诗歌英文术语poetry
英国文学诗歌术语解释
英国⽂学诗歌术语解释A Glossary of Poetic TermsAccent（重⾳）Another word for stress. The emphasis placed on a syllable. Accent is frequently used to denote stress in describing verse.Aestheticism（唯美主义）A literary movement in the 19th century of those who believed in “art for art?s sake” in opposition to the utilitarian doctrine that everything must be morally or practically useful. Key figures of the aesthetic movement were Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.Alexandrine（亚历⼭⼤诗体）The most common meter in French poetry since the 16th century: a line of twelve syllables. The nearest English equivalent is iambic hexameter. The Alexandrine being a long line, it is often divided in the middle by a pause or caesura into two symmetrical halves called hemistiches. Alexander Pope?s “Essay on Criticism” offers a typical example.Allegory（讽喻）A pattern of reference in the work which evokes a parallel action of abstract ideas. Usually allegory uses recognizable types, symbols and narrative patterns to indicate that the meaning of the text is to be found not in the represented work but in a body of traditional thought, or in an extra-literary context.Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser?s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan?s The Pilgrim’s Progress.Alliteration（头韵） A rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating consonantal sounds at the beginning of words. It is also called initial rhyme.Allusion（引喻） A passing reference in a work of literature to something outside itself. A writer may allude to legends, historical facts or personages, to other works of literature, or even to autobiographical details. Literary allusion requires special explanation. Some writers include in their own works passages from other writers in order to introduce implicit contrasts or comparisons. T.S. Eliot?s The Waste Land is of this kind.Analogy（类⽐）The invocation of a similar but different instance to that which is being represented, in order to bring out its salient features through the comparison.Anapest（抑抑扬格） A trisyllabic metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.Apostrophe（顿呼） A rhetorical term for a speech addressed to a person, idea or thing with an intense emotion that can no longer be held back, often placed at the beginning of a poem or essay, but also acting as a digression or pause in an ongoing argument.Arcadia（阿卡狄亚）A mountainous region of Greece which was represented as the blissful home of happy shepherds. During the Renaissance Arcadia became the typical name for an idealized rural society where the harmonious Golden Age still flourished. Sir Philip Sidney?s prose romance is entitled Arcadia.Assonance（半谐⾳）The repetition of accented vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds.Aubade（晨曲） A song or salute at dawn, usually by a lover lamenting parting at daybreak, for example, J ohn Donne?s “The Sun Rising”.Augustan Age: may refer to 1) The period in Roman history when Caesar Augustus was the first emperor; 2) The period in the history of the Latin language when Caesar Augustus was emperor and Golden-age Latin was in use; 3) Augustan literature and Augustan poetry, the early 18th century in British literature and poetry, where the authors highly admired and emulated the original Augustan Age.Avant-garde (先锋派) A military expression used in literature refers to a group of modern artists and writers. Their main concern is deliberate and self-conscious experimentation in writing to discover new forms, techniques and subject matter in the arts.Ballad（民谣）A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Ballad metre (民谣格律）A quatrain of alternate four-stress and three-stress lines, usually roughly iambic.Ballad stanza（民谣体诗节） A quatrain that alternates tetrameter with trimeter lines, and usually rhymes a b c b.Blank verse（⽆韵诗）Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Burlesque（诙谐作品）An imitation of a literary style, or of human action, that aims to ridicule by incongruity style and subject. High burlesque involves a high style for a low subject, for instance, Alexander Pope?s The Rape of the Lock. Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄）A character type portrayed by George Lord Gordon Byron in many of his early narrative poems, especially Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. The Byronic hero is a brooding solitary, who seeks exotic travel and wild nature to reflect his superhuman passions. He is capable of great suffering and guilty of some terrible, unspecified crime, but bears this guilt with pride, as it sets him apart from society, revealing the meaninglessness of ordinary moral values. He is misanthropic, defiant, rebellious, nihilistic and hypnotically fascinating to others.Canto（诗章）A division of a long poem, especially an epic. Dante?s Divine Comedy, Byron?s Don Juan and Ezra Pound?s The Cantos are all divided into these chapter-length sections.Carpe Diem（及时⾏乐）A poem advising someone to “seize the day” or “seize the hour”. Usually the genre is addressed by a man to a young woman who is urged to stop prevaricating in sexual or emotional matters.Cavalier poets（骑⼠诗⼈）English lyric poets during the reign of Charles I. Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Thomas Carew, EdmundWaller and Robert Herrick are the representatives of this group. Cavalier poetry is mostly concerned with love, and employs a variety of lyric forms.Cockney school of poetry （伦敦佬诗派） A derisive term for certain London-based writers, including Leigh Hunt, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt and John Keats. This term was invented by the Scottish journalist John Gibson Lockhart in an anonymous series of article on The Cockney School of Poetry, in which he mocked the supposed stylistic vulgarity of these writers.Complaint （怨诗） A poetic genre in which the poet complains, often about his beloved. Geoffery Chaucer?s “Complaint to His Purse”, Edward Young?s “The Complaint”, or “Night Thoughts”are examples.Conceit（奇思妙喻）Originally it meant simply a thought or an opinion. The term came to be used in a derogatory way to describe a particular kind of far-fetched metaphorical association. It has now lost this pejorative overtone and simply denotes a special sort of figurative device. The distinguishing quality of a conceit is that it should forge an unexpected comparison between two apparently dissimilar things or ideas. The classic example is John Donne?s The Flea and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.Didactic poetry（说教诗）Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose.Dirge （挽歌）Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare?s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example..Dithyramb（酒神颂歌）A Greek choric hymn in honour of Dionysus. In general “dithyrambic” is applied to a wildly enthusiastic song or chant.Eclogue （牧歌）A pastoral poem, especially a pastoral dialogue, usually indebted to the Virgillian tradition.Elegy（挽诗）A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson?s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, or W. B. Yeats?s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic（史诗） A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epics in western literature are Homer?s Iliad, Virgil?s Aeneid, Dante?s Divine Comedy and John Milton?s Paradise Lost.Epigram（警句诗） A polished, terse and witty remark that packs generalized knowledge into short compass.Epigraph（铭⽂）A short quotation cited at the start of a book or chapter to point up its theme and associate its content with learning. Also an inscription on a monument or building explaining its purpose.Epitaph（墓志铭）An inscription on a tomb or a piece of writing suitable for that purpose, generally summing up someone?s life, sometimes in praise, sometimes in satire. John Keats wrote an Epitaph for himself. It says, “Here lies one whose name is writ in water.”Epithet（表述词语）From Latin epitheton, from Greek epitithenai meaning “to add”, an adjective or adjective cluster that is associated with a particular person or thing and that usually seems to capture their prominent characteristics. For example,“Ethelred the unready”, or “fleet-footed Achilles” in Alexander Pope?s version of The Iliad.Folk ballad（民间歌谣） A narrative poem designed to be sung, composed by an anonymous author, and transmitted orally for years or generations before being written down. It has usually undergone modification through the process of oral transmission.Foot（⾳步）a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse（⾃由诗）Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length.Georgian Poetry：the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom. Edward Marsh was the general editor of the series and the centre of the circle of Georgian poets, which included Rupert Brooke. It has been suggested that Brooke himself took a hand in some of the editorial choices.Graveyard poets（墓园诗⼈）Several 18th century poets wrote mournfully pensive poems on the nature of death, which were set in graveyards or inspired by gloomy nocturnal meditations. Examples of this minor but popular genre are Thomas Parnell?s “Night-Piece on Death”, Edward Young?s “Night Thoughts” and Robert Blair?s “The Grave”. Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” owes something to this vogue.Haiku（俳句）A Japanese lyric form dating from the 13th century which consists of seventeen syllables used in three lines: 5/7/5. Several 20th century English and American poets have experimented with the form, including Ezra Pound.Heroic couplet（英雄双韵体） Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs. Alexander Pope brought the meter to a peak of polish and wit, using it in satire. Because this practice was especially popular in the Neoclassic Period between 1660 and 1790, the heroic couplet is often called the “neoclassic couplet” if the poem originates during this time period.Heroic quatrain（英雄四⾏诗）Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed abab, cdcd, and so on. Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is a notable example.Hexameter（六⾳步） In English versification, a line of six feet. A line of iambic hexameter is called an Alexanderine.Iamb（抑扬格）The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic-anapestic meter（抑扬抑抑扬格） A meter which freely mixes iambs and anapests, and in which it might be difficult to determine which foot prevails without actually counting.Iambic hexameter（六⾳步抑扬格）A line of six iambic feet.Iambic pentameter（五⾳步抑扬格）A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Iambic tetrameter（四⾳步抑扬格）A line of four iambic feet.Idyll（⽥园诗）A poem which represents the pleasures of rural life.Image, imagery（意象） A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an …image? is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object. More commonly, however, …imagery? refers to figurative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings.Imagism（意象派）A self-conscious movement in poetry in England and America initiated by Ezra Pound and T.E. Hulme in about 1912. Pound described the aims of Imagism in his essay “A Petrospect”as follows:1) Direct treatment of the …thing? whether subjective or objective.2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.3) As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. Pound defined an …Image? as …that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time?. His haiku-like two-line poem In a Station of the Metro is often quoted as the quintessence of Imagism.Irony（反讽）The expression of a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.Lake poets（湖畔派诗⼈） The three early 19th century romantic poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey, who lived in the Lake District of Cumbria in northern England. This term was often applied in a derogatory way, suggesting the provincialism of their themes and interests.Lyric（抒情诗） A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphysical poets （⽞学派诗⼈） Metaphysics is the philosophy of being and knowing, but this term was originally applied to a group of 17th century poets in a derogatory manner. The representatives are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw and John Cleveland, Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley. The features of metaphysical poetry are arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialecticalargument, a direct manner, a caustic humor, a keenly felt awareness of mortality, and a distinguished capacity for elliptical thought and tersely compact expression. But for all their intellectual robustness the metaphysical poets are also capable of refined delicacy, gracefulness and deep feeling, passion as well as wit. They had a profound influence on the course of English poetry in the 20th century.Meter（格律）The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Metonymy（借代）A figure of speech: the substitution of the name of a thing by the name of an attribute of it, or something closely associated with it.Monometer（单⾳步诗⾏）A metrical line containing one foot.Monologue（独⽩） A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独⽩） A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts andfeelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning?s “My Last Duchess”.Interior Monologue:A type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head. The author does not attempt to provide (or provides minimally) any commentary, description, or guiding discussion to help the reader untangle the complex web of thoughts, nor does the writer clean up the vague surge of thoughts into grammatically correct sentences or a logical order. Indeed, it is as if the authorial voice ceases to exis t, and the reader directly “overhears” the thought pouring forth randomly from a character?s mind. An example of an interior monologue can be found in James Joyce?s Ulysses. Here, Leopold Bloom wanders past a candy shop in Dublin, and his thoughts wander back and forth.The Movement：A term coined by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, in 1954 to describe a group of writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, D.J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest. The Movement was essentially English in character; poets in Scotland and Wales were not generally included. The Movement poets were considered anti-Romantic, but we find many Romantic elements in Larkin and Hughes. We may call The Movement the revival of the importance of form. To these poets, good poetry meant simple, sensous content, and traditional, conventional and dignified form.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）This word refers to the fact that some writers, particularly in the 18th century, modeled their own writing on classical, especially Roman literature. Neoclassicism is applied to a period of English literature lasting from 1660, the Restoration of Charles II, until about 1800. The following major writers flourished then, in poetry, John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith; in prose, Jonathan Swift, Addition, Samuel Johnson. Neoclassical writers did not value creativity or originality highly. They valued the various genres, such as epic, tragedy, pastoral, comedy. The meter for most of Neoclassic writings was the heroic couplet.Octameter（⼋⾳步诗⾏）A metrical line containing eight feet; only occasionally attempted in English verse.Octave（⼋⾏体）An eight-line stanza or the first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet.Ode（颂歌）A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Onomatopoeia（拟声词）The use of words that resemble the sounds they denote, for example, …hiss?, …bang?, …pop? or …smack?.Oxford Movement: A movement of High Church Anglicans, eventually developing into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, the members of which were often associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of lost Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion intoAnglican liturgy and theology. They conceived of the Anglican Church as one of three branches of the Catholic Church.Oxymoron（逆喻）A figure of speech