国际油污损害民事责任公约
2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约.
《2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约》第一条定义就本公约而言:(一)“船舶”系指无论何种类型的任何海船和海上航行器。
(二)“人”系指任何个人或合伙或任何公共或私人机构,无论是否系法人,包括国家或其任何构成部分。
(三)“船舶所有人”系指船舶的所有人,包括船舶的登记所有人、光船承租人、管理人和经营人在内。
(四)“登记所有人”系指登记为船舶的所有人的一个或多个人,或在没有登记时,拥有船舶的一个或多个人。
然而,当船舶为国家所有并由在该国登记为该船经营人的公司营运时,“登记所有人”应系指此种公司。
(五)“燃油”系指用于或拟用于船舶运行或推进的包括润滑油在内的任何烃类矿物油,以及此类油的任何残余物。
(六)“《民事责任公约》”系指经修正的《1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约》。
(七)“预防措施”系指事故发生后任何人采取的防止或尽量减少污染损害的任何合理措施。
(八)“事故”系指具有同一起源的、造成污染损害或造成引起此种损害的严重和紧迫威胁的一起事件或一系列事件。
(九)“污染损害”系指:由任何地点发生的船舶燃油逸出或排放引起的污染在该船之外造成的损失或损害,但是对环境损害的赔偿(不包括此种损害的利润损失在内),应限于实际采取或将要采取的合理恢复措施的费用;和预防措施的费用和由预防措施造成的进一步损失或损害。
(十)“船舶登记国”对登记船舶,系指该船的登记国家;对未登记船舶,系指该船有权悬挂其国旗的国家。
(十一)“总吨位”系指按照《1969年国际船舶吨位丈量公约》附件1中所载吨位丈量规则计算的总吨位。
(十二)“本组织”系指国际海事组织。
(十三)“秘书长”系指本组织秘书长。
第二条适用范围本公约应仅适用于:(一)下列区域内造成的污染损害:1. 当事国的领土,包括领海,和2. 当事国按照国际法确定的专属经济区,或者,如当事国未确定此种区域,由该国按照国际法确立的在该国领海外并与之毗邻的、从其领海宽度基线测量向外延伸不超过200海里的区域;(二) 无论何处采取的防止或尽量减少此种损害的预防措施。
《设立国际油污损害赔偿基金国际公约》
1971年设立国际油污损害赔偿基金国际公约本公约各缔约国,作为1969年11月29日在布鲁塞尔通过的国际油污损害民事责任公约的缔约国,意识到由于全球海上散装油类引起污染的危险,确信对因从船上溢出或排放油类引起污染而遭受损害的人,有保证使其取得适当赔偿的必要,考虑到1969年11月29日关于油污损害民事责任的国际公约,已对各缔约国的油污损害,和在无论何处为避免及减少这类损害所采取的措施的费用规定了赔偿制度,从而标志着为达到这一目的前进了一大步,但考虑到这一制度不能在所有情况下对油污损害的受害人提供全部赔偿,而它却给船舶所有人增加了额外的经济负担,还考虑到由于海上船舶运输的散装油类的溢出或排放而产生的油污损害的经济后果,不应全部由海运业承担,而须部分地由货油业承担,确信为保证能对油污事件的受害者提供其全部损失的赔偿,而与此同时又能解除船舶所有人受该公约听加予的额外经济负担,有必要认真拟订一项赔偿和补偿制度,作为国际油污损害民事责任公约的补充,注意到1969年11月29日在国际海上污染损害法律会议上通过的关于设立国际油污损害赔偿基金的决定,兹协议如下:总则第1条在本公约中:1.“责任公约”,是指1969年11月29日在布鲁塞尔通过的国际油污损害民事责任公约。
2.“船舶”、“人”、“船舶所有人”、“油类”、“油污损害”、“预防措施”、“事件”和“本组织”,与该责任公约第Ⅰ条含义相同,但在这些名词中,“油类”应限于持久性烃类矿物油。
3.“摊款石油”是指下列(a)和(b)两项所定义的原油和燃料油:(a)“原油”,是指任何发生于地下的天然烃类混合液体,不论是否已为便于运输而加以处理。
还包括已经提出过某些蒸馏物的原油(有时称为“拔头”原油(topped crudes)或已加入某些蒸馏物的原油(有时称为“穗油”(spikedcrudes)或“改质油”(reconstituted crudes))。
(b)“燃料油”是指从原油炼出的重蒸馏油或渣滓物,或这些物质的混合物,用作发生热量或能量的燃料,其质量与“美国材料试验协会第四号燃料油规格(符号D396-69)”相当或比之为大。
《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》
近年来,我国学术界、司法界对沿海运输船舶油污损害赔偿所涉的法律问题的讨论,在逐步引向深入。
本文仅就在讨论中有争议的几个具体法律问题,谈谈个人的看法,以求统一认识。
1. 对我国《海商法》第208 条第(二)项的理解我国《海商法》第208条第(二)项规定,“中华人民共和国参加的国际油污民事责任公约规定的油污损害的赔偿请求”不适用《海商法》第11 章—海事赔偿责任限制—的规定。
这一规定出自于1976年海事赔偿责任限制公约(简称76 年公约)第3 条第(2)项,“实施中的1969 年11 月29 日国际油污损害民事责任公约(简称69CLC),或其修正案或议定书规定的油污损害的赔偿请求”不适用本公约的规定。
这一条文明确地说明了,69CLC 所调整的油污损害赔偿,不适用76 年公约,换言之,69CLC 不调整的油污损害,仍属76年公约所调整的限制性债权。
[2]我国《海商法》第208 条第(二)项规定,实质上与76 年公约的规定是相同的,排除对《海商法》的适用必须符合两个条件:一是“我国参加的”;二是“公约规定的油污损害”。
缺少任何一个条件,都不能排除对《海商法》的适用。
《海商法》第268 条同时规定,有涉外因素时“中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约同本法有不同规定的,适用国际条约的规定。
”这就是说,没有涉外因素,尽管也是69CLC“规定的”油污损害,但仍然适用国内法,即适用《海商法》第207 条的限制性债权。
因此,不能认为,凡是69CLC “规定的”油污损害都不适用我国《海商法》第207 条的规定,而是CLC 对我国有约束力的范围内的油污损害不适用《海商法》第11 章的规定。
[3]2.如何理解《海环法》[4] 第97 条的规定《海环法》(1999 年)第97 条规定,“中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的与海洋环境保护有关的国际条约与本法有不同规定的,适用国际条约的规定。
”与《民法通则》第142 条、《民诉法》第238条、《海商法》第268 条、《海事诉讼特别程序法》第3 条不同的是,本条既没有放在涉外篇,也没有用涉外因素加以限制。
国际油污损害民事责任公约
0
四、责任限制
3、1984年议定书 (1)不超过5000总吨的船舶: 300万SDR (2)超过5000总吨的船舶: 420 SDR/每超出吨位 (3)在任何情况下限额不超过:5970万SDR 4、1992年公约限额同1984年议定书相同
四、责任限制
5、2000年议定书 相比92公约,2000议定书将限额提高50.37% (1)最低限额:300万SDR——451万SDR (2)每超出吨位增加值:420 SDR——631 SDR (3)最高限额:5970万 SDR——8977万SDR
四、责任限制
例:10000吨位船舶责任限额
公约
57年公约 69年公约 92年公约
概述
◇《国际油污损害民事责任公约》是一部涉及船舶油污损
害赔偿方面的重要国际海事公约。该公约规定了船舶油
污损害的责任主体、损害赔偿范围、缔约国权利和义务
、《油污损害民事责任保险或其他财务保证证书》的签
发等许多事项。该公约和《国际油污损害赔偿基金公约
》、
《国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约》一起
构成了船舶油
(一)船东责任 1、责任 (1)严格责任制、单一责任制 (2)自污染损害发生时承担责任 2、连带责任 多船事故并造成污染损害时,负连带责任(92年公约)
三、责任与免责
(二)船舶所有人免责 1、战争、敌对行为、内战或武装暴动、不可抗力 2、完全是第三人有意造成 3、完全是负责灯塔或其他助航设备的政府主管当局的 过失
2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约(中英文对照)
2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约(中英文对照)简介:由于1967年Torry Canyon轮近十万桶原油货油的污染事故,导致了国际间制定了1969年的油污民事责任公约,然其仅适用于来自油轮货油的污染。
燃油污染问题于八十年代初逐渐受到重视,CLC公约于1992年修订时(1992年CLC议定书),进一步将“油轮”的燃油污染损害纳入规范。
在1992年CLC议定书的研拟期间,部分国家主张应将“所有船舶”的燃油污染纳入规范的提议或讨论。
然而由于CLC所规范的“油轮的货油或燃油”与“一般船舶的燃油”有相当差异,为避免复杂及困扰从而影响议定书的通过,1992年CLC议定书最后仅将“油轮的燃油污染”纳入,而不包括“一般船舶的燃油污染”。
在1994年IMO海洋环境保护委员会(MEPC)第三十八届会议上,澳洲提议MEPC发展国际燃油污染损害赔偿机制。
MEPC随后请IMO法律委员会考虑,法律委员会于稍后的1995年第七十三届会议组成工作小组讨论此课题。
实际上在1996年HNS公约起草阶段,IMO 法律委员会曾建议将燃油污染纳入该公约,但因许多国家主张燃油污染应独立立法,而使燃油污染未被纳入1996年HNS公约架构之下。
燃油污染损害赔偿稍后成为1996年的IMO法律委员会第七十五届大会的主要议题。
在该大会上,英国代表提出一份由U.K. P&I Club于1993年制作的重大赔偿案件分析报告,该报告指出,有近半数的污染索赔是来自“非货油”。
同年,IMO法律委员会提出燃油公约草案,在经过前后六年的讨论后,公约于2001年3月23日完成签署。
在整个燃油公约的起草过程中,有几个重要的争议主题,分别为:燃油污染是否应为严格责任 strict liability;燃油污染责任限额 limitation of liability;及强制保险及证明 compulsory insurance and certificate。
2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约
3月9日,《2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约》(简称《燃油公约》)对我国生效。
这意味着,航行于我国沿海水域的1000总吨以上的船舶,全部需要办理强制性油污保险。
而在过去,只有载运2000吨以上持久性油类的国际航行油船才有此规定。
加入《燃油公约》,对我国而言有何意义?它适用于哪些船舶?我国船东会承担哪些责任?如何办理“燃油污染损害民事责任保险或其他财务保证证书”(以下简称“证书”)?日前,部海事局船舶处副调研员徐石明对这些问题进行了详细解答。
确保燃油污染及时得到治理海上航行的船舶一旦发生燃油泄漏污染,不但企业赔偿风险大,清污难、费用高,而且相关的污染受害方得不到合理的赔偿,这一直是船舶污染民事赔偿的一大难题。
据介绍,上世纪90年代以来,船舶燃油污染问题越来越受到重视。
1992年,油轮的燃油污染损害被纳入《1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约》(简称CLC公约)。
它虽然解决载运2000吨以上持久性油类船舶的油污染问题(包括货油和燃油),但其他船舶的燃油污染问题由于没有强制保险的规定,一直悬而未决。
1996年,燃油污染损害赔偿成为国际海事组织(IMO)法律委员会第75届大会的主要议题。
在这次大会上,一份重大赔偿案件分析报告指出,有近半数的污染索赔是针对“非货油”的。
另据《石油泄露信息导报》(Oil Spill Intelligence Report)指出,非油轮溢油的风险,无论在个案数量还是溢油总量上,均大于油轮溢油污染。
据《石油泄露信息导报》统计,全球约有1.3亿吨的货油通过油轮运输,而全球船舶的燃油总量却高达1.4亿吨。
有数据显示,自1975年至1996年间,澳洲邻近水域油污事件的83%由非油轮所致;在油污清除费用方面,用于清除燃油油污的费用占全部清除费用的78%。
基于此,IMO法律委员会于1996年拟定了《燃油公约》草案,并于2001年3月23日获得通过,已于2008年11月21日开始生效。
《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》经典法则
第八条
如果不能在损害发生之日起三年内提出诉讼,按本公约要求赔偿的权利即告失效。无论如何不得在引起损害的事件发生之日起六年之后提出诉讼。如该事件包括一系列事故,六年的期限应自第一个事故发生之日起算。
7.如船舶所有人或任何其他人确证,他又能在以后被强制支付此种赔偿金额的全部或一部分,并由此可依本条第5款或第6款享有代位行使权利,若是赔偿在基金分配出去以前付出,则基金所在国法院或其他主管当局得命令暂时留出一个足够的数目,使该人以后能向基金索赔。
8.对于船舶所有人主动防止或减轻油污损害因而引起的合理费用或所作的合理牺牲所提出的索赔,就基金来说,应与其他索赔处于等同地位。
4."船舶登记国"就登记的船舶而言,是指对船舶进行登记的国家;就未登记的船舶而言,是指其船旗国。
5."油类"是指任何持久性油类,例如原油、燃料油、重柴油、润滑油以及鲸油,不论是作为货物装运于船上,或作为这类船舶的燃料。
6."油污损害"是指由于船舶遗出或排放油类(不论这种遗出或排放发生在何处)后,在运油船舶本身以外因污染而产生的灭失损害,并包括预防措施的费用以及由于采取预防措施而造成的进一步灭失或损害。
5.本公约的任何条款不得有损于船舶所有人向第三者要求赔偿的权利。
第四条
如发生两艘或多艘船舶遗出或排放油类,因而造成油污损害时,则全部有关船舶的所有人,除非依第三条负责,都应对按情理分不开的损害合联地和个别地负责任。
A-2.2001年燃油污染损害民事责任国际公约
2001年燃油污染损害民事责任国际公约本公约各当事国,忆及《1982年联合国海洋法公约》第194条关于各国应采取一切必要措施防止、减少和控制污染海洋环境的规定,还忆及该公约第235条关于各国开展合作进一步制订相关国际法规以保证为海洋环境污染损害提供迅速充分的赔偿的规定,注意到《1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约》和《1992年设立国际油污损害赔偿基金国际公约》在确保为海上运输散装油的溢出或排放污染事故受害者提供赔偿方面的成功,还注意到为了对海上运输有毒有害物质导致的损害提供足够、迅速和有效的赔偿而通过了《1996年国际海上运输有毒有害物质损害责任和赔偿公约》,认识到为与适当的责任限额水平有关的所有形式的油污事故建立严格责任制的重要性,认为确保为船舶燃油溢出或排放事故造成的损害提供迅速有效赔偿的补充措施是必要的,期望通过统一的国际规则和程序以确定此类事故的责任问题并提供足够的赔偿,兹协议如下:第1条定义在本公约中:1 “船舶”,系指任何类型的海洋船舶和海上船艇。
2 “人”,系指任何个人或合伙、任何公营或私营机构(不论是否为法人),包括国家或其下属单位。
3 “船舶所有人”,系指船舶的所有者,包括登记所有人,光船承租人、船舶经理人和经营人。
4 “登记所有人”,系指登记为船舶所有人的人。
如果没有此种登记,则指拥有该船的人。
但是,船舶若为国家所有,而由在该国登记为船舶经营人的公司所经营,“登记所有人”则为此公司。
5 “燃油”,系指用于或打算用于操作或推进船舶的任何碳氢矿物油及此类油的任何残余物,包括润滑油。
