历史专业英语修改版解剖
解剖专业医学专业英语
解剖学专业英语词汇Aaccessory 副神经anal canal 肛管anatomy 解剖学anatomy 解剖学angiology 脉管学anterior cerebral a. 大脑前动脉anterior horn 前角anus 肛门aorta 主动脉arachnoid 蛛网膜artery 动脉articular capsule 关节囊associate neuron 联络神经元atrioventricular bundle 房室束atrioventricular node 房室结atrium 心房auditory tube 咽鼓管auricle 耳廓autonomic nervous system 植物性神经系统，自主神经系axillary a. 腋动脉axillary n. 腋神经Bbasal nuclei 基底核basilic v. 贵要静脉biceps brachii m. 肱二头肌Blood vessel systembone 骨brachial plexus 臂丛brachiocephalic trunk 头臂干brain 脑brain stem 脑干bronchus 支气管Ccaecum 盲肠capillary 毛细血管cardiac apex 心尖cardiac orifice 贲门carpal canal 腕管carpus 腕骨cartilage 软骨central gray substance 中央灰质central nervous system 中枢神经系统Ddiaphragm 膈diencephalon 间脑ductus deferens 输精管duodenum 十二指肠dura mater 硬膜EEdinger Westphal nucleus E W核endocrine gland 内分泌腺external ear 外耳eyeball 眼球Ffacial n. 面神经fascia 筋膜fasciculus cuneatus 楔束fasciculus gracilis 薄束femoral a. 股动脉femoral n. 股神经femur 股骨fibula 腓骨frontal bone 额骨frontal lobe 额叶Ggall bladder 胆囊ganglion 神经节genital organs 生殖器gray substance 灰质greater omentum 大网膜Hhearthip bone 髋骨hippocampus 海马horizontal planehumerus 肱骨hypothalamus 丘脑下部，下丘脑Iileocaecal valve 回盲瓣iliopsoas m.ilium 髂骨inferior colliculus 下丘inferior vena cava 下腔静脉inguinal ligament 腹股沟韧带insula 岛叶interatrial septum 房间隔internal capsule 内囊internal carotid a. 颈内动脉 interventricular septum 室间隔 intervertebral disc 椎间盘iris 虹膜ischium 坐骨Jjejunum 空肠joint cavity 关节腔kidney 肾脏Llarge intestine 大肠larynx 喉lateral funiculus 外侧索 lateral ventricle 侧脑室 laterior horn 外侧角lens 晶体lesser omentum 小网膜levator ani m. 肛提肌ligament 韧带lingual n. 舌神经lip 唇liver 肝locus ceruleus 蓝斑lumbar plexus 腰丛lumbar vertebra 腰椎lung 肺lymph node 淋巴结lymph vessel 淋巴管lymphatic system 淋巴系 lymphatic trunk 淋巴干Mmamma (breast) 乳房mandible 下颌骨maxilla 上颌骨medial lemniscus 内侧丘系mesentery 肠系膜midbrain, mesencephalon 中脑motor neuron 运动神经元muscle 肌Nnasal cavity 鼻腔nasal septum 鼻中隔nerve 神经nervous system 神经系统neuroglia 神经胶质neuron 神经元nucleus 细胞核，神经核nucleus ambiguous 疑核nucleus posteromarginalis 后角边缘核nucleus proprius cornu posterior 后角固有核nucleus solitarius 孤束核Ooccipital bone 枕骨occipital lobe 枕叶oesophagus 食道orbita 眶ovary 卵巢Ppalate 腭parasympathetic 副交感的parietal bone 顶骨parietal lobe 顶叶patella 髌骨pelvis 骨盆penis 阴茎perineum 会阴peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统peritoneum 腹膜pharynx 咽pia mater 软脑膜pleura 胸膜pons 脑桥postcentral gyrus 中央后回posterior funiculus 后索posterior horn 后角precentral gyrus 中央前回prostate 前列腺pubic symphysis 耻骨联合pubis 耻骨pupil 瞳孔pylorus 幽门pyramidal tract 锥体束Rradial a. 桡动脉radius 挠骨red nucleus 红核reticular formation 网状结构retina 视网膜Ssacral plexus 骶丛sacrum 骶骨sagittal plane 矢状面scapula 肩胛骨sclera 巩膜scrotum 阴囊sense organ 感觉器官sensory neuron 感觉神经元skeleton 骨骼small intestine 小肠spermatic cord 精索sphenoid bone 蝶骨spinal cord 脊髓spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑束spleen 脾sternocleidomastoid m. 胸锁乳突肌sternum 胸骨stomach 胃subarachnoid space 蛛网膜下腔submandibular gland 下颌下腺substantia nigra 黑质superior colliculus 上丘superior vena cava 上腔静脉sympathetic 交感的synapse 突触Ttalocrural (ankle) joint 距骨小腿(踝)关节telencephalon 端脑temporal bone 颞骨temporal lobe 颞叶tendo calcaneus 跟腱thalamus 丘脑thoracic duct 胸导管thoracic vertebra 胸椎thyroid gland 甲状腺tibia 胫骨tibial n. 胫神经tongue 舌。
解剖学英语
1.The Digestive System2.The respiratory system3.The nervous system4.The urogenital system5.The endocrine system6.The cardiovascular system7.The muscular system8. the skeletal systemPathogen&Pathogenesis OxygenAndrogenEstrogen; estrogen-like PyrogenAntigenThree P's"P redators⏹Pathogens⏹P arasitoids (Vs parasite)⏹Rheumatoid// toxoidInfectious agent, germ⏹Viral⏹Bacterial⏹Fungal⏹Other parasites⏹PrionicVirus(viruses)⏹20-300 nanometers in length.⏹Adenoviridae, Picornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae,Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Polyomavirus, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae.⏹Some notable pathogenic viruses cause: smallpox, influenza, mumps, measles,chickenpox, ebola, and rubellaBacterium(bacteria)☐1-5 micrometers in length☐can often be killed by antibiotics☐T uberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis;P neumonia, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas; a foodborne illnesses, Shigella, Campylobacter and Salmonella.☐Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis and leprosy.Fungus(fungi)⏹1-40 micrometer in length⏹causative agents of skin, nail or yeast infections⏹Life threatening: immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakenedimmune systemOther parasites⏹protists and helminths⏹Plasmodium→malaria⏹Qinghao→Artemisinin ; compound (a sesquiterpene lactone) isolated from the plantArtemisia annua⏹monotherapy ?⏹Prionicdo not contain nucleic acids⏹scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy ,Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease⏹The disease was first described by German neurologist Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt in1920 and shortly afterwards by Alfons Maria Jakob, giving it the name Creutzfeldt–Jakob⏹sometimes incorrectly referred to as mad cow disease) is a degenerative neurologicaldisorder (brain disease)。
人体解剖学英文作文
人体解剖学英文作文Human Anatomy。
Human anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the human body. It is a complex and fascinating subject that has been studied for centuries by scientists and physicians alike. The human body is composed of several different systems, each with its own unique functions and structures.The skeletal system is one of the most important systems in the human body. It provides support and protection for the body's organs and tissues. The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, and ligaments. The bones are the rigid structures that make up the framework of the body. They are connected by joints, which allow for movement.The muscular system is responsible for movement and posture. It is made up of muscles that are attached to thebones by tendons. Muscles can contract and relax, allowing for movement of the body. There are three types of muscles in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.The nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating the body's activities. It is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The brain is the control center of the body, and it receives and processes information from the senses. The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nerves that runs down the back and connects the brain to the rest of the body.The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. The blood vessels are the tubes that carry blood to and from the heart. The blood is the fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.The respiratory system is responsible for exchanging gases between the body and the environment. It is made upof the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. The lungs are the organs that take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The trachea, bronchi, and alveoli are the tubes and sacs that allow for the exchange of gases.The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. It is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system, and it is where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The esophagus is the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. The stomach is a muscular sac that mixes and grinds food with digestive juices. The small intestine is where most of the nutrients are absorbed, and the large intestine is where water and electrolytes are absorbed.In conclusion, human anatomy is a complex and fascinating subject that is essential for understanding how the body works. Each system in the body has its own unique functions and structures, and they all work together to maintain homeostasis. Understanding human anatomy isimportant for healthcare professionals, scientists, and anyone interested in learning more about the human body.。
解剖基础英文单词
解剖学英文单词locomotor system 运动系统osteology 骨学bone 骨cartilage 软骨bone marrow骨髓vertebra 椎骨cervical vertebrae颈椎thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae腰椎sacrum骶骨coccyx 尾骨rib 肋costal bone 肋骨sternum 胸骨sternal angle 胸骨角cranium, skull 颅orbit 眶paranasal sinus 鼻旁窦frontal sinus 额窦maxillary sinus 上颌窦pterion 翼点clavicle 锁骨humerus 肱骨scapula肩胛骨radius 桡骨ulna 尺骨carpal bones 腕骨hip bone 髋骨ilium 髂骨pubis 耻骨femur 股骨tibia 胫骨fibula 腓骨tarsal bones 跗骨arthrology 关节学fibrous joint 纤维连结cartilaginous joint 软骨连结joint, articulation 关节vertebral column 脊柱intervertebral disc 椎间盘thoracic cage 胸廓temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节shoulder joint 肩关节elbow joint 肘关节radiocarpal joint/wrist joint桡腕关节pelvis 骨盆hip joint 髋关节knee joint 膝关节ankle joint 踝关节mycology 肌学muscle 肌肉tendon 肌腱trapezius m. 斜方肌latissimus dorsi m. 背阔肌erector spinae m. 竖脊肌sternocleidomastoid m.胸锁乳突肌pectoralis major m. 胸大肌diaphragm 膈deltoid m. 三角肌biceps brachii m. 肱二头肌tricepsbrachii m. 肱三头肌quadriceps femoris m. 股四头肌triceps surae m. 小腿三头肌splanchnology 内脏学alimentary system 消化系统tongue 舌cheek 颊tooth 牙tonsil 扁桃体sublingual gland 舌下腺parotid gland 腮腺pharynx 咽esophagus 食管stomach, gaster 胃small intestine 小肠duodenum 十二指肠jejunum 空肠ileum 回肠vermiform appendix 阑尾rectum 直肠anal canal 肛管liver, hepar 肝gall bladder 胆囊pancreas 胰respiratory system 呼吸系统nose 鼻nasal cavity 鼻腔larynx 喉trachea 气管bronchus 支气管lung 肺pleura 胸膜pleural cavity 胸膜腔mediastinum 纵隔urinary system 泌尿系统kidney 肾ureter 输尿管urinary bladder 膀胱urethra 尿道reproductive system生殖系统testis 睾丸epididymis 附睾ductus deferens 输精管penis 阴茎prostate/prostate gland前列腺ovary 卵巢uterine tube 输卵管uterus 子宫vagina 阴道peritoneum 腹膜cardiovascular system 心血管系统heart 心cardiac atrium 心房cardiac ventricle 心室tricuspid valve 三尖瓣mitral valve 二尖瓣sinuatrial node 窦房结pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干arterial ligament 动脉韧带facial a. 面动脉subclavian a. 锁骨下动脉axillary a. 腋动脉brachial a. 肱动脉ulnar a. 尺动脉radial a. 桡动脉femoral a. 股动脉dorsal artery of foot 足背动脉cephalic v. 头静脉thoracic duct 胸导管spleen 脾thymus 胸腺sensory organs 感觉器cornea 角膜sclera 巩膜iris 虹膜ciliary body 睫状体choroid 脉络膜retina 视网膜pupil 瞳孔optic disc 视神经盘macula lutea 黄斑aqueous humor 房水lens 晶状体ear 耳tympanic membrane 鼓膜peripheral nervous system周围神经系统spinal nerve 脊神经cervical plexus 颈丛brachial plexus 臂丛median n. 正中神经musculocutaneous n. 肌皮神经sciatic n. 坐骨神经tibial n. 胫神经common peroneal n. 腓总神经cranial n. 脑神经olfactory n. 嗅神经optic n. 视神经oculomotor n. 动眼神经trochlear n. 滑车神经trigeminal n. 三叉神经abducent n. 展神经facial n. 面神经vestibulocochlear n. 前庭蜗神经glossopharyngeal n. 舌咽神经vagus n. 迷走神经accessory n. 副神经hypoglossal n. 舌下神经autonomic nervous system自主神经系统sympathetic nerve交感神经parasympathetic nerve副交感神经central nervous system中枢神经系统spinal cord脊髓gray matter灰质cortex 皮质nucleus 神经核white matter 白质medulla 髓质ganglion 神经节brain, encephalon 脑brain stem脑干medulla oblongata延髓pyramid锥体锥体交叉optic chiasma 视交叉internal capsule 内囊cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液thyroid gland 甲状腺hypophysis垂体。
解剖学英语词汇Anatomy Words
1. locomotor system [动] 运动系统2. osteology [,ɒstɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] n. [解剖] 骨学3. trunk [trʌŋk] n. 树干；躯干；象鼻4. arthrology [ɑ:'θrɔlədʒi] n. 关节学5. cranial bones 颅骨6. cranial ['kreɪnɪəl] adj. 头盖的7. myology [maɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] n. 肌肉学；肌肉系统8. alimentary system [解剖] 消化系统9. alimentary [ælɪ'ment(ə)rɪ] adj. 滋养的；食物的10. respiratory system [解剖] 呼吸系统11. respiratory [rɪ'spɪrət(ə)rɪ; 'resp(ə)rət(ə)rɪ; rɪ'spaɪ-]呼吸的| 呼吸道| 呼吸系统12. urinary system [解剖] 泌尿系统13. urinary ['jʊərɪn(ə)rɪ] n. 尿壶；小便池（等于urinal）adj. 尿的；泌尿的14. reproductive [,riːprə'dʌktɪv] adj. 生殖的；再生的；复制的15. peritoneum [,perɪtə'niːəm] n. 腹膜16. angiology [,ændʒɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] [解剖] 血管学；脉管学17. artery ['ɑːtərɪ] n. 动脉；干道；主流18. vein [veɪn] 静脉| 血管| 矿脉19. lymphatic system [解剖] 淋巴系统Lymphatic system: 淋巴系统| 淋巴系| 淋巴体系20. lymphatic [lɪm'fætɪk] n. 淋巴管；淋巴腺adj. 淋巴的；含淋巴的21. vestibulocochlear organ: 前庭蜗器22. vestibulocochlear 前庭蜗神经23. spinal cord [解剖] 脊髓| 脊椎| 脊24. spinal ['spaɪn(ə)l] 脊髓| 脊柱| 脊骨的25. cord [kɔːd] n. 绳索；束缚vt. 用绳子捆绑26. brain stem 脑干27. stem [stem] 阻止| 干；茎| 科学28. cerebellum [,serɪ'beləm] n. [解剖] 小脑29. diencephalon [,daɪen'sef(ə)lɒn; -'kef-] n. [解剖] 间脑；中脑30. telencephalon [,telen'sef(ə)lɒn; -'kef-; ,tiːlen'sef(ə)l ɒn; -'kef-] n. 终脑，[胚] 端脑31. meninges [mɪ'nɪndʒiːz] n. 脑膜；髓膜；脑脊膜32. peripheral [pə'rɪf(ə)r(ə)l] adj. 外围的；次要的33. visceral ['vɪs(ə)r(ə)l] adj. 内脏的；出于本能的；发自肺腑的34. endocrine gland n. [解剖] 内分泌腺35. endocrine ['endə(ʊ)kraɪn; -krɪn] 内分泌；内分泌物| 激素的36. regional anatomy [解剖] 局部解剖学37. thorax ['θɔːræks] n. [解剖] 胸，胸部；胸腔38. abdomen ['æbdəmən; æb'dəʊmən] n. 腹部；下腹；腹腔39. pelvic ['pelvɪk] adj. 骨盆的40. perineum [,perɪ'niːəm] n. [解剖] 会阴41. vertebral ['vɜːtɪbrəl] adj. 脊椎的；椎骨的；由椎骨组成的42. histology [hɪ'stɒlədʒɪ] n. 组织学43. embryology [,embrɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] n. [胚] 胚胎学44. Epithelial Tissue 上皮组织45. epithelial [,epɪ'θiːlɪəl] adj. [生物] 上皮的；皮膜的46. connective tissue proper [组织] 固有结缔组织47. connective tissue n. [基医] 结缔组织48. proper ['prɒpə] adj. 适当的；特有的；正派的49. cartilage ['kɑːt(ɪ)lɪdʒ] n. 软骨；软骨组织50. endocrine system [解剖] 内分泌系统51. digestive tract 消化道；消化系统52. placenta [plə'sentə] n. [胚] 胎盘；[植] 胎座53. fetal membrane [胚] 胎膜54. fetal ['fiːt(ə)l] adj. 胎的，胎儿的55. sternum ['stɜːnəm] n. [解剖] 胸骨56. maxilla [mæk'sɪlə] n. [解剖] 上颌骨，上颌57. mandible ['mændɪb(ə)l] n. 下颌骨58. clavicle ['klævɪk(ə)l] n. [解剖] 锁骨59. humerus ['hjuːm(ə)rəs] n. 肱骨| 肱60. radius ['reɪdɪəs] n. 半径[解剖] 桡骨61. hip bone [解剖] 髋骨，坐骨62. Ilium ['ɪlɪəm] 髂骨63. ischium ['ɪskɪəm] n. [解剖] 坐骨64. pubis ['pjuːbɪs] n. 耻骨；前胸侧部65. femur ['fiːmə] n. [解剖] 股骨；大腿骨66. tibia ['tibiə] n. [解]胫骨；胫节（昆虫）67. diaphragm ['daɪəfræm] n. 隔膜；快门68. lingua ['liŋɡwə] n. 舌；似舌的器官69. parotid [pə'rɒtɪd] n. 腮腺；耳下腺70. pharynx ['færiŋks] n. [解]咽71. esophagus [iː'sɒfəɡəs] n. [解剖] 食管；食道72. intestine [ɪn'testɪn] n. 肠73. duodenum [,djuːə'diːnəm] n. [解剖] 十二指肠74. jejunum [dʒɪ'dʒuːnəm] n. [解剖] 空肠75. ileum ['ɪlɪəm] n. [解剖] 回肠76. vermix 阑尾77. colon ['kəʊlən] n. [解剖] 结肠；冒号78. rectum ['rektəm] n. 直肠79. gallbladder ['ɡɔːl,blædə] n. [解剖] 胆囊80. pancreas ['pæŋkrɪəs] n. [解剖] 胰腺81. paranasal sinuses n. 鼻旁窦82. paranasal [,pærə'neizəl] adj. 鼻旁的；鼻侧的83. sinuses ['saɪnɜ:sɪs] n. 鼻窦；鼻窦炎84. sinus ['saɪnəs] n. [生物] 窦；静脉窦85. larynx ['lærɪŋks] n. [解剖] 喉；咽喉86. trachea [trə'kiːə; 'treɪkɪə] n.气管87. ureter [jʊ'riːtə; 'jʊərɪtə] n. 输尿管88. bladder ['blædə] n. 膀胱；囊状物89. epididymis [,epɪ'dɪdɪmɪs] n. [解剖] 附睾90. ovary ['əʊv(ə)rɪ] n. [解剖] 卵巢91. oviduct ['əʊvɪdʌkt] n. [解剖] 输卵管92. uterine ['juːtərɪn; -aɪn] adj. [解剖] 子宫的93. uterine tube [解剖] 输卵管94. womb [wuːm] n. [解剖] 子宫；发源地95. uterus ['juːt(ə)rəs] n. [解剖] 子宫96. cardiac ['kɑːdɪæk] adj. 心脏的97. pericardium [,perɪ'kɑːdɪəm] n. [解剖] 心包；心包膜98. pulmonary ['pʌlmən(ə)rɪ] adj. 肺的99. aorta [eɪ'ɔːtə] n. [解剖] 主动脉100. carotid [kə'rɒtɪd] n. 颈动脉；颈动脉的。
