,随社会的分化统一而分化统一,可见,语言绝不是自然现象.②从语言的音义关系能够看出语言不是自然现象,而是由必须的社会集团约定俗成的；如果语言是自然现象,是天生的,世界上的语言就就应是一样的,如果没有区别,而实际上世界上不但有各种各样的语言,还有众多的方言.5、什么是组合关系？什么是聚合关系？它们对于语言运用有什么样的好处？答：语言符号中每个符号都处在既能够和别的符号组合,又能够被别的符号替换这样两种关系中.符号和符号组合起来的关系称为符号的组合关系.语言符号的组合方式处于一个前后相续的链条状,在链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的符号具有某种相同的作用,它的自然地聚集成群,它的彼此的关系叫做聚合关系.组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系.不但语言符号（词、语素）处在这两种关系之中,而且构造符号的音位和好处也都处在这两种关系之中.组合关系和聚合关系是组成语言系统的一个纲,是我们观察、分析、归纳错综复杂的语言现象的一把总钥匙.6、语言符号的系统性体此刻哪些方面？答：语言符号不是互不相干的一盘散沙,而是有组织、有条理的系统.语言符号的系统性体此刻语言是一种分层装置,这种装置靠组合和替换来运转.语言的底层是一套音位,上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列,这一层又分若干级.第一级是语素,第二级是由语素构成的词,第三级是由词构成的句子.词和句子都是符号的序列.语言这个分层装置的运转是组合和替换,即符号的组合关系和聚合关系.第三章：语音一、名词解释1、音素：是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位.2、元音：发音时气流不受阻的音叫元音,如汉语拼音方案中的字母a、e、o、i、u、ü.3、辅音：发音时气流受阻的音叫辅音,汉语拼音方案字母中除a、e、o、i、u、ü之外的其它字母代表的音属于辅音.4、自由变体：音位的自由变体就是能出此刻同样的语言环境之中而不能区别好处的两个或两个以上的音.5、发音部位：指发辅音时气流受阻的部位.二、填空1、语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节,分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性.2、语音同其它声音一样,也具有音高、音重、音长和音质四个要素.3、人类的发音器官可分为动力（肺）、发音体（声带）、共鸣腔（口、鼻、咽腔）三大部分.4、在发音器官中,唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的,叫做主动发音器官.5、根据发音特点,音素能够分为元音和辅音两类,例如汉语音节中的声母,主要就是由辅音充当的.6、每个元音的音质是由舌位的高低、前后、嘴唇的圆展三个方面的因素决定的.三、单项选择题解题说明：每题只有一个答案是正确的,请将正确答案的题号填入括号内.1、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（C）.A、元音B、辅音C、音素D、音位2、汉语拼音方案是以（C）字母为基础制订的.A、英语B、法语C、拉丁D、希腊3、汉语拼音中的ü、c、h,国际音标分别写作（B）.A、u c hB、y ts‘ xC、u ch hD、x y k4、下列说法,（A）是正确的.A、音高具有区别好处的作用B、妇女的声带比男子要厚C、汉语中音长具有区别好处的作用D、汉语“天”、“空”两个音节的音高不一样5、下列说法,只有（D）正确.A、振幅越大,声音就越弱B、振幅越大,声音就越长C、频率越多,声音就越低D、频率越多,声音就越高6、对发音器官功能的描述,（B）是正确的.A、声带在发音中的作用是次要的B、舌头的活动,起了调节共鸣器形状的作用C、口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭D、声带、舌头等是被动发音器官7、关于元音和辅音的区别的描述,（C）是正确的.A、元音发音时光短暂,辅音发音时光较长B、辅音发音响亮,元音发音不响亮C、发辅音气流受阻,发元音气流不受阻D、发元音和辅音发音器官的各个部位均衡紧张8、下列汉语拼音和国际音标对应正确的一组是（C）.A、ē—[e]B、j—[y]C、h—[x]D、b—9、下列发音方法完全相同的一组辅音是（D）.A、[t]—[d]B、—[p]C、[s]—[z]D、[t]—[k]10、下列各组元音区别的描述,（A）是错误的.A、i和y的区别是舌位前后不一样B、u和o的区别是舌位高低不一样C、a和ā的区别是舌位前后不一样D、i和a的区别是舌位高低不一样11、下列各组辅音,区别特征为清浊对立的一组是（D）.A、[x]—[h]B、[t]—[k]C、[s]—[f]D、[z]—[s]12、下列说法,（A）是正确的.A、音位具有区别好处的作用B、音素具有区别好处的作用C、声母具有区别好处的作用D、韵母具有区别好处的作用xx、我们在念“老虎”时,通常要把“老”念成阳平,这种变化叫做（B）.A、同化B、异化C、弱化D、脱落四、分析题1、根据发音特点描述,在下图中用相应的国际音标标出来（6分,每小题1分）①舌面后半低圆唇元音；②舌面前半高不圆唇元音；③舌面前低不圆唇元音；④舌面后半高圆唇元音；⑤舌面前高圆唇元音；⑥舌面后半高不圆唇元音.2、分析下列辅音的发音特点①[k]舌面后,清,不送气,塞音②[x]舌面后,清擦音③双唇,浊,塞音④[ts‘]舌尖后,清,送气,塞擦音3、说明下方各组音素的区别特征①[p]—[p‘]不送气—送气②[s]—[z]清—浊③[tc]—[tc‘]不送气—送气④[y]—圆唇—不圆唇4、用严式国际音标给下方的汉字注音（声调不作要求）.①我们的生活充满阳光[wo][men][te][seh][xuo][tson][man][jah][kuh]②用心参加网上学习[tGi][tGi][ts’an][tGia][wah][sah][Güe][Gi]六、问答题1、听别人说话,在没有看见人的状况下,为什么我们能听出是男子说话还是妇女说话？是大人说话还是小孩说话来呢？请结合语音知识加以说明.答：这是由于男子和妇女、大人和儿童的音高不一样造成的.音高就是声音的高低,它取决于音波的频率.频率大声音就高,频率小声音就低.语音的高低和人的声带的长短、厚薄松紧有关.一般说来,妇女和儿童的声带短而薄,所以说话时声音高一些,男子的声带长而厚,所以说话的声音低一些.这样,我们就根据声音的高低能够在没有看见人的状况下,听出是男子还是女子,是大人还是小孩说话了.2、音高在汉语中具有区别好处的作用,请举例说明.答：汉语的声调有区别词的语音形式的作用.它是由音的高低变化表现出来的.同一个音节,声调不一样,词或语素的语音形式就不一样,因而好处也不一样.例如：“妈、麻、马、骂”的音音、辅音和它的组合的顺序是一样的,都是/ma/,只是由于音高变化不一样才使它们成为语音形式不一样,好处迥异的四个语音单位.可见音高变化产生了调位的不一样,有区别好处的作用.3、举例说明什么是对立？什么是互补？答：音素如果有区别词的语音形式的作用,在汉语中是对立的,人们会把它们认为是完全不一样的两个语音单位,叫音素的对立.例如：不送气的[p]和送气的[p‘],在汉语里有区别词的语音形式的作用,比方“标”[piau]和[p‘iau]“飘”在语音上的不一样仅仅在于前者是不送气的[p],后者是送气的[p‘],但却构成了完全不一样的两个语素.音素如果仅仅是在出现的位置和环境互相补充,彼此处于互补的关系,而不是对立的关系,即它们没有区别词的语音形式的作用,叫音素的互补.如汉语中“哀”、“安”、“啊”、“熬”、“昂”五个词的语音形式用汉语拼音方案写为：ai、an、a、ao、ang,如果仔细比较,“哀”、“安”中的a是前[a],“啊”中的a是中[a],“熬”、“昂”中的a是后[a],这三个音位的a由于没有区别词的语音形式的作用,只是在音节中的位置不一样,构成音素的互补关系.4、汉语音节ban、da、guang中的a,是三个不一样的音素,但却是一个音位,为什么？答：这是因为bau、da、guang中的三个[a]、[A]、[a]是处于互补关系中的相似音素,它们彼此不对立,即不起区别词的语音形式的作用,我们能够把它们归并为一个音位.这种处于互补关系中的各个音素被看成同一个音位在不一样位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不一样的变异形式,语音学上称为音位变体.那里的[a]、[A]、[a]三个音位变体的出现条件是前后有无无音、辅音这种语言环境的制约,叫做音位的条件变体.。