in which contradictory terms are brought together in what is at first sight an impossible combination. It is a special variety of the paradox.Paradox（悖论）An apparently self-contradictory statement, or one that seems in conflict with all logic and opinion; yet lying behind the superficial absurdity is a meaning or truth. It is common in metaphysical poetry.Parody（嘲仿）An imitation of a specific work of literature or style devised so as to ridicule its characteristic features. Exaggeration, or the application of a serious tone to an absurd subject, are typical methods. Henry Fielding?s Shamela,Samuel Richardson?s Pamela,and Lewis Carroll?s version of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow?s Hiawatha are examples.Pastoral（⽥园诗）An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds? lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly, rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings.Pattern poetry（拟形诗）The name for verse which is written in a stanza form that creates a picture or pattern on the page. It is a precursor of concrete poetry. George Herbert?s “Easter Wings” is a typical example.Pentameter（五⾳步诗⾏）A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Personification（拟⼈） A figure of speech in which things or ideas are treated as if they were human beings, with human attributes and feeling.Poem（诗）An individual composition, usually in some kind of verse or meter, but also perhaps in heightened language which has been given some sense of pattern or organization to do with the sound of its words, its imagery, syntax, or any available linguistic element.Poet （诗⼈）Originally from the Greek poiein, a person who …makes?.Poet laureate （桂冠诗⼈） A laurel crown is the traditional prize for poets, based on the myth in which Apollo turns Daphne into a laurel tree. Poet laureates have been officially named by the British monarch since John Dryden?s appointment in 1668 by Charles II. T hey are supposed to stand as the figurehead of British poetry, but in the two centuries after John Dryden, with the exceptions of William Wordsworth and Alfred Tennyson, most were minor poets. Some indeed were poets of no significance whatever. The poets laureate in the 20th century have been less negligible. Ted Hughes is the present incumbent.Poetic licence（诗的破格）The necessary liberty given to poets, allowing them to manipulate language according to their needs, distorting syntax, using odd archaic words and constructions, etc. It can also refer to the manner in which poets, sometimes through ignorance, or deliberately, make mistaken assumptions about the world they describe.Pre-Raphaelites（前拉斐尔学派）Originally a group of artists (including John Millais, Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti) who organized the …Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood? in 1848. Their aim was a return to the …truthfulness? and simplicity of medieval art. The representatives include Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne and William Morris. The typical aspects of their poetry are medievalism, archaism and lush sensuousness combined with religious feeling.Prosody（韵律学）The technical study of versification, including meter, rhyme, sound effects and stanza patterns.Psalm（赞美诗）A sacred song or hymn, especially one from the Book of Psalms in the Bible.Pun（双关语）A figure of speech in which a word is used ambiguously, thus, invoking two or more of its meanings, often for comic effect.Pyrrhic（抑抑格） A metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables. As with the spondee, from a linguistic point of view it is doubtful if the pyrrhic is necessary in English scansion, as two successive syllables are unlikely to bear exactly similar levels of stress.Quatrian（四⾏诗节） A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English, used with various meters and rhyme schemes..Refrain（叠句）Words or lines repeated in the course of a poem, recurring at intervals, sometimes with slight variation, usually at the end of a stanza. Refrains are especially common in songs and ballads.Rhyme（诗韵）The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is …end rhyme?; inside a line it is …internal rhyme?. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme（韵式）The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm（韵律）Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance（传奇故事）Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Thomas Malory?s Le Morte d’Arthur.Romanticism（浪漫主义）A word used in an appallingly large number of different ways in different contexts.(1) Romantic in popular sense means idealized and facile love. (2) The Romantic Period.A term used to refer to the period dating from 1789 to about 1830 in English literature.Novelists of the period include Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen; essayists such as Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt and Thomas De Quincey are notable for their contributions to the fast-developing literary magazines. There were two generations of Romantic poets: the first included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southy; the second were George Gordon Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. (3) Romanticism. It was in contrast to neoclassical literature. Writers showed their concern for feeling and emotion rather than the human capacity to reason. William Wordsworth?s The Prelude is the foremost text of Romanticism. The romantic poets were interested in nature. They saw nature as a way of coming to understand the self and made use of their imagination to create harmony. They also showed their disapproval toward neoclassical rules of poetry.Scansion（韵律分析）Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Sestet（六⾏诗）The last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet which should be separated by rhyme and argument from the preceding eight lines, called the octave.Sestina（六节诗）A rare and elaborate verse form, consisting of six stanzas, each consisting of six lines of pentameter, plus a three-line envoi. The end words for each stanza are the same, but in a different order from stanza to stanza. An example is Ezra Pound?s Sestina, Altaforte.Song（歌） A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet（⼗四⾏诗） A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave.(2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter; (3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form?s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene. Other examples include Keat?s “Eve of Saint Agnes” and Shelley?s “Adonais.” The Spenserian stanza is probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in narrative poetry.Spondee（扬扬格）A metrical foot consisting of two long syllables or two strong stresses, giving weight to a line.Stanza（诗节）A unit of several lines of verse. Much verse is split up into regular stanzas of three, four, five or more lines each. Examples of。
ABC of English Poetry (英文诗歌知识入门)
Classifications of meter
• • • • • Trochaic ╲ 〇 Iambic 〇 ╲ Dactylic ╲ 〇 〇 Anapaestic 〇 〇 ╲ Amphibrach 〇 ╲ 〇
1.1 iambus
• 1.1 iambus（抑扬格、轻重格）：是最常见的一种 格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节 构成。
• follow any regular pattern)
ABC of English Poetry
Definition: “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of strong feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”(William Wordsworth ) Terms of Poetry(诗歌术语） metrics (诗的格律) 、 rhyme(诗的押韵)、 variety、forms (诗的体式) etc. • 诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的feelings，用 其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。 诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修 辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。
A French ballad verse form consisting most often of three eightline stanzas having the same rhyme pattern.
2.1.3 AAAA (同韵)
• 2.1.3 aaaa(同韵):押韵为一韵到底，大多是在同 一节诗中共用一个韵脚。( q.v. ) The Rubaiyat • 如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚。 • The woods are lovely, dark and deep, • But I have promises to keep, • And miles to go before I sleep, • And miles to go before I sleep.