专业英语-人体解剖生理学
普通英语意义 医学英语意义
门槛、入口 阈值
冒号
结肠
接受者
受体、感受器
阀门
瓣膜
第二位的
继发的
医学双栖词汇（举例）
单词
普通英语
threshold 门槛、入口
colon
冒号
receptor 接受者
valve
阀门
stress
压力，紧张状态
sympathetic 同情的
secondary 第二位的
医学英语 阈值 结肠 受体、感受器 瓣膜 应激 交感神经的 继发的
Human Anatomy and Physiology 人体解剖生理学
▪ Anatomy /ə‘nætəmi/ 解剖、解剖学 gross anatomy 大体解剖学
▪ Physiology /ֽfizi'כləd3i/ 生理学
医学双栖词汇（举例）
单词 threshold colon receptor valve secondary
uterus (子宫) uterine tube (输卵管) ovary (卵巢) cut out
构词成分的双重性
▪ 在一些特定的方面，拉丁语和希腊语都有 一套完整的词根。
▪ 结果：词汇量扩大了 同义词增多了
部位
brain kidney joint nerve body bowel
词义
脑 肾 关节 神经 体 肠
专业英语IV （人体解剖生理学）
Course Objectives
1. To serve the bilingual teaching needs in an undergraduate course of Human Anatomy and Physiology (Human A&P).
解剖词汇1 (自动保存的)
解剖学专业英语词汇VOCABULARY LIST（*者属掌握内容）*anatomy [ 'næt mi]解剖学*human anatomy ['hju:m n] 人体解剖学*systematic anatomy [,sisti'mætik] 系统解剖学*regional anatomy['ri:dʒ n l] 局部解剖学sectional anatomy ['sek∫ nl] 断面解剖学anatomical science [,æn 'tɔmik 'sai ns] 解剖科学applied anatomy [ 'plaid] 应用解剖学histology [his'tɔl↔dʒi] 组织学embryology [,embri'ɔl↔dʒi] 胚胎学anthropology [,ænθr↔'pɔl↔dʒi] 人类学dissection,dissect [di'sek∫↔n] [di'sekt] 解剖,解剖标本organ ['ɔ:g↔n] 器官,脏器tissue [tisju:] 组织*anatomical position (posture) [p↔'zi∫↔n pɔst∫↔] 解剖学姿势*superior [sju:'pi↔ri↔]上*inferior [in'fi↔ri↔] 下*cranial [ 'kreinjəl] 颅侧*caudal ['kɔ:dl] 尾侧*anterior [æn'ti↔ri↔] 前*posterior [pɔs'ti↔ri↔] 后*ventral(dorsal) ['ventr↔l 'dɔ:s↔l] 腹(背)侧*medial(lateral) ['mi:dj↔l 'læt↔r↔l] 内(外)侧*internal [in't↔:nl] 内*external [eks't↔:nl] 外*superficial [sju:p↔fi∫↔l] 浅*profound[pr↔'fαund] 深*proximal(distal) [ 'prɔksim↔l 'dist↔l] 近(远)侧*ulnar(radial)['∧ln↔'reidj↔l] 尺(桡)侧tibial(fibular)['tibi↔l 'fibjul↔] 胫(桡)侧head 头face [feis] 面neck, cervical, jugular(a.) ['s↔:vik↔l 'dʒ∧gjul↔] 颈trunk躯干chest,thorax,thoracic(a.) [t∫est 'θɔ:ræks 'θɔ:ræsik] 胸abdomen,abdominal(a.)['æbd↔men,'æbd↔men][æb'dɔminl] 腹pelvis,pelvic(a.) ['pelvis] ['pelvik] 盆部limbs,extremities [limz] [iks'tremitiz] 四肢shoulder ['∫↔uld↔] 肩finger,digital(a.) ['fingə] ['dindʒitl] 手指*locomotor system ['l↔uk↔,m↔ut↔m'sistim] 运动系统osteology [,ɔsti'ɔl↔dʒi] 骨学*bone,bony(a.) [b↔un] ['b↔uni]骨skelton,skeletal(a.) ['skelit↔n] ['skelitl] 骨骼,骨胳*cartilage ['kα:tilidʒ] 软骨shaft,diaphysis [∫α:ft] [dai'æfisis] 骨干,骨体nutrient foramen ['nju:tri↔nt f↔'reimen] 滋养孔epiphysis [i'pifisis] 端,骺metaphysis [mi'tæfisis] 干骺端*process ['pr↔uses, 'prɔses] 突*spine [spain] 棘*eminence ['emin↔ns] 隆起*tuberosity [,tju:b↔'rɔsiti] 粗隆*tuber ['tju:b↔] 结节*tubercle ['tju:b↔:kl]小结节*crest,ridge [krest][ridʒ] 嵴*fossa ['fɔs↔] 窝*fovea['f↔uvi↔] 凹*sulcus (pl.sulci) ['s∧lk↔s 's∧lsai] 沟*impression [im'pre∫↔n] 压迹*cavity ['kæviti] 腔*sinus ['sain↔s] 窦*canal,duct,tube [k↔'næl] [d∧kt] [tju:b] 管*meatus [mi'eit↔s] 道*aperture ['æp↔tju↔]口*foramen [f↔'reimen] 孔*hiatus [hai'eit↔s] 裂孔*condyle ['kɔndil] 髁compact(spongy)bone [k↔m'pækt 'sp∧ndʒ] 骨密(松)质trabeculae [tr↔'bekjuli:] 骨小梁periosteum [,peri'ɔsti↔m] 骨(外)膜peritoneum腹膜*pericardium 心包red (yellow) bone marrow ['mær↔u] 红(黄)骨髓*vertebra ['v↔:tibr↔] 椎骨*cervical vertebrae 颈椎*thoracic vertebrae 胸椎*lumbar vertebrae ['l∧mb↔] 腰椎*sacral verebrae ['seikr↔l] 骶椎*sacrum ['seikr↔m] 骶骨coccygeal vertebrae [kɔk'sidʒl] 尾椎*coccyx ['ɔksiks] 尾骨*sternum ['st↔:n↔m] 胸骨*ribs [ribz] 肋costal bone [ 'kɔst ↔] 肋骨*skull [skvl]颅骨*frontal bone ['fr∧ntl] 额骨*ethmoid bone ['eθmɔid] 筛骨*sphenoid bone ['sfi:nɔid] 蝶骨*temporal bone ['temp↔r↔l] 颞骨*occipital bone [ɔk'sipitl] 枕骨*parietal bone [p↔'raiitl] 顶骨*mandible ['mændibl] 下颌骨*hyoid bone ['haiɔid] 舌骨vomer ['v↔um↔] 犁骨*maxilla [mæk'sil↔] 上颌骨palatine bone ['pæl↔tain] 腭骨*nasal bone ['neiz↔l] 鼻骨lacrimal bone ['lækrim↔l] 泪骨inferior nasal concha ['neiz↔l 'kɔnk↔] 下鼻甲zygomatic bone [,zaig↔u'mætik] 颧骨*obit['ɔ:bit]眶*clavicle['klævikl]锁骨*scapula['skæpjul↔] 肩胛骨*humerus['hju:m↔r↔s] 肱骨*radius['reidj↔s] 桡骨*ulna['∧ln↔] 尺骨*carpal bones[kα:pl] 腕骨metacarpal bones[,met↔'kα:p↔l] 掌骨phalanges of fingers[fæ'lændʒi:z] 指骨*hip bone 髋骨*ilium['ili↔m] 髂骨*ischium['iski↔m] 坐骨*pubis['pju:bis] 耻骨*femur['fi:m↔] 股骨*patella[p↔'tel↔] 髌骨*tibia['tibi↔] 胫骨*fibula ['fibjul↔] 腓骨*malleolus[m↔'li:↔l↔s]踝tarsal bones['tα:s↔l] 跗骨metatarsal bones[,met↔'tα:s↔l] 跖骨phalanges[fæ'lændʒi:z] 趾骨arthrology[α:'θrɔl↔dʒi]关节学*joint[dʒɔint] 关节, 连结articulation[a:,tikju:'lei∫↔n] 连结,关节fibrous joints['faibr↔s] 纤维连结syndesmosis[,sindez'm↔usis] 韧带连结*ligament(lig.)['lig↔m↔nt] 韧带suture['sju:t∫↔] 缝cartilaginous joints[,kαti'lædʒin↔s] 软骨连结synostosis [,sin↔'st↔usis] 骨性结合*synovial joints[si'n↔uvi↔l] 滑膜关节articular surface(cavity)[α: 'tikjul↔] 关节面(腔) articular capsule['kæpsju:l]关节囊fibrous membrane['lei↔] 纤维膜synovial membrane 滑膜synovial fluid['flu:id] 滑液articular disc[disk] 关节盘*flexion ['flek∫↔n]屈*extension [iks'ten∫↔n] 伸*adduction [↔'d∧k∫↔n] 内收*abduction [æb'd∧k∫↔n] 外展*rotation [r↔u'tei∫↔n] 旋转*medial (lateral) rotation 旋内(外)*pronation [pr↔u'nei∫↔n] 旋前*supination [,sju:pi'nei∫↔n] 旋后circumduction 环转*intervertebral discs[,int↔'v↔:tibr↔l] 椎间盘yellow lig. 黄韧带temporomandibular joint [,temp↔r↔umæn'dibjul↔] 颞下颌关节*shoulder joint['∫↔uld↔] 肩关节*elbow joint['elb↔u]] 肘关节*radiocarpal joint,wrist joint[,reidi↔u][rist] 桡腕关节,腕关节carpometacarpal joint of thumb[,kα:p↔u,met↔'kα:pl] 拇指腕掌关节opposition[,ɔp↔'zi∫↔n] 对掌运动pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆*hip joint 髋关节*knee joint 膝关节patellar ligament [p↔'tel↔] 髌韧带medial (lateral) meniscus[mi'nisk↔s] 内（外）侧半月板*ankle joint['æηkl] 距小腿关节,踝关节eversion[i'v↔:∫↔n] 外翻inversion[in'v↔:∫↔n] 内翻dorsiflexion[,dɔ:si'flek∫↔n] 背屈plantarflexion['plænt↔'flek∫↔n]跖屈mycology[mai'ɔl↔dʒi]肌学*muscle(m.)['m∧sl]肌skeletal muscle['skelitl] 骨骼肌cardiac muscle['kα:diæk]心肌smooth muscle[smu:⊗] 平滑肌muscle belly['beli] 肌腹*tendon['tend↔n]腱origin['ɔridʒin] 起点,固定点insertion[in's↔:∫↔n] 止点,动点fascia['fei∫i↔,'fæ∫i↔] 筋膜tendinous sheath['tendin↔s ∫i:θ] 腱鞘*trapezius m.[tr↔'pi:zi↔s] 斜方肌latissimus dorsi[l↔'tisim↔s] 背阔肌*erector spinae[i'rekt↔] 竖脊肌*sternocleidomastoid m.[,st↔:n↔u,klaid↔'mæstɔid] 胸锁乳突肌*diaphragm['dai↔fræm]膈rectus abdominis [ 'rekt↔s æb'dɔminlis] 腹直肌obliquus externus (internus) abdominis 腹外(内)斜肌transverse abdomenis 腹横肌masticatory m.['mæstikeit↔ri] 咀嚼肌*masseter[mæ'si:t↔] 咬肌temporalis[temp↔'reilis] 颞肌medial (lateral) pterygoid m.['terigɔid] 翼内(外)肌*deltoid m.['deltɔid] 三角肌*biceps(triceps) brachii['baiseps 'breikj↔l]肱二(三)头肌round pronator m.[pr↔u'neit↔] 旋前圆肌opponens pollicis[↔'p↔unenz 'pɔlisi:z] 拇对掌肌*gluteus maximus (medius,minimus)[glu:'t↔s mæksmes]臀大(中,小)肌piriformis[pi'rifɔ:mis] 梨状肌*quadriceps femoris['kɔ↔driseps] 股四头肌biceps femoris 股二头肌triceps surae 小腿三头肌*gastrocnemius[,gæstrɔk'ni:mi↔s] 腓肠肌splanchnology[splæηk'nɔl↔dʒi]内脏学viscera ['vis↔r↔] 内脏*digestive system [di'dʒestiv] 消化系统*oral cavity ['ɔ:r↔l] 口腔tooth(pl.teeth)[tu:θti:θ] 牙tongue [t∧η]舌*parotid gland[p↔'rɔtid] 腮腺*pharynx['færiηks]咽*esophagus[i'sɔf↔g↔s] 食管*stomach['st∧m↔k] 胃small intestine[in'testin] 小肠*duodenum[,dju↔u'di:n↔m] 十二指肠*jejunum[dʒi'dʒu:n↔m] 空肠*ileum['ili↔m] 回肠large intestine 大肠*c(a)ecum['si:k↔m] 盲肠*vermiform appendix['v↔:mifɔ:m '↔pendiks] 阑尾*colon['k↔ul↔n] 结肠*rectum['rekt↔m] 直肠*liver['liv↔] 肝*gallbladder['gɔlblæd↔] 胆囊*pancreas['pæηkri↔s]胰*respiratory system[ris'pai↔r↔t↔ri]呼吸系统nose[n↔uz]鼻paranasal sinuses[,pær↔'neiz↔l] 鼻旁窦，副鼻窦*larynx['læriηks]喉vocal fold ['v↔uk↔l f↔uld] 声襞，声带*trachea[tr↔'ki:↔] 气管*bronchus(pl.bronchi)['brɔηk↔s 'brɔηkai] 支气管*lung[l∧η] 肺pleural cavity ['pu↔r↔l] 胸（胸膜）腔*pleura['plu↔r↔] 胸膜costodiaphragmatic recess[,kɔst↔u,dai↔fræg'gmætik]肋膈隐窝mediastinum[,mi:diæs'tain↔m]纵隔*urinary system['ju↔rin↔ri]泌尿系统*kidney['kidni] 肾renal hilus (sinus,pedicle)[,ri:nl] 肾门（窦，蒂）*ureter[ju↔'ri:t↔] 输尿管*urinary bladder ['blæd↔] 膀胱*urethra[ju↔'ri:θr↔] 尿道*genital system ['dʒenitl]生殖系统*testis ['testis] 睾丸epididymis[,epi'didimis] 附睾*deferent duct['def↔r↔nt] 输精管ejaculatory duct[i'jækjul↔t↔ri] 射精管seminal vesicle['seminl 'vesikl] 精囊，精囊腺*prostate['prɔsteit] 前列腺penis['pi:nis] 阴茎scrotum['skr↔ut↔m] 阴囊*ovary['↔uv↔ri] 卵巢*uterine tube ['ju:t↔rain] 输卵管*uterus [,ju:t↔r↔s] 子宫vagina[v↔'dʒain↔] 阴道mamma(pl.mammae),breast['mæm↔'mæmi:][bri:st]乳房*mammary gland['mæm↔ri] 乳腺peritoneum[,perit↔u'ni;↔m] 腹膜abdominal cavity 腹腔peritoneal cavity [,perit↔u'ni:↔l] 腹膜腔angiology [,ændʒi'ɔl↔dʒi] 脉管学vessel[vesl] 脉管angiological system [,ændʒæ'lɔdʒik↔l] 脉管系统circulatory system['s↔:kju:leit↔ri] 循环系统cardiovascular system['kα:di↔u'væskjul↔]心血管系统*heart[hα:t] 心*artery(a.)['α:t↔ri] 动脉*vein(v.)[vein]静脉capillary[k↔'pil↔ri] 毛细血管systemic (greater) circulation[,s↔:kju'lei∫↔n] 体循环，大循环pulmonary (lesser) circulation肺循环，小循环collateral vessel[kɔ'læt↔r↔l] 侧副管（支）*cardiac ventricle[kα:diæk ,ventrikl]心室*cardiac atrium['α:tri↔m 'eitri↔m] 心房*endocardium[,end↔u'kα:di↔m] 心内膜*myocardium [mai↔u'kα:di↔m] 心肌层*epicardium[,epi'kα:di↔m] 心外膜sinoatrial node[,sain↔u'eitri↔l n↔ud]窦房结internodal tract[,int↔'n↔udl]结间束atrioventricular node[,eitri↔uven'trikjul↔] 房室结atrioventricular bundle[b∧ndl] 房室束left (right) bundle branch 束支*left (right) coronary a.['kɔr↔n↔ri] 左（右）冠状动脉coronary sinus 冠状窦*pericardium[,peri'kα:di↔m] 心包fibrous pericardium 纤维心包serous pericardium['si↔r↔s]浆膜心包*left (right) pulmonary a. 左（右）肺动脉arterial duct(lig.) 动脉导管（韧带）*aorta[ei'ɔ:tik] 主动脉*brachiocephalic trunk[,bræki↔use'fælik]头臂干*common carotid a.[k↔'rɔtid]颈总动脉carotid sinus(glomus) 颈动脉窦（小球）external (internal) carotid a. 颈外(内)动脉superior thyroid a. 甲状腺上动脉*subclavicular a.[,s∧bkl↔'vikjul↔] 锁骨下动脉vertebral a. 椎动脉*axillary a. [æk'sil↔ri] 腋动脉*brachial a.['breikj↔l] 肱动脉*radial a. 桡动脉*ulnar a. 尺动脉superficial palmar arch['pælm↔] 掌浅弓deep palmar arch 掌深弓*renal a.['ri:nl] 肾动脉*c(o)eliac trunk['si:liæk]腹腔干，腹腔动脉common hepatic a.[hi'pætik]肝总动脉*superior mesenteric a.[,mes↔n'terik] 肠系膜上动脉appendicular a.[,æp↔n'dikjul↔] 阑尾动脉*inferior mesenteric a. 肠系膜下动脉common iliac a.['iliæk]髂总动脉internal iliac a. 髂内动脉obturator a['ɔbtju↔,reit↔] 闭孔动脉superior (inferior) gluteal a.[,glu:ti↔l] 臀上（下）动脉uterine a.['jut↔rain] 子宫动脉external iliac a. 髂外动脉*femoral a.['fem↔r↔l] 股动脉*popliteal a.[pɔp'liti↔l] 腘动脉anterior(posterior) tibial a.胫前（后）动脉venous valve['vi:n↔s vælv]静脉瓣pulmonary v. 肺静脉*superior vena cava['vi:n↔keiv↔] 上腔静脉brachiocephalic v.[,bræ不ki↔us'fælik]头臂静脉*internal (external) jugular v.['dʒ∧gjul↔] 颈内(外)静脉venous angle 静脉角*cephalic v.[se'fælik]头静脉*basilic v.[b↔'silik] 贵要静脉*median cubital v.['kju:bitl] 肘正中静脉*azygos v.['æzig↔s] 奇静脉*inferior vena cava 下腔静脉*great (small) saphenous v.[s↔'fi:n↔s] 大(小)隐静脉hepatic v. 肝静脉*hepatic portal v.['pɔ:t↔l] 肝门静脉*lymphatic system[lim'fætik]淋巴系统*lymph[limf] 淋巴lymphatic capillary 毛细淋巴管lymhatic vessel 淋巴管lymphatic trunks 淋巴干right lymphatic duct 右淋巴导管*thoracic duct 胸导管*cisterna chyli ['sist↔n↔ kaili] 乳糜池*lymph node[n↔ld] 淋巴结submandibular lymph nodes 下颌下淋巴结supraclavicular lymph nodes[,sju:pr↔kl↔'vikjul↔] 锁骨上淋巴结axillary lymph nodes 腋淋巴结*inguinal lymph nodes [iηgwinl]腹股沟淋巴结*spleen[spli:n]脾*thymus['θaim↔s] 胸腺*sensory organs['sens↔ri]感觉器receptor[ri'sept↔] 感受器*visual organ['vizju↔l]视器*eyeball['aibɔ:l] 眼球*sclera['skli↔r↔] 巩膜*cornea['kɔ:ni↔] 角膜*choroid['kɔ:rɔid] 脉络膜ciliary body['sili↔ri] 睫状体*iris['ai↔ris] 虹膜pupil['pju:pil] 瞳孔*retina['retin↔] 视网膜optic disc['ɔptik] 视神经盘macula lutea['mækjul↔] 黄斑fovea centralis ['f↔uvi↔] 中央凹aqueous humour['eikwi↔s 'hju:m↔] 房水*lens[lenz] 晶状体*vitreous body['vitri↔s] 玻璃体conjunctiva[,kɔndʒ∧ηk'taiv↔] 结膜ophthalmic a.[ɔf'θælmik]眼动脉*vestibulocochlear organ[ves,tibjul↔u'kɔkli↔]前庭蜗器*ear[i↔] 耳external ear 外耳middle ear 中耳*tympanic cavity[tim'pænik]鼓室*tympanic membrane 鼓膜auditory tube 咽鼓管internal ear 内耳bony labyrinth['læb↔rinθ] 骨迷路*bony semicircular canals 骨半规管*cochlea['kɔkli↔] 耳蜗cochlea trachea气管trochlea滑车*vestibule['vestibju:l] 前庭membranous labyrinth 膜迷路membranous semicircular ducts[,semi's↔:kjul↔] 膜半规管olfactory organ [ɔl'fækt↔ri] 嗅器taste bud [teist] [b∧d] 味蕾skin[skin] 皮肤*nervous system 神经系统*central nervous system, CNS 中枢神经系统peripheral nervous system, PNS[p↔'rif↔r↔l] 周围神经系统*autonomic nervous system[,ɔ:t↔u'nɔmik] 自主神经系统visceral nervous system['vis↔r↔l] 内脏神经系统vegetative nervous system['vedʒit↔tiv] 植物神经系统*neuron['nju↔rɔn] 神经元nerve cell [n↔:v sel] 神经细胞soma,cell body['s↔um↔] 胞体dendrite['dendrait] 树突axon [æksɔn] 轴突synapse[si'næps]突触nerve fiber['faib↔] 神经纤维glia[gli↔] 神经胶质*gray matter [grei 'mæt↔] 灰质*nucleus['nju:kli↔s] 神经核*cortex['kɔ:teks] 皮质*ganglion ['gæηgli↔n] 神经节*white matter 白质*medulla[me'd∧l↔] 髓质fasciculus[f↔'sikjul↔s] 纤维束*nerve[n↔:v] 神经*reticular formation [ri'tikjul↔ fɔ:mei∫↔n] 网状结构effector[i'fekt↔] 效应器reflex arc['ri:fleks α:k] 反射弧*afferent['æf↔r↔nt] 传入*efferent ['ef↔r↔nt] 传出*spinal n.['spainl] 脊神经anterior root 前根posterior root 后根cervical n. 颈神经cervical plexus [pleks↔s] 颈丛*phrenic n.['frenik]膈神经brachial plexus['breikj↔l] 臂丛axillary n.[æk'sil↔ri] 腋神经*musculocutaneous n.['m∧skjul↔ukju'teini↔s] 肌皮神经*median n.['mi:dj↔n] 正中神经*ulnar(radial)n. 