6 “民事责任公约”,系指经修正的《1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约》。
7 “预防措施”,系指在事故发生后,为防止或减轻污染损害而由任何人采取的任何合理措施。
8 “事故”,系指具有同一起源的造成污染损害或对造成此种损害构成严重和紧迫威胁的任何一个或一系列事件。
9 “污染损害”,系指:(a)燃油从船上的溢出或排放引起的污染在该船之外所造成的灭失或损害,不论此种溢出或排放发生于何处;但是,对环境损害(不包括此种损害的利润损失)的赔偿,应限于已实际采取或将要采取的合理恢复措施的费用;及(b)预防措施的费用及预防措施造成的新的灭失或损害。
国际油污损害民事责任公约
三、责任与免责
(三)其他人员免责(除非以下人员故意和明知) 1、船舶所有人的雇佣人员或代理人、船员 2、引航员或为船舶提供服务的非属船员的其他人 3、承租人(包括光船承船人),船舶经理人或营运人 4、救助人 5、采取预防措施的人 6、第3、4、5项人员的雇佣人员或代理人
四、责任限制 (一)限额
1、69年公约 (1)2000金法郎/船舶吨位 ,限额2.1亿金法郎 (2)船舶吨位(ship' s tonnage)(公约吨) = 净吨
20
四、责任限制
5、2000年议定书 相比92公约,2000议定书将限额提高50.37% (1)最低限额:300万SDR——451万SDR (2)每超出吨位增加值:420 SDR——631 SDR (3)最高限额:5970万 SDR——8977万SDR
四、责任限制
例:10000吨位船舶责任限额
公约
除盈利损失外,限于合理的复原措施费用(已经或 将要采取)
二、适用
( 五)事件 1、造成污染损害的事故 2、由于同一原因引起的一系列事故 3、产生会导致污染损害的严重而紧迫危险的任何事故
(六)主体 1、人(任何个人、集体或法人) 2、船舶所有人 船舶登记人、拥有人、国家所有船舶的经营人
15
三、责任与免责
12
二、适用
(三)地域 1、缔约国领土 2、领海 3、专属经济区(自领 海基线外延不超过200 海里)
二、适用 (四)污染损害
1、因污染而产生的灭失或损害 2、预防措施的费用(事故发生后为防止或减轻污染损害 而由任何人采取的合理措施) 3、由于采取预防措施而造成的进一步灭失或损害 4、环境损害赔偿(92年公约)
五、投保油污险或取得财务担保
C 1000总吨以下的载运非持久性油类的,《非持久性油类污 染损害民事责任保险或其他财务保证证书》
船舶油污损害民事责任保险相关国际公约法律法规介绍
1.1 CLC69、CLC92
强制保险 在缔约国登记的、载运2000吨以上散装油类货物 的船舶,其船舶所有人应进行保险或取得财务保 证证书。保险数额满足赔偿限额的有关规定; 缔约国主管当局在确信前款要求得到满足后,向 船舶颁发证明保险或其他财务担保根据本公约的 规定乃属有效的证书。
1.1 CLC69、CLC92
2. 国内立法
《海商法》
第十一章 海事赔偿责任限制 第二百一十条 (二)关于非人身伤亡的赔偿请求
1、总吨位300吨至500吨的船舶,赔偿限额为167000计算单位; 2、总吨位超过500吨的船舶,500吨以下部分适用本项第1目的规定, 500吨以上的部分,应当增加下列数额: 501吨至30000吨的部分,每吨增加167计算单位; 30001吨至70000吨的部分,每吨增加125计算单位; 超过70000吨的部分,每吨增加83计算单位。 第二百零八条 本章规定不适用于下列各项: (二)中华人民共和国参加的国际油污损害民事责任公约规定的 LLMC1996年议定书(我国未加入) 对于人身伤亡以外的任何其他索赔
(i)对于吨位不超过2000GT的船舶,100万计算单位; (ii)对于吨位超过2000GT的船舶,在第(i)目所述 金额增加如下数额: 自2001吨至30000吨的每一吨:400计算单位; 自30001至70000吨的每一吨:300计算单位;和 超过70000吨的每一吨:200计算单位
1.2 BUNKER
背景 船舶大型化造成燃油成为巨大的污染风险。 根据英国船东互保协会统计,燃油污染索赔事故占全部 污染事故的1/2以上。 1994年IMO海洋环境保护委员会(MEPC)第36次会议 上,澳大利亚第一次提出了有关燃油污染赔偿体系的具 体提案,并由MEPC提请法律委员会考虑。 在1996年10月举行的法律分委会第84次常会上,澳大利 亚、英国的7个国家提出联合提案,从而使燃油污染损害 赔偿问题成为该届大会的主要议题。 经过近6年的讨论,公约终于在2001年的IMO外交大会上 通过。
1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约(英文)
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ONCIVIL LIABILITY FOR OLLPOLLUTION DAMAGE, 1992The States Parties to the present Convention.CONSCIOUS of the dangers of pollution posed by the worldwide maritime carriage of oil in bulk,CONVINCED of the need to ensure that adequate compensation is available to persons who suffer damage caused by pollution resulting from the escape or discharge of oil from ships,DESIRING to adopt uniform international rules and procedures for determining questions of liability and providing adequate compensation in such cases,HA VE AGREED as followsArticle IFor the purposes of this Convention:1. “Ship” means any sea going vessel and seaborne craft of any tpye whatsoever constructed or adapted for the carriage of oil in bulk as cargo, provided that a ship capable of carrying oil in bulk as cargo and during any voyage following such carriage unless it is proved that it has no residuse of such carriage of oil in bulk aboard.2. “Person” means any individual or partnership or any public or private bady, whether corporate or not, including a State or any of its constituent subdivsions.3. “Owner” means the person or persons registered as the owner of the ship or, in the absence of registration, the person or persons owning the ship. However in the case of a ship owned by a State and operated by a company which in that State is registered as the ship’s operator, “owner” shall mean such company.4. “State of the ship’s registry” means in relation to registered ships the State of registration of the ship, and in relation to unregistered ships the State whose flag the ship is flying.5. “Oil” means any persistent hydrocarbon mineral oil such as crude oil, fuel oil, heavy diesel oil and lubricating oil, whether carried on board a ship as cargo or in the bunkers of such a ship.6. “Pollution damage” means:(a) loss or damage caused outside the ship by contamination resulting from the escape ordischarge of oil from the ship, wherever such escape or discharge may occur,provided that compensation for impairment of the environment other than loss ofprofit from such impairment shall be limited to costs of reasonable measures ofreinstatement actully undertaken or to be undertaken.(b) the costs of preventive measures and further loss or damage caused by preventivemeasures.7. “Preventive measures” means any reasonable measures taken by any person after an incident has occurred to prevent or minimize pollution damage.8. “Incident” means any occurrence, or series of occurrences having the same origin, which causes pollution damage or creates a grave and imminent threat of causing such damage.9. “Organization” means the International Maritime Organization.10. “1969 Liability Convention” means the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969. For States Parties to the Protocol of 1976 to that Convention, the term shall be deemed to inclued the 1969 Liability Convention as amended by that Protocol.ArticleThis Convention shall apply exclusively:(a) to pollution damage caused:(i) in the territory, including the territiorial sea, of a Contracting State, and(ii) in the exclusive economic zone of a Contracting State, established in accordance with international law, or, if a Contracting State has not established such a zone, in an areabeyond and adjacent to the territorial sea of that State determined by that State inaccordance with international law and extending not more than 200 nautical milesfrom the baselines from which the breadth of its territorial sea is measured;(b) to prevetive measures, wherever taken, to prevent or minimize such damage.Article1. Except as provided in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article, the owner of a ship at the time of an incident, or, where the incident consists of a series of occurrences, at the time of the first such occurrence, shall be liable for any pollution damage caused by the ship as a result of the incident.2. No liability for pollution damage shall attach to the owner if he proves that the damage:(a) resulted from an act of war, hostilities, civil war, insurrection or a natural phenomenon ofan exceptional, inevitable and irresistible character, or(b) was wholly caused by an act or omission done with intent to cause damage by a thirdparty, or(c) was wholly caused by the negligence or other wrongful act of any Government or otherauthority responsible for the maintenance of lights or other navigational aids in the exercise of that function.3. If the owner proves that the pollution damage resulted wholly or partially either from an act or omission done with intent to cause damage by the person who suffered the damage or from the negligence of that person, the owner may be exonerated wholly or partially from his liability to such person.4. No claim for