语言学概论课后参考答案 Charpter3-4 杨厦门大学

Keys to Linguistics of Xiamen UniversityCharpter 33.1.11. A word is characterized with the following four features: (1) A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal organs. (2) A word is symbolic, i.e. it stands for something else, such as objects, happenings or ideas. (3) A word is part of the large communication system we call language. (4) Words help human beings to interact culturally with one another.2. The relation between the sound or sound combination of a word and its meaning is almost always arbitrary. There is no logical relationship between the sound or the combination of sounds which stands for an entity (including a thing, a happening or an idea) and the entity itself. On the one hand, the same sound may stand for different entities in different languages. On the other hand, the same meaning can be represented by different sound of combination of sounds.3. Apart from the conceptual meaning (also called "denotative", "logical" or "cognitive" meaning),a word normally has various associated meanings, including the connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning. We can turn to the dictionary for its conceptual meaning. As for its various associated meanings, however, we have to relate the word with its context, including the linguistic context as well as the context of situation and the context of culture.3.1.21. In (prep.) practice (n.), writers (n.) on (prep.) style (n.) have (primary v.) differed (full v.) a (det.) great (adj.) deal (n.) in (prep.) their (pron.) understanding (n.) of (prep.) the (det.) subject (n.), and (conj.) one (num.) source (n.) of (prep.) disagreement (n.) has (primary v.) been (full v.) the (det.) question (n.) "To (prep.) what (pron.) or whom (pron.) do (primary v.) we (pron.) attribute (full v.) style (n.)? In (prep.) the (det.) broadest (adj.) sense (n.), STYLE (n.) can (modal v.) be (primary v.) applied (full v.) to (prep.) both (adv.) spoken (adj.) and (conj.) written (adj.), both (adv.) literary (adj.) and (conj.) non-literary (adj.) varieties (n.) of (prep.) language (n.); but (conj.) by (prep.) tradition (n.), it (pron.) is (full v.) particularly (adv.) associated (full v.) with (prep.) written (adj.) literary (adj.) texts (n.), and (conj.) this (pron.) is (full v.) the (det.) sense (n.) of (prep.) the (det.) term (n.) which (pron.) will (modal v.) concern (full v.) us (pron.).2. No. These two categories of words have different distribution in speech and writing. Lexical words denote objects, happenings, ideas and their attributes, features, and/or manners, thus relating the words with entities existing outside the text. Grammatical words, instead, denote certain grammatical meanings, thus relating one element within the text with another. In speech there are more grammatical words, while in writing there are more lexical words. Moreover, the more formal the style is, the more lexical words there are.3. Open-class words refer to those classes of words to which we can add new words. In English, nouns, notional verbs, adjectives and adverbs belong to this category. Such words normally convey certain semantic contents and thus are also called "content words". Closed-class words refer to those classes to which new words can hardly be added. In English, closed-class words include pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, relatives, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs and the linking verb"to be". Their roles in the linguistic system are partly or wholly grammatical and thus are also called "grammatical words".3.2.11. 1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship2. 1) 3: geo- + -graph + -y 2) 4: inter- +nation + -al + -ly 3) 2: forget + -(t)en4) 1: Washington 5) 2: inform + -ation 6) 4: industry (i) + -al +-iz(e) + -ation7) 3: pre- + dominat(e) + -ant 8) 2: pre- + conscious3. The plural s has 5 morphologically-conditioned allomorphs: (1) -(e)s, as in "cats", "matches"; (2) -(r)en: as in "oxen", "children"; (3) -e-: as in "men", "women"; (4) -ee-, as in "feet", "teeth"; and (5) zero, as in "sheep", "deer".3.2.21. 1) inspire: into 2) intransigent: not 3) insufficient: not 4) insert: into5) insoluble: not 6) intact: not 7) impenetrable: not 8) immutable: not9) illicit: not 10) irretrievable: not2. 1) prince - princess 2) emperor - empress 3) waiter - waitress 4) Paul –Paula 5) fiancé - fiancée 6) hero - heroine 7) king - queen8) ox - cow9) wolf - she-wolf 10) doctor- woman doctor3. 1) operation - operations 2) responsibility - responsibilities3) proposal - proposals 4) modernize - modernization5) beautify - beautifies 6) activate - activates7) funny - funnier 8) friendly - friendlier3.3.11. Inflection refers to the process of adding an affix to a word or changing it in some other way according to the grammatical rules of the language. English inflections are used to express certain grammatical meanings: the plural morpheme {s} to change the noun into the plural-number form, the generative-case morpheme {'s} to indicate the relation of possession, the feminine-gender morpheme {ess} to change the masculine noun into its corresponding feminine-gender form, the third-person singular {s} to change the verb into the third-person singular form, the -ing participle {ing} to change the verb into the -ing participle, the past-form morpheme {ed} to change the verb into the past-tense form, the past-participle morpheme {ed} to change the verb into the -ing participle, the comparative {er} to change an adjective into the comparative-degree form, and the superlative {est} to change an adjective into the superlative-degree form.2. No, inflection is not universal. Different languages have different morphology. There are languages, like Latin and Sanskrit, which abound in inflectional morphemes. There are also languages, like Chinese, which have no inflectional morphemes. Between these two extremes are some intermediate languages, like English, which have comparatively few inflectional morphemes than languages of the first category.3. Omitted.3.3.21. 1) password: word to be passed 2) housewife: wife in charge of a household3) sunshine: shine of the sun 4) milkman: man who sells or delivers milk5) sunflower: plant whose flower faces the sun6) apple pie: pie consisting of a filling of apples7) mosquito net: net to prevent mosquitoes 8) daydream: dream in the daytime9) freezing-point: point at which a liquid freezes 10) flashlight: light of a flash2. Abbreviation refers to the way in which a longer word or expression is abbreviated or shortened. In both English and Chinese, longer words can be abbreviated via clipping, blending, and initials and acronyms. However, differences exist. While English words are made up of letters which can be pronounced into syllables, Chinese words are made up of characters each of which is normally pronounced as a separate syllable. While the English language differentiates blending, initials and acronyms, the Chinese language makes no such differentiation. In Chinese, the major approach to abbreviating a longer expression is usually to combine the first character of each of the constituent words into a shortened expression, in which the constituent characters are pronounced individually. Another commonly-used way of abbreviation in Chinese is to combine a numeral and the head word of a series of parallel constructions, as in "四化".3. The English language normally adds new words to its vocabulary through coinage, compounding, derivation, abbreviation, imitation, and borrowing.3.4.11. 1) 11：他/在/学校/表现/很/好/，是/个/优秀/学生/干部/。

《英语语言学》答案完整版(可打印修改)

1
12. Morpheme 词素 It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s. 13. Immediate Constituent 直接成份 It is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. 14. Syntax 句法；语法 The study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence. 15.semantics 语义学 The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular. 16. Hyponymy 下义关系，上下位关系 When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy. 17. Homonymy 同音异义 It is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well. 18.synonymy 同义 It refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide. 19. Pragmatics 语用学 The study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey. 20. Synchronic 共时性，历时性 It is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time. 第一章语言的起源概念辨析 The “bow-wow” theory The “yo-heave-ho” theory 思考 “bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？ The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them while‘yo-he-ho’ theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort 自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？

语言学概论课后练习答案

Reference Anwers to the ExercisesChapter 1 Language and Linguistics1.1 The Nature of Language，pg3１.1.1 Language Is SystematicEx3.a. This sentence is grammatical, but is nonsensical.b. This sentence is ungrammatical and nonsensical.c. This is a good sentence.d. This is a good sentence.1.1.2 Language Is Symbolic略1.1.3 Arbitrariness，pg7Ex1. According to the concept of arbitrariness, the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention. Thus, the name Xiao Long is just a label for the son. However, in Chinese culture dragon was the symbol for the emperor. Thus, the name may have certain associative meanings.Ex2. No. The speaker of a language, based upon the convention established in the speech community, associates linguistic signs with things and concepts. In people’s mind, “p ig” stands for stupidity and laziness. If I name it Pig Hair Shampoo, no one will buy it.Ex3. Words are arbitrary in form, but they are not random in their use. Although the link between form and meaning is arbitrary, there has existed certain relationship between them in the years of use, which can be called rules. The individual does not have the power to change a sign in any way once it has become established in the linguistic community.1.1.4 Language Is Primarily V ocal，pg10Ex1. I prefer to use the spoken language. In a supermarket, the spoken language is much more convenient for people to communicate with each other. People do not have the time and necessity to use written language in communication.Ex2. I think listening and speaking should come first. The primary medium of language is sound, and language is primarily vocal. What’s more, children can learn to listen and speak a foreign language more quickly than they can read and write in a foreign language. However, we should not neglect reading and writing, as time goes on.1.1.5 Language Is Human Specific，pg12Ex1. No, I don’t agree to this point of view. Language is human specific. Although dogs can learn the meaning of certain sounds, the number of sounds they can understand is very limited. If we look at the kind of communication among humans, we can not say humans and dogs can not communicate with each other..Ex2. That is only the result of the stimulus-response training. Through this kind of training, a cat may understand the meaning of a few simple sounds, but the number is very limited.Ex3. Human language is primary over animal communication in the following aspects:Humans have the ability to refer to things far remote in time and space. In contrast, it may be impossible for an animal to convey such ability.Humans have the ability to produce and understand an indefinite number of novel utterances, but no animal can communicate creatively with another animal.Learning is much more important as a factor in human language than in animal communication. Human language structure and language use are vastly more complex than any animal communication system.Animal communication systems are closed-ended, but human languages are open-ended.1.1.6 Language Is Used for Communication，pg13Ex1. With advanced technology, humans can use the products of advanced technology like telephones and the Internet to communication much more easily and freely. Distance is no longer a barrier.Ex2. There may be several causes:The speaker can not express himself or herself clearly.The listener can not understand what the speaker has said.The listener is unwilling to communicate with the speaker.There are misunderstandings because of the different cultural background of the speaker and the listener.Ex3. In intercultural communication, we must pay special attention to the different ways of thinking, acting and speaking between speakers with different cultural backgrounds, for differences in this kind of knowledge may cause trouble in intercultural communication.1.2.1 General Functions of Language略1.2.2 Metafunctions of Language，pg20Ex1. General functions refer to the particular individual uses of language whilst metafunctions refer to the larger, more general purposes underlying language use. A metafunction is capable of describing one or more other functions.Ex2. No. According to Halliday, every sentence in a text is multifunctional and has three metafunctions simultaneously: ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.1.3 The Origin and Classification of Language，略1.4 What Is Linguistics?1.4.1 Definition of Linguistics，pg28Ex2. As a science, linguistics demands a scientific outlook upon language. To conduct a study of language scientifically, we must take an objective view of language and all linguistic phenomena and reflect on it in a detached and unbiased way. Even a local variety with few native speakers may also fall within our investigations. Moreover, we should adopt the general principles of empirical research procedures to observe and analyze data found in natural languages.Ex3. The real object of linguistics is to find out the fundamental rules that underlie all the languages in the world. We need to look into the common features of all languages, the range of variations among languages, the difference between human languages and animal communication, the change and evolution of language, the relation of language to mind and society, and so on.1.4.2 Some Important Distinctions in Linguistics, pg35Ex1. It is very important to study speech in linguistics, because language is primarily vocal. As we know, no community has a written form only, though many have a spoken language only. Children learn spoken language first and most easily. Earlier in the 20th century certain linguists began to doubt the priority of writing. Bloomfield argued that writing was not language but merely a way of recording language. The contemporary linguistics maintains that the spoken language is primary and that writing is essentially a means of representing speech in another medium.Linguistics has stressed the priority of speech because it is the "natural," or primary, medium in which language is manifest, and written language derives from the transference of speech to a secondary, visual medium.Ex2. There is no absolute standard of correctness because linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive. Different groups of people may use different varieties of language. The correctness in language use should not be prescribed grammatically.1.5 The Scope of Linguistics1.5.1 Use of Linguistics,Omitted1.5.2 Recent DevelopmentsOmitted2.1.2 Articulation of Sounds, pg51.Ex2. When describing individual sound segments, phoneticians and linguists often employ two parameters to examine how sounds are articulated: manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner, sounds are classified into plosives, nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, trills and taps. When examined from view of place of articulation, sounds are divided into groups like bilabials, dentals, post-alveolar, retroflex, uvular, glottal, labiodentals, alveolar, palatal, velar and pharyngeal sounds.2.1.3 Characteristics of English Speech SoundsOmitted2.1.4 The Transcription of Sounds, pg56.Ex1. Narrow transcription captures the exact articulatory details of each sound. It records as many features of an utterance as can be ascertained by the person doing the recording. On the contrary, broad transcription is a less subtle transcription. It omits many of the irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation and is perfectly suitable for many users.2. 2 Phonemes2.2.1 Definition of Phonemes, pg58Ex1. Phoneme is the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units. In other words, a phoneme is a block that cannot be broken down into smaller parts; it is the smallest element relevant to phonemic analysis. Allophone is the phonetic variant of a phoneme.Ex3. [p] and [b] are different phonemes because they represent distinctive sounds. In addition, if we substitute one sound for the other, it results in a change of meaning.2.2.2 Minimal Pairs, pg59Ex1. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pairs. For instance, "deed" and "seed" are minimal pairs, but "deed" and "dog" are not because the vowel and final consonant in these two sounds are different.2.3 Sound Patterns2.3.1 Sequential Constraints, pg63Ex2. These words are not permissible in English. All languages have constraints on the permitted。

语言学概论(第三章)

四、音位与音系
音位和音位变体
2.最小对立体：除出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都相同的两个词 pill[pil]---bill[bil] /p/和/b/ 布[pu]---铺[phu] /p/和/ph/ 最小对立集：只在同一个语音位置上有差别的几个词 pill[pil]、bill[bil]、till[til]、dill[dil]、kill[kil]、gill[ɡil] /p/、/b/、/t/、/d/、/k/、/ɡ/ 布[pu]、铺[phu]、目[mu]、富[fu]、肚[tu]、兔[thu]、怒[nu]、路[lu] /p/、/ph/、/m/、/f/、/t/、/th/、/n/、/l/ beat[bi:t]、bit[bit]、bat[bæt]、bet[bet]、but[bʌt] /i:/、/i/、/æ/、/e/、/ʌ/ 梨[li]、炉[lu]、驴[ly]、拉[la] /i/、/u/、/y/、/a/
一、语音和音系的区别与联系
国际音标一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素
1. 将国际音标与汉语拼音的字母区分开来 2. 国际音标有严式标音和宽式标音两种方法
二、从声学看语音
语音四要素
1.音高声波振动频率的高低 2.音强声音的强弱 3.音长声波振动持续时间的长短
4.音质音质指声音的品质、特色
四、音位与音系
音位和音位变体
3.音位变体 /p/ /a/
[p] [ph] [a] [ɑ] 1）条件变体英语/p/在/s/后是不送气的[p]：speak[spi:k] sport[spɔ:t] 英语/p/在其他位置是送气的[ph]：peak[phi:k] port[phɔ:t] 汉语/a/在韵尾[i]、[n]之前是[a]：来[lai] 安[an] 汉语/a/在[u]、[ŋ]之前是[ɑ]：老[lɑu]、亮[liɑŋ] 2）自由变体汉语：[n]和[l] （南、兰） [s]和[ʂ]（山、三）英语：[e]和[I] economics[Ikə„nɔmiks]、[ekə'nɔmiks]

英语语言学概论 Chapter 3phonetics

Speech organs
• Oral cavity: lips, teeth, teeth ridge(alveolar ridge)(齿龈), hard palate(硬腭), soft palate(velum), glottis(声门), vocal cords • lip: labial; • teeth:dental • teeth ridge: alveolar • palate: palatal • velum: velar; glottis: glottal
3.4 coarticulation & IPA
• coarticulation(协调发音): the process of simultaneous and overlapping articulation of speech sounds. “pen’, • IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet(国际音标) : one symbol stands for one sound and every symbol has a consistent value, 72 symbols for consonants, 25 for vowels. • IPA: International Phonetic Association(国际语音学协会)
• 2 the position of the tongue • The vertical distance between the upper surface of the tongue and the palate: high,mid,low vowels: • Which part of the tongue is raised: • front, central, back vowel:

《英语语言学概论》配套习题(三)(填空题)

《英语语言学概论》配套习题（三）（填空题）Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguisticsnguage, broadly speaking, is a means of _________ communicaiton.2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___________.nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. Thisfunction is _______.4.Linguistics is the scientific study of ______.5.Modern linguistcs is _________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discoverwhat language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.6.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______ study.7.Saussure put forward two important concepts. _________ refrs to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.8.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s _______. Chapter 2 Phonology1.__________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech.2.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.These movemnts have an effect on the ______ coming from the lungs.3.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing ______.4.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _____ and the lips.5.consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _______.6.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because ofthe two phonemes /f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating ________.7.In English there are a number of ______, which are produced by moving from onevowel position to another through intervening positions.8.________ is the smallest linguistic unit.Chapter 3 Morphology1.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ______ and ______ root.2.An _________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ________ is pronounced asa word.3.Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _______.4.All words may be said to contain a root ________.5.______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.6.________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of itsinflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa. 7.words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _______level.8. A word formed by derivation is called a _______, and a word formed bycompounding is called a ________.Chapter 4 Syntax1. A _________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number ofwords to form a complete statement, question or command.2.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _____ rules, whoseoperation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time standsstrucutrally alone is known as a ______ clause.4.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place iscommonly termed ________ structure.5._______ construciton refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses havingquivalent syntactic status.6.IC analysis emphasizes the _____ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting ofword groups first.7.XP may contain more than just X. e.g. the “NP”the girl who is watering theflowers” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the ____, N the head, and s the complement.8._____ relaitons refers to the strucutreal and logical funcitonal relations betweenevery noun phrase and sentence.Chapter 5 Semantics1._________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.2.“Charge” and “accuse” are said to be _____ synonyms.3._______ opposites may be een in terms of degrees of quality involved.4.Predication analysis is to break down predicaitons into their constituents:_____and _____.5.______ sentences express judgment.6.we call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as ______.7.We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as ______.8.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _____.Chapter 6 Pragmatics1.In making conversation, the genral principle that all participants are expected toobserve is called the ______ Principle proposed by J. Grice.2. A ____ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.3._______ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.4.______ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to somefuture course of action.5. A _____ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.6.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication.7._________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and werenot verifiable.8.All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.Chapter 8 Language and Society1. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or aparticular variety of language.2.3.The ______ language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.4. A _________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as anative language in some speech community.5. A linguistic ________ refer to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite” society from general use.6.Taboo and ______ are two faces of the same communication coin.7.Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _______.8.In terms of sociolinguistics, ________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of aperson’s language.9.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak morethan one language. As a characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1.In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge.This process is called lanugage _______.2.Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by _____.3.The __ of the learner’s interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrectforms resistant to further instruction.4.In second language learning, instrucmental motivation occurs when the learner;sgoal is functional, and _____ motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.5.The description of a language development at some point in time is _____ study.6.______ holds that where two languages are similar, positive transfer would occur;where they are diffferent, negative transfer, or interference, would result.7._________ Denativization an d____ are both thought to be the causes for theinterlanguage variation.8.____ holds L1 can be viewed as a kind of “input from the inside”, thus transfer isnot “interference” but a cognitive preocess.Chapter 12 Language and Brain1.The localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere ofthe brain is called ___________.2.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the______ cortex.3.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nervecells called _________.4.Psychological research suggests that the two hemispheres difer in the manner inwhich they treat incoming stimuli, the right hemisphere processing stimuli ______ (as wholes) and the left _____ (by parts).5.The acts of comprehending and producing language are performed within theconstraints of our information processing system. This system consists of three structural components: sensory stores, _____ memory, and ______ memory, along with a set of contro processes that govern the flow of information within the system.6.Of particualr importance to speech and language funciton is the massivetransverse fiber tract called the _____, by means of which the two hemispheres are able to communicate with each other in the form of electrical impulses.7.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we mayregard thought as “_________ speech,” and speech as “over thought.” In such a case speaking and thingking take place simultaneously.8.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic ______ and linguistic____________.。

《英语语言学概论》题与答案

《英语语⾔学概论》题与答案ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixB. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In t he phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrowcan be read as______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates themaxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s f arewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in thesense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ ofsentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____./doc/317b6bc9f321dd36a32d7375a417866fb84ac087.html missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.B. expressives/doc/317b6bc9f321dd36a32d7375a417866fb84ac087.html missivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange viola tes the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night？Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds ina particular language are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.7. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation./doc/317b6bc9f321dd36a32d7375a417866fb84ac087.html nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached tocreate amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory in semantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student”belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the categoryof the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring orcollocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in context.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。

英语语言学Linguistics-chapter-3-练习答案

Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfilm e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + film b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results o pposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1)-s, the third person singular, present simple tense(2)-ed, the past tense(3) has –ed, the present perfect(4) are+v-ing, the plural form; the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(1) go, goes, going, gone (inflection)go- the root formgo+es, simple present, 3rd person singulargo+ing, present participlegone, past participle(2) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)dis-, prefix (added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal-y, suffix (added after the verbs to form nouns) denoting a state or an action or its result-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that perform a specified action or activity-able, an adjective suffix added to verbs meaning able to be-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of –able, meaning having the quality as in manageability（可处理性）and suitability（合适性）.(3) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ (a mixture of inflection or derivation)Derivation: invent+-orInflection: inventor’s, inventors’ indicating possessive case(4) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)-cy, added to the nouns ending with “t” to form another noun denoting a state governed in such a way.-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaning related to or in resemblance with…-ize, a suffix added to the noun to form verbs denoting the conversion, transforming.6. The following sentences contain both derivational andinflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)。

《英语语言学概论》题与答案

ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]?A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]?A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affix?A. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morp heme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of English?A. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardr obe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In the phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonyms?A. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographs?A. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonyms?A. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He h as been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrow can be readas______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversa tion violates the maxim of ______.X: When is Su san’s farewell party?Y: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in the sense relation? ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others? ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymy?A. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms betweenthe two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds andletters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageare called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of itsmeaning.7.A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition ofaffixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts ofwords, e.g. –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes. 10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.21.The two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they areknown as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory insemantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A wor d’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked thestudent” belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the category of the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) 12.In the history of any language the writing system always came into beingbefore the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in aparticular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply incontext.( F ) 22.Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to betrue.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。

语言学课后习题答案(2020年7月整理).pdf

语言学概论作业Chapter 11.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is thescientific study of language?To understand this definition, we should focus on three words in this sentence: scientific, study and language. First of all, scientific here means a study which is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. The linguist studies it to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system. Secondly, the word study here refers to investigation or examination. Thirdly, Language here is general term. It refers to any human language, Chinese spoken by the Chinese, English by the English people, German by the Germans, or even Esperanto, an artificial language. Language here also means the dialects or variants of a common language such as Cantonese, a variant of Mandarin.Therefore, this whole sentence can be interpreted that linguistics is a language study through the systematic investigation of linguistic data and some general theory of language structure.2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics:the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phoneticproperties.Phonology:it studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system oflanguage.Morphology: a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.3.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?①Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.②Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.③Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does notforce languages into a Latin-based framework.4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?In modern linguistics, the linguists seem to give priority to synchronic studies other than diachronic ones. Because it is believed that unless the various states ofa language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would bedifficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. That is to say, the diachronic studies should be based on synchronic ones. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as beingdescription of a language in its current existence. And most linguistic studies are of this type.5.For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than towriting?①The writing system is invented by its users when needed②Today there are languages which can only be spoken but not written③Speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed in daily communication④Each human being first acquires speech and then learns writing⑤Modern linguistics tends to pay more attention to authentic speech as spokenlanguage reveals more true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech.6.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance?They are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinks linguists should study the ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.7.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good,comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of languge.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified byC.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communicationsystem?1)Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign andwhat the sign stands for.2)Productivity:provides opportunities for sending messages that have neverbeen sent before and for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or twolevels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present orfuture5) Cultural transmission9.What are the major functions of language?1)descriptive function2)expressive function3)social functionChapter 31.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+”between each morpheme and the next:a.microfilm: micro+filmb.bedraggled: be+draggle+edc.announcement: announce+mentd.predigestion: pre+digest+ione.telecommunication: tele+communicate+ionf.forefather: fore+fatherg.psychophysic: psycho+physich.mechanist: mechan+ist2.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types ofstem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)suffix: -ingmeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultstem type: added to verbsexamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of consruction2)suffix: -ablemeaning: able to bestem type: added to verbsexamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessed3)suffix: -istmeaning:denoting a member of a profession or business activitystem type: added to nounsexamples: dramatist : a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease3.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types ofstem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarlyapproach or languageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medicallyinduced abortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again4.The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme.Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.1)Sue moves in high-society circles in London.The third person singular2)A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The past tense3)The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The present perfect4)The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.The present progressive5.Detemine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to oneanother by process of inflection or derivation.a)go, goes, going, goneprocess of inflectionb)discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityprocess of derivationc)inventor, inventor’s inventors, inventors’process of inflectiond)democracy, democrat, democratic, democratizeprocess of derivation6.The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes.Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a)The farmer’s cows escaped.Derivational affixes: -erInflectional affixes: ‘s, -s, -edb)It was raining.Derivational affixes:noneInflectional affixes: -ingc)Those socks are inexpensive.Derivational affixes: in-Inflectional affixes: -sd)Jim needs the newer copy.Derivational affixes: -erInflectional affixes: -se)The strongest rower continued.Derivational affixes: -est, -erInflectional affixes: -edf)She quickly closed the book.Derivational affixes: -lyInflectional affixes: -edg)The alphabetization went well.Derivational affixes:-ionInflectional affixes: wentChapter 51.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1)The naming theory was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. Thelinguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things. The semantic relationship holding between words and things is the relationship of naming.2)The conceptualist view: This view holds that there is no direct link betweena linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaningthey are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards:3)Contextualism: Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firthwho had been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowski and the German philosopher Wittgenstein.It holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context –elements closely linked with language behavior. …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.4)Behaviourism: Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew onbehaviorist psychology in defining “meaning”.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language from as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.”This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.2.What are the major types of synonyms in English?1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves3.Explain with examples “homonymy”, “po lysemy”, and “hyponymy”.1)Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words havingdifferent meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.2)Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, thesame one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to beoperated on3)Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory4.How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does eachof the following pairs of antonyms belong?①north/south ②vacant/occupied ③literate/illiterate ④above/below⑤doctor/patient ⑥wide/narrow ⑦poor/rich ⑧father/daughterGradable antonyms: literate/illiterate wide/ poor/richComplementary antonyms: vacant/occupiedRelational opposite: north/south dotor/patient father/daughter5.Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:①Tom’s wife is pregnant. Tom has a wife.②My sister will soon be divorced. My sister is a married woman.③He likes seafood. He likes crabs.④They are going to have another baby. They have a child.X presupposes Y(Y is a prerequisite of X): ①②④X entails Y(Y is an entailment of X): ③6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes intodistinctive features?Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. And that is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.7.What is grammaticality? What might make a grammatically meaningful sentencesemantically meaningless?The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, especially its grammatical well-formedness. Selectional restrictions, which means the constraints on what lexical items can go with what others, might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless.8.Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:①The man sells ice-cream. ②Is the baby sleeping?③It is snowing. ④The tree grows well.1.MAN, ICE-CREAM(SELL)2.BABY(SLEEP)3.(BE SNOW)4.TREE(GROW)Chapter 6 PRAGMATICS1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditionalsemantics?答：Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguisticcommunication?答：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language.It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various continents of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. Context determines the speaker's use of language and also the heater's interpretation of what is said to him. Without such knowledge, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot besatisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense. Look at the following sentences:(1) How did it go?(2) It is cold in hem.(3) It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfing.Sentence (1) might be used in a conversation between two students talking about an examination, or two surgeons talking about an operation, or in some other contexts; (2) might be said by the speaker to ask the hearer to turn on the heater, or leave the place, or to put on more clothes, or to apologize for the poor condition of the room, depending on the situation of context; (3) makes sense only ii the hearer has the knowledge that Christmas falls in summer in the southern hemisphere.3. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?答： A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. But if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered (or used). So it is impossible to tell if “The dog is barking” is a sentence or an utterance. It can be either. It all depends on how we look at it and how we are going to analyze it. If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation from context, then we are treating it as a sentence. If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.Therefore, while the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. Now, take the sentence "My bag is heavy" as an example. Semantic analysis of the meaning of the sentence results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEA VY). Then a pragmatic analysis of the utterance meaning of the .sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. For example, it could be uttered by a speaker as a straightforward statement, telling the hearer that his bag is heavy. It could also be intended by the speaker as an indirect, polite request, asking the hearer to help him carry the bag. Another possibility is that the speaker is declining someone's request for help. All these are possible interpretations of the same utterance “My bag is heavy”. How it is to be understood depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.While most utterances take the form of grammatically complete sentences, some utterances do not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences.4. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:a) The room is messy.b) Oh, it is raining!c) The music of the movie is good.d) You have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.答：a) A father entered his son’s room and found it is very messy. Then when he said, “The room is messy,”he was blaming his son for not tidying it up.b) A son asked his father to play with him outside. So when the father said, “Oh, it’s raining”, he meant they couldn’t play outside.c) Two persons just watched a movie and had a discussion of it. One person said, “The story of the movie is very moving”, so when the other person said, “The music of the movie is good”, he meant he didn't think the story of the movie was good.d) A person wanted his notes back, so when he said, “you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now”, he was demanding the return of his notes.5. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.答：According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at an example:You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the words “you”, “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.6. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speakerbelieves to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.7. What is indirect language use? How is it explained in the light of speech act theory?答：When someone is not saying I an explicit and straightforward manner what he means to say, rather he is trying to put across his message in an implicit, roundabout way, we can say he is using indirect language. Explanation (略) (见教材p.84-85)8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature? 答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity①Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).②Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality①Do not say what you believe to be false.②Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner①Avoid obscurity of expression.②Avoid ambiguity.③Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④Be orderly.9. What is pragmatic failure? Try to find instances of pragmatic failure inthe English used by Chinese learners of English.答：The technical term for breakdowns in the course of communication is pragmatic failure. Pragmatic failure occurs when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communication purpose, or when the hearer fails to recognize the intention or the illocutionary force of the speaker’s utterance in the context of communication.Instances (略) (见教材p.89)syntax1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady suddenly left.Det A N Qual Vb) The car stopped at the end of the road.Det N V P Det N P Det Nc) The snow might have blocked the road.Det N Aux Aux V Det Nd) He never appears quite mature.N Qual V Deg A2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) full of peopleAPA P Nfull of peopleb) a story about a sentimental girlNPNP PPDet N P NPDet A Na story about a sentimental girlc) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPA Noften read detective storiesd) the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalse) move towards the windowVPV PPP Det Nmove towards the window3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.a) The jet landed.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet N Pst VThe jet landedb) Mary became very ill.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pst V APDeg AMary became very illc) What will you talk about?CPNP C SN Infl NP Infl VPVP NPV P NSNP VPDet N Aux V NPDet NThe apple might hit the manORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet N V NPDet NThe apple might hit the mane) He often reads detective stories.SNP VPN Qual V NPA NHe often reads etective storiesORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPPresN Qual V NPA NHe often reads etective stories4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V NPDet A NA frightened passenger landed the crippled airplaneb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet A NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet NAn unusual event occurred before the meetingd) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A NP Pst V PPA N P NPDet A NA quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.InflP(=S)NP VPN Aux V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsORInflP(=S)NP VPN Infl V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.S。

英语语言学概论第三版课后练习题含答案

英语语言学概论第三版课后练习题含答案第一章绪论
1.简述语言的定义及其特点。

答：语言是人类交流思想、感情和意志的符号系统。

它具有以下特点：•人类独有性：只有人类才能拥有语言能力。

•交际性：语言是交流的工具。

•社会性：语言是社会文化的产物。

•文化性：语言是文化中心。

•双重指指性：语言既可以指称实际存在的实体、事件和关系，也可以指称抽象的概念、意义和想象。

•交通性：语言符号的可传递性。

第二章语音学
1.简述国际音标的出现及其特点。

答：国际音标是国际音韵学者为了能够准确地表示各国语音而发展出来的一种共同表音符号。

它的特点包括：
•形式稳定：国际音标使用的符号稳定，统一且规范化。

•指音性别：国际音标能指明一个音到底是元音还是辅音，可以度量语音的音高。

•表示语音环境：国际音标可以显示语音的特定发音环境。

•独立的字母符号：国际音标各符号代表唯一的语音。

2.什么是音位?音素?请举例说明
答：音位是声音在一种特定语言或方言中的意义区别的最小单位。

音素是语言
中被认为是单个发音单位的最小音单位。

音位和音素有相似之处，但是音位是意义区别的最小单位，而音素是语音体系中的最小音单位。

例如，在英语中，“bat”和“pat”是两个不同的单词，它们的差别在于第一
个音位的发音不同。

即使两个单词中其他的音素相同，“b”和“p”都是辅音音素，但是它们被语言学家视为在英语中区别语义的两个不同音位。

3语言学概论第三章词汇真题习题集锦

3语言学概论第三章词汇真题习题集锦语言学概论第三章真题习题集锦一、单选题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)1.下列关于语汇性质特点的表述，不正确的一项是( A )。

P115-117A.任意性是语汇不断丰富的手段B.普通性使得各种语言的语汇能表达大量共同的概念C.稳定性保证了社会各种交际的正常进行D.活跃性满足了社会生活变化的需要2.下列加点的部分属于语素的是（ B ）。

P118A.雨果B.雨衣C.法西斯D.席梦思3.下列语素中属于自由语素的是( A )。

P119A.远B.第C.呢D.们4.下列关于语汇性质的表述，不正确的一项是（）。

A.任意性是语汇不断丰富的手段B.普遍性使得各种语言的语汇能表达大量共同的概念C.稳定性保证了社会交际的正常进行D.活跃性满足了社会生活变化的需要5.下列加点的部分属于语素的是（）。

A.．．雨．果B.雨．衣C.法西斯．D.席梦思．6.下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ A ）。

A.选B.第C.呢D.们7．“外甥打灯笼——照舅”属于（ C ）。

（P134）A.谚语B.成语C.歇后语D.惯用语8．“不入虎穴，焉得虎子”属于（ B )。

（P134）A.谚语B.成语C.歇后语D.惯用语9.下列词中全都由复合构词的方式构成的是（ A ）。

P123-124A.黑板、铁路B.人参、下岗C.邮件、阿姨D.梦游、汉语10.下列各组复合词中，构词方式相同的一组是（ C ）。

P123A.热情、热烈B.证明、光明C.口吃、胆怯D.悦耳、柔和11.下列词语中，不属于偏义复词的一项是（ C ）。

P123A.妻子B.动静C.开关D.忘记12.下列词中不含词组的是（ C ）。

P124A.胖子B.可爱C.员外D.苦头13.下面的词中属于古词语的是（ C ）。

P129A.过去B.番茄C.囹圄D.苍白14.下面各项中属于惯用语的是( C )。

P133A.四面楚歌B.世外桃源C.穿小鞋D.瑞雪兆丰年15.“呆账”、“托运”属于( B )。

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2017级英语语言学概论第三章习题请认真填写学号和姓名。

每次答题仅第一次提交有效。

个人信息：[矩阵文本题] *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the first letter given.11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Morpheme)12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：grammatical)13. B________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound)14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d______ affixes. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivative)15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivative)16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：suffix)17. C________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Compounding)18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m______ rules. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：morphological)19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivation)20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：stem)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) （） [单选题] *A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme(正确答案)22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound （）. [单选题] *A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.(正确答案)23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of （）. [单选题] *A. the first elementB. the second element(正确答案)C. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. （） are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [单选题] *A. Free morphemesB. Bound morpheme(正确答案)C. Bound wordsD. Words25. （） is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [单选题] *A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. Morphology(正确答案)D. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is （）. [单选题] *A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammatical(正确答案)D. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that （）. [单选题] *A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.(正确答案)28. （） modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. [单选题] *A. Prefixes(正确答案)B. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. （） are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. [单选题] *A. WordsB. Morphemes(正确答案)C. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is （）. [单选题] *A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affix(正确答案)D. a rootIV. Define the following terms.31. Morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.)32. Free morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth¬er morphemes.)33. Bound morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen¬dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.)34. Suffix [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.)35. Derivation [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.)。

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