(完整版)英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)
The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry1.What is poetry?➢Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language.➢“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”➢“Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.”➢Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty.➢Poetry is the image of man and nature.➢“诗言志，歌咏言。
” ---《虞书》➢“诗言志之所以也。
在心为志，发言为诗。
情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。
情发于声；声成文，谓之音。
”---《诗·大序》➢“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。
” ---艾青：《诗论》2.The Sound System of English Poetrya. The prosodic features➢Prosody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language.➢Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed.➢Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables.eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /brightIn the /forest /of the/ night,What im/mortal /hand or /eyeCould frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect.eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.---Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure (格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis;Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed andunstressed syllables.Four common meters:a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the nightOf cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;And all/ that’s best /of dark/ and brightMeet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. ---Byronb) Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格）eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,Love that/ never/ told can/ be. ---Blake c) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格）eg. Cannon to/ right of them,Cannon to/ left of them.Cannon in/ front of them,V olley’d and/ thunder’d. ---Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格）eg. Break,/ break, /break,On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!And I would /that my tongue/ could utterThe thought/ that arise /in me. ---Tennysonc) Other metersAmphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格)；Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格)；Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格)；d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步）eg. Rich the / treasure,Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot)Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foot )e) Types of footmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambicpentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number offoot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. RhymeWhen two or more words or phrases contain an identicalor similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and theconsonant sounds that follow the vowel sound areidentical and preceded by different consonants, a rhymeoccurs.➢It can roughly be divided into two types:internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhymea) alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free.---ColeridgeI slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows.---Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.---Shakespeare “Consonant cluster” (辅音连缀)“internal or hidden alliteration” (暗头韵) as in“Here in the long unlovely street” (Tennyson)The Scian & the Teian muse,The hero’s harp, the love’s lute,Have found the fame your shores refuse.---Byron b) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds.eg. Do not go gentle into that nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that night.c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line.eg. At once a voice arose amongThe bleak twigs overheadIn a full-hearted evensongOf joy illimited.---HardyEnd rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identicalstressed syllables.a) Perfect rhymePerfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions:identical stressed vowel sounds (lie--high, stay--play);the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels (park--lark, fate-- late);different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first– burst);follow—swallow (perfect rhyme)b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different.eg. fern—bird, faze—late, like—rightc) Masculine and feminine rhymeeg. Sometimes when I’m lonely,Don’t know why,Keep thinking I won’t be lonelyBy and by.---Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem’d a vision; I would ne’er have striven…---Shelley Rhyme scheme (韵式)a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵)two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd:eg. Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵)rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d:eg. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:---Shakespearec) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵)In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a:eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;---W. B. YeatsD. Form of poetry ( stanzaic form)a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes:eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing;Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring.b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter:eg. O could I flow like thee, and make thy streamMy great example, as it is my theme:---DenhamThen share thy pain, allow that sad relief;Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief.---Popec) Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymedeg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls:He watches from his mountains walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.---Tennyson d) quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThat’s sweetly play’d in tune.As fair art thou, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.---Burnse) Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter:The Petrarchan / Italian sonnet (Francesco Petrarch):two parts: octave, asking question, presenting a problem,or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba;while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde,cde cde, or cd cd cd.Shakespearean / English sonnet:arranged usually into three quatrains and a couplet,rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introducesa subject, the second expands, and once more in the third,and concludes in the couplet.Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhymingabab bcbc cdcd ee;Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates thepause between the octave and sestet.f) Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentametereg. To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;---Shakespeareg) Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmiccadence of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases,images and syntactical patterns rather than theconventional use of meter.eg. DaysWhat are days for?Days are where we live.They come, they wake usTime and time over.They are to be happy inWhere can we live but days?Ah, solving that questionBring the priest and doctorIn their long coatsRunning over the fields.---Philip Larkin3.The semantic system of English poetrya. The meaning of poetryPoetry is “the one permissible way of saying one thingand meaning another”. (Frost)The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels,that is, the literal (the lowest), the sensory (the medium)and the emotional (the highest).b. Image---the soul of the meaning in poetrya) Definition: “language that evokes a physical sensationproduced by one or more of the five senses--- sight,hearing, taste, to uch and smell.” (Kirszner and Mandell)A literal and concrete representation of a sensoryexperience or of an object that can be known by one ormore of the senses.b) Types of imagesIn terms of senses：visual image (视觉意象)auditory image（听觉意象）olfactory image（嗅觉意象）tactile image （触觉意象）gustatory image （味觉意象）kinaesthetic image （动觉意象）eg. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king,Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!---Thomas Nashe In terms of the relation between the image and the object:Literal (字面意象) and figurative image （修辞意象）The former refers to the one that involves no necessarychange or extension in the obvious meaning of the words;or the one in which the words call up a sensoryrepresentation of the literal object or sensation.The latter is the one that involves a turn on the literalmeaning of the words.eg. Let us walk in the white snowIn a soundless space;With footsteps quiet and slow,At a tranquil pace,Under veils of white lace.---Elinor WylieIn terms of the readers: fixed and free image（稳定意象和自由意象）By fixed or tied image, it is the one so employed that itsmeaning and associational value is the same ornearly the same for all readers.By free image, it is the one not so fixed by the context thatits possible meanings or associational values are limited, itis therefore, capable of having various meanings or valuesfor various people.eg. SnakeI saw a young snake glideOut of the mottled shadeAnd hang limp on a stone:A thin mouth, and a tongueStayed, in the still air.It turned; it drew away;Its shadow bent in half;It quickened and was gone.I felt my slow blood warm.I longed to be that thing,The pure, sensuous form.And I may be, some time. ---Theodore Roethkec) The function of image:➢to stimulate readers’ senses;➢to activate readers’ sensory and emotional experience;➢to involve the readers in the creation of poetry with personal and emotional experience; ➢to strike a responsive chord in the hearts of readers;eg. FogThe fog comeson little cat feet.It sits lookingover harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on.---Carl Sandbergeg. Fire and iceSome say the world will end in fire,Some say in ice.From what I’ve tasted of desireI hold with those who favor fire.But if it had to perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destruction iceIs also greatAnd would suffice. ---R. FrostC. The means of expressing meaninga) Phonetic devicesonomatopoeiaA widow birdeg. A widow bird was mourning for her loveUpon a wintry bough;The frozen wind crept on above,The freezing stream belowThere was no leaf upon the forest bare,No flower upon the ground,And little motion in the airExcept the mill-wheel’s sound. P. B. Shelley Puneg.The little black thing among the snowCrying “’weep, ’weep” in notes of woe!b) figures of speechA. comparison: metaphor; simile (tenor 本体, vehicle 喻体)B. conceitC. personificationD. metonymy (换喻)E. apostropheF. synaesthesia （“通感”或“联觉”）G. symbolismH. hyperboleI. Allusion （典故）c) Deviation (变异)：the digression from the normal way ofexpressionsLexical deviation (self-made words)Grammatical deviation (slang, vernacular)Deviation of registersDeviation of cultural subjects。
英语诗歌简介English Poetry
b. To induce the reader a kind of attitude to something or coalition with something else. Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just Ourselves— And Immortality.