尺(桡)神经thoracic n. 胸神经intercostal n.[,int↔'kɔstl] 肋间神经subcostal n.[s∧b'kɔstl] 肋下神经lumbar n.['l∧mb↔] 腰神经lumbar plexus 腰丛lumbosacral trunk [,l∧mb↔u'seikr↔l] 腰骶干*femoral n. ['fem↔r↔l] 股神经obturator n.['ɔbtju↔,reit↔] 闭孔神经sacral n.['seikr↔l] 骶神经sacral plexus 骶丛*sciatic n.[sai'ætik]坐骨神经common peroneal n.[,per↔'ni↔l] 腓总神经tibial n.['tibi↔l] 胫神经*pudendal n.[pju'dend↔l] 阴部神经coccygeal n.[kɔk'sidʒi↔l] 尾神经*cranial n.['kreini↔l] 脑神经*olfactory n.[,ɔl'fækt↔ri] 嗅神经(Ⅰ)*optic n. ['ɔptik]视神经(Ⅱ)*oculomotor n. [,ɔkjul↔u'm↔ut↔] 动眼神经(Ⅲ)ciliary ganglion ['sili↔ri] 睫状神经节*trochlear n. ['trɔkli↔] 滑车神经(Ⅳ)*trigeminal n. [trai'dʒemin↔l] 三叉神经(Ⅴ)trigeminal ganglion 三叉神经节ophthalmic n. [ɔf'θælmik] 眼神经maxillary n. [mæk'sil↔ri] 上颌神经mandibular n. [mæn'dibjul↔] 下颌神经submandibular ganglion [,s∧bmæn'dibjul↔] 下颌下神经节*abducent n.[æb'dju:snt] 展神经(Ⅵ)*facial n.[fai∫↔l] 面神经(Ⅶ)*chorda tympani['kɔ:d↔ 'timp↔nai] 鼓索pterygopalatine ganglion [,terig↔u'pæl↔taiin] 翼腭神经节otic ganglion[↔utik] 耳神经节*vestibulocochlear[ves,tibjul↔u'kɔkli↔] 前庭蜗神经(Ⅷ)*glossopharyngeal n.[,glɔs↔u,færin'dʒi:↔l] 舌咽神经(Ⅸ)*vagus n.['veig↔s] 迷走神经(Ⅹ)*accessory n.[æk'ses↔ri] 副神经(Ⅺ)*hypoglossal n.['haip↔u'glɔs↔l] 舌下神经(Ⅻ) preganglionic neuron[,pri:gæηgli'ɔnik] 节前神经元postganglionic neuron[,p↔ustgæηgli'ɔnik] 节后神经元preganglionic neurofibers[,nju↔r↔u'faib↔z] 节前神经纤维postganglionicneurofibers 节后神经纤维*sympathetic n.[,simp↔'θetik] 交感神经sympathetic ganglion 交感神经节*sympathetic trunk 交感干white (gray) communicating branch 白(灰)交通支cardiac (pulmonary,esophageal) plexus['kα:diæk]心(肺,食管)丛greater splanchnic n.[,splæηknik] 内脏大神经c(o)eliac plexus['si:liæk]腹腔丛c(o)eliac ganglion 腹腔神经节*parasympathetic n.[,pær↔,simp↔'θetik] 副交感神经parasympathetic ganglion 副交感神经节*spinal cord['spainl kɔ:d] 脊髓*conus medullaris['k↔un↔s medju:'leiris] 脊髓圆锥central canal 中央管anterior(posterior,lateral) horn 前(后,侧)角intermediate zone['int↔'mi:dj↔t z↔un] 中间带intermediolateral nucleus 中间外侧核intermediomedial nucleus 中间内侧核substantia gelatinosa[s∧b'stæn∫i↔dʒel↔ti'n↔us↔] 胶状质anterior (posterior) funiculus[fju:'nikul↔s] 前(后)索lateral funiculus 外侧索fasciculus gracilis['græcilis]薄束fasciculus cuneatus['ku:niit↔s] 楔束*spinothalamic tract[,spain↔uθ↔'læmik]脊髓丘脑束*corticospinal tract[,kɔ:ti↔u'spainl] 皮质脊髓束*encephalon,brain [en'sef↔lɔn] [brein] 脑*brain stem[stem] 脑干*medulla oblongata[,ɔblɔη'geit↔] 延髓*pyramid['pir↔mid] 锥体decussation of pyramid['dek∧'sei∫↔n] 锥体交叉olive['ɔliv]橄揽gracile tubercle ['græsail]薄束结节cuneate tubercle['kju:niit] 楔束结节*pons[pɔnz] 脑桥fourth ventricle 第四脑室rhomboid fossa[rɔm'bɔid] 菱形窝locus ceruleus ['l↔uk↔s si'ru:lj↔s] 蓝斑*mesencephalon, midbrain[,mesen'sef↔lɔn],['midbrein] 中脑superior(inferior) colliculus[kɔ'likjul↔s] 上(下)丘crus cerebri[kr∧s] 大脑脚oculomotor nucleus[,ɔkjul↔u'm↔ut↔] 动眼神经核accessory oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经副核,E-W核ambiguous nucleus[æm'bigju↔s] 疑核superior (inferior) salivatory nucleus[sæ'liv↔t↔ri] 上(下)涎核gracile nucleus['græsail]薄束核cuneate nucleus['kju:niit] 楔束核trapezoid body['træpizɔid] 斜方体red nucleus 红核*substantia nigra[s∧b'stæn∫i↔'naigr↔] 黑质*medial lemniscus[lem'nisk↔s] 内侧丘系lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系*trigeminal lemniscus[trai'dʒemin↔l] 三叉丘系*corticonuclear tract [,kɔ:tik↔u'nju:kli↔] 皮质核束pyramidal tract(system)[pi'ræmidl]锥体束(系)reticular formation of brain stem 脑干网状结构*cerebellum[,seri'bel↔m] 小脑tonsil cerebellum ['tɔnsl] 小脑扁桃体dentate nucleus['denteit] 齿状核*diencephalon [,daien'sef↔lɔn] 间脑*dorsal thalamus ['θæl↔m↔s] 背侧丘脑metathalamus[,met↔'θæl↔m↔s] 后丘脑medial (lateral) geniculate body[dʒi'nikjulit] 内(外)侧膝状体epithalamus[,epi'θæl↔m↔s] 上丘脑pineal body['pini↔l] 松果体*hypothalamus[,haip↔u'θæl↔m↔s] 下丘脑*supraoptic nucleus[,sju:pre'ɔptik] 视上核*paraventricular nucleus[,pær↔ven'trikjul↔] 室旁核infundibular nucleus[,inf∧n'dibjul↔] 漏斗核subthalamus [s∧b'θæl↔m↔s] 底丘脑*telencephalon [,telen'sef↔lɔn] 端脑*cerebrum['seribr↔m] 大脑*cerebral gyri['dʒai↔rai] 大脑回*frontal lobe[l↔ub] 额叶precentral sulcus (gyrus)['dʒai↔r↔s] 中央前沟(回)*parietal lobe[p↔'raiitl] 顶叶postcentral sulcus (gyrus)[p↔ust'sentr↔l] 中央后沟(回)*occipital lobe 枕叶*temporal lobe 颞叶*insula ['insjul↔] 岛叶,脑岛*limbic lobe(system)['limbik] 边缘叶(系)*hippocampus['hip↔u'kæmp↔s] 海马dentate gyrus['denteit] 齿状回septal area['septl] 隔区*cerebral cortex['seribr↔l] 大脑皮质lateral ventricle 侧脑室*basal nuclei ['beisl 'nju:kliai] 基底核*corpus striatum['kɔ:p↔s strai'eit↔m] 纹状体*caudate nucleus['kɔ:deit] 尾状核lenticular nucleus[len'tikjul↔] 豆状核*putamen[pju;'teim↔n] 壳*globus pallidus['gl↔ub↔s 'pælid↔s] 苍白球amygdaloid body[↔'migd↔lɔid] 杏仁体corpus callosum ['kɔ:pæs k↔'l↔us↔m] 胼胝体fornix['fɔ:niks]穹窿*internal capsule['kæpsju:l]内囊proprioceptive sensory pathway[,pr↔upri↔u'septiv]本体感觉传导通路pain temperature pathway [pein 'temp↔rit∫↔] 痛温觉传导通路simple touch pathway 粗略触觉传导通路visual (auditory) pathway 视(听)觉传导通路upper(lower)motor neuron 上(下)运动神经元*pyramidal system['pir↔midl] 锥体系*extrapyramidal system[ekstr↔pi'ræmid↔l] 锥体外系chemical pathway 化学通路meninges[mi'nindʒi:z] 脑脊膜*spinal dura mater['dju↔r↔ 'meit↔] 硬脊膜epidural space[epi'dju↔r↔l] 硬膜外隙subdural space[s∧b'dju↔r↔l] 硬膜下隙*spinal arachnoid mater[↔'ræknɔid] 脊髓蛛网膜*subarachnoid space[,s∧b↔'ræknɔid] 蛛网膜下隙*spinal pia mater['pai↔] 软脊膜*cerebral dura mater 硬脑膜*cerebral falx[fælks]大脑镰*tentorium of cerebellum [ten'tɔ:ri↔m] 小脑幕*cavernous sinus['kæv↔n↔s] 海绵窦*venous sinus of dura mater['vi:n↔s] 硬脑膜窦cerebral arachnoidmater [↔'ræknɔid] 脑蛛网膜arachnoid granulations[↔'ræknɔid ,grænju'lei∫↔nz] 蛛网膜(颗)粒cerebral pia mater 软脑膜cerebral a. 脑动脉vertebral a. 椎动脉*basilar a.['bæsil↔] 基底动脉posterior cerebral a. 大脑后动脉*anterior (middle) cerebral a. 大脑前(中)动脉*cerebral arterial circle[a:'ti↔ri↔l 's↔:kl] 大脑动脉环*cerebral spinal fluid[,seribr↔u'spainl 'fluid] 脑脊液endocrine system[,end↔u'krain] 内分泌系统*endocrine glands 内分泌腺*thyroid gland['θairɔid] 甲状腺parathyroid gland[,pær↔'θairɔid] 甲状旁腺*suprarenal gland[,sju;pr↔'ri:nl] 肾上腺*hypophysis, pituitary body[hai'pɔfisis][pi'tju:it↔ri] 垂体*thymus['θaim↔s] 胸腺解剖学专业英语词汇VOCABULARY LIST（补充内容）dissection,dissect [di'sek∫↔n] [di'sekt] 解剖,解剖标本tibial(fibular)['tibi↔l 'fibjul↔] 胫(桡)侧osteology [,ɔsti'ɔl↔dʒi] 骨学costal bone [ 'kɔst↔] 肋骨vomer ['v↔um↔] 犁骨palatine bone ['pæl↔tain] 腭骨lacrimal bone ['lækrim↔l] 泪骨inferior nasal concha ['neiz↔l 'kɔnk↔] 下鼻甲zygomatic bone [,zaig↔u'mætik] 颧骨metacarpal bones[,met↔'kα:p↔l] 掌骨phalanges of fingers[fæ'lændʒi:z] 指骨tarsal bones['tα:s↔l] 跗骨metatarsal bones[,met↔'tα:s↔l] 跖骨phalanges[fæ'lændʒi:z] 趾骨arthrology[α:'θrɔl↔dʒi] 关节学articulation[a:,tikju:'lei∫↔n] 连结,关节fibrous joints['faibr↔s] [dʒɔintz] 纤维连结syndesmosis[,sindez'm↔usis] 韧带连结suture['sju:t∫↔] 缝cartilaginous joints[,kαti'lædʒin↔s] 软骨连结synostosis [,sin↔'st↔usis] 骨性结合articular surface(cavity)[α: 'tikjul↔] 关节面(腔)articular capsule['kæpsju:l]关节囊circumduction 环转temporomandibular joint [,temp↔r↔umæn'dibjul↔] 颞下颌关节pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆medial (lateral) meniscus[mi'nisk↔s] 内（外）侧半月板eversion[iv'↔:∫↔n] 外翻inversion[in'v↔:∫↔n] 内翻mycology[mai'ɔl↔dʒi] 肌学skeletal muscle['skelitl] 骨骼肌cardiac muscle['kα:diæk]心肌smooth muscle[smu:⊗] 平滑肌fascia['fei∫i↔,'fæ∫i↔] 筋膜tendinous sheath['tendin↔s ∫i:θ] 腱鞘latissimus dorsi[l↔'tisim↔s] 背阔肌rectus abdominis [ 'rekt↔s æb'dɔminis] 腹直肌masticatory m.['mæstikeit↔ri] 咀嚼肌piriformis[pi'rifɔ:mis] 梨状肌splanchnology[splæηk'nɔl↔dʒi] 内脏学viscera ['vis↔r↔] 内脏small （large）intestine[in'testin] 小（大）肠paranasal sinuses[,pær↔'neiz↔l] 鼻旁窦pleural cavity ['pu↔r↔l 'kæviti]胸膜腔costodiaphragmatic recess[,kɔst↔u,dai↔fræg'mætik ri'ses]肋膈隐窝mediastinum[,mi:diæs'tain↔m]纵隔penis['pi:nis] 阴茎vagina[v↔'dʒain↔] 阴道peritoneal cavity [,perit↔u'ni:↔l] 腹膜腔angiological system [,ændʒæ'lɔdʒik↔l] 脉管系统circulatory system['s↔:kju:leit↔ri] 循环系统cardiovascular system['kα:di↔u'væskjul↔] 心血管系统capillary[k↔'pil↔ri] 毛细血管systemic (greater) circulation[,s↔:kju'lei∫↔n] 体循环，大循环pulmonary (lesser) circulation ['p∧lm↔n↔ri] 肺循环，小循环collateral vessel[kɔ'læt↔r↔l vesl] 侧副管（支）sinoatrial node[,sain↔u'eitri↔l n↔ud] 窦房结internodal tract[,int↔'n↔udl] 结间束atrioventricular node[,eitri↔uven'trikjul↔] 房室结atrioventricular bundle[b∧ndl] 房室束left (right) bundle branch 左（右）束支coronary sinus['kɔr↔n↔ri]冠状窦arterial duct(lig.) 动脉导管（韧带）carotid sinus[k↔'rɔtid] 颈动脉窦external (internal) carotid a. 颈外(内)动脉vertebral a. 椎动脉superficial （deep）palmar arch['pælm↔] 掌浅（深）弓common iliac a.['iliæk]髂总动脉internal （external）iliac a.髂内（外）动脉anterior (posterior) tibial a.胫前（后）动脉venous valve['vi:n↔s vælv]静脉瓣pulmonary v. 肺静脉brachiocephalic v.[,bræki↔us'fælik]头臂静脉lymphatic capillary[lim'fætik] 毛细淋巴管lymhatic vessel 淋巴管lymphatic trunks 淋巴干right lymphatic duct 右淋巴导管axillary lymph nodes 腋淋巴结receptor[ri'sept↔] 感受器pupil['pju:pil] 瞳孔optic disc['ɔptik] 视神经盘macula lutea['mækjul↔lju:ti↔] 黄斑fovea centralis ['f↔uvi↔] 中央凹aqueous humour['eikwi↔s 'hju:m↔] 房水conjunctiva[,kɔndʒ∧ηk'taiv↔] 结膜ophthalmic a.[ɔf'θælmik]眼动脉external ear 外耳middle ear 中耳auditory tube['ɔ:dit↔ri] 咽鼓管internal ear 内耳bony (membranous) labyrinth['læb↔rinθ][mem'brein↔s] 骨(膜)迷路peripheral nervous system, PNS[p↔'rif↔r↔l] 周围神经系统visceral nervous system['vis↔r↔l] 内脏神经系统vegetative nervous system['vedʒit↔tiv] 植物神经系统nerve cell [n↔:v sel] 神经细胞soma,cell body['s↔um↔] 胞体dendrite['dendrait] 树突axon [æksɔn] 轴突synapse[si'næps]突触nerve fiber['faib↔] 神经纤维glia[gli↔] 神经胶质fasciculus[f↔'sikjul↔s] 纤维束effector[i'fekt↔] 效应器reflex arc['ri:fleks α:k] 反射弧anterior (posterior) root 前(后)根cervical plexus ['s↔:vik↔l pleks↔s] 颈丛brachial plexus['breikj↔l] 臂丛axillary n.[æk'sil↔ri] 腋神经thoracic n.['θɔ:ræsik] 胸神经lumbar plexus['l∧mb↔] 腰丛obturator n.['ɔbtju↔,reit↔] 闭孔神经sacral plexus['seikr↔l] 骶丛common peroneal n.[,per↔'ni↔l] 腓总神经tibial n.['tibi↔l] 胫神经coccygeal n.[kɔk'sidʒi↔l] 尾神经ciliary ganglion ['sili↔ri] 睫状神经节trigeminal ganglion [trai'dʒemin↔l] 三叉神经节ophthalmic n. [ɔf'θælmik] 眼神经maxillary n. [mæk'sil↔ri] 上颌神经mandibular n. [mæn'dibjul↔] 下颌神经submandibular ganglion [,s∧bmæn'dibjul↔] 下颌下神经节pterygopalatine ganglion [,terig↔u'pæl↔taiin] 翼腭神经节otic ganglion[↔utik] 耳神经节preganglionic neuron[,pri:gæηgli'ɔnik] 节前神经元postganglionic neuron[,p↔ustgæηgli'ɔnik] 节后神经元sympathetic ganglion 交感神经节white (gray) communicating branch 白(灰)交通支greater splanchnic n.[,splæηknik] 内脏大神经c(o)eliac ganglion 腹腔神经节parasympathetic ganglion 副交感神经节substantia gelatinosa[s∧b'stæn∫i↔dʒel↔ti'n↔us↔] 胶状质fasciculus gracilis['græcilis]薄束fasciculus cuneatus['ku:niit↔s] 楔束decussation of pyramid['dek∧'sei∫↔n] 锥体交叉olive['ɔliv]橄揽gracile (cuneate) tubercle ['græsail] ['kju:niit]薄(楔)束结节fourth ventricle 第四脑室rhomboid fossa[rɔm'bɔid] 菱形窝locus ceruleus ['l↔uk↔s si'ru:lj↔s] 蓝斑superior(inferior) colliculus[kɔ'likjul↔s] 上(下)丘crus cerebri[kr∧s] 大脑脚oculomotor nucleus[,ɔkjul↔u'm↔ut↔] 动眼神经核accessory oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经副核ambiguous nucleus[æm'bigju↔s] 疑核superior (inferior) salivatory nucleus[sæ'liv↔t↔ri] 上(下)涎核gracile (cuneate) nucleus['græsail] ['kju:niit]薄(楔)束核red nucleus 红核lateral lemniscus[lem'nisk↔s] 外侧丘系pyramidal tract(system)[pi'ræmidl]锥体束(系)reticular formation of brain stem 脑干网状结构tonsil of cerebellum ['tɔnsl] 小脑扁桃体dentate nucleus['denteit] 齿状核metathalamus[,met↔'θæl↔m↔s] 后丘脑medial (lateral) geniculate body[dʒi'nikjulit] 内(外)侧膝状体epithalamus[,epi'θæl↔m↔s] 上丘脑pineal body['pini↔l] 松果体subthalamus [s∧b'θæl↔m↔s] 底丘脑precentral sulcus (gyrus)['dʒai↔r↔s] 中央前沟(回)postcentral sulcus (gyrus)[p↔ust'sentr↔l] 中央后沟(回)lateral ventricle 侧脑室lenticular nucleus[len'tikjul↔] 豆状核amygdaloid body[↔'migd↔lɔid] 杏仁体corpus callosum ['kɔ:pæs k↔'l↔us↔m] 胼胝体fornix['fɔ:niks]穹窿proprioceptive sensory pathway[,pr↔upri↔u'septiv]本体感觉传导通路。
英文 解剖
英文解剖AnatomyAnatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living organisms. It focuses on the physical structures and parts of the body, from bones and muscles to organs and tissues. The field of anatomy can be broken down into several sub-disciplines, including embryology, gross anatomy, histology, and neuroanatomy.Embryology is the study of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth. It is concerned with the formation of all the body's major structures and organs, including the brain, heart, and limbs.Gross anatomy, also known as macroscopic anatomy, is the study of the structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye. This includes the skeleton, muscles, and organs.Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and cells. It involves the use of microscopy to examine the structure and function of cells and tissues in great detail.Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and function of the nervous system. It involves the study of neurons, nerves, and the brain, as well as their functions in the body.Anatomy is an important area of study for healthcare professionals, as it provides a foundation for understanding the structure and function of the body. It is also an important area of research, asnew discoveries and advancements in anatomy can lead to new treatments and therapies for a wide range of conditions and diseases.。
解剖学英文教案模板范文
Objective:Students will be able to identify and describe the major bones of the human skeletal system, their functions, and their interconnections.Duration:1 hourMaterials:- Human skeletal system models or diagrams- Labelled bones sheets- Whiteboard and markers- Pencils and erasers- Activity sheets (optional)- Group work materials (e.g., dice, colored cards)Preparation:1. Prepare labeled diagrams of the skeletal system and individual bones.2. Create activity sheets with questions and tasks related to the skeletal system.3. Set up the classroom with the skeletal system models or diagrams visible to all students.Lesson Outline:1. Introduction (5 minutes)- Begin with a brief overview of the importance of the skeletal system in the human body.- Ask students to recall what they know about bones and the skeletal system.2. Direct Instruction (15 minutes)- Display a labeled diagram of the human skeletal system on the whiteboard.- Explain the two main divisions of the skeletal system: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.- Discuss the functions of the skeletal system, such as support, protection, movement, and blood cell production.- Point out the major bones in each division and their respective functions.3. Interactive Activity: Label the Bones (10 minutes)- Hand out labeled bones sheets to students.- Instruct students to find the corresponding bones on the skeletal system model or diagram and label them.- Encourage students to work in pairs or small groups to reinforce their learning.4. Group Discussion (10 minutes)- Divide the class into small groups.- Assign each group a specific bone or group of bones (e.g., skull, spine, pelvis) to research and discuss.- Have each group present their findings to the class, focusing on the bone's structure, function, and significance in the skeletal system.5. Activity Sheet (15 minutes)- Distribute activity sheets with questions related to the skeletal system.- Allow students to work individually or in pairs to answer the questions.- Collect the activity sheets for assessment.6. Review and Wrap-up (5 minutes)- Summarize the key points discussed during the lesson.- Ask students to volunteer answers to review questions.- Encourage students to ask any remaining questions.7. Homework Assignment (Optional)- Assign a related homework task, such as drawing a detailed diagram of a specific bone or writing a short essay on the importance of the skeletal system in human health.Assessment:- Observe student participation in group discussions and interactive activities.- Collect and review the activity sheets for understanding of key concepts.- Assess homework assignments for depth of understanding and completion.Extensions:- Invite a guest speaker, such as a medical professional or a physical therapist, to discuss the practical applications of anatomy in real-life scenarios.- Organize a lab practical where students can dissection models of bones to gain a hands-on understanding of the skeletal system.Note:This template can be adapted to include other systems of the human body by replacing the content related to the skeletal system with the appropriate subject matter.。
医学常用解剖部位专业英语翻译
医学常用解剖部位专业英语翻译[MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY FOR COMMON ANATOMICAL LOCATIONS IN ENGLISH]IntroductionIn the field of medicine, accurate communication is essential for effective diagnosis, treatment, and research. A crucial aspect of medical communication involves the precise translation of anatomical locations into English. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the professional English translations for commonly used anatomical terms.Head and Neck1. Cranial Cavity - The space within the skull, which houses the brain.2. Temporal Bone - The bone located on the side of the skull, near the temples.3. Mandible - The lower jawbone.4. Cervical Spine - The portion of the spine comprising the neck region.Chest and Abdomen1. Thorax - The chest region between the neck and abdomen, containing the heart, lungs, and other vital organs.2. Sternum - The long, flat bone in the center of the chest.3. Diaphragm - A muscular sheet separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.4. Liver - The largest organ in the body, responsible for various metabolic functions.5. Spleen - An organ located on the left side of the abdomen, involved in immune response and blood filtration.6. Appendix - A tube-like structure attached to the large intestine.Upper Limbs1. Scapula - The shoulder blade.2. Humerus - The bone of the upper arm or forelimb.3. Radius - The bone in the forearm on the thumb side.4. Ulna - The bone in the forearm on the little finger side.5. Carpals - The bones forming the wrist.6. Metacarpals - The bones between the wrist and fingers.7. Phalanges - The bones of the fingers.Lower Limbs1. Femur - The bone of the thigh.2. Patella - The kneecap.3. Tibia - The inner and larger bone of the lower leg.4. Fibula - The outer and smaller bone of the lower leg.5. Tarsals - The bones forming the ankle.6. Metatarsals - The bones between the ankle and toes.7. Phalanges - The bones of the toes.Back and Spine1. Vertebra - Each of the individual bones forming the spine.2. Lumbar Spine - The lower part of the spine, between the ribcage and pelvis.3. Sacrum - A triangular bone at the base of the spine.4. Coccyx - The tailbone, located at the very bottom of the spine.ConclusionAccurate translation of anatomical locations is crucial in the medical field to ensure effective communication among healthcare professionals. Familiarity with the professional English translations for commonly used anatomical terms is essential for medical students, practitioners, and researchers. By adhering to the precise terminology described in this article, medical professionals can enhance their ability to communicate effectively and ensure optimal patient care.。
局部解剖学英文版教学设计 (2)
Anatomy of the Upper Limb: English Teaching Design IntroductionAnatomy is a subject that deals with the structure, function, and organization of organisms. The study of anatomy is essential for health care professionals, including doctors, nurses, and physical therapists. The human anatomy can be divided into different regions, such as the upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, head, and neck. In this teaching design, we will focus on the anatomy of the upper limb.ObjectivesBy the end of this teaching session, students should be able to: •Identify the bones, joints, muscles, and nerves of the upper limb•Expln the functions of the muscles and nerves in the upper limb•Understand the clinical importance of the anatomy of the upper limbPre-requisitesStudents should have a basic understanding of anatomy, physiology, and medical terminology.Materials•Cadaver dissection videos•Anatomical models of the upper limb•Textbook on the anatomy of the upper limb•Whiteboard and markers•Audiovisual equipment (projector, screen, and speakers) Teaching MethodologyThe teaching methodology for this session will be a combination of lecture, group discussion, and interactive dissections. The session will be divided into the following sections:Introduction to the Upper LimbThe first section of the teaching session will provide anintroduction to the upper limb and its anatomical structures, including the bones, joints, muscles, and nerves. This section will include an overview of the bony landmarks of the shoulder girdle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.Anatomy of the Shoulder and ArmThe second section will focus on the anatomy of the shoulder and arm, which includes bones, joints, muscles, and nerves. The section willcover the muscles that move the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints, and the nerves that innervate these muscles. This section will also include an interactive dissection of the shoulder and arm on anatomical models.Anatomy of the Forearm and HandThe third section will focus on the anatomy of the forearm and hand. This will include the bones, joints, muscles, and nerves of the forearm and hand, including a detled discussion of the wrist and hand bones,their articulation, and the muscles involved in movement of the wristand fingers. This section will also include an interactive dissection of the forearm and hand on anatomical models.Clinical ApplicationsThe final section will focus on the clinical applications of the anatomy of the upper limb. This section will cover the clinical importance of the anatomy of the upper limb, including common fractures, dislocations, and nerve injuries. This section will also include case studies and group discussions on the management of upper limb injuries.EvaluationStudents will be evaluated based on their participation in the interactive dissections, their understanding of the anatomical structures, and their ability to apply the knowledge in clinical scenarios. The evaluation will be done through an oral and written examination.ConclusionThe teaching design for the anatomy of the upper limb will provide an in-depth understanding of the anatomical structures, functions, and clinical importance of the upper limb. The use of interactive dissections and case studies will enhance the learning experience and enable students to apply the knowledge in clinical practice.。
解剖英语
anatomy 解剖学human anatomy 人体解剖学anatomical position 解剖学姿势skeleton 骨骼bone 骨articulation,joint 关节ligament 韧带vertebrae 椎骨vertebral column 脊柱intervertebral foramen 椎间孔cervical vertebrae 颈椎thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎intervertebral disc 椎间盘elbow joint 肘关节wrist joint 腕关节pelvis 骨盆hip joint 髋关节knee join 膝关节ankle join 踝关节skeletal muscle 骨骼肌stemocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌deltoid 三角肌gluteus maximus 臀大肌quadriceps femoris 股四头肌patellar ligament 髌韧带tyiceps surae 小腿三头肌splanchnology 内脏学viscera 内脏digestive system 消化系统mouth cavity 口腔pharynx 咽esophagus 食管stomach 胃duodenum 十二指肠large intestine 大肠colon 结肠rectum 直肠vermiform appendix 阑尾anus 肛门liver 肝gallbladder 胆囊pancreas 胰respiratory system 呼吸系统nasal cavity 鼻腔larynx 喉vocal fold 声带trachea 支气管lung 肺thoracic 胸腔pleura 胸膜mediastinum 纵膈urinary system 泌尿系统kidney 肾urinary bladder 膀胱ureter 输尿管urethra 尿道male genital organs 男性生殖器testis 睾丸prostate 前列腺female genital organs 女性生殖器ovary 卵巢uterine 输卵管uterus 子宫mamma,breast 乳房peritoneum 腹膜rectouterine pouch 直肠子宫陷凹endocrine glands 内分泌腺hypophysis 垂体thyroid gland 甲状腺suprarenal gland 肾上腺cardiovascular system 心血管系统heart 心artery 动脉vein 静脉capillary 毛细血管tricuspid valve 三尖瓣mitral valve 二尖瓣pulmonary valve 肺动脉瓣aortic valve 主动脉瓣sinuatrial node 窦房结artioventricular bundle 房室束pericardium 心包coronary arteries 冠状动脉inferior vena cava 下腔静脉superior vena cava 上腔静脉great saphenous vein 大隐静脉spleen 脾portal vein 肝门静脉lymphatic system 淋巴系统lymph nodes 淋巴结thoracic duct 胸导管visual organ 视器eyeball 眼球coenea 角膜conjunctiva 结膜pupil 瞳孔retina 视网膜lens 晶状体ear 耳vestibulocochlear organ 前庭蜗器central nervous system 中枢神经系统peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统white matter 白质gray matter 灰质spinal cord 脊髓brainstem脑干medulla oblongata 延髓pons 脑桥midbrain 中脑brain 脑cerebellum 小脑diencephalon 间脑thalamusnerve 丘脑cerebrum 大脑basal nuclei 基底核internal capsule 内囊cerebral hemisphere 大脑半球spinal nerves 脊神经phrenic nerve 膈神经radial nerve 桡神经ulnar nerve 尺神经median nerve 正中神经femoral nerve 股神经sciatic nerve 坐骨神经cranial nerves 脑神经olfactory nerve 嗅神经optic nerve 视神经oculomotor nerve 动眼神经trochlear nerve 滑车神经trigeminal nerve 三叉神经glossopharyngeal nerve 舌咽神经vestibulocochlear nerve 前庭蜗神经abducent nerve 展神经facial nerve 面神经vagus nerve 迷走神经accessory nerve 副神经hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经sympathetic nerve 交感神经parasympathetic nerve 副交感神经sympathetic trunk 交感干subarachnoid space 蛛网膜下隙cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液。
解剖学英文单词
解剖学英文单词（2009级临床医学、眼视光、临床病理、急救医学专业使用）anatomy解剖学locomotor system运动系统osteology骨学bone骨cartilage软骨bone marrow骨髓vertebra椎骨cervical vertebrae颈椎thoracic vertebrae胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎sacrum骶骨coccyx尾骨rib肋costal bone肋骨sternum胸骨sternal angle胸骨角cranium, skull 颅orbit眶paranasal sinus鼻旁窦frontal sinus额窦maxillary sinus上颌窦sphenoidal sinus 蝶窦ethmoidal sinus筛窦pterion 翼点cranial fontanelles颅囟clavicle锁骨humerus肱骨scapula肩胛骨radius桡骨ulna 尺骨carpal bones腕骨metacarpal bones掌骨phalanges指骨/趾骨hip bone髋骨ilium 髂骨ischium 坐骨pubis 耻骨acetabulum髋臼femur股骨patella 髌骨tibia胫骨fibula腓骨tarsal bones跗骨metatarsal bones跖骨arthrology关节学fibrous joint 纤维连结artilaginous joint软骨连结synosteosis骨性结合joint, articulation关节vertebral column脊柱intervertebral disc椎间盘thoracic cage胸廓temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节shoulder joint 肩关节elbow joint 肘关节radiocarpal joint/wrist joint 桡腕关节pubic symphysis耻骨联合pelvis骨盆terminal line界线sarotuberous ligament骶结节韧带sarospinous ligament骶棘韧带greater sciatic foramen坐骨大孔hip joint髋关节knee joint膝关节ankle joint踝关节transverse tarsal joint跗横关节meniscus半月板mycology肌学muscle 肌肉tendon 肌腱aponeurosis腱膜fascia 筋膜trapezius m.斜方肌latissimus dorsi m.背阔肌erector spinae m.竖脊肌sternocleidomastoid m.胸锁乳突肌pectoralis major m.胸大肌serratus anterior m.前锯肌intercostal m.肋间肌diaphragm膈obliquus externus abdominis m.腹外斜肌inguinal ligament腹股沟韧带sheath of rectus abdominis腹直肌鞘linea alba腹白线inguinal canal腹股沟管inguinal triangle 腹股沟三角deltoid m.三角肌biceps brachii m.肱二头肌triceps brachii m.肱三头肌gluteus maximus m.臀大肌sartorius m.缝匠肌quadriceps femoris m.股四头肌adductor magnus m.大收肌triceps surae m.小腿三头肌splanchnology 内脏学alimentary system消化系统digestive tube/digestive tract消化管oral cavity口腔palate 腭tongue 舌cheek 颊tooth 牙tonsil 扁桃体salivary glands 唾液腺sublingual gland舌下腺parotid gland腮腺submandibular gland下颌下腺pharynx咽esophagus食管stomach, gaster 胃cardia贲门pylorus幽门small intestine小肠duodenum 十二指肠jejunum空肠ileum 回肠caecum 盲肠vermiform appendix阑尾colon结肠sigmoid colon乙状结肠rectum 直肠anal canal肛管anus肛门liver, hepar肝porta hepatis 肝门gall bladder胆囊pancreas胰respiratory system呼吸系统nose鼻nasal cavity鼻腔larynx 喉trachea 气管bronchus支气管lung肺pleura 胸膜pleural cavity胸膜腔pleural recesses胸膜隐窝costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝mediastinum纵隔urinary system泌尿系统kidney 肾renal hilum肾门renal pedicle 肾蒂ureter 输尿管urinary bladder膀胱urethra 尿道reproductive system生殖系统testis 睾丸epididymis附睾ductus deferens 输精管ejaculatory duct射精管spermatic cord 精索prostate/prostate gland前列腺seminal vesicle精囊bulbourethral gland尿道球腺scrotum 阴囊penis 阴茎uterine tube 输卵管uterus子宫vagina阴道mamma, breast 乳房perineum 会阴pelvic diaphragm盆膈urogenital diaphragm尿生殖膈peritoneum腹膜greater omentum 大网膜omental burse 网膜囊mesentery肠系膜subphrenic space 膈下间隙rectovesical ponch直肠膀胱陷凹rectouterine pouch直肠子宫陷凹angiology 脉管学cardiovascular system心血管系统lymphatic system淋巴系统heart心cardiac atrium 心房cardiac ventricle心室tricuspid valve 三尖瓣mitral valve 二尖瓣conus arteriosus 动脉圆锥pulmonary orifice 肺动脉口aortic sinus主动脉窦interatrial septum房间隔interventricular septum室间隔sinuatrial node窦房结atrioventricular node房室结atrioventricular bundle房室束coronary artery 冠状动脉pericardium 心包pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干arterial ligament 动脉韧带common carotid a.颈总动脉carotid glomus 颈动脉小球internal carotid a.颈内动脉facial a. 面动脉superficial temporal a.subclavian a.锁骨下动脉axillary a.腋动脉brachial a.肱动脉ulnar a.尺动脉radial a. 桡动脉superficial palmar arch掌浅弓thoracic aorta胸主动脉abdominal aorta腹主动脉coeliac trunk腹腔干left gastric a.胃左动脉common hepatic a.肝总动脉splenic a.脾动脉right gastroepiploic a.胃网膜右动脉superior mesenteric a.肠系膜上动脉common iliac a.髂总动脉external iliac a. 髂外动脉femoral a. 股动脉popliteal a. 腘动脉posterior tibial a. 胫后动脉peroneal a. 腓动脉dorsal artery of foot足背动脉uterine a.子宫动脉superior vena cava上腔静脉brachiocephalic vein头臂静脉internal jugular v.颈内静脉cephalic v.头静脉basilic v.贵要静脉median cubital v.肘正中静脉azygos v.奇静脉great saphenous v.大隐静脉portal v. 门静脉paraumbilical v. 附脐静脉thoracic duct胸导管superficial inguinal lymph nodes 腹股沟浅淋巴结spleen脾thymus胸腺sensory organs感觉器visual organs 视器eye眼cornea角膜sclera巩膜iris 虹膜pupil瞳孔ciliary body 睫状体choroid 脉络膜retina视网膜optic disc视神经盘macula lutea黄斑aqueous humor房水lens晶状体vitreous body玻璃体conjunctiva结膜lacrimal apparatus泪器ophthalmic a.眼动脉ear耳tympanic membrane鼓膜tympanic cavity鼓室auditory tube咽鼓管vestibule前庭cochlea耳蜗semicircular canal半规管peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统spinal nerve脊神经spinal ganglia脊神经节cervical plexus颈丛phrenic n.膈神经brachial plexus臂丛median n.正中神经musculocutaneous n.肌皮神经intercostal n.肋间神经lumbar plexus腰丛obturator n.闭孔神经sacral plexus骶丛sciatic n.坐骨神经tibial n. 胫神经common peroneal n.腓总神经cranial n.脑神经olfactory n.嗅神经optic n.视神经oculomotor n.动眼神经trochlear n.滑车神经trigeminal n.三叉神经ophthalmic n.眼神经maxillary n.上颌神经mandibular n.下颌神经abducent n.展神经facial n. 面神经vestibulocochlear n.前庭蜗神经glossopharyngeal n.舌咽神经vagus n.迷走神经accessory n.副神经hypoglossal n. 舌下神经chorda tympani鼓索autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统sympathetic nerve交感神经parasympathetic nerve副交感神经central nervous system中枢神经系统spinal cord脊髓gray matter灰质cortex 皮质nucleus神经核white matter白质medulla 髓质fasciculus 纤维束ganglion 神经节reticular formation网状结构spinal cord脊髓anterior horn前角posterior funiculus后索anterior white commissure 白质前连合fasciculus gracilis薄束fasciculus cuneatus楔束spinothalamic tract脊髓丘脑束brain, encephalon脑corticospinal tract皮质脊髓束corticonuclear tract皮质核束brain stem 脑干medulla oblongata延髓Pyramid锥体pyramidal decussation锥体交叉pons脑桥midbrain, mesencephalon 中脑red nucleus红核substantia nigra黑质cerebellum小脑diencephalons间脑Thalamus丘脑Hypothalamus下丘脑optic chiasma视交叉medial geniculate body内侧膝状体telencephalon端脑lateral ventricle侧脑室choroid plexus脉络丛internal capsule 内囊corpus callosum胼胝体corpus striatum 纹状体cerebral cortex大脑皮质hippocampal formation海马结构limbic system边缘系统extrapyramidal system锥体外系cerebral dura mater硬脑膜cavernous sinus海绵窦epidural space硬膜外隙subarachnoid space蛛网膜下隙spinal pia mater软脊膜cerebrospinal fluid脑脊液endocrine glands 内分泌腺thyroid gland甲状腺parathyroid gland甲状旁腺suprarenal gland肾上腺hypophysis垂体pineal corpus松果体。
解剖英语
绪论 introduction**解剖学 anatomy**人体解剖学 human anatomy**系统解剖学 systematic anatomy, descriptive anatomy **局部解剖学 topographic anatomy, regional anatomy **应用解剖学 applied anatomy**临床解剖学 clinical anatomy**外科解剖学 surgical anatomy**解剖学姿势 anatomical position*矢状面 sagittal plane*正中矢状面 median(or midsagittal) plane*冠状面（或额状面）coronal(or frontal) plane*横切面（或水平面）transverse(or horizontal) plane 前面（或腹侧面） anterior(or ventral) surface后面（或背侧面） posterior(or dorsal) surface 上端（或颅端） superior(or cranial) end下端（或尾端） inferior(or caudal) end 内侧（尺侧或胫侧）缘medial(ulnar or tibial)border外侧（桡侧或腓侧）缘lateral(radial or fibular)border 近侧端（或上端） proximal(or upper) end远侧端（或下端） distal(or lower) end内面 internal(or interior)surface外面 external(or exterior)surface浅层 superficial layer深层 deep layer人体各部位 parts of human body*头 head*颅 cranium, skull*额front*枕 occipit*颞temples*耳ear*面face*眼eye*鼻nose*口mouth唇 lip*颈neck, cervix, collum*躯干 trunk*背back*胸thorax, chest*腹abdomen脐 umbilicus*盆部 pelvis四肢 limbs, extremities*上肢 upper limb*肩shoulder腋 axilla*臂arm*肘elbow*前臂 forearm*手hand腕 wrist掌 palm*鱼际 thenar*小鱼际 hypothenar*手指 finger*拇指 thumb示指 index finger*下肢 lower limb*髋hip*股（又称大腿) thigh*膝knee*小腿 leg*踝ankle, malleolus*足foot跗 tarsus跖 sole*趾toe运动系统 locomotor system骨及骨连结bone and joint*骨学 osteology**骨骼skeleton*骨骼系统skeletal system**骨bone中轴骨axial skeleton 附肢骨appendicular skeleton *长骨 long bone*短骨 short bone*扁骨 flat bone*不规则骨irregular bone**骨密质 compact bony substance **骨松质 spongy bony substance **骨膜periosteum骨内膜endosteum*黄骨髓 yellow bony marrow **红骨髓 red bony marrow 骺 epiphysis骨干 diaphysis干骺端metaphysis*骺软骨 epiphysial cartilage *骺线 epiphysial line 滋养孔nutrient foramen髓腔 medullary cavity 突 process棘 spine隆起 eminence粗隆 tuberosity结节 tuber, tubercle嵴 crest线 line窝concavity, fossa凹fovea小凹 foveola压迹 impression腔cavity窦autrum, sinus管canal, duct孔foramen,opening口mouth, apertura, aditus, ostium裂孔 hiatus髁condyle上髁epicondyle缘margin切迹 notch, incisura纤维连结 fibrous joint韧带连结 syndesmosis缝 suture软骨连结 cartilaginous joint **关节articulation, joint **关节面 articular surface关节软骨 articular cartilage**关节囊 articular capsul *纤维层 fibrous layer*滑膜 synovial membrane**关节腔 articular cavity **韧带ligament**关节盘 articular disk**关节半月板articular meniscus*关节唇 articular labrum滑膜关节 synovial joint平面关节 plane joint 球窝关节 ball and socket joint 椭圆关节 ellipsoid joint车轴关节 pivot joint鞍状关节 saddle joint*屈flexion*伸extension*收adduction*展abduction*旋转 rotation *环转 circumduction*旋前 pronation*旋后 supination*外翻 eversion*内翻inversion*背屈 dorsiflexion*跖屈 plantarflexion**椎骨vertebrae**脊柱vertebral column*椎管 vertebral canal*椎体 vertebral body*椎弓 vertebral arch**椎间孔 intervertebral foramen *椎孔 vertebral foramen*棘突 spinous process*横突 transverse process上关节突 superior articular process **颈椎cervical vertebrae*横突孔 transverse foramen *寰椎 atlas侧块 lateral mass*枢椎 axis齿突 dens**胸椎thoracic vertebrae上肋凹superior costal fovea*腰椎lumbar vertebrae**骶骨sacrum, sacral bone骶骨岬sacral promontory*骶管裂孔sacral hiatus骶角 sacral horn**尾骨coccyx**椎间盘 intervertebral disc *纤维环 anulus fibrosus*髓核 pulpiform nucleus *黄韧带 ligaments flava寰枕关节 atlanto-occipital joint **肋ribs, costae*肋软骨 costal cartilage*肋沟 costal groove**肋弓costal arch**胸骨sternum 胸骨柄sternal manubrium 胸骨体sternal body**剑突xiphoid process**胸骨角 sternal angle**胸廓thoracic cage肋椎关节 costovertebral joints肋关节 sternocostal joints**枕骨occipital bone枕骨髁occipital condyle*舌下神经管 hypoglossal canal*枕骨大孔foramen magnum枕外隆凸 external occipital protuberance *蝶骨 sphenoid bone*蝶鞍 sella turcica **垂体窝 hypophysial fossa *视神经管optic canal鞍背 dorsum sellae破裂孔foramen lacerum*圆孔 foramen rotundum *卵圆孔 foramen ovale *棘孔 foramen spinosum*眶上裂 superior orbital fissure 大翼 greater wings翼突 pterygoid process**颞骨temporal bone岩部 petrous portion*乳突 mastoid process*面神经管facial canal肌咽鼓管 musculo-tubal canal*内耳门 internal acoustic port*茎突 styloid process*茎乳孔 stylomastoid foramen*外耳道 external acoustic meatus *下颌窝 mandibular fossa**顶骨parietal bone**额骨frontal bone**筛骨ethmoid bone 下鼻甲inferior nasal concha 泪骨 lacrimal bone鼻骨 nasal bone犁骨 vomer**上颌骨 maxilla眶下孔infraorbital foramen牙槽突alveolar process切牙管incisive canal*腭骨 palatine bone*颧骨 zygomatic bone**下颌骨 mandible颏孔 mental foramen冠突 coronoid process下颌切迹 mandibular incisure**舌骨hyoid bone颅盖 calvaria外板 outer plate内板 inner plate*板障 diploe**颅前窝 anterior cranial fossa**颅中窝 middle cranial fossa**颅后窝 posterior cranial fossa颞窝 temporal fossa*颧弓 zygomatic arch*颞下窝 infratemporal fossa*翼腭窝 pterygopalatine fossa*翼点 pterion*颈动脉管carotid canal*颈静脉孔jugular foramen腭大孔greater palatine foramen**眶orbit眶上孔supraorbital foramen眶下孔infraorbital foramen**骨性鼻腔 bony nasal cavity**鼻腔nasal cavity*鼻旁窦 paranasal sinus*上颌窦 maxillary sinus*蝶窦 sphenoidal sinus*额窦 frontal sinus*筛窦 ethmoidal sinus鼻中隔nasal septum上(中, 下)鼻道superior(middle, inferior) nasal meatus 颅囟 cranial fontanelle前囟 anterior fontanelle冠状缝coronary suture矢状缝sagital suture人字缝lambdoid suture**颞下颌关节temporomandibular joint **肩胛骨 scapula*肩峰 acromion*关节盂 glenoid cavity*喙突 coracoid process**锁骨clavicle**肱骨humerus大结节greater tubercle小结节lesser tubercle*解剖颈 anatomical neck*外科颈 surgical neck鹰嘴窝olecranon fossa*内上髁 medial epicondyle**桡骨radius环状关节面 articular circumference**尺骨ulna鹰嘴 olecranon滑车切迹 trochlear notch**腕骨carpal bones, carpus 舟骨 scaphoid bone三角骨triquetral bone豌豆骨pisiform bone大多角骨 trapezium bone小多角骨 trapezoid bone头状骨capitate bone钩骨 hamate bone**掌骨metacarpal bones**指骨phalanges of fingers*胸锁关节sternoclavicular joint**肩关节 shoulder joint盂唇 glenoid labrum**肘关节 elbow joint*桡骨环状韧带 annular ligament of radius *桡尺近侧关节 proximal radioulnar joint 桡尺远侧关节distal radioulnar joint**腕关节 wrist joint腕掌关节 carpometacarpal joint 掌指关节 metacarpophalangeal joint 指间关节interphalangeal joint **髋骨hip bone*髋臼 acetabulum *闭孔 obturater foramen**髂骨ilium髂嵴 iliac crest**坐骨ischium**耻骨pubis**骨盆pelvis**股骨femur大转子greater trochanter髁间窝intercondylar fossa**髌骨patella**胫骨tibia髁间隆起 intercondylar eminence *内踝 medial malleolus**腓骨 fibula*外踝lateral malleolus**跗骨tarsal bone, tarsus距骨 talus**跟骨calcaneus足舟骨navicular bone内侧楔骨 medial cuneiform bone 骰骨 cuboid bone **跖骨metatarsal bones**趾骨phalanges of toes*耻骨联合pubic symphysis*骶髂关节sacroiliac joint*骶结节韧带 sacrotuberous ligament *骶棘韧带sacrospinous ligament **髋关节 hip joint**膝关节 knee joint*半月板 meniscus*交叉韧带cruciate ligaments**踝关节 ankle joint跗骨间关节 intertarsal joint距跟关节 talocalcaneal joint 跗横关节 transverse tarsal joint跗跖关节 tarsometatarsal joints跖趾关节 metatarsophalangeal joints(二)肌肉muscles肌学 myology肌肉系统 muscular system**肌muscle **骨骼肌 skeletal muscle **肌腹muscle belly**肌头head of muscle腱膜 aponeurosis起点 origin止点 insertion**筋膜fascia*浅筋膜 superficial fascia*深筋膜 deep fascia滑膜囊synovial bursa*腱鞘 tendinous sheath **斜方肌 trapezius **背阔肌 latissimus dorsi**竖脊肌 erector spinae胸腰筋膜 thoracolumbar fascia 颈阔肌platysma**胸锁乳突肌sternocleidomastoid *斜角肌 scalenus **胸大肌 pectoralis major*胸小肌 pectoralis minor*前锯肌 serratus anterior**膈diaphragm**中心腱 central tendon**腹直肌 rectus abdominis**腹直肌鞘 sheath of rectus abdominis白线 linea alba**腹外斜肌 obliquus externus abdominis **腹内斜肌 obliquus internus abdominis **腹横肌 