compensation for pollution damage may be made against the owner otherwise than in accordance with this Convention. Subject to paragaph 5 of this Article, no claim for compensation for pollution damage under this Convention or otherwise may be made against:(a) the servants or agents of the owner or the members of the crew;(b) the pilot or any other person who, without being a member of the crew, performs servicesfor the ship;(c) any charterer (howsoever described, including a bareboat charterer), manager or operatorof the ship;(d) any person performing salvage operations with the consent of the owner or on theinstructons of a competent public authority;(e) any person taking preventive measutes;(f) all servants or agents of persons mentioned is subparagraphs (c), (d) and (e);unless the damage resulted from their personal act or omission, committed with the intent to cause such damage, or recklessly and with knowledge that such damage would probably result.5. Nothing in this Convention shall prejudice any right of recourse of the owner against third parties.ArticleWhen an incident involving two or more ships occurs and pollution damage results therefrom, the owners of all the ships concerned, unless exonerated under Article , shall be jointly and severally liable for all such damage which is not reasonably separable.Article1. The onwner of a ship shall be entitled to limit his liability under this Convention in respect of any one incident to an aggregate amount caluated as follows:(a) 3 million units of account for a ship not exceeding 5,000 units of tonnage;(b) for a ship with a tonnage in excess thereof, for each additional unit of tonnage, 420 units of account in addition to the amount mentioned in sub paragraph (a);provided, however, that this aggregate amount shall not in any event exceed 59.7 million units of account.2. The owner shall not be entitled to limit his liability under this Convention if it is proved that the pollution damage uesulted from his personal act or omission, committed with the intent to cause such damage, or recklessy and with knowledge that such damage would probably result.3. For the purpose of availing himself of the benefit of limitation provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article the owner shall constitute a fund for the total sum representing the limit of his liability with the Court or other competent authority of any one of the Contracing States in which action is brought under Article or, if no action is brought with any Court or oter competent authority in any one of the Contraction States in which an action can be brought under Article . The fund can be constituted either by depositing the sum or by producing a bank guarantee or other guarantee, acceptable under the legislation of the Contracting State where the fund is constituted, and considered to be adequate by the Court or other competent authority.4. The fund shall be distributed among the cleimants in proportion to the amounts of their established claims.5. If before the fund is distributed the owner or any of his servants or agents or any person providing him insurance or other financial security has as a result of the incident in question, paid compensation for pollution damage, such person shall, up to the amount he has paid, acquire by subrogation the rights which the person so compensated would have enjoyed under this Convention.6. The right of subrogation provided for in paragraph 5 of this Article may also be exercised by a person other than those mentioned therein in respect of any amount of compensation for pollution damage which he may have paid but only to the extent that such shbrogation is permitted under the applicable national law.7. Where the owner or any other person establishes that he may be compelled to pay at a later date in whole or in part any such amout of compensation, with regard to which such person would have enjoyed a right of subrogation under paragraphs 5 or 6 of this Article, had the compensation been paid before the fund was distributed, the Court or other competent authority of the State where the fund has been constituted may order that a sufficient sum shall be provisionally set aside to enable such person at such later date to enforce his claim against the fund.8. Claims in respect of expenses reasonably incurred or sacrifices reasonably made by theowner voluntarily to prevent or minimize pollution damage shall rank equally with other claims against the fund.9(a). The “unit of account” referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article is the Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund. The amounts mentioned in paragraph 1 shall be converted into national currency of the Contracting State as far as possible the same real value for the amounts in paragraph 1 as would result from the application of the first three sentences of paragraph 9(a). Contracting States shall communicate to the depositary the manner of calculation pursuant to paragraph 9 (a), or the result of the conversion in pargraph 9(b) as the case may be, when depositing an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval of or accession to this Convention and whenever there is a change in either.10. For the purpose of this Article the ship’s tonnage shall be the gross tonnage calculated in accordance with the tonnage measurement regulations contained in Annex I of the International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969.11. The insurer or other person providing financial security shall be entitled to constitute a fund in accordance with this Article on the same conditions and having the same effect as if it were constituted by the owner. Such a fund may be constituted even if, under the provisions of paragraph 2, the owner is not entitled to limit his liability, but its constiution shall in that case not prejudice the rights of any claimant against the owner.Article1. Where the owner, after an incident, has constituted a fund in accordance with Article , and is entitled to limit his liability,(a) no person having a claim for pollution damage arising out of that incident shall be entitledto exercise any right against any other assets of the owner in respect of such claim;(b) the Court or other competent authority of any Contracting State shall order the release ofany ship or other property belonging to the owner which has been arrested in respect of a claim for pollution damage arising out of that incident, and shall similarly release any bail or other security furnished to avoid such arrest.2.The foregoing shall, however, only apply if the claimant has access to the Court administering the fund and the fund is actuall available in respect of his claim.Article1. The owner of a ship registered in a Contracting State and carrying more than 2,000 tons of oil in bulk as cargo