2
1. The genealogical level
2. The typographical level
3
《亲爱的傻瓜》
天下武功第一的欧阳锋
竟然被郭靖用计活捉
他百思不得其解 对郭靖说了这样两句话： “你知道我平生最恨什么吗？ 我最恨落在傻瓜手里”
4
《一个人来到田纳西》
毫无疑问
“是一种用美的文字……音律的绘画的文字…… 表 写人的情绪中的意境。” －宗白华，《美学散步》 “画者，天地无声之诗；诗者，天地无色之画。” －叶燮 “Painting is silent poetry, and poetry is a speaking picture.”----Simonides (556 BC - 468 BC) （画是无声的诗，诗是有声的画。） Painting (spatial art) presents points in space while poetry, as temporal art ,presents points in succession. 黑格尔认为，作为语言艺术的诗歌是第三种艺术。 绘画提供明确的外在形象（form)，但在表现内心生 活方面还有欠缺，于是才有了音乐(melody)；音乐在 表现内心生活的特殊具体方面欠明确，于是才有了 诗歌(language)。 8
文学术语
1.poetry(un), poem/verse韵文/诗，poet诗人，poetess/woman poet女诗人，poetic有诗意的1.1.epic 史诗, epic writer史诗作者1.2.narrative poem叙事诗1.3.lyric poem抒情诗, lyrical有抒情意味的1.3.1. ode颂，sonnet十四行诗, ballad民谣, folk song民歌 etc.1.4. canto诗章, stanza诗段, line诗行, couplet二行诗段, quatrain四行诗段,etc., rhyme scheme/pattern韵脚, meter/foot音步1.5.iambic抑扬格的，trochaic扬抑格，anapestic抑抑扬格的，etc.2.prose（un）散文, prose writer散文作者, prosaic枯燥乏味的2.1.fiction(un)小说, fictional 虚构的2.1.1. novel长篇小说, novelist小说家2.1.2. novelette/novella中篇小说2.1.3. short story短篇小说2.1.4.viewpoint叙事角，the first-person narrator第一人称叙事角, the third-person narrator第三人称叙事角, the omniscient narrator全知叙事角, character人物protagonist=hero or heroine主角（女主角）,antagonist 反面人物, setting背景（包括地点和时间）2.2.mythology(un)神话, myth神话故事2.3.folk lore（un）民间文学，legend民间传说，folk tale民间故事，fairy tale童话，fable（短篇）寓言故事etc.2.4.essay杂文/散文, essayist杂文作家2.5.literary criticism文学批评, critic评论家2.6.biography传记, biographer传记作家，autobiography自传2.7.prose narrative叙事散文3.drama(un), play戏剧, dramatist/playwright剧作家, dramatic激动人心的3.1.verse drama诗体戏剧, prose drama散文体戏剧3.2. tragedy悲剧, tragedian悲剧作家, tragic 悲惨的3.3. comedy喜剧, comedian戏剧作家, comic/ comical 滑稽好笑的3.4. tragic-comedy悲喜剧3.4.1.act幕, scene场/故事发生地点, dramatis persona(e)戏剧人物, prologue序幕，epilogue尾声，soliloquy(monologue)独白，aside（旁白），stage direction舞台提示，conflict戏剧冲突，climax戏剧高潮，denouement结尾, enter（人物上场）, exit (pl. exeunt)人物退场，clown丑角4. miscellany混合类4.1. literature (n.),文学 literary(a.)文学的，man of letters文学家，romance传奇，allegory有道德教化意义的寓言式作品，satire讽刺作品etc.。
诗歌英文术语poetry
“Father William”
Page 400
• In this poem, a young man questions his father about some rather unusual behavior. • Have you ever asked someone what they were doing and received an explanation that made very little sense at all?
Mrs. Smith’s Limerick:
There once was a man from Japan. All the while he hoped for a tan. So he lay on the beach, And ate a ripe peach, That came from a Georgia van.
– A three-lined Japanese verse
9. Image:
– A word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses
10. Lyric Poem:
– Highly musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker
poetry诗歌.
Poetry 指诗歌、散文这一类文体 Poem 就指一首诗 如：《静夜思》是a poem; 而《静夜思》、《望岳》等则都是poetry。
Definition of poetry
It is a literary form which is written in lines Compressed content Rich imagery Beautiful harmony Great artistic appeal
Importance of poetry Nhomakorabea
TO HUMAN BEINGS： Poetry gives a person a voice. This voice can be used to express a variety of things. Often, people use poetry to express how they feel when they think the yare misunderstood. Poetry is real. Real people have written it to express real emotion that is normally hidden.
How Do I Love Thee？
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of Being and ideal Grace. I love thee to the level of every day's Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight. I love thee freely, as men strive for Right; I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise. I love with a passion put to use In my old grieves, and with my childhood's faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints, I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life! and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death.
Literary Terms-poetry, 英语诗歌重点名词解释20条
诗歌术语1. Aestheticism, the doctrine that regards beauty as an end in itself, and attempts to preserve the arts from subordination to moral, didactic, or political purposes. The term is often used synonymously with the Aesthetic Movement, a literry and artistic tendency of the late 19th century which may be understood as a further phase of Romanticism in reaction against philistine bourgeois values of pratical efficiency and morality. Oscar Wilde, and several poets of the 1890s under the slogan ‘art for art’s sake’ were sometimes known as aesthetes.2. Alliteration(also known as ‘head rhyme’or initial rhyme’), the repetition of the same sounds—usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables—in any sequence of neighboring words. Now an optional and incidental decorative effect in verse or prose, it was once a required element in the poetry of Germanic language (including Old English and Old Norse) and in Celtic verse (where alliterated sounds could regularly be placed in positions other than the beginning of a word or syllable). Such poetry, in which alliteration rather than ‘rhyme is the chief principle of repetition, is known as alliterative verse; its rules also allow a vowel sound to alliterate with any other vowel.3. Assonance, the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in the stressed syllables (and sometimes in the following unstressed syllables of neighboring words; it is distinct from rhyme in that the consonants differ although the vowels or diphthongs match: sweet dreams, hit or miss. As a substitute for rhyme at the ends of verse lines, assonance (sometimes called vowel rhyme or vocalic rhyme) had a significant function in early Celtic Spanish, and French versification (notably in the chansons de geste). But in English it has been an optional poetic device used within and between lines of verse for emphasis or musical effect.4. Blank verse, unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. Black verse is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech and allowing smooth enjambment. First used by Henry Howard. Earl of Surrey, it soon became both the standard meter for dramatic poetry and a widely used form for narrative and meditative poems. Much of the finest verse in English-by Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Stevens-has been written in blank verse. In other languages, notably Italian (in hendecasyllables) and German, blank verse has been an important medium for people drama. Blank verse should not be confused with free verse, which has no regular meter.5. Byronic,belonging to or derived from Lord Byron or his works. The Byronic hero is a character type found in his celebrated narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, his verse drama Manfred and other works: he is boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proud contemptuous of social norms but suffering fro some unnamed sin.6. Dramatic monologue, a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent ‘audience’of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealedunwittingly; this distinguished a dramatic monologue from a lyric, while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy.7. Elegy, an elaborately formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject.8. Epic, a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand ceremonious style, The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation. The Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf (8th century AD) is a primary epic, as is the oldest surviving epic poem. The action of epics takes place on a grand scale, and in this sense the term has sometimes been extended to long romances to ambitious historical novels like Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1883-9), and to some large-scale film productions on heroic or historical subjects.9. Heroic couplet, a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter lines. Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century, the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic poetry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century, notably in the closed couplets of Pope, before declining in importance in the early 19th century.10. Iambic pentameter, a metrical verse line having five main stresses, traditionally described asa line of five ‘feet’. In English poetry since Chaucer, the pentameter—almost always an iambic line normally of 10 syllables—has had a special status as the standard line in many important forms including blank verse, the heroic couplet, ottava rima, rhyme royal, and the sonnet. In its pure iambic form, the pentameter shows a regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. There are, however, several permissible variations in the placing of stresses, which help to avoid the monotony of such regular alternation; and the pentameter may be lengthened from 10 syllables to 11 by a feminine ending. In classical Greek and Latin poetry, the second line of the elegiac distich, commonly but inaccurately referred to as a ‘pentameter’is in fact composed of two half-lines of two and a half feet each, with dactyls or spondees in the first half and dactyls in the second.11. Imagism, the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of American and British poets calling themselves Imagist or Imagistes between 1912 and 1917. Led at first by Ezra Pound, and then--after his defection to V orticism--by Amy Lowell, the group rejected most 19th-century poetry as cloudy verbiage, and aimed instead at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem. Influenced by the Japanese haiku and partly by ancient Greek lyrics, the imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images; they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular rhythms. Apart from Pound and Lowell, the group also included Richard Aldington, 'H.D.'(Hilda Doolittle), F. S. Flint and William Carlos Williams.12. Lake poets, lake poets refer to William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. They traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and ending up as conservatives.13. Lyric, in the modern sense, any fairly short poem expressing the personal mood, feeling, or meditation of a single speaker (who may sometimes be an inverted character, not the poet). In ancient Greece, a lyric was a song for accompaniment on the lyre, and could be a choral lyric sung by a group (see chorus), such as a dirge or hymn: the modern sense, current since the Renaissance, often suggests a song-like quality in the poems to which it refers lyric poetry is the most extensive category of verse, especially after the decline-since the 19th century in the West-of the other principal kinds: narrative and dramatic verse. Lyrics may be composed in almost any metre and on almost every subject, although the most usual emotions presented are those of love and grief. Among the common lyric forms are the sonnets, ode, elegy, haiku, and the more personal kinds of hymn. Lyricism is the emotional or song-like quality, the lyrical property, of lyric poetry. A writer of lyric poems may be called a lyric poet, a lyricist, or a lyrist. In another sense, the lyrics of a popular song or other musical composition are the words as opposed to the music: these may not always be lyrical in the poetic sense(e.g. in a narrative song like a ballad).14. Metaphysical poetry, the name given to a diverse group of 17th-century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits strange paradoxes, and far-fetched imagery. The leading metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love-lyrics. Other poets to whom the label is applied include Andrew Marvell, Abraham Cowley, John Cleveland, and the predominantly religious poets George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, and Richard Crashaw. In the 20th century, T. S. Eliot and others revived their reputation, stressing their quality of wit, in the sense of intellectual strenuousness and flexibility rather than smart humor. The term metaphysical poetry usually refers to the works of these poets, but it can sometimes denote any poetry that discusses metaphysics, that is, the philosophy of knowledge and existence.15. Ode, an elaborately formal lyric poem, often in the form of a lengthy ceremonious address to a person or abstract entity, always serious and elevated in tone. There are two different classical models: Pindar’s Greek choral odes devoted to public praise of athletes (5th century BC), and Horace’s more privately reflective odes in Latin. In English, these include the celebrated odes of John Keats, notably ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ and ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ (both 1820).16. Rhyme, the identity of sound between syllables or paired groups of syllables, usually at the ends of verse lines; also a poem employing this device. Normally the last stressed vowel in the line and all sounds following it make up the rhyming element: this may be a monosyllable (love / above ---known as ‘masculine rhyme ’), or two syllables (whether/together--known as ‘*feminine rhyme’or ‘double rhyme’),or even three syllables (glamourous /amorous--known as ‘triple rhyme’).Where a rhyming element in a feminine or triple rhyme uses more than one word (famous /shame us ),this is known as a ‘mosaic rhyme ‘.The rhyming pairs illustrated so far are all examples of ‘full rhyme ‘(also called ‘ perfect rhyme’ or ‘true rhyme’);departures from this norm take tree main forms : (i)*rime riche. in which the consonants preceding the rhyming elements are also identical ,even if the spellings and meanings of the words differ (made/maid); (ii)*eye rhyme. In which the spellings of the rhyming elements match, but the sounds do not(love/prove );(iii)*half-rhyme or ‘slant rhyme ’.where the vowel sounds do not match (love /have. or with rich *consonance .love/leave).Half-rhyme is known by several other names :’imperfect rhyme’, ‘near rhyme’, ‘pararhyme’, etc. Although rhyme is most often used at the ends of verse lines. internal rhyme between syllables within the same line is also found. Rhyme is not essential to poetry: many languages rarely use it ,and in English it finally replaced alliteration as the usual patterning device of verse only in the late 14th century .17. Rhythm, the pattern of sounds perceived as the recurrence of equivalent 'beats' at more or less equal intervals. In most English poetry, an underlying rhythm (commonly a sequence of four or five beats) is manifested in a metrical pattern--a sequence of measured beats and 'off beats' arranged in verse lines and governing the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. While meter involves the recurrence of measured sound unites, rhythm is a