transversus abdominis **腰大肌 psoas major**髂腰肌 iliopsoas**腹股沟韧带inguinal ligament*腹股沟管inguinal canal 腹股沟管浅环superficial inguinal ring *面肌 facial muscles 枕额肌occipitofrontal muscle帽状腱膜 gelea aponeurotica**咀嚼肌 masticatory muscles咬肌 masseter颞肌 temporalis**三角肌 deltoid大圆肌teres major小圆肌 teres minor**肱二头肌 biceps brachii**肱三头肌 triceps brachii*肱桡肌 brachioradialis*旋前圆肌pronator teres *桡侧腕屈肌 flexor carpi radialis*掌长肌 palmaris longus*尺侧腕屈肌 flexor carpi ulnaris*指浅屈肌flexor digitorum superficialis 指深屈肌 flexor digitorum profundus 拇长屈肌 flexor pollicis longus旋前方肌 pronator quadratus桡侧腕长伸肌extensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕短伸肌extensor carpi radialis brevis 指伸肌extensor digitorum*旋后肌 supinator*蚓状肌 lumbricales*骨间肌 interossei**臀大肌 gluteus maximus**梨状肌 piriformis**股四头肌 quadriceps femoris **髌韧带 patellar ligament 缝匠肌sartorius *股二头肌biceps femoris*半腱肌 semitendinosus*半膜肌 semimembranosus*腓骨长肌peroneus longus*腓骨短肌peroneus brevis*胫骨前肌tibialis anterior**小腿三头肌triceps surae*腓肠肌 gastrocnemius *比目鱼肌soleus*跟腱 tendo calcaneus内脏学splanchnology消化系统digestive system**内脏学 splanchnology **内脏viscera **消化系统 digestive system**口腔mouth cavity**唇lip颊 cheek腭 palatine*牙tooth, teeth牙髓 dental pulp切牙 incisor teeth尖牙 canine teeth前磨牙premolar teeth磨牙 molar teeth恒牙 permanent teeth乳牙 deciduous teeth**唾液腺 salivary gland舌下腺sublingual gland下颌下腺 submandibular gland 腮腺 parotid gland*舌tongue味蕾 taste bud, gustatory bud 舌乳头papillae of tongue **咽pharynx*咽峡 isthmus of fauces咽腔 cavity of pharynx*扁桃体 tonsil**食管esophagus**胃stomach 胃大弯greater curvature of stomach 胃小弯lesser curvature of stomach 角切迹angular incisure贲门部cardial part幽门部pyloric part幽门 pylorus*小肠 small intestine**十二指肠 duodenum**空肠jejunum**回肠ileum**大肠large intestine*盲肠 caecum**阑尾vermiform appendix**结肠colon*升结肠 ascending colon*横结肠 transverse colon*降结肠 descending colon*乙状结肠sigmoid colon**直肠rectum**肛门anus*肛管 anal canal**肝liver*肝总管common hepatic duct **胆囊gallbladder*胆囊管 cystic duct**胆总管 common bile duct**胰pancreas胰管 pancreatic duct(二)呼吸系统respiratory system*呼吸系统respiratory system外鼻 external nose**喉larynx甲状软骨 thyroid cartilage环状软骨 cricoid cartilage杓状软骨 arytenoid cartilage弹性圆锥 conus elasticus喉肌 laryngeal muscles会厌 epiglottis会厌软骨 epiglottic cartilage喉腔 laryngeal cavity声门 glottis**声带vocal fold**气管trachea**支气管 bronchus**肺lung*肺门 hilum of lung*支气管肺段 bronchopulmonary segment **胸腔thoracic cavity**胸膜pleura**纵隔mediastinum(三)泌尿生殖系统urogenital system*泌尿生殖系统 urogenital system**泌尿系统 urinary system**肾kidney*肾盂 renal pelvis肾盏 renal calices肾窦 renal sinus**输尿管 ureter**膀胱urinary bladder*膀胱三角trigone of bladder**尿道urethra**男性生殖器male genital organs**睾丸testis白膜 tunica albuginea**附睾epididymis输精管ductus deferens**输精管壶腹ampulla of ductus deferens *射精管 ejaculatory duct*精索 spermatic cord睾丸鞘膜 sheath of testicle精囊 seminal vesicle**前列腺 prostate**阴茎penis阴茎头glans of penis阴茎包皮 prepuce尿道外口 external urethral orifice *阴囊 scrotum**女性生殖器female genital organs **卵巢ovary**输卵管 uterine tube输卵管伞 fimbriae of uterine tube **子宫uterus子宫峡isthmus of uterus子宫颈cervix of uterus子宫口ostium of uterus子宫阔韧带 broad ligament of uterus **阴道vagina处女膜hymen阴道穹fornix of vagina大阴唇labia majora阴道口vaginal orifice阴蒂 clitoris**乳房mamma, breast**乳腺mammary gland*会阴 perineum **坐骨肛门窝ischioanal fossa(四)腹膜peritoneum**腹膜peritoneum*腹膜腔 peritoneal cavity*壁腹膜 parietal peritoneum*脏腹膜 visceral peritoneum **网膜omentum *大网膜 greater omentum网膜囊omental bursa网膜孔omental foramen*肝胃韧带hepatogastric ligament *肝十二指肠韧带 hepatoduodenal ligament 肝镰状韧带 falciform ligament of liver 肝冠状韧带 coronary ligament of liver *胃脾韧带gastrosplenic ligament *脾肾韧带splenorenal ligament **肠系膜 mesentery结肠系膜 mesocolon阑尾系膜 mesoappendix胃结肠韧带 gastrocolic ligament回盲襞ileocaecal fold肝肾隐窝 hepatorenal recess**直肠子宫陷凹 rectouterine pouch*膀胱子宫陷凹 vesicouterine pouch*直肠膀胱陷凹 rectovesical pouch脉管系统vascular system**脉管系统 vascular system**脉管学 angiology心血管系cardiovascular system**心血管系 cardiovascular system **心heart**动脉artery**静脉vein**毛细血管 capillary吻合 anastomosis心底 cardiac base心尖 cardiac apex*冠状窦 coronary sinus**右心房 right atrium右心耳right auricle **右心室 right ventricle右房室口 right atrioventricular orifice **三尖瓣 tricuspid valve**左心房 left atrium左心耳left auricle**左心室 left ventricle**二尖瓣 mitral valve肉柱 trabeculae carneae乳头肌papillary muscles肌腱 tendinous cords卵圆窝oval fossa *室上嵴 supraventricular crest 动脉圆锥 conus arteriosus**肺动脉瓣 pulmonary valve**主动脉瓣 aortic valve心内膜endocardium心肌层myocardium心外膜epicardium *房间隔 interatrial septum*室间隔 interventricular septum**窦房结 sinuatrial node*房室结 atrioventricular node*房室束 atrioventricular bundle右束支right bundle branch左束支left bundle branch**心包pericardium*肺动脉干pulmonary trunk*动脉韧带arterial ligament**主动脉aorta*升主动脉ascending aorta**冠状动脉 coronary arteries **主动脉弓 aortic arch 头臂干brachiocephalic trunk**颈总动脉 common carotid artery 颈动脉小球carotid glomus颈动脉窦carotid sinus**颈外动脉 external carotid artery *甲状颈干thyrocervical trunk*甲状腺上动脉superior thyroid artery 舌动脉lingual artery面动脉facial artery*颞浅动脉superficial temporal artery 上颌动脉 maxillary artery **颈内动脉 internal carotid artery**锁骨下动脉subclavian artery胸廓内动脉internal thoracic artery 腋动脉axillary artery*肱动脉 brachial artery*桡动脉 radial artery尺动脉ulnar artery 掌浅弓superficial palmar arch*降主动脉descending aorta*胸主动脉thoracic aorta**腹主动脉 abdominal aorta**腹腔干 coeliac trunk**胃左动脉 left gastric artery**肝总动脉 common hepatic artery **脾动脉 splenic artery**肠系膜上动脉 superior mesenteric artery **肠系膜下动脉 inferior mensenteric artery *肾动脉 renal artery*睾丸动脉testicular artery*卵巢动脉ovarian artery **髂总动脉 common iliac artery**髂内动脉 internal iliac artery臀上动脉 superior gluteal artery臀下动脉 inferior gluteal artery闭孔动脉 obturator artery*阴部内动脉 internal pudendal artery*子宫动脉uterus artery**髂外动脉 external iliac artery*股动脉 femoral artery股深动脉 profunda femoris artery帼动脉popliteal artery胫前动脉 anterior tibial artery胫后动脉 posterior tibial artery足背动脉 dorsal pedal artery肺静脉pulmonary vein**上腔静脉 superior vena cava头臂静脉(无名静脉) brachiocephalic vein, innominate vein 颈内静脉 internal jugular vein翼丛 pterygoid plexus*颈外静脉external jugular vein锁骨下静脉 subclavian vein静脉角venous angle肱静脉brachial vein头静脉cephalic vein贵要静脉 basilic vein肘正中静脉 median cubital vein*奇静脉 azygos vein半奇静脉 hemiazygos vein椎静脉丛 vertebral venous plexus**下腔静脉 inferior vena cava髂总静脉 common iliac vein髂内静脉 internal iliac vein髂外静脉 external iliac vein*股静脉 femoral vein小隐静脉 small saphenous vein**大隐静脉 great saphenous vein帼静脉popliteal vein**肝门静脉 portal vein附脐静脉 paraumbilical vein **肠系膜上静脉 superior mesenteric vein**脾静脉 splenic vein**肠系膜下静脉 inferior mensenteric vein 直肠静脉丛 rectal venous plexus(二)淋巴系统lymphatic system**淋巴系统 lymphatic system毛细淋巴管 lymphatic capillary淋巴管lymphatic vessels淋巴干lymphatic trunks*淋巴导管lymphatic ducts**淋巴结 lymph nodes**胸导管 thoracic duct乳糜池cisterna chyli腰干 lumbar trunks肠干 intestinal trunk**右淋巴导管right lymphatic duct *下颌下淋巴结 submandibular lymph nodes*颈外侧淋巴结 lateral cervical lymph nodes**锁骨上淋巴结 supraclavicular lymph nodes *腋淋巴结axillary lymph nodes*支气管肺门淋巴结 bronchopulmonary hilar lymph nodes *腰淋巴结lumbar lymph nodes*腹腔淋巴结 coeliac lymph nodes**肠系膜淋巴结 mesenteric lymph nodes髂总淋巴结 common iliac lymph nodes髂外淋巴结 external iliac lymph nodes髂内淋巴结 internal iliac lymph nodes*腹股沟淋巴结 inguinal lymph nodes**脾spleen**胸腺thymus感觉器sensory organs**感觉器 sensory organs视器visual organ**视器visual organ**眼eye**眼球eyeball*巩膜 sclera**角膜cornea脉络膜choroid**睫状体 ciliary body**虹膜iris**瞳孔pupil**视网膜 retina*视神经盘optic disc*黄斑 macula lutea虹膜角膜角(前房角) iridocorneal angle*房水 aqueouse humor**玻璃体 vitreous body**晶状体 lens眼副器accessory organs of eye*眼睑 eyelids**结膜conjunctiva**泪腺lacrimal gland泪点 lacrimal punctum泪小管lacrimal ductule*泪囊 lacrimal sac鼻泪管nasolacrimal duct*眼球外肌ocular muscles眼动脉ophthalmic artery(二)前庭蜗器vestibulocochlear organ**前庭蜗器 vestibulocochlear organ**耳ear外耳 external ear耳廓` auricle*外耳道 external acoustic meatus中耳 middle ear**鼓室tympanic cavity *鼓膜 tympanic membrane *前庭窗 fenestra vestibuli蜗窗 fenestra cochleae听小骨auditory ossicles**咽鼓管 auditory tube*乳突窦 mastoid antrum乳突小房 mastoid cells内耳 internal ear*骨迷路 bony labyrinth *骨半规管bony semicircular canals**前庭vestibule**耳蜗cochlea*膜迷路 membranous labyrinth*膜半规管membranous semicircular ducts **椭圆囊 utricle**球囊saccule**蜗管cochlear duct**螺旋器 spiral organ(三)其他感觉器嗅器 olfactory organ味器 gustatory organ皮肤 skin表皮 epidermis真皮 dermis, corium体毛 hairs毛囊 hair follicle立毛肌arrectores pilorum 指甲 nail of finger神经系统 nervous system**神经系统 nervous system**中枢神经系统 central nervous system **周围神经系统 peripheral nervous system **神经元 neuron**神经胶质 neuroglia*树突 dendrite*轴突 axon单极神经元 unipolar neuron假单极神经元pseudounipolar neuron 双极神经元 bipolar neuron多极神经元 multipolar neuron*感觉神经元 sensory neuron*运动神经元 motor neuron*联络神经元 associate neuron 尼氏体Nissl bodies神经原纤维 neurofibril**神经纤维 nerve fiber神经膜neurolemma*髓鞘 myelin sheath*突触 synapse突触前部 presynaptic part突触后部 postsynaptic part突触间隙 synaptic cleft突触小泡 synaptic vesicles*灰质 gray matter*白质 white matter*皮质 cortex*髓质 medulla**神经核 nucleus**纤维束 tract**神经节 ganglion**神经nerve神经内膜 endoneurium神经束膜 perineurium神经外膜 epineurium星形细胞 astrocyte少突胶质细胞oligodendrocyte小胶质microglia室管膜ependyma周围神经系统peripheral nervous system**脊神经 spinal nerves前根 ventral root*脊神经节spinal ganglion颈神经cervical nerve胸神经thoracic nerve腰神经lumbar nerve骶神经sacral nerve尾神经coccygeal nerve**颈丛cervical plexus**膈神经 phrenic nerve**臂丛brachial plexus胸长神经 long thoracic nerve胸背神经 thoracodorsal nerve**肌皮神经 musculocutaneous nerve **腋神经 axillary nerve**正中神经 median nerve**桡神经 radial nerve**尺神经 ulnar nerve*胸神经 thoracic nerves肋间神经 intercostal nerve**腰丛lumbar plexus腰骶干lumbosacral trunk**股神经 femoral nerve*闭孔神经obturator nerve**骶丛sacral plexus**坐骨神经 sciatic nerve**胫神经 tibial nerve**腓总神经 common peroneal nerve *腓浅神经superficial peroneal nerve *腓深神经deep peroneal nerve*阴部神经pudendal nerve**脑神经 cranial nerves**嗅神经 olfactory nerve**视神经 optic nerve*动眼神经oculomotor nerve*睫状神经节 ciliary ganglion**滑车神经 trochlear nerve**三叉神经 trigeminal nerve*半月神经节(三叉神经节) semilunar ganglion*眼神经 ophthalmic nerve*上颌神经maxillary nerve*下颌神经mandibular nerve眶下神经 infraorbital nerve 耳颞神经 auriculotemporal nerve *舌神经 lingual nerve下牙糟神经 inferior alveolar nerve**展神经 abducent nerve**面神经 facial nerve*鼓索 chorda tympani*翼腭神经节 pterygopalatine ganglion *下颌下神经节 submandibular ganglion **前庭蜗神经vestibulocochlear nerve *前庭神经vestibular nerve*蜗神经 cochlear nerve **舌咽神经 glossopharyngeal nerve **耳神经节 otic ganglion**迷走神经 vagus nerve*喉返神经recurrent laryngeal nerve喉上神经 superior laryngeal nerve**副神经 accessory nerve**舌下神经 hypoglossal nerve**自主神经系统 autonomic nervous system 内脏神经系统visceral nervous system 植物性神经系统vegetative nervous system **交感神经 sympathetic nerve **副交感神经parasympathetic nerve *交感干 sympathetic trunk交感干神经节ganglia of sympathetic trunk 交通支communicating branches内脏大神经 greater splanchnic nerve内脏小神经 lesser splanchnic nerve 心丛 cardiac plexus腹腔丛coeliac plexus*腹腔神经节 coeliac ganglion下腹下丛(盆丛) inferior hypogastric plexus盆内脏神经 pelvic splanchnic nerves 中枢神经系统central nervous system**脊髓spinal cord脊髓圆锥 conus medullaris终丝 filum terminal*马尾 cauda equina*颈膨大 cervical enlargement*腰骶膨大lumbosacral enlargement 前角 anterior horn后角 posterior horn 中间带intermediate zone 侧角 lateral horn前索 anterior funiculus外侧索lateral funiculus后索 posterior funiculus**网状结构 reticular formation*胶状质 substantia gelatinosa**胸核thoracic nucleus**薄束fasciculus gracilis**楔束fasciculus cuneatus**脊髓丘脑束spinothalamic tract脊髓小脑束 spinocerebellar tract**皮质脊髓束corticospinal tract**脑brain**脑干brain stem**延髓medulla oblongata*锥体 pyramid **锥体交叉 pyramidal decussation *橄榄 olive*薄束结节gracilis tubercule*楔束结节cuneate tubercule*小脑下脚inferior cerebellar peduncle **脑桥pons*小脑中脚middle cerebellar peduncle *小脑上脚superior cerebellar peduncle **第四脑室 fourth ventricle*菱形窝 rhomboid fossa髓纹 striae medullares内侧隆起 medial eminence*面神经丘facial colliculus*舌下神经三角 hypoglossal trigone*迷走神经三角 vagal trigone*前庭区 vestibular area*听结节 acoustic tubercle **中脑midbrain, mesencephalon*下丘 inferior colliculus*上丘 superior colliculus**大脑脚 crus cerebri*舌下神经核 hypoglossal nucleus*迷走神经背核 dorsal nucleus of vagus**内侧丘系交叉 decussation of medial lemniscus **内侧丘系 medial lemniscus *三叉神经脊束 spinal trigeminal tract*三叉神经脊束核 spinal trigeminal nucleus *孤束核 solitary nucleus*疑核 ambiguous nucleus*脑桥核 pontine nuclei**锥体束 pyramidal tract**斜方体 trapezoid body**外侧丘系 lateral lemniscus *展神经核nucleus of abducent nerve*面神经核nucleus of facial nerve蓝斑 locus ceruleus**中脑水管 cerebral aqueduct*黑质 substantia nigra*红核 red nucleus *滑车神经核 nucleus of trochlear nerve*动眼神经核 nucleus of oculomotor nerve 中缝核raphe nuclei**小脑cerebellum**小脑蚓 vermis of cerebellum**小脑半球 cerebellar hemisphere古小脑(原小脑) archicerebellum绒球小结叶 flocculonodular lobe*原裂 primary fissure旧小脑paleocerebellum新小脑neocerebellum*小脑皮质cerebellar cortex*齿状核 dentate nucleus**间脑diencephalon**背侧丘脑 dorsal thalamus腹前核ventral anterior nucleus 腹中间核 ventral intermediate nucleus 腹后外侧核 ventral posterolateral nucleus 腹后内侧核 ventral posteromedial nucleus 枕 pulvinar后丘脑metathalamus 内侧膝状体 medial geniculate body外侧膝状体 lateral geniculate body 上丘脑epithalamus底丘脑subthalamus**下丘脑 hypothalamus**视交叉 optic chiasma*乳头体 mammillary body**第三脑室 third ventricle**端脑telencephalon**大脑cerebrum **大脑半球 cerebral hemispheres *外侧沟 lateral sulcus*中央沟 central sulcus**额叶frontal lobe *中央前沟precentral sulcus**中央前回 precentral gyrus*额下回 inferior frontal gyrus **顶叶parietal lobe *中央后沟postcentral sulcus**中央后回 postcentral gyrus缘上回supramarginal gyrus*角回 angular gyrus**枕叶occipital lobe**颞叶 ` temporal lobe*颞横回 transverse temporal gyrus *颞上回 superior temporal gyrus *岛叶 insula*中央旁小叶 paracentral lobule*顶枕沟 parieto-occipital sulcus *距状沟 calcarine sulcus海马沟hippocampal sulcus*舌回 lingual gyrus楔叶 cuneus**边缘叶 limbic lobe**边缘系统 limbic system*扣带回 cingulate gyrus*海马旁回parahippocampal gyrus钩 uncus海马结构 hippocampal formation *海马 hippocampus齿状回dentate gyrus **侧脑室 lateral ventricle**基底核 basal nuclei*尾状核 caudate nucleus*豆状核 lenticular nucleus *壳putamen*苍白球 globus pallidus**纹状体 corpus striatum 屏状核claustrum 杏仁体amygdaloid body联络纤维association fibers 连合纤维commisural fibers 投射纤维projection fibers **胼胝体 corpus callosum *穹隆 fornix**内囊internal capsule嗅脑 rhinencephalon嗅球 olfactory bulb嗅束 olfactory tract嗅三角olfactory trigone**大脑皮质 cerebral cortex古皮质archicortex旧皮质paleocortex新皮质neocortex**硬膜dura mater*大脑镰 falx cerebri小脑镰falx cerebelli *小脑幕 tentorium cerebelli幕切迹tentorial notch*硬脑膜窦dural sinus**蛛网膜 arachnoid*蛛网膜下隙 subarachnoid space 小脑延髓池 cerebellomedullary cistern *蛛网膜粒arachnoid granulation 终池 terminal cistern**软膜pia mater齿状韧带 denticulate ligament*海绵窦 cavernous sinus*大脑前动脉 anterior cerebral artery **大脑中动脉middle cerebral artery *大脑后动脉 posterior cerebral artery **基底动脉 basilar artery**大脑动脉环cerebral arterial circle *大脑大静脉 great cerebral vein **脑脊液 cerebrospinal fluid *脉络丛 choroid plexus内分泌腺endocrine glands**内分泌腺 endocrine glands**甲状腺 thyroid gland*甲状旁腺parathyroid gland **垂体hypophysis**松果体 pineal body**肾上腺 suprarenal gland胰岛 pancreatic insula以下无正文仅供个人用于学习、研究；不得用于商业用途。
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Unit 1history ['histri] n. 历史，历史学narrative ['nærətiv] n. 记事，叙事Herodotus [hə'rɔdətəs] n. 希罗多德circa ['sə:kə] prep. （拉丁语）大约（简写c., ca., cir., circ., C.）Thucydides [θju'sidədi:z] n. 修昔底德chronological [.krɔnə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 年代学的，按年代顺序的territorial [.teri'tɔ:riəl] adj. 区域性的，地方性的thematically [θi'mætikli] adv. 按主题方式，按专题方式Big History 大历史（学派）archaeology [.ɑ:ki'ɔlədʒi] n. 考古学methodology [.meθə'dɔlədʒi] n. 方法论approach [ə'prəutʃ] n. 研究方法discipline ['disiplin] n. 学科perspective [pə'spektiv] n. 观点the humanities [hju:'mænitiz] 人文学科the social sciences 社会科学classification [.klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类anthropology [.ænθrə'pɔlədʒi] n. 人类学global history 全球史historiography [.histɔ:ri'ɔgrəfi] n. 历史编纂学，史学史，文献学biographical [.baiə'græfikəl] adj. 传记的，传记体的thematic [θi'mætik] adj. 主题的，专题的medieval [medi'i:vəl] adj. 中世纪的philosophy of history 历史哲学meta-level ['metə 'levəl] 总体层面，元级teleological [.teli'ɔlədʒikəl] adj. 目的论的diplomatic [.diplə'mætik] adj. 外交的historical method 史学方法primary sources 原始材料epistemology [i.pisti'mɔlədʒi] n. 认识论Peloponnesian [.peləpə'ni:ʃən] adj. 伯罗奔尼撒半岛的divine [di'vain] adj. 神的，神圣的chronology [krə'nɔlədʒi] n. 编年史cyclical ['saiklikl] adj. 循环的posthumous ['pɔstjuməs] adj. 身后的，死后的dynastic [dai'næstik] adj. 王朝的Saint Augustine [seint ɔ:'gʌstin] n. 圣奥古斯丁Christian ['kristjən] adj. 基督教的，基督教徒的the Renaissance [rə'neisəns] n. 文艺复兴，文艺复兴时期religious [ri'lidʒəs] adj. 宗教的Hegel ['heigl] n. 黑格尔secular ['sekjulə] adj. 世俗的Ranke [ræŋk] n. 兰克epic ['epik] adj. 史诗的，叙事的；史诗，叙事诗nationalistic [.næʃənəl'istik] adj. 民族主义的Fernand Braudel [fer'nan brɔ'del] 费尔南•布罗代尔Le Roy Ladurie [lə rwa ladju'ri:] 拉鲁瓦•拉杜里Marc Bloch [mark blɔk] 马克•布洛克Lucien Febvre [lysjæn fevr] 吕西安•费弗尔multi-disciplinary [.mʌlti'disiplinəri] adj. 多学科的the Annales ['ænəlz] School 年鉴学派quantitative history 数量史学raw data 原始数据ethnic ['eθnik] adj. 族群的，族裔的racial ['reiʃəl] adj. 种族的genre ['ʒɑ:nrə] n. 类型，流派，风格history of everyday life 日常生活史Marxist ['mɑ:ksist] adj., n. 马克思主义（者）的；马克思主义者Eric Hobsbawm ['erik 'hɔbsbɔm] 埃里克•霍布斯鲍姆Georges Lefebvre [ʒɔrʒ lə'fevr] 乔治•勒费弗尔François Furet [fran'swa fy're] 弗朗索瓦•弗雷Roland Mousnier [rɔ'lan mu:'njei] 罗兰•穆尼埃anti-Marxist adj. 反马克思主义的feminist ['feminist] adj. 女性主义的，女权主义的；女权主义者postmodernist [.pəust'mɔdərnist] n., adj. 后现代主义者；后现代主义（者）的Richard Evans ['ritʃəd 'evənz] 理查德•埃文斯Keith Windschuttle [keiθ 'winʃʌtl] 凯斯•温修德historical periodization [piəriədai'zeiʃən] 历史分期classificatory [.klæsifi'keitəri] adj. 类别的，分类上的retrospective [.retrəu'spektiv] adj. 事后回想的，回顾的the Gilded Age 镀金时代the Dark Age(s) 黑暗时代the First World War 第一次世界大战decimal ['desiməl] adj. 十进法的，以十为基础的talismanic [.tæliz'mænik] adj. 护符（般）的，有护符般效力的the Victorian [vik'tɔ:riən] Era 维多利亚时代the Napoleonic [nə.pəuli'ɔnik] Era 拿破仑时代the Meiji ['mei'dʒi:] Era 明治时代the Merovingian [.mærə'vindʒiən] Period 墨洛温王朝时期Romantic [rə'mæntik] period 浪漫主义时期the sexual ['seksjuəl] revolution 性革命conservative [kən'sə:vətiv] adj. 保守的Roman Catholic ['kæθəlik] culture 罗马天主教文化Franco ['frɔŋkəu] n. 弗朗哥Unit 2primitive culture 原始文化Paul Tournal [pɔl turnal] 保罗·杜纳尔anté-historique ['a:ŋtei 'istɔrik]n.（法语）史前的prehistoric ['pri:his'tɔrik] n. 史前的Daniel Wilson ['dænjəl 'wilsn] 丹尼尔·威尔逊prehistorian [pri:hi'stɔ:riən]n. 从事史前史研究的专家，史前史学家the Stone Age 石器时代the Bronze Age 青铜器时代the Iron Age 铁器时代excavation [.ekskə'veiʃən] n. 发掘geologic [dʒiə'lɔdʒik]adj. 地质学的geographic [dʒiə'græfik]adj. 地理学的literate ['litərit] adj. 识字的，有文化的geneticist [dʒi'netisist]n. 遗传学家linguist ['liŋgwist]n. 语言学家paleontology [.pæliɔn'tɔlədʒi]n. 古生物学biology [bai'ɔlədʒi]n. 生物学geology [dʒi'ɔlədʒi] n. 地质学archaeoastronomy [.ɑ:kiəuəs'trɔnəmi]n. 考古天文学linguistics [liŋ'gwistiks]n. 语言学molecular [mə'lekjulə] adj. 分子的genetics [dʒi'netiks] n. 遗传学archaeological [.a:kiə'lɔdʒikəl]adj. 考古的，考古学上的artifact ['ɑ:tifækt]n. 人工制品anonymous [ə'nɔniməs]adj. 无名无姓的，匿名的Neanderthal [ni'ændətɑ:l]n. 尼安德特人academic [.ækə'demik]adj. 学术上的，从事学术研究的New Guinea [nju: 'gini]n. 新几内亚Paleolithic [.pæliəu'liθik]n. 旧石器时代；adj. 旧石器时代的the Lower Paleolithic 旧石器时代早期Homo sapiens ['həuməu 'seipienz]n. 智人（现代人的学名）Homo habilis ['həuməu 'hæbilis]n. 能人species ['spi:ʃi:z] n. 种类，物种usher ['ʌʃə] vi. 引入，引导anatomic [.ænə'tɔmik] adj. 解剖学上的burial ['beriəl]n. 埋葬，葬礼，坟墓sophisticated [sə'fisti.keitid]adj. 复杂的，精密的，老练的highlight ['hailait]n. 精彩部分，闪光点the Middle Paleolithic 旧石器时代中期the Cro-Magnon ['krəʊ'mænjɔŋ]n. 克罗马尼翁人nomadic [nəu'mædik]adj. 游牧的，游牧民族的，流浪的hunter-gatherer n. 捕猎采集者egalitarian [i.gæli'tɛəriən]adj. 平等主义的sedentary ['sedən.təri] adj. 定居的，固定不动的chiefdom ['tʃi:fdəm]n. 首领的地位，首领的权威stratification [.strætifi'keiʃən] n. 分层indigenous [in'didʒinəs] adj. 土著的，土生土长的，本地的the Upper Paleolithic 旧石器时代晚期Mesolithic [.mesə'liθik]n. 中石器时代；adj. 中石器时代的the Middle Stone Age 中石器时代Neolithic [.ni:əu'liθik]n. 新石器时代；adj. 新石器时代的Pleistocene['plaistəusi:n] n. 更新世；adj. 更新世的millennia [mi'leniə] (millenniums) n. 数千年marshland ['mɑ:ʃlænd]n. 沼泽地midden ['midn] n. 贝冢deforestation [.di:fɔris'teiʃən] n. 森林开发，滥发森林composite ['kɔmpəzit]adj. 合成的，复合的flint [flint]n. 极硬的东西，打火石microlith ['maikrəliθ]n. 细石器microburin [.maikrə'bjuərin] n. 小雕刻刀tackle ['tækəl] n. 用具，滑车adze, adz [ædz] n. 锛子canoe [kə'nu:]n. 独木舟bow [bəu] n. 弓the New Stone Age 新石器时代domestication [də.mesti'keiʃən] n. 驯养，驯化warfare ['wɔ:fɛə] n. 战争，战事Stonehenge ['stəun'hendʒ]n. 巨石阵millennium [mi'leniəm]n. 一千年Sumerians [su:'miriəns]n. 苏美尔人Peru [pə'ru:]n. 秘鲁Mesoamerica [.mezəuə'merikə] n. 中美洲the Fertile Crescent ['kresənt]n. 新月沃地（西亚伊拉克两河流域连接叙利亚一带地中海东岸的一片弧形地区，为上古文明发源地之一）irrigation [.iri'geiʃən]n. 灌溉the Metal Age 金属时代Chalcolithic [.kælkə'liθik]n. 铜石并用时代；adj. 铜石并用时代的the Old World 旧大陆，东半球（尤指欧洲）metallurgy [me'tælədʒi] n. 冶金术，冶金学metalworking ['metəl.wə:kiŋ]n. 金属加工tin [tin]n. 锡outcropping ['autkrɔpiŋ]n. 露出，露出地表arsenic ['ɑ:sənik]n. 砷，砒霜ferrous ['ferəs] adj. 含铁的cradle ['kreidəl]n. 摇篮，发源地valley ['væli]n. 流域Euphrates [ju:'freiti:z] n. 幼发拉底河Tigris ['taigris]n. 底格里斯河Mesopotamia [.mesəpə'teimiə] n. 两河流域Nile [nail]n. 尼罗河Indus ['indəs] n. 印度河subcontinent [sʌb'kɔntinənt]n. 次大陆adjacent [ə'dʒeisənt] adj. 临近的implement ['implimənt]n. 工具，器具ornament ['ɔ:nəmənt] n. 装饰物，装饰pottery ['pɔtəri]n. 陶器（总称）decorative ['dekərətiv]adj. 装饰的，装饰性的synchronous['siŋkrənəs] adj. 同时的，同步的sequence ['si:kwəns]n. 顺序，次序，连续colony ['kɔləni]n. 殖民地uncolonized ['ʌn'kɔlənaizd] adj. 没有被殖民的Unit 3crystallize ['kristəlaiz] v. (使)成形，（使）具体化topography [tə'pɔgrəfi] n. 地志，地形学，地势，剖析图axis ['æksis] n. 轴，中枢Nubia ['nju:biə] n. 努比亚pharaoh ['fɛərəu] n. 法老deify ['di:ifai] vt. 神化，把......当作神来崇拜或敬畏，崇拜archaic [ɑ:'keiik]adj. 古老的，古代的Intermediate [.intə'mi:diət] Period 中间期the Old Kingdom 古王国the Middle Kingdom 中王国the New Kingdom 新王国pyramid ['pirəmid] n. 金字塔Giza ['giza] n. 吉萨（埃及第三大城市）Sphinx [sfiŋks]n. 狮身人面像，谜一样的人Anatolia [.ænə'təuliə] n. 安纳托利亚(土耳其的亚洲部分)quarry ['kwɔri] v. 采石；n. 采石场temple ['templ] n. 神殿，寺院，庙宇obelisk ['ɔbəlisk] n. 方尖碑faience [fai'ɑ:ns]n. 彩色陶器antiquity [æn'tikwiti] n. 古代，古物，古迹hieroglyphic [.haiərə'glifik] adj. 符号的，象形文字的；n. 象形文字hieroglyph ['haiərəglif] n. 象形文字，图画文字determinative [di'tə:minətiv] n. 限定词，决定因素；adj. 限定的，决定的script [skript] n. 手迹，字体，手稿cursive ['kə:siv] adj. 草书的，草书体的；n. 草书，草书原稿hieratic [.haiə'rætik] adj. 手写草书体的，神圣风格的，僧侣的，僧侣用的ceremonial [.seri'məunjəl] adj. 仪式的；n. 仪式priest [pri:st] n. 教士，神父decipher [di'saifə] vt. 译解，辨认Byzantine [bi'zæntain] adj. 拜占庭的，拜占庭式建筑风格的；n. 拜占庭人Islamic [iz'læmik, is'læmik] adj. 伊斯兰教的Rosetta [rəu'zetə] n. 罗塞塔immortality [.imɔ:'tæliti] n. 不朽，永生mummification [.mʌmifi'keiʃən] n. 木乃伊化afterlife ['ɑ:ftəlaif]n. 来世，后来的岁月desiccation ['desikeiʃən] n. 干燥boon [bu:n] n. 恩惠，所感激的事elite [ei'li:t] n. 精英，精华linen ['linin] n. 亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品; adj. 亚麻布制的，亚麻的sarcophagus [sɑ:'kɔfəgəs]n. 石棺coffin ['kɔfin]n. 棺材natron ['neitrɔn] n. 天然碳酸钠amulet ['æmjulit] n. 护身符anthropoid['ænθrəpɔid] adj. 像人类的，类人猿的mummy ['mʌmi] n. 木乃伊cartonnage ['ka:tənidʒ] n. 木乃伊盒Ptolemaic [.tɔli'meiik] adj. 托勒密王朝的books of the dead 亡灵书prayer['preiə] n. 祈祷，祷告，祷文cuneiform ['kju:niifɔ:m] n. 楔形文字；adj. 楔形的，楔形文字的arch [ɑ:tʃ]n. 拱，拱门，拱状物wedge-shaped ['wedʒʃeipt] adj. 楔形的，V形的triangular[trai'æŋgjulə] adj. 三角形的stylus ['stailəs] n. 尖笔pictogram ['piktəgræm] n. 象形图，象形文字Hammurabi [.hæmə 'rɑ:bi:]汉谟拉比Hittite ['hitait] n. 赫梯人，赫梯语；adj. 赫梯人的，赫梯语的Phoenician [fi'niʃən] n. 腓尼基人，腓尼基语；adj. 腓尼基语的，腓尼基人的alphabet ['ælfəbit] n. 字母表,符号系统Hebrew ['hi:bru:] n. 希伯来人，希伯来语；adj. 希伯来人的，希伯来语的religion [ri'lidʒən] n. 宗教，宗教信仰Judaism ['dʒu:deiizəm] n. 犹太教，犹太教徒，犹太主义Assyrian [ə'siriən] n. 亚述人，亚述语；adj. 亚述人的，亚述语的Chaldean [kæl'di:ən] n. 迦勒底人Nebuchadnezzar [.nebjukəd'nezə] n. 尼布甲尼撒Persian ['pə:ʃən] n. 波斯，波斯人；adj. 波斯的，波斯人的Zoroastrian[.zɔrəu'æstriən] adj. 与琐罗亚斯德教有关的；n. 琐罗亚斯德教教徒Zoroastrianism [zɔ:rəu'æstriənizəm] n. 索罗亚斯德教，拜火教，祆教Babylonian [.bæbi'ləunjən] adj. 巴比伦的；n. 巴比伦人，巴比伦语Gilgamesh ['gilgəmeʃ] n. 吉尔伽美什(传说中的苏美尔国王)Epic of Gilgamesh《吉尔伽美什史诗》astronomical [.æstrə'nɔmikəl] adj. 天文学的Punjab [pʌn'dʒɑ:b] n. 旁遮普（印度西北部的一地方）handicraft ['hændikrɑ:ft]n. 手工艺品，手艺，技巧Harappan ['herəpa:n] adj. 哈拉帕文化的Harappa ['herəpa:] n. 哈拉帕（位于巴基斯坦境内）Mohenjo-daro [mu'endʒəu 'derəu] n. 摩亨佐达罗（位于巴基斯坦境内）Dravidian [drə'vidiən] n. 达罗毗荼人cemetery ['semitəri] n. 墓地ochre ['əukə] n. 赭石，赭色Rajasthan [rɑ:dʒə'stɑ:n]n. 拉贾斯坦邦(印度邦名)Ganges['gæŋdʒi:z] n. 恒河（起源于喜马拉雅山脉的一条河流）Gangetic [gæn'dʒetik] Plain 恒河平原cremation [kri'meiʃən] n. 火化，火葬，焚烧Hinduism ['hinduizəm] n. 印度教chariot ['tʃæriət] n. 二轮战车articulation [ɑ:.tikju'leiʃən]n. (清楚的) 表达mandate ['mændeit] n. 命令，指令，要求the Mandate of Heaven 天命，天意Code of Hammurabi 《汉谟拉比法典》provision [prə'viʒən] n. 规定，条款transaction [træn'zækʃən] n. 交易，办理，处理，事务liability [.laiə'biliti] n. 责任，债务，倾向inheritance [in'heritəns] n. 遗传，遗产，继承，继承物paternity [pə'tə:niti] n. 父权，父子关系stele ['sti:li] n. 刻有碑文的石柱，石碑，匾额inscribe [in'skraib] v. 题写，题赠，铭刻于，铭记Louvre [lu:vrə] n. （巴黎）卢浮宫Akkadian [æk'ædjən] adj. 阿卡德人的，阿卡德语的bracket ['brækit] vt. 将……归类ensnare[in'snɛə] vt. 诱入陷阱，使进入罗网shekel ['ʃekəl] n. 谢克尔（古希伯来或巴比伦的衡量单位和钱币）hew[hju:] （过去分词hewn [hju:n] v. 砍，劈，砍倒，砍成unbeknown ['ʌnbi'nəun] adj. 未知的，不为人知的patrician [pə'triʃən] n. 贵族；adj. 贵族的，显贵的mina ['mi:nə] n. 迈纳（古代希腊等地的货币或重量单位）unit 4Classics ['klæsiks] n. 古典学Classical Studies 古典研究Classical Civilization 古典文明canon ['kænən] n. 标准，准则，真经，教规Church Father 教父New Testament 《新约全书》philology [fi'lɔlədʒi] n. 文献学，语言学Graeco-Roman [.gri:kəu'rəumən]adj. 希腊罗马的，在希腊影响下的罗马的philologist [fi'lɔlədʒist] n. 语言学家，文献学家Corinthian [kə'rinθiən] order （建筑）科林斯柱式Doric ['dɔrik] order （建筑）多利安柱式Ionic[ai'ɔnik] order （建筑）爱奥尼亚柱式Parthenon ['pɑ:θinɔn]n.（希腊）帕特农神庙（Parthenon是雅典娜的别号，本意为“处女”、“贞女”）Sparta ['spɑ:tə]n. 