shall be required to maintain insurance or other financial security, such as the guarantee of a bank or a certificate delivered by an international compensation fund, in the sums fixed by applying the limits of liability prescribed in Article , paragraph 1 to cover his liabilityfor pollution damage under this Convention.2. A certificate attesting that insurance or other financial security is in force in accordance with the provisions of this Convention shall be issued to each ship after the appropriate authority of a Contracting State has determined that the requirements of paragraph 1 have been complied with. With respect to a ship registered in a Contracting State such certificate shall be issued or certified by the appropriate authority of the State of the ship’s registry; with respect to a ship not registered in a Contracing State it may be issued or certified by the appropriate authority of any Contracting State. This certificate shall be in the form of the annexed model and shall contain the following particulars:(a) name of ship and port of registration;(b) name and principal pleace of business of owner;(c) type of security;(e) period of validity of certificate which shall not be longer than the period of validity of theinsurance or other security.3. The certificate shall be in the official language or languages of the issuing State. If the language used is neither English nor French, the text shall include a translation into one of these languages.4. The certificate shall be carried on board the ship and a copy shall be deposited with the authorities who keep the record of the ship’s registry or, if the ship is not registered in a Contracting State, with the authorities of the State issuing or certifying the certificate.5. An insurance or other financial security shall not satisfy the requirements of this Article if it can cease, for reasons other than the expiry of the period of validity of the insurance or security specified in the certificate under paragraph 2 of this Article, before three months have elapsed from the date on which notice of its termination is given to the authorities referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article, unless the certificate has been surrendered to these authorities or a new certificate has been issued within the said period. The foregoing provisions shall similarly apply to any modification which results in the insurance or security no longer satisfying the requirements of this Article.6. The State of registry shall, subject to the provisions of this Article, determine the conditions of issue and validity of the certificate.7. Certificates issued or certified under the authority of a Contracting State in accordance with paragraph 2 shall be accepted by other Contracting States for the purposes of this Convention and shall be regarded by other Contracting States as having the same force as certificates issued or certified by them even if issued or certified in respect of a ship not registered in a Contracting State. A Contracting State may at any time request consultation with the issuing or certifying Stateshould it believe that the insurer or guarantor named in the certificate is not financially capable of meeting the obligations imposed by this Convention.8. Any claim for compensation for pollution damage may be brought directly againat the insurer or other person providing financial security for the owner’s liability for pollution damage. In such case the defendant may, even if the owner is not entitled to limit his liability according to Article , pragraph 2, avail himself of the limits of liability pescribed in Article , paragraph 1. He may further avail himself of the defences (other than the bankruptcy or winding up of the owner) which the owner himself would have been entitled to invoke. Furthermore, the defendant may avail himself of the defence that the pollution damage resulted from the wilful misconduct of the owner himself, but the defendant shall not avail himself of any other defence which he might have been entitled to invoke in proceedings brought by the owner against him. The defendant shall in any event have the right to require the owner to be joined in the proceedings.9. Any sums provided by insurance or by other financial security maintained in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article shall be available exclusively for the satisfaction of claims under this Convention.10. A Contracting State shall not permit a ship under its flag to which this Article applies to trade unless a certificate has been isued under paragraph 2 or 12 of this Article.11. Subjcet to the provisions of this Article, each Contracting State shall ensure, under its national legislation, that insurance or other security to the extent specified in paragraph 1 of this Article is in force in respect of any ship, wherever registered, entering or leaving a port in its terriory, or arriving at or leaving an off shore terminal in its territorial sea, if the ship actually carries more than 2,000 tons of oil in bulk as cargo.12. If insurance or other financial security is not maintained in respect of a ship owned by a Contracting State, the provisions of this Article relating thereto shall not be applicable to such ship, but the ship shall carry a certificate issued by the appropriate authorities of the State of the ship’s registry stating that the ship is owned by that State and that the ship’s liability is covered within the limits prescribed by Artivle , paragraphl. Such a certificate shall follow as closely as practicable the model prescribed by paragraph 2 of this Article.ArticleRights of compensation under this Convention shall be extinguished unless an action is brought thereunder within three years from the date when the damage occurred. However, in no case shall an action be brought after six years from the date of the incident which caused the damage. Where this incident consists of a series of occurrences, the six year’ period shall run from the date of the first such occurrence.Article1. Where an incident has caused pollution damage in the territory, including the territorial seaor an area referred to in Article , of one or more Contracting States or preventive measures have been taken to prevent or minimize pollution damage in such territory including the territorial sea or area, actions for compensation may only be brought in the Courts of any such Contractintg States. Reasonable notice of any such action shall be given to the defendant.2. Each Contracting State shall ensure that its Courts possess the necessary jurisdiction to entertain such actions for compensation.3. After the fund has been constituted in accordance with Article the Courts of the State in which the fund is constituted shall be exclusively competent to determine all matters relating to the