less clearly structured principle: one can refer to the unmeasured rhythm of everyday speech, or of prose, and to the rhythms or cadences of non-metrical verse (i.e. Free verse).18. Soliloquy, a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone). The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. Soliloquies often appear in plays from the age of Shakespeare, notably in his Hamlet and Macbeth. Soliloquy is a form of monologue, but a monologue is not a soliloquy if (as in the dramatic monologue) the speaker is not alone.19. Sonnet (Italian sonnet, English sonnet), a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English and hendeca-syllables in Italian. Therefore sonnet has two types as Italian sonnet and English sonnet.Originating in Italy, the sonnet was established by Petrarch in the 14th century as a major form of love poetry. The standard subject-matter of early sonnets was the torments of sexual love (usually within a courtly love convention). The Italian sonnet comprises an 8-line octave followed by a 6-line sestet. The transition from octave to sestet coincides with a turn in the argument or mood of the poem. the Italian pattern has remained the most widely used in English and other languages.The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet) comprises three quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg.20. Tone, a very vague critical term usually designating the mood or atmosphere of a work, although in some more restricted uses it refers to the author’s attitude to the reader (e.g. formal, intimate, pompous) or to the subject-matter (e.g. ironic, light, solemn, satiric, sentimental).。
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释英文版
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释英文版The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry1、What is poetry?Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language、“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility、”“Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination、”?Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty、Poetry is the image of man and nature、“诗言志,歌咏言。
” ---《虞书》“诗言志之所以也。
在心为志,发言为诗。
情动于中而行于言,言之不足,则嗟叹之;嗟叹之不足,故咏歌之;咏歌之不足,不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也。
情发于声;声成文,谓之音。
”---《诗·大序》“诗就是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉,注入了思想与情感,而凝结了形象,终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。
” ---艾青:《诗论》2、The Sound System of English Poetrya、The prosodic featuresProsody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language、Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed、Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress、One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables、eg、Tiger, /tiger, /burning /brightIn the /forest /of the/ night,What im/mortal /hand or /eyeCould frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W、BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect、eg、The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me、---Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting、Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry、b、Meter or measure (格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis;Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed and unstressed syllables、Four common meters:a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)eg、She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the nightOf cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;And all/ that’s best /of dark/ and brightMeet in /her as /pect and /her eyes、---Byronb) Trochee; the trochaic foot(扬抑格)eg、Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,Love that/ never/ told can/ be、---Blake c) Dactyl; the dactylic foot (扬抑抑格)eg、Cannon to/ right of them,Cannon to/ left of them、Cannon in/ front of them,V olley’d and/ thunder’d、---Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot(抑抑扬格)eg、Break,/ break, /break,On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!And I would /that my tongue/ could utterThe thought/ that arise /in me、---Tennysonc) Other metersAmphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格); Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格);Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格);d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot(不完整音步) eg、Rich the / treasure,Sweet the / pleasure、(actalectic foot)Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,In the/ forest/ of the/ night、(cactalectic foot )e) Types of footmonometer(一音步)dimeter(二音步)trimeter(三音步)tetrameter(四音步)pentameter(五音步)hexameter(六音步)heptameter(七音步)octameter(八音步)We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambic pentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc、, when the number of foot and meter are taken together in a poem、C、RhymeWhen two or more words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and the consonant sounds that follow the vowel sound are identical and preceded by different consonants, a rhymeoccurs、It can roughly be divided into two types:internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhymea) alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp、stressed syllables、eg、The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free、---ColeridgeI slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows、---Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade, He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast、---Shakespeare “Consonant cluster” (辅音连缀)“internal or hidden alliteration” (暗头韵) as in“Here in the long unlovely street” (Tennyson)The Scian & the Teian muse,The hero’s harp, the love’s lute,Have found the fame your shores refuse、---Byron b) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音):the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds、eg、Do not go gentle into that nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day、Rage, rage against the dying of the light、Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that night、c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonantsounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line、eg、At once a voice arose amongThe bleak twigs overheadIn a full-hearted evensongOf joy illimited、---HardyEnd rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identicalstressed syllables、a) Perfect rhymePerfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions:identical stressed vowel sounds (lie--high, stay--play);the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels (park--lark, fate-- late);different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first–burst);follow—swallow (perfect rhyme)b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different、eg、fern—bird, faze—late, like—rightc) Masculine and feminine rhymeeg、Sometimes when I’m lonely,Don’t know why,Keep thinking I won’t be lonelyBy and by、---Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem’d a vision; I would ne’er have striven…---Shelley Rhyme scheme (韵式)a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵)two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd:eg、Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵)rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d:eg、Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:---Shakespearec) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵)In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a:eg、When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;---W、B、Yeats D、Form of poetry ( stanzaic form)a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes:eg、A little learning is a dangerous thing;Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring、b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter:。