斯巴达Athens['æθinz]n. 雅典Etruscan [i'trʌskən] adj. 伊特鲁里亚的；n. 伊特鲁里亚人，伊特鲁里亚语the Archaic period 古风时期the Classical period 古典时期the Hellenistic [.heli'nistik] period 希腊化时期Aegean [i:'dʒi:ən] adj. 爱琴海的Mycenaean [.maisi'niən] adj. 迈锡尼的；n. 迈锡尼人Mycenae [.maisi'ni:] n. 迈锡尼Crete [kri:t] n. 克里特岛Troy [trɔi] n. 特洛伊the Dorian ['dɔ:riən] n. 多利安人Peloponnesus [.peləpə'ni:səs] n. 伯罗奔尼撒（半岛）Attica ['ætikə] n. 阿提卡Ionia [ai'əunjə] n. 爱奥尼亚the Delian ['di:ljən] League 提洛同盟( Delos ['di:lɔs] n. 提洛岛)democracy [di'mɔkrəsi] n. 民主，民主制Pericles ['pɛri.kliz] n. 伯里克利Macedonia [.mæsi'dəuniə] n. 马其顿Plato ['pleitəu] n. 柏拉图Homer ['həumə] n. 荷马Iliad ['iliəd] n.《伊利亚特》Odyssey ['ɔdisi] n.《奥德赛》Dionysus [.daiə'naisəs] n.（希神）狄俄尼索斯（酒神）obscenity [ɔb'si:niti] n. 猥亵下流，猥亵的话（或行为)Socrates ['sɔkrəti:z] n. 苏格拉底Aristotle ['æristɔtl] n. 亚里士多德mythology [mi'θɔlədʒi] n. 神话，神话学cult [kʌlt] n. 崇拜goddess ['gɔdis] n. 女神，受崇拜的女性Zeus [zju:s] n.（希神）宙斯（主神）Poseidon [pɔ'saidən, pəu'saidən] n.（希神）波塞冬（海神，宙斯的哥哥）Hades ['heidi:z] n.（希神）哈德斯（冥界之神）；冥府，地狱Apollo [ə'pɔləu] n.（希神）阿波罗（人类的保护神、光明之神、预言之神）Artemis ['ɑ:timis]n.（希神）阿耳忒弥斯（狩猎女神和月神）Aphrodite [.æfrə'daiti] n.（希神）阿佛洛狄忒（爱与美之女神）Ares ['ɛəri:z] n.（希神）阿瑞斯（战神）Athena [ə'θi:nə] n.（希神）雅典娜（女天神，丰产女神）Demeter [di'mi:tə] n.（希神）得墨忒耳(掌农业、结婚、丰饶之女神)Hestia ['hesiə] n.（希神）赫斯提（女灶神）Hera ['hiərə] n. 赫拉（宙斯的姐姐和妻子）Stoicism ['stəuisizəm] n. 斯多噶学派，禁欲主义Platonism ['pleitənizəm] n. 柏拉图哲学，柏拉图主义，精神恋爱transcendent [træn'sendənt] adj. 卓越的，超然的deity ['di:iti] n. 神，神灵worship ['wə:ʃip] n. 崇拜epithet['epiθet]n. 性质描述词，称号torsion ['tɔ:ʃən] n. 扭转catapult ['kætəpʌlt] n. 弹弩，发射机Archimedes [.ɑ:ki'mi:di:z]n. 阿基米德the Italian Peninsula 意大利半岛Romulus ['rɔmjuləs] n. 罗穆路Remus ['ri:məs] n. 瑞摩斯aristocratic [.æristə'krætik] adj. 贵族的monarchical [mə'nɑ:kikl]adj. 君主的Livy ['livi] n. 李维consul ['kɔnsəl] n. 执政官senate ['senit] n. 元老院，参议院magistracy ['mædʒistrəsi] n.（地方）行政官职位（职权或任期）plebeian [pli'bi:ən] n. 平民Gaul [gɔ:l] n. 高卢the Po [pəu] Valley 波河流域Gallic ['gælik] adj. 高卢的Brennus ['brenəs] n. 布伦努斯Carthage ['kɑ:θidʒ]n. 迦太基the Punic['pju:nik] Wars 布匿战争the Seleucid [si'lu:sid] Empire 塞琉古帝国Senator ['senətə] n. 元老院成员，参议员latifundia [læti'fʌndiə] (latifundium [.læti'fʌndiəm]的复数形式) n. 大地产，大庄园electorate [i'lektərit] n. 选民Gracchi ['græki:] n. 格拉古（兄弟）tribune ['tribju:n] n. 保民官Caesar ['si:zə] n. 恺撒Pompey ['pɔmpi] n. 庞培Crassus ['kræsəs] n. 克拉苏Triumvirate [trai'ʌmvirit] n. 三头政治Octavian [ɔk'teiviən] n. 屋大维Antony ['æntəni] n. 安东尼Lepidus ['lepidəs] n. 雷比达Cleopatra [kliə'pætrə] n. 克里奥帕特拉Actium ['æktjəm, 'ækʃi:əm] n. 阿克兴Augustus [ɔ:'gʌstəs] n. 奥古斯都Tiberius [tai'biəriəs, tai'biri:əs] n. 提比略the Julio-Claudian dynasty 尤利乌-克劳狄王朝Nero ['niərəu, 'nirəu] n. 尼禄the Flavian ['fleivjən] dynasty 弗拉维王朝Pax Romana [pæks rəu'ma:nə] 罗马式的和平，罗马帝国统治下的和平Trajan ['treidʒən] n. 图拉真the Severan ['sevərən] dynasty 塞弗鲁王朝Diocletian [daiə'kli:ʃən] n. 戴克里先Constantine ['kɔnstəntain] n. 君士坦丁，康斯坦丁Byzantium [bi'zæntiəm] n. 拜占庭Constantinople [kɔnstænti'nəupl] n. 君士坦丁堡the Eastern Roman Empire 东罗马帝国the Byzantine Empire 拜占庭帝国the Western Roman Empire 西罗马帝国barbarian [bɑ:'bɛəriən]adj. 蛮族的，野蛮的Hun [hʌn] n. 匈奴人Visigoth ['vizigɔθ]n. 西哥特人Vandal ['vændəl] n. 汪达尔人Iberian [ai'biəriən] adj. 伊比利亚人的；n. 伊比利亚人，伊比利亚语Odoacer [ɔdɔ'esə] n. 奥多亚克Law of the Twelve Tables 《十二表法》codification [kɔdifi'keiʃən] n. 法典编纂Justinian ['dʒʌstinjən] I 查士丁尼一世Citizen Law 公民法Law of Nations 万民法Natural Law 自然法senatorial [.senə'tɔ:riəl] adj. 元老院的，元老院议员的Jupiter ['dʒu:pitə] n.（罗神）朱庇特（主神）；木星Mars [mɑ:z]n.（罗神）玛尔斯（战神）；火星Neptune ['neptju:n] n.（罗神）尼普敦（海神）；海王星Christianity [.kristi'æniti] n. 基督教Edict of Milan 《米兰敕令》Theodosius [θi:ə'dəusi:əs] I 狄奥多西一世Colosseum [.kɔlə'siəm] n. （古罗马）圆形大剧场Pont du Gard 加尔桥Pantheon[pæn'θi:ən] n.（古罗马）万神殿；（法国）先贤祠（Panthéon）Tuscan ['tʌskən] adj. 托斯坎纳的siphon ['saifən] n. 虹吸管the Tiber ['taibə] River 台伯河surety ['ʃuəti] n. 保证人，保证，担保proletarian [.prəuli'tɛəriən] n. 无产者kinsman ['kinzmən] n. 亲属clansmen ['klænzmən] n. 亲族conveyance [kən'veiəns] n. 财产转让dilapidate [di'læpideit] v.（使）荒废，（使）毁坏sesterce ['sestə:s] n. 塞斯特斯（古罗马货币单位）pyre ['paiə] n. 火葬柴堆untoward [ʌn'təuəd] adj. 麻烦的，不利的，不适当的decemvirate [di'semvirit] n. 十人委员会Solonian ['səulənjən] adj. 梭伦的Unit 5feudalism ['fju:dəlizəm] n. 封建制度，封建主义fealty ['fi:əlti] n. 效忠，忠诚Charlemagne ['ʃɑ:lə'mein] n. 查理曼，查理大帝manuscript ['mænjuskript] n. 手稿，原稿chanson de geste ['ʃansɔŋ de ʒest] 《武功歌》Frankish['fræŋkiʃ] adj. 法兰克的，法兰克人的，西欧人的charter ['tʃɑ:tə] n. 特许状，宪章Gothic ['gɔθik]adj. 哥特人的，哥特语的，野蛮的pejorative ['pi:dʒərətiv] adj. 贬低的，轻蔑的fief [fi:f] n. 采邑，封地，活动范围féodalisme [feɔdalism] n.（法语）封建制度，封建主义Montesquieu [.mɔntes'kju:, .mɔntə'skju:] n. 孟德斯鸠denigrate ['denigreit] v. 诋毁，贬低，诬蔑antiquated ['æntikweitid] adj. 陈旧的，过时的，古老的Ancien Régime[ɑ̃s jɛ̃reʒim] （法语）旧制度，旧政权monarchy ['mɔnəki] n. 君主制，君主国seigneurial [sei'njɔ: riəl] adj. 庄园主的，封建领主的，庄园的Constituent Assembly （法国大革命期间的）制宪议会Adam Smith n. 亚当·斯密serf [sə:f] n. 农奴capitalism ['kæpitəlizəm] n. 资本主义aristocracy [.æris'tɔkrəsi] n. （总称）贵族，贵族统治，贵族政府serfdom ['sə:fdəm] n. 农奴身份，农奴制commendation [.kɔmen'deiʃən] n. 称颂，赞誉commendation ceremony 赞誉仪式William the Conqueror 征服者威廉vassal ['væsəl] n. 封臣，附庸tenure ['tenjuə] n. 占有，占有权，占有期，使用权，使用期François-Louis Ganshof [frɑ̃s wa lwi gɑ̃ʃɔf]弗朗索瓦-路易·岗绍夫lord [lɔ:d] n. 封君，领主，贵族，地主sociological [.səusjə'lɔdʒikəl, .səuʃiə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 社会学的，社会的hierarchical [.haiə'rɑ:kikl]adj. 等级的，等级制度的peer [piə] n. 同行，同辈的人，相同身份的人lordship ['lɔ:dʃip] n. 贵族权利，贵族身份，贵族领地anachronism [ə'nækrə.nizəm] n. 时代上的错误，被置错时代或年代的事物tyrannical [tai'rænikəl] adj. 暴虐的，压制的，极端武断的reciprocal [ri'siprəkəl] adj. 互惠的，相互的，互补的manorialism [mə'nɔ:riəlizm]n. 庄园制度villa ['vilə] n.（古罗马）大地产antecedent [.æntə'si:dənt] n. 前例，前事，先祖coloni [kə'ləuni] （colonus [kə'ləunəs]的复数形式）n. 科洛尼，隶农self-sufficiency ['selfsə'fiʃənsi] n. 自给自足ruralization [.ru:rəlai'zeiʃen] n. 乡村化，田园化hierarchy ['haiərɑ:ki]n. （森严的）等级制度，僧侣统治manor ['mænə] n. 庄园seigneurie [seinjə'ri:] n. （法语）领主权，领地，庄园，领主土地权seigneur [sei'njə:] n. （法语）领主，庄园主，老爷，贵人，大人bishop ['biʃəp] n. 主教abbot ['æbət] n.（男）修院院长generic [dʒi'nerik] adj. 一般的，普通的，通常的open field system 敞地制度manor house 庄园主的宅邸warrior ['wɔriə] n. 战士，武士Junker ['dʒʌŋkə, 'juŋkə] n.（德语）容克，地主贵族集团villain ['vilən] n. 维兰，农奴demesne [di'mein] n.（领主的）自营地manorial [mə'nɔ:riəl] n. 庄园的，庄园主的tenant ['tenənt] n. 佃户Essex ['eseks] n. 埃塞克斯（英格兰古国）chapter ['tʃæptə] n. 教堂参议会，牧师会cathedral [kə'θi:drəl] n. 主教座堂chapel ['tʃæpəl] n. 私人礼拜堂，私人小教堂clergymen ['klə:dʒimən] n. 教士manorializatio n[mə'nɔ:riəlai.zeiʃən] n. 庄园化Stokesay ['stəuksei] Castle 斯托克塞城堡Shropshire ['ʃrɔpʃiə] n.（英国）什罗普郡tenement ['tenimənt] n. 租户，住户lay [lei] adj. 世俗的bishopric ['biʃəprik] n. 主教管区，主教职位monastery ['mɔnəstəri] n. 修道院，隐修院ecclesiastical [i.kli:zi'æstikəl]adj. 基督教会的Unit 6Medievalism [.medi'i:vəlizəm] n. 中世纪主义，中世纪精神，中世纪性质theological[.θi:ə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 神学的Apostle [ə'pɔsl] n. 使徒Apocalypse [ə'pɔkəlips] n. 世界毁灭，大灾难，天启Book of Daniel ['dænjəl] 《但以理书》（《圣经》的组成部分）Jerome ['dʒerəm] n. 哲罗姆Book of Revelation [revəl'eiʃən] 《启示录》（《圣经》的组成部分）imperium [im'piəriəm] n. 帝国，绝对统治，最高权力Petrarch ['pi.tra:k] n. 彼特拉克apogee ['æpədʒi:] n. 最高点，顶点theology [θi'ɔlədʒi] n. 神学Bruni ['bruni] n. 布鲁尼tripartite [trai'pɑ:tait]adj. 分成三部分的，一式三份的Florentine ['flɔrəntain, 'flɔrən.ti:n] adj 佛罗伦萨的Biondo ['bjɔ:ndəu] n. 比昂多Christoph Cellarius [sə'læriəs] n. 克里斯托弗·塞勒里乌斯Estonia [es'təuniə] n. 爱沙尼亚Latvia ['lætviə] n. 拉脱维亚Turks ['tə:ks] n. 土耳其人Gutenberg ['gu:tnbə:g] n. 古腾堡Muslim ['muzlim] 穆斯林，伊斯兰教徒Christopher Columbus ['kristəfə kə'lʌmbəs] n. 克里斯托弗·哥伦布Florence ['flɔrəns] n. 佛罗伦萨baptistery ['bæptistəri] n. 洗礼堂Bosworth ['bɔswə:θ]n. 博斯沃思the Battle of Bosworth Field 博斯沃思之战Henri Pirenne [a:ŋri: pirɛnə] n. 亨利·皮雷纳（皮朗）Johan Huizinga [jɔ'hæn hə'zinga] n. 约翰·赫伊津哈the Early Middle Ages 中世纪早期the High Middle Ages 中世纪盛期（中世纪中期）the Late Middle Ages 中世纪晚期Romanticism [rəu'mæntəsizəm] n. 浪漫主义Pre-Raphaelite ['pri:'ræfiəlait] adj. 拉斐尔前派的，拉斐尔之前的neo-medievalism [.ni:əu.medi'i:vəlizəm] n. 新中世纪主义conservatism [kən'sə:vətizəm] n. 保守主义Erasmus [i'ræzməs] n. 伊拉斯谟Scholasticism [skə'læstisizəm] n. 经院哲学superstition [.sju:pə'stiʃən] n. 迷信the Catholic['kæθəlik] Church 天主教会（Catholicism [kə'θɔlisizəm] n. 天主教）doctrine ['dɔktrin] n. 教义Protestant ['prɔtistənt] n. 抗议宗教徒，新教徒；adj. 新教徒的humanist ['hju:mənist] n. 人文主义者pope [pəup] n. 教皇pagan ['peigən] adj. 异教徒的，异教的，无宗教信仰的；n. 异教徒，无宗教信仰者celibate ['selibit] adj. 独身的，禁欲的priesthood ['pri:st.hud] n. 神职，僧职，祭司职hypocrisy [hi'pɔkrəsi] n. 伪善uncouth [ʌn'ku:θ]adj. 粗俗的Edward Gibbon ['gibən] n. 爱德华·吉本crusade [kru:'seid] n. 十字军征讨Inquisition [.inkwi'ziʃən] n. 异端裁判所chivalric ['ʃivəlrik] adj. 骑士的romance [rəu'mæns] n. 传奇文学，浪漫史，冒险故事knight [nait] n. 骑士damsel ['dæmzəl] n. 年轻女人，闺女，落难女子William Blake ['wiljəm bleik] n. 威廉·布雷克Nazarene [.næzə'ri:n] n. 拿撒勒画派成员；拿撒勒人，基督Neoclassicism [.ni:əu'klæsə.sizəm] n. 新古典主义virtuosity [.və:tʃu:'ɔsəti] n. 精湛技巧Vienna [vi'enə] n. 维也纳Brotherhood ['brʌðəhud] n. 同业会St. Luke [lu:k] n. 圣路加patron ['peitrən] n. 庇护者，赞助者，守护神commission [kə'miʃən] n. 项目委托，受委托的项目fresco ['freskəu] n. 壁画epicenter ['episentə] n. 中心，震中High Church 高教会Augustus Pugin [ɔ:'gʌstəs 'pju:dʒin] n. 奥古斯都·皮金convert ['kɔnvə:t] n. 改宗者，改变信仰者；[kən'və:t]vt. 改变，使改变宗教信仰Birmingham ['bə:miŋ.əm] n. （英国）伯明翰Southwark['sauθwɔ:k] n. 索斯沃克House of Parliament 议会大厦stained glass 彩色玻璃Anglican['æŋglikən] adj. 安立甘的，英国国教会的Viollet-le-Duc [vjɔle lə dyk] n.（法）维奥莱勒迪克Carcassonne [karkasɔ:n] n. （法）卡尔卡松Notre-Dame [nɔtr dam] n. （法）圣母院Sainte Chapelle [ʃapεl] （法）小圣堂supernatural [.sju:pə'nætʃərəl] adj. 超自然的the Teutonic [tju:'tɔnik] Order 条顿骑士团Ludwig ['lʌdwig] n. 路德维格Wagner ['vɑ:gnə]n. 瓦格纳Nazi ['nɑ:tsi]n. 纳粹Magna Carta ['mægnə 'ka:tə] 《大宪章》Queen Victoria [vik'tɔ:riə] 维多利亚女王the Eglinton [eg'lintən] Tournament ['tuənəmənt] 埃格林顿比武大会masquerade [.mæskə'reid]n. 化装舞会Arthurian ['ɑ:θəriən] adj. 亚瑟王的Mannerist ['mænərist] n. 矫饰主义者，矫揉造作之人Raphael ['ræfeiəl] n. 拉斐尔Michelangelo [.maikəl'ændʒə.ləu] n. 米开朗基罗Joshua Reynolds ['dʒɔʃwə 'renəldz] n. 乔舒亚·雷诺兹Mannerism ['mænərizm] n. 矫饰主义Quattrocento [.kwɑ:trəu'tʃentəu]n. 十五世纪（欧洲文艺复兴初期）Jeanne d’Arc (Joan ['dʒəun] of Arc) n. 贞德Robin Hood [rɔbin'hud] n. 罗宾汉Nibelungenlied《尼伯龙根之歌》The Seventh Seal《第七封印》William Wallace ['wɔlis] n. 威廉·华莱士Ivanhoe ['aivənhəu] 《劫后英雄传》Robin Hood Prince of Thieves 《侠盗王子罗宾汉》The 13th Warrior 《终极奇兵》The Kingdom of Heaven 《天国王朝》neologism [ni:'ɔlə.dʒizəm] n. 新字，新词，新语Umberto Eco [ʌm'bɛətəu 'i:kəu] n. 安伯托·艾柯Hedley Bull ['hedli bul] n. 赫德利·布尔sovereignty ['sɔvrinti] n. 主权Unit 7lancer ['lænsə] n. 长矛轻骑兵federate ['fedərit] adj. 同盟的，联合的；vt. 使联合，结盟Bulgar ['bʌl.ga:] n. 保加利亚人Avars ['avə:] n. 阿瓦尔人Magyar ['mægjɑ:]n. 马札尔人，匈牙利人Vandalism ['vændəlizəm] n. 汪达尔主义Slavic ['slævik] adj. 斯拉夫人的arena [ə'ri:nə] n. 竞技场Ostrogoth ['ɔstrəgɔθ]n. 东哥特人Suebi ['swibi:] n. 苏维汇人Galicia [gə'liʃiə] n. 加利西亚Burgundian [bə:'gʌndiən] n. 勃艮第人Angles ['æŋglz]n. 盎格鲁人Saxons ['sæksəns] n. 撒克逊人，萨克森人monasticism [mə'næstisizəm] n. 修道生活，禁欲主义Arian ['ɛriən] adj. 阿里乌斯派的Arius ['ɛriəs] n. 阿里乌斯Presbyter ['prezbitə] n. 长老，牧师Alexandria ['ælig'zɑ:ndriə]n. 亚历山大里亚，亚历山大城Trinity ['triniti] n. 三位一体God the Father 圣父God the Son 圣子God the Holy Spirit 圣灵Clovis ['kləuvis] n. 克洛维orthodoxy ['ɔ:θə.dɔksi] n. 正统Arianism ['ɛəriənizəm] n. 阿里乌斯派Viking ['vaikiŋ]n. 维京人cenobitism [si:nə'baitizəm] n. 修道士生活，修道院制hagiographical [.hægi'ɔgrəfikəl] adj. 圣徒传记的，圣徒言行录的cenobite ['si:nəubait] n. 修道士proselytization [.prɔsilitai'zeiʃnə] n. 劝使改宗the Merovingian [.mærə'vindʒiən] Dynasty 墨洛温王朝the Carolingian [.kærə'lindʒiən] Dynasty 加洛林王朝Austrasia [ɔ:s'treiʒə] n. 奥斯特拉西亚Neustria ['nju:stri:ə] n. 纽斯特里亚Merovech [.merə'vetʃ] n. 墨洛温mayor ['meə] ( Mayor of the Palace ) n. 宫相denomination [di.nɔmi'neiʃən] n. 面额Romanize ['rəumənaiz] v. 使罗马化Quinotaur ['kwinə.tauə] n. 五角牛（海怪）patriarch ['peitriɑ:k]n. 家长，元老Pippin ['pipin] of Landen ['lændən] 朗登的丕平regent ['ri:dʒənt] n. 摄政Charles Martel ['mɑ:tel]n. 查理·马特Tours [tuə] n. 图尔Pyrenees [.pirə'ni:z] n. 比利牛斯山脉Carloman ['kɑ:lə.mən]n. 卡洛曼Charlemagne ['ʃɑ:lə.mein] n. 查理曼，查理大帝Chronicle of Fredegar ['fredəgə] 《弗莱德加编年史》Chlodio ['kləudjəu] n. 克洛迪奥the Salian ['seili:ən] Franks 撒利克（撒利安）法兰克人coronation [.kɔrə'neiʃən] n. 加冕liturgy ['litədʒi]n. 礼拜仪式，圣餐仪式Carolingian Renaissance 加洛林文艺复兴Aachen ['ɑ:kən]n. 亚琛jurisprudence [.dʒuris'pru:dəns] n. 法学体系liturgical [li'tə:dʒikəl] adj. 礼拜仪式的scriptural ['skriptʃərəl] adj. 圣经的Alcuin ['ælkən]n. 阿尔昆Northumbria [nɔ:'θʌmbriə] n. 诺森布里亚chancery ['tʃɑ:nsəri] n. 大法官法庭minuscule ['minəskju:l] n. 小书写体Ottonian [ɔ:'təuniən] adj. 奥托的Louis the Pious 虔诚者路易Lothair ['lɔ:θæə]n. 罗退尔Louis the German 日耳曼人路易Charles the Bald 秃头查理East Francia ['fra:ŋʃiə] 东法兰克王国Treaty of Verdun 《凡尔登条约》Middle Francia 中法兰克王国West Francia 西法兰克王国regna ['regnə] （regnum['regnəm]的复数形式）统治，统治权Charles the Fat 胖子查理Lotharingia [.lɔθə'rindʒiə] n. 罗泰林吉亚王国（罗退尔王国）(Holy) Roman Empire （神圣）罗马帝国。