apportionment and distribution of the fund.Article1. Any judgement given by a Court with jurisdiction is accordance with Article which is enforceable in the State of origin where it is nolonger subject to ordinary forms of review, shall be recognized in any Contracting State, except:(a) where the judgement was obtained by fraud; or(b) where the defendant was not given reasonable notice and a fair opportunity to present his case.2. A judgement recognized under paragraph 1 of this Article shall be enforceable in each Contracting State as soon as the formalities required in the State have been complied with. The formalities shall not permit the merits of the case to be re opened.Article1. The provisions of this Convention shall not apply to warships or other ships owned or operated by a State and used, for the time being, only on government non commercial service.2.With respect to ships owned by a Contracting State and used for commercial purposes, each State shall be subject to suit in the jurisdictions set forth in Article and shall waive all defences based on its status as a sovereign State.Article bisTransitional prouisionsThe following transitional provisions shall apply in the case of a State which at the time of an incident is a Party both to this Convention and to the 1969 Liability Convention:(a) where an incident has caused pollution damage within the scope of this Convention,liability under this Convention shall be deemed to be discharged if, and to the extent that , it also arises under the 1969 Liability Convention;(b) where an incident has caused pollution damage within the scope of this Convention, andthe State is a Party both to this Convention and to the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971, liability remaining to be discharged after the application of sub paragraph (a) of this Article shall arise under this Convention only to the extent that pollution damage remains uncompensated after application of the said 1971 Convention;(c) in the application of Article , paragraph 4, of this Convention the expression “thisConvention” shall be interpreted as referring to this Convention or the 1969 Liability Convention, as appropriate;(d) in the application of Article V, paragraph 3, of this Convention the total sum of the fund tobe constituted shall be reduced by the amount by which liability has been deemed to be discharged in accordance with sub paragraph (a) of this Article.Article terFinal clausesThe final clauses of this Convention shall be Articles 12 to 18 of the Protocol of 1992 to amend the 1969 Liability Convention. References in this Convention to Contraction States shall be taken to mean references to the Contracting States of that Protocol.Final Clauses of the Protocol of 1992 to amendthe 1969 Civil Liability ConventionArticleSignature, ratification, acceptance, approual and accession1. This Protocol shall be open for signature at London from 15 January 1993 to 14 January 1994 by all States.2. Subject to paragraph 4, any State may become a Party to this Protocol by:(a) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval followed by ratification,acceptance or approval; or(b) accession.3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of a formal instrument to that effect with the Secretary General of the Organization.4. Any Contracting State to the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971, hereinafter referred to as the 1971 Fund Convention, may ratify, accept approve or accede to this Prtotocol only if it ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the Protocol of 1992 to amend that Convention at the same time, unless it denounces the 1971 Fund Convention to take effect on the date when this Protocol enters into force for that State.5. A State which is a Party to this Protocol but not a Party to the 1969 liability Convention shall be bound by the provisions the 1969 Liability Convention as amended by this Protocol in relation to other States Parties hereto, but shall not be bound by the provisions of the 1969 Liability Convention in relation to States Parties thereto.6. Any instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession deposited after the entry into force of an amendment to the 1969 Liability Convention as amended by this Protocol shall be deemed to apply to the Convention so amended, as modified by such amendment.ArticleEntry into force1. This Protocol shall enter into force twelve months following the date on which ten State including four States each with not less than one million units of gross tanker tonnage have deposited instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Secretary General of the Organization.2. However, any Contracting State to the 1971 Fund Convention may ,at the time of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect of this protocol, declare that such instrument shall be deemed not to be effective for the purposes of this Article until the end of the six month period in Article 31of the Protocol of 1992 to amend the 1971 Fund Convention. A State which is not a Contracting State to the 1971 Fund Convention but which deposits an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect of the Protocol of 1992 to amend the 1971 Fund Convention may also make a declaration in accordance with this paragraph at the same time.3. Any State which has made a declaration in accordance with the preceding paragraph may withdraw it at any time by means of a notification addressed to the Secretary General of the Organization. Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the date the notification is received, provided that such State shall be deemed to have deposited its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect of this Provtcol on that date.4. For any State which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to it after the conditions in paragraph 1 for entry into force have been met, this Protocol shall enter into force twelve months following the date of deposit by such State of the appropriate instrument.ArticleReuision and amendment1. A Conference for the purpose of revising or amending the 1992 Liability Convention may be convened by the Organization.2. The Organization shall convene a Conference of Contracting States for the purpose of revising or amending the 1992 Liability Convention at the request of not less than one third of the Contracting States.ArticleAmendments of limitation amounts1. Upon the request of at least one quarter of the Contracting States and proposal to amend the limits of liability laid down in Article , paragraph 1, of the 1969 Liability Convention as amended by this Protocol shall be circulated by the Secretary General to all Members of the Organization and to all Contracting States.2. Any amendment proposed and circulated as above shall be submitted to the Legal Committee of the Organization for consideration at a date at least six months after the date of its circulation.3. All Contraction States to the 1969 Liability Convention as amended by this Protocol, whether or not Members of the Organization, shall be entitled to participate in the proceedings of the Legal Committee for the consideration and adoption of amendments.4. Amendments shall be adopted by a two thirds majority of the Contracting States present and voting in the Legal Committee, expanded as provided for in paragraph 3, on condition that at least one half of the Contracting States shall be present at the time of voting.5. When acting on a proposal to amend the limits, the legal Committee shall take into acount the experience of incidents and in particular the amount of damage resulting therefrom, changes in the monetary values and the effect of the proposed amendment on the cost of insurance. It shall also take into account the relationship between the limits in Article V, paragraph 1, of the 1969 Liability Convention as amended by this Protocol and those in Article 4, paragraph 4 of the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Sempensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992.6)(a) No amendment of the limits of liability under this Article may be considered before 15 January 1998 nor less than five years from the date of entry into force of a previous amendment under this Article. No. Amendment under this Article shall be considered before this Protocol hasentered into force.(b) No limit may be increased so as to exceed an amount which corresponds to the limit laid down in the 1969 Liability Convention as amended by this Protocol increased by 6 per cent per year calculated on a compound basis from 15 January 1993.(c) No Limit may be increased so as to exceed an amount which corresponds to the limit laid down in the 1969 Liability Convention as amended by this Protocol mulitiplied by 3.7. Any amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 4 shall be notified by the Organization to all Contracting States. The amendment shall be deemed to have been accepted at the end of a period of eighteen months after the date of notification, unless within that period not less than one quarter of the States that were Contracting States at the time of the adoption of the amendment by the Legal Committee have communicated to the Organization that they do not accept the amendment in which case the amendment is rejected and shall have no effect.8. An amendment deemed to have been accepted in accordance with pargraph 7 shall enter into force eighteen months after its acceptance.9. All Contracting States shall be bound by the amendment, unless they denounce this Protocol in accordance with Article 16, paragraphs 1 and 2, at least six months before the amendment enters into force. Such denunciation shall take effect when the amendment enters into force.10. When an amendment has adopted by the legal Committee but the eighteen month period for its acceptance has not yet expired, a State which becomes a Contracting State during that period shall be bound by the amendment if it enters into force. A State which becomes a Contracting State after that period shall be bound by an amendment which has been accepted in accordance with paragraph 7. In the cases referred to in this paragraph, a State becomes bound by an amendment when that amendment enters into force, or when this Protocol enters into force for that State, if later.ArticleDenunciation1. This Protocol may be denouced by any Party at any time after the date on which it enters into force for that party.2. Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument with the Secretary General of the Organization.3. A denunciation shall take effect twelve months, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument of denunciation, after its deposit with the Secretary General of the。
国际油污损害民事责任公约
国际油污损害民事责任公约文章属性•【缔约国】•【条约领域】环境资源能源•【公布日期】1969.11.29•【条约类别】公约•【签订地点】布鲁塞尔正文国际油污损害民事责任公约(该公约于1969年11月29日订于布鲁塞尔,1975年6月19日生效。
1980年1月30日中华人民共和国政府向国际海事组织秘书长交存接受书,同时声明:台湾当局盗用中国名义对该公约的签字和接受均属非法无效。
该公约于1980年4月30日对我生效。
)本公约各缔约国。
意识到由于遍及世界的海上载运散装油类而出现的污染危险确信有必要对由于船舶逸出或排放油类造成污染而遭受损害的人员给予适当的赔偿本着通过统一的国际规则和程序以便确定在上述情况下的责任问题,并提供适当赔偿的愿望。
议定下列条款:第一条在本公约中:1、船舶,是指装运散装油类货物的任何类型的远洋船舶和海上船艇。
2、人是指任何个人或合伙或任何公营或私营机构(不论是否法人),包括国家或其任何下属单位。
3、船舶所有人,是指登记为船舶所有人的人,如果没有这种登记,则是指拥有该船的人。
但如船舶为国家所有而由在该国登记为船舶经营人的公司所经营,船舶所有人即指这种公司。
4、船舶登记国,就登记的船舶而言,是指对船舶进行登记的国家;就未登记的船舶而言,是指其船旗国。
5、油类,是指任何持久性油类,例如原油、燃料油、重柴油、润滑油以及鲸油,不论是作为货物装运于船上,或是作为这类船舶的燃料。
6、油污损害,是指由于船舶逸出或排放油类(不论这种逸出或排放发生在何处)后,在运油船舶本身以外因污染而产生的灭失或损害,并包括预防措施的费用以及由于采取预防措施而造成的进一步灭失或损害。
7、预防措施,是指事件发生后为防止或减轻污染损害而由任何人所采取任何合理措施。
8、事件,是指造成污染损害的任何事故,或是由于同一原因所引起的一系列事故。
9、海协,是指政府间海事协商组织。
[$油类、船舶油污损害、船舶$]第二条本公约仅适用于在缔约国领土和领海上发生的污染损害,和为防止或减轻这种损害而采取的预防措施。
1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约的议定书
1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约的议定书文章属性•【缔约国】•【条约领域】环境资源能源•【公布日期】1976.11.19•【条约类别】议定书•【签订地点】伦敦正文1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约的议定书(1976年11月19日订于伦敦本议定书于1981年4月8日生效1986年12月28日对中国生效)本议定书各缔约方,对1969年11月29日在布鲁塞尔签订的国际油污损害民事责任公约,协议如下:第一条在本议定书中:1.“公约”是指1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约。
2.“组织”与公约中的含义相同。
3.“秘书长”是指组织的秘书长。
第二条公约第五条修正如下:(1)用下列文字代替第1款:“船舶所有人有权将他依本公约对任何一个事件的责任限定为按船舶吨位计算赔偿总额每1吨133计算单位。
但这种赔偿总额绝对不得超过1,400万计算单位。
”(2)用下列文字代替第9款:9(1)本条第1款所述的“计算单位”为国际货币基金组织所规定的特别提款权。
第1款中所述的数额,应根据基金设立之日,基金设立国货币与特别提款权相比的价值,折算成该国的货币。
凡属国际货币基金组织成员国的缔约国,其按特别提款权折算的该国货币的价值,应按国际货币基金组织于上述日期在其经营和交易中适用的现行定值办法计算。
非属国际货币基金组织成员国的缔约国,其按特别提款权折算的该国货币的价值,应按该国确定的办法计算。
9(2)但是,非属国际货币基金组织成员国的缔约国,而其法律又不允许执行本条第9款第(1)项规定时,可以在批准、接受、核准或加入本公约时,或在其后的任何时间,声明在其领土内所适用的第(1)项所规定的责任限制,对于任何一次事故,按船舶吨位计算每吨为2000货币单位,但此总额绝不能超过2亿1千万货币单位。
本项所述的货币单位相当于纯度为900‰的黄金65.5毫克。
将这些数额折算成国家货币时,应按有关国家的法律办理。
9(3)第9款第(1)项末句中所述的计算和第9款第(2)项所述的折算,应使以该缔约国货币所表示的数额,尽可能地与第1款中以计算单位所表示的数额具有同一实际价值。
交通部关于我国已接受《国际油污损害民事责任公约》的通知(1980年修订)
交通部关于我国已接受《国际油污损害民事责任公约》的通知(1980年修订)文章属性•【制定机关】交通部(已撤销)•【公布日期】1980.03.01•【文号】交港监字[1980]334号•【施行日期】1980.04.29•【效力等级】部门规范性文件•【时效性】失效•【主题分类】交通运输正文交通部关于我国已接受《国际油污损害民事责任公约》的通知(交通部交港监字[1980]334号1980年3月1日)各港港务监督,中远各公司,各海运局,长江航运局,长江航政局,沿海各省、市、自治区交通(航运)局:经国务院批准,我国已接受政府间海事协商组织于1969年11月在布鲁塞尔会议上制订的《国际油污损害民事责任公约》,将于1980年4月29日对我国生效。
按公约规定,航行国际航线,载运2000吨以上散装货油的船舶(包括油船、油驳、油囊等)都必须参加油污保险(或其他财务保证),并取得《油污损害民事责任保险或其他财务保证证书》(以下简称国际油污证书),才可以航行于缔约国的港口。
1976年8月25日,部(76)交船监字995号文颁发的《关于油污损害民事责任保险证书》现需换发为国际油污证书。
请各有关单位接通知后,抓紧到港务监督办理换发事宜。
现将修订的《(油污损害民事责任保险或者他财务保证证书)的签发办法》发给你们,希遵照执行。
如遇问题请及时报部。
附件:一、《油污损害民事责任保险或其他财务保证证书》的签发办法二、油污损害民事责任保险或其他财务保证证书三、1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约(略)附件一:《油污损害民事责任保险或其他财务保证证书》的签发办法一、本证书由各港务监督签发,发给载运2000吨以上散装货油的航行国际航线的我国船舶(包括油船、油驳、油囊等)。
证明上述船舶按照1969年《国际油污损害民事责任公约》第七条的要求取得的保险单或其他财务保证是有效的。
二、本证书的签发:由领取该证书的船舶向船籍港所在或就近港务监督提出申请,并需持有《油污和其他保赔责任险》或其他财务保证的有效单据,经核实后发给本证书。
1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约(附英文).
1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约简介:1967年3月18日发生了利比里亚籍油船“托利·勘庸”(Torry Canyon)号油污事故,该船在英吉利海峡触礁,船体断裂。
船上载有12万吨原油,约有6万吨入海,造成英国南海岸、法国北海岸和荷兰西海岸大面积污染。
为减少损害,英国政府派飞机将船舶残骸炸沉,并使船上原油燃烧。
这次事故造成的损失约1500万美元。
此案在美国法院审理。
根据1951年《美国责任限制法》,对船舶所有人责任限制实行船价制,而此案只有一条价值50美元的救生艇获救。
此案最后以300万美元通过协商得以解决,但油污受害人仅得到1/5的损害赔偿。
此案向人们提出了两个问题,即沿岸国是否有权对公海上发生的油污时间进行干预,以及如何保障油污受害人得到全部或充分的赔偿。
为此,原政府间海事协商组织于同年5月5日成立法律委员会,专门研究上述问题,并在1969年11月10-29日在布鲁塞尔召开了国际油污染损害法律会议,通过了两个国际公约。
其一为《国际干预公海油污事件公约》,以解决上述第一个问题。
其二为《国际油污损害赔偿责任公约》,简称《1969年民事责任公约》。
《1969年民事责任公约》于1975年6月19日生效,目前共有缔约国约100个。
我国于1980年1月30日参加该公约,自1980年4月29日起对我国生效。
《1969年民事责任公约》生效后,又先后通过了1976年议定书、1984年议定书、1992年议定书和其2000年修正案。
1976年议定书将责任限额的货币单位由金法郎改为特别提款权。
该议定书已经生效。
1984年议定书主要对公约做出了四个方面的修改:(1)扩大了公约的适用范围,使公约适用于为载运散装油类货物而建造或改造的任何船舶,不论其是否实际载有散装油类货物;(2)提高了责任限额,并规定赔偿总额不得超过5970万特别提款权;(3)扩大了补救措施的外延。
将为防止或减轻油污损害所采取的措施认定为补救措施,其费用和因此造成的进一步损害,属于油污损害的范畴;(4)改变了船舶所有人丧失责任限制的条件,规定当油污损害系船舶所有人本人有意造成或明知可能造成损害而轻率地作为或不作为所引起时,船舶所有人丧失责任限制权利。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
国际油污损害民事责任公约(1969年11月29日订于布鲁塞尔)本公约各缔约国,意识到由于遍及世界的海上载运散装油类而出现的污染危险,确信有必要对由于船舶逸出或排放油类造成污染而遭受损害的人员给予适当的赔偿,本着通过统一的国际规则和程序以便确定在上述情况下的责任问题,并提供适当赔偿的愿望。
议定下列条款:第一条在本公约中:1、船舶,是指装运散装油类货物的任何类型的远洋船舶和海上船艇。
2、人是指任何个人或合伙或任何公营或私营机构(不论是否法人),包括国家或其任何下属单位。
3、船舶所有人,是指登记为船舶所有人的人,如果没有这种登记,则是指拥有该船的人。
但如船舶为国家所有而由在该国登记为船舶经营人的公司所经营,船舶所有人即指这种公司。
4、船舶登记国,就登记的船舶而言,是指对船舶进行登记的国家;就未登记的船舶而言,是指其船旗国。
5、油类,是指任何持久性油类,例如原油、燃料油、重柴油、润滑油以及鲸油,不论是作为货物装运于船上,或是作为这类船舶的燃料。
6、油污损害,是指由于船舶逸出或排放油类(不论这种逸出或排放发生在何处)后,在运油船舶本身以外因污染而产生的灭失或损害,并包括预防措施的费用以及由于采取预防措施而造成的进一步灭失或损害。
7、预防措施,是指事件发生后为防止或减轻污染损害而由任何人所采取任何合理措施。
8、事件,是指造成污染损害的任何事故,或是由于同一原因所引起的一系列事故。
9、海协,是指政府间海事协商组织。
第二条本公约仅适用于在缔约国领土和领海上发生的污染损害,和为防止或减轻这种损害而采取的预防措施。
第三条1、除本条第2款和第3款另有规定外,在事件发生时,或如事件包括一系列事故,则在此种事故第一次发生时,船舶所有人应对该事故引起的漏油或排油所造成的污染损害负责。
2、船舶所有人如能证实损害系属于以下情况,便不得使之承担油污损害责任:(1)由于战争行为、敌方行为、内战或武装暴动,或特殊的,不可避免的和不可抗拒性质的自然现象所引起的损害;(2)完全是由于第三者有意造成损害的行为或不为所引起的损害;(3)完全是由于负责灯塔或其他助航设备的政府或其他主管当局在执行其职责时的疏忽或其他过失行为所造成的损害。
3、如果船舶所有人证明,污染损害完全或部分是由于遭受损害人有意造成损害的行为或不为所引起,或是由于该人的疏忽所造成,则该船舶所有人即可全部或部分地免除对该人所负的责任。
4、不得要求船舶所有人对本公约没有规定的污染损害作出赔偿。
不得要求船舶所有人的雇佣人员或代理人对本公约规定的其他污染损害作出赔偿。
5、本公约的任何条款不得有损于船舶所有人向第三者要求赔偿的权利。
第四条如果发生两艘或多艘船舶逸出或排放油类,因而造成油污损害时,则全部有关船舶的所有人除非依第三条免责,都应对按情理无法分开的损害负连带责任。
第五条1、船舶所有人有权将他依本公约对任何一个事件的责任,限定为按船舶吨位计算的赔偿总额每一吨二千法郎,但这种赔偿总额绝对不得超过二亿一千万法郎。
2、如果事件由于船舶所有人实际过失或暗中参与所造成,船舶所有人便无权援用本条第1款规定的责任限度。
3、为取得本条第1款规定的责任限制的权利,船舶所有人应在按第九条规定提出诉讼的任一缔约国的法院或其他主管当局设立相当于其责任限制总数的基金。
建立该项基金可采取照数存入银行的方法,或是采取按设立基金的缔约国法律可以接受的、经法院或其他主管机关认可的银行担保或其他担保的方法。
4.该项基金应在索赔人之间依其确定的索赔额比例分配。
5、在分配基金以前,如船舶所有人或其他任何人员或代理人或向其提供保险或其他财务保证的任何人员,由于所述事件而支付油污损害赔偿,则上述人员在其支付数额范围内应以代位获得受偿人根据本公约所应享有的权利。
6、本条第5款所规定的代位权,也可由该款所提到的人员以外对油污损害已支付任何赔偿金额的任何人行使,但这种代位权仅以所适用的国内法所许可者为限。
7、如船舶所有人或任何其他人认定,他可能在以后被强制支付此种赔偿金额的全部或一部分,而如此项赔偿在基金被分配以前已经付出,该人便可依本条第5款或第6款享有代位权,则基金所在国法院或其他主管当局得命令暂时留出一个足够数目,使该人以后能向基金索赔。
8、对因船舶所有人主动防止或减轻油污损害而引起的合理的费用或所作的合理牺牲所提出的索赔,应与其他索赔在基金分配中处于同等地位。
9、本条所述法郎系指含有纯度为千分之九百的黄金65.5毫克的法郎。
本条第1款所述金额,应根据设立基金之日基金所在国的货币与上述货币单位的比值,折合为基金所在国的货币。
10、在本条中,船舶吨位应为净吨位再加上为计算净吨位而从总吨位中减除机舱部分的数额。
对于不能按照标准的吨位丈量规则测定的船舶,其吨位应为该船所能装运油类的重量吨(每吨2240磅)的百分之四十。
11、保险人或提供财务保证的其他人有权按照本条规定建立基金,其条件和效力与船舶所有人建立的基金相同。
即使确有船舶所有人的过失或暗中参与,也可设立这项基金,但在这种情况下,基金的设立不应妨碍任何向船舶所有人索赔的权利。
第六条1、当船舶所有人在事件发生之后已按第五条规定设立一项基金,并有权限制其责任范围时,则:(1)对上述事件造成的油污损害提出索赔的任何人,不得就其索赔对船舶所有人的任何其他财产行使任何权利;(2)各缔约国的法院或其他主管当局,应下令退还由于对该事件造成的油污损害提出索赔而扣留的属于船舶所有人的任何船舶或其他财产,对为避免扣留而提出的保证或其他保证也同样应予退还。
2、但上述规定只在索赔人能向管理基金的法院提出索赔,并且该项基金对他的索赔确能支付的情况之下,才可适用。
第七条1、在缔约国登记的载运二千吨以上散装货油的船舶的船舶所有人,必须进行保险或取得其财务保证,如银行保证或国际赔偿基金出具的证书等。
保证数额按第五条第1款中规定的责任限度决定,以便按本公约规定承担其对油污损害所应负的责任。
2、应对每一船舶颁发一项证书,证明该船按本公约规定进行的保险或取得其他财务保证具有实效。
此项证书应由船舶登记国的有关当局在断定已符合本条第1款的要求之后颁发或证明。
证书的格式以所附范本为准,并应包括下列各项:(1)船名和船藉港;(2)船舶所有人姓名及其主管营运地点;(3)保证的类别;(4)保险人或提供保证的其他人的姓名及其主要营业地点,交根据情况,包括所设立的保险或保证的营业地点;(5)证书的有效期限不得长于保险或其他保证的有效期限。
3、该证书应以颁发国的一种或数种官方文字颁发,如所用文字既非英文又非法文,则应包括译成该二种文字之一的译文。
4、该证书应留在船上,并应将副本送交保存船舶登记记录的当局存档。
5、一项保险或其他财务保证,如果不是由于本条第2款所述证明书上规定的该保险或保证的有效期限届满的原因,而是在向本条第4款所指的当局送交终止通知之日起未满三个月即予终止,除非该证书已送交上述有关当局,或在此期间内已签发新的证书,便应属于不符合本条的要求。
上述规定应同样适用于保险或保证不再满足本公约的各项要求而作的任何修改。
6、船舶登记国应按本条各项规定决定证书的签发条件和有效期限。
7、一个缔约国当局签发或核证的证书,就本公约而言,其他各缔约国应予接受,并应认为与它们签发或核证的证书具有同等效力。
如一缔约国认为,证书上所列的保险人或保证人在财力上不能承担本公约所规定的义务,则可随时要求与船舶登记国进行协商。
8、对油污损害的任何索赔,可向承担船舶所有人油污损害责任的保险人或提供财务保证的其他人直接提出。
在上述情况下,被告人可不问船舶所有人的实际过失或暗中参与而援用第五条第1款所规定的责任限制。
被告人可进一步提出船舶所有人本人有权援引的抗辩(船舶所有人已告破产或关闭者不在此例)。
除此以外,被告人可以提出抗辩,说明油污损害是由于船舶所有人的有意的不当行为所造成,但不得提出他有权在船舶所有人向他提出的诉讼中所援引的抗辩。
在任何情况下,被告人有权要求船舶所有人参加诉讼。
9、按照本条第1款规定由保险或由其他财务保证所提供的任何款项,应仅用于根据本公约提出的索赔。
10、除非根据本条第2款或第12款已予签发证书,各缔约国不得允许本条适用的悬挂其旗帜的船舶从事营运。
11、除本条各项规定外,各缔约国应根据其国内法担保在本条第1款规定范围内的保险或其他保证,对于进入或驶离其领土的某一港口或抵达或驶离其领土范围内的某一海上终点站的任一船舶,不论该船在何处登记,只要它确实装有二千吨以上的散装货油,均属有效。
12、如果为缔约国所有的船舶未进行保险或进行取得其他财务保证,本条与此有关的各项规定便不得适用于该船,但该船应备有一份由船舶登记国有关当局签发的证书,声明该船为该国所有,并在第五条第1款规定的限度内承担责任。
上述证书应尽可能严格遵照本条第二款所规定的范本。
第八条如果不能在损害发生之日起三年内提出诉讼,按本公约要求赔偿的权利即告失效。
无论如何不得在引起损害的事件发生之日起六年后提出诉讼。
如该事件包括一系列事故,六年的期限应自第一个事故发生之日起算。
第九条1、如已在一个或若干个缔约国领土(包括领海)内发生油污损害事件,或已在上述领土(包括领海)内采取防止或减轻油污损害的预防措施,赔偿诉讼便只能向上述一个或若干个缔约国法院提出。
并于任何上述诉讼的适当通知,应均送交被告人。
2、每一缔约国都应保证它的法院具有处理上述赔偿诉讼的必要管辖权。
3、在按照第五条规定设立基金之后,基金所在国的法院可以独自决定有关基金分摊和分配的一切事项。
第十条1、由具有第九条所述管辖权的法院所作的任何判决,如可在原判决国实施而不再需通常的复审手续时,除下列情况外,应为各缔约国所承认:(1)判决是以欺骗取得;(2)未给被告人以适当的通知陈述其立场的公正机会。
2、按本条第1款确认的判决,一经履行各缔约国所规定的各项手续之后,便应在各该国立即实施。
在各项手续中不得允许重提该案的是非。
第十一条1、本公约各项规定,不适用于军舰或其他国家所有或经营的,在当时仅用于政府的非商业性服务的船舶。
2、关于为一缔约国所有而用于商业的船舶,每一国家都应按受第九条所规定的管辖权范围内的控告,并放弃一切以主权国地位为根据的抗辩。
第十二条本公约应代替施行中的或在本公约开放签字之日对签字、批准或加入事项保持开放的任何国际公约,但只限于与本公约有抵触者。
但是,本条规定不影响根据上述国际公约产生的缔约国对非缔约国应负担的各项义务。
第十三条1、本公约将保持开放至1970年12月31日,以供签字,此后将继续开放以供接受。
2、联合国或任何专门机构或国际原子能机构的成员国,或国际法院规约缔约国,可按下列方式成为本公约缔约国:(1)签字,并对批准、接受或承认不作保留;(2)签字并对批准、接受或承认作保留,随后予以批准、接受或承认;(3)加入。