英文诗体裁泰戈尔
英文诗体裁泰戈尔
泰戈尔的英文诗体裁主要有以下几种：
1.自由诗（Free Verse）：泰戈尔的许多英文诗使用了自由诗的形式，也就是没有固定的诗歌结构和韵律模式。
这种形式的诗歌更加注重灵感、表达和意象，不受传统形式的束缚。
2.抒情诗（Lyric Poetry）：泰戈尔的很多英文诗都是抒发情感和个人体验的抒情诗。
他通过深情、感人的语言表达自己对自然、爱情、人生和宗教的思考和感受。
3.叙事诗（Narrative Poetry）：尽管泰戈尔的英文诗以抒情诗居多，但也有少数叙事诗作品。
这些诗歌讲述了一些具体的故事或者描述了一段经历，以叙述为主，给读者带来视觉和情感上的享受。
4.哲理诗（Philosophical Poetry）：泰戈尔的英文诗经常包含着深刻的哲理和思考。
他用简练而有力的语言表达对人生、命运和道德的思考，引发读者对人类存在和意义的思考。
5.神秘主义诗（Mystical Poetry）：泰戈尔的一些英文诗作品探索了宇宙、灵性和神秘的主题。
他通过抽象的意象和哲思表达了对宇宙力量和灵魂深处的探求。
总的来说，泰戈尔的英文诗以抒情诗为主，同时融入了自由诗、叙事诗、哲理诗和神秘主义诗的元素。
他的诗歌语言流畅、感人，深刻地体现了对爱、自然、人生和灵性的思考。
英语诗歌简明术语表
英语诗歌简明术语表A ConcisｅGlｏsｓarｙof Enｇliｓh Poet ryAｃｃeｎt 重音Aｌlegory寓言Aｌlｉteratｉon 头韵Allｕsion 典故Aｎａｐesｔ抑抑扬格Apoｓtrophｅ呼语Approxｉｍａte riｍｅ近韵Assonaｎce 半韵Balｌad 民谣Ｂallad stanzａ民谣体诗节Blank verse 无韵诗,素体诗Cａｃophoｎy 不和谐音Caｅsurａ行停中顿Ｃonｎoｔation 内涵，引申义Consonanｃe 辅音韵Ｃosmiｃｉrony命运反讽Couplet 对句Daｃtyl扬抑抑格Denotatiｏn本义Dｉmeteｒ二音步诗Dｏｇgerel 打油诗Draｍatic ｉrｏny 戏剧性反讽Dramａtic monｏlｏgｕe 戏剧性独白Ｅnd rhyｍe 尾韵End-ｓｔopｐed lｉnｅ行尾停顿诗行EngｌiｓｈoｒShakｅspearｅan sonｎet 英式/莎士比亚体十四行诗Eｎjambｍｅｎt跨行连续Ｅpic史诗Ｅupｈｏny 谐音Exact ｒhyｍe全韵Eｙe rhyme 视觉韵Femｉniｎe ｒｈyme 阴韵Fiｇure of speｅch 修辞手法Fｉxｅd foｒm固定诗体Foｏt音步Ｆree veｒsｅ自由诗Haiｋu 俳句Herｏiｃｃoｕplet 英雄偶句体Hｅptamｅter 七音步诗行Ｈexamｅter 六音步诗行Hypｅrboｌｅ夸张Iamb抑扬格Ｉmagery意象Internａl rｈyme 行中韵Irony反讽，反语Itａlian oｒＰｅtrａrchan sonnet 意式／比特拉克体十四行诗Limerｉck 五行打油诗Liteｒaｒｙbaｌｌａd 文人民谣Ｌyric 抒情诗Mascｕlｉnｅrｈyme阳韵Meｔａｐhor 暗喻，隐喻Mｅteｒ格律，韵律Mｅtonymy 换喻，转喻Monoｍeｔｅr 单音步诗行Narrative pｏｅm叙事诗Oｃtameteｒ八音步诗行Octave八行诗节Odｅ颂诗Oｎoｍatoｐoｅｉa 拟声法Open fｏrm 开放诗体Ｏveｒstａtemeｎt 夸张Oｘyｍoｒoｎ矛盾形容法Paｒａdｏx悖论Peｎtamｅtｅｒ五音步诗行Personｉfiｃａｔioｎ拟人法Picturｅpoｅm涂画诗Prosｅｐoem 散文诗Quatｒａｉｎ四节诗行Reｆｒain叠句，副歌Rhyme or rime 押韵Rhyme scｈｅme 押韵格式Ｒｈytｈｍ节奏,韵律,格律Ｒｕｎ-oｎlｉne 连续诗行Sarｃasm 讥刺Sａｔirｅ讽刺Scａnsion 韵律分析，韵律图示Sｅstｅt六节诗行Ｓｉmｉle 明喻Situatｉoｎａｌiroｎy 情景反讽Sｏnnet 十四行诗Ｓpeaker说话者Ｓpoｎdｅｅ扬扬格Stａｎｚａ诗节Stresｓ重音Sｙmbol 象征Ｓyｎeｃｄoche提喻Ｔｅrｃｅt三行诗节Tｅｒzａrｉma 三行诗节隔行押韵法Teｔraｍetｅr四音步诗行Theme主题Ｔone 语气，语调ｔｒimetｅr 三音步诗行Tｒｉｐlet 同韵三行联句Ｔrocｈee扬抑格Understaｔemeｎt 低调陈述,轻描淡写Verbaｌiｒony 言辞反讽Verse 散文诗Vilｌａnelle 维拉内拉体。
英语中诗的单词poem poetry rhyme verse的区别
关于诗歌、诗、韵文的几个单词
poetry poem verse rhyme rhythm
1.poetry始终是不可数名词，范围最广N-UNCOUNT（作为文学形式的）
诗，诗歌，韵文Poems, considered as a form of literature, are referred to as poetry
2.poem 可数，诗，小诗，韵文
3.verse ①不可数：N-UNCOUNT诗;诗体;韵文Verse is writing arranged in lines
which have rhythm and which often rhyme at the end.
例：...a slim volume of verse... 一本薄薄的诗集
②可数：N-COUNT诗节;诗行；（歌曲的）段落；诗的一节
例：This verse describes three signs of spring...这节诗描绘了春
天来临的三个征兆
4.rhyme N-COUNT押韵词;同韵词;押韵的诗行A rhyme is a word which rhymes with
another word, or a set of lines which rhyme
例：The one rhyme for passion is fashion... 和passion押韵的词
fashion
5.rhythm 没有诗的意思，节奏，旋律与melody同类，列出来是为了与rhyme
作对比
范围上：poetry ＞poem verse ＞rhyme。
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Limericks
• A limerick is a poem of five lines • The first, second, and fifth lines have three rhythmic beats and rhyme with one another. • The third and fourth lines have two beats and rhyme with one another. • They are always light-hearted, humorous poems.
6. Figurative Language:
– Writing that is not meant to be taken literally
7. Free Verse:
– Poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern or meter
8. Haiku:
I wish that my room had a floor, I don’t care so much for a door. But this walking around Without touching the ground Is getting to be quite a bore.
Another Limerick
– A figure of speech that uses like or as to make a direct comparison between two unlike ideas
22.Stanza lines in a poem considered as a unit
11. Metaphor:
– A figure of speech in which something is described as though it were something else
12. Mood:
– The feeling created in the reader by a literary work
– A three-lined Japanese verse
9. Image:
– A word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses
10. Lyric Poem:
– Highly musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker
Lewis Carroll
1832-1898
• • • • Born in England Wrote Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Wrote Through the Looking Glass His life was quiet and uneventful, but in works like Father William, he found escape from his serious work into a delightfully zany, topsy-turvy world that still amuses children old and young.
If you take away the rhythm and rhyme, the humor vanishes.
Any hound that touches a porcupine Can’t be blamed for holding a grudge I know one hound that laughed all winter long At a porcupine that sat on a piece of wood
“Father William”
Page 400
• In this poem, a young man questions his father about some rather unusual behavior. • Have you ever asked someone what they were doing and received an explanation that made very little sense at all?
13. Narrative Poem:
– A story told in verse
14. Onomatopoeia:
– The use of words that imitate sounds
15. Personification:
– A type of figurative language in which a non-human subject is given human characteristics
Limericks
There once was a man with no hair. He gave everyone quite a scare. He got some Rogaine, Grew out a mane, And now he resembles a bear!
Limerick About a Bee
19. Rhyme Scheme:
– A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem
20.Rhythm:
– Pattern of beats or stresses in spoken or written language 21. Simile:
My love is like a red rose.
16. Refrain:
– A regularly repeated line or group of lines in a poem
17. Repetition:
– The use, more than once, of any element of language
18. Rhyme:
– Repetition of sounds at the end of words
– A song-like poem that tells a story
4. Blank Verse:
– Poetry written in unrhymed, tensyllable lines
5. Concrete Poem:
– A poem with a shape that suggests its subject
There once was a very small mouse Who lived in a very small house, The ocean’s spray Washed it away, All that was left was her blouse!
You will create a limerick similar to this one…
Poetry
Vocabulary
1. Alliteration:
2. Allusion:
– Repetition of initial consonant sounds
3. Ballad:
– A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art
Mrs. Smith’s Limerick:
There once was a man from Japan. All the while he hoped for a tan. So he lay on the beach, And ate a ripe peach, That came from a Georgia van.
There once was a man from Beijing. All his life he hoped to be King. So he put on a crown, Which quickly fell down. That small silly man from Beijing.
– Rhythm – Rhyme
Rhythm & Rhyme
• Using more spirited language makes humorous situations even more humorous
“The Porcupine” By Ogden Nash
Any hound a porcupine nudges Can’t be blamed for harboring grudges. I know one hound that laughed all winter At a porcupine that sat on a splinter.
Fill in the blanks and create your own Limerick.
There once was a _____ from _____. All the while she/he hoped ________. So she/he ____________________, And ________________________, That _________ from ___________.
Poetry
Humor & Poetry
Humor
• Humor in poetry can arise from a number of sources:
– Surprise – Exaggeration – Bringing together of unrelated things
• Most funny poems have two things in common: