人体解剖生理学Human Anatomy and Physiology汇总共44页
人体解剖Human Anatomy汇总
大肠 大肠large intestine是消化管最后的一段， 长约1.5米，起自右髂窝，终于肛门，可分 为盲肠、结肠和直肠三段。大肠的主要机 能是吸收水分，将不消化的残渣以粪便的 形式排出体外。
盲肠cecum是大肠的开始部（图2-22）， 位于右髂窝内，左接回肠，上通升结肠。 在盲肠的后内壁伸出一条细长的阑尾 vermiformappendix，其末端游离，一般长 6-8厘米，内腔与盲肠相通，它是盲肠末 端在进化过程中退化形成的。
成人骨：206块，依其存在部位可分为颅骨、 躯干骨和四肢骨。 一、骨： 1．骨的形状 ： 按其形态特点可概括为下列四种 （一）长骨long bone （二）短骨 short bone （三）扁骨flat bone （四）不规则骨irregular bone
２、功能： 首要的功能体重和内部器官以及 维持体姿。 第三个功能是保护。
胆汁: 从肝管出肝后并不立即直接流入十 二指肠，而是首先贮存于胆囊内，间断 性地排放入十二指肠。 胆汁流入十二指肠前在肝外流经的管道 总称为肝外胆道系统，包括肝管、肝总 管、胆囊管、胆囊和胆总管（图2-27）。
胰
胰pancreas是人体的第二大腺（图221），横跨在第1、2腰椎的前面，质地柔软， 呈灰红色。 胰由外分泌部和内分泌部两部分组成，外 分泌部的腺细胞分泌胰液，经各级导管， 流入胰腺管，胰腺管与胆总管共同开口于 十二指肠。 胰液中含有多种消化酶，对消化食物起重 要作用。 内分泌部是指散在于外分泌部之间的细胞 团——胰岛，它分泌的激素直接进入血液 和淋巴，主要参与糖代谢的调节。
医学英文知识点总结
医学英文知识点总结1. Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the human body, while physiology is the study of how the body functions. Understanding of the human body's structure and function is essential for healthcare providers, as it informs their diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.2. Cellular BiologyCellular biology is the study of cells, their structure, function, and interactions with one another. This knowledge is fundamental in understanding the mechanisms of disease, as many conditions stem from abnormalities in cellular processes.3. BiochemistryBiochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms. Understanding biochemical pathways and the role of specific molecules in the body is crucial for diagnosing and treating metabolic diseases.4. PharmacologyPharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the body and vice versa. Healthcare providers need to have a solid understanding of pharmacology to select appropriate medications, determine dosages, and predict potential drug interactions or adverse effects.5. PathophysiologyPathophysiology is the study of how diseases and disorders alter the normal physiological processes of the body. Healthcare providers must understand the underlying mechanisms of diseases to make accurate diagnoses and develop effective treatment plans.6. Medical EthicsMedical ethics is the moral principles that guide the conduct of healthcare professionals in their practice. Understanding the ethical considerations of patient care, research, and public health is essential for ensuring the well-being and autonomy of patients.7. EpidemiologyEpidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specific populations. Healthcare providers use epidemiological data to identify patterns of disease, assess risk factors, and develop strategies for disease prevention and control.8. Medical History TakingTaking a thorough and accurate medical history is essential in diagnosing and treating patients. Healthcare providers must ask targeted questions to gather information about a patient's symptoms, medical history, family history, and social history.9. Physical ExaminationConducting a systematic and comprehensive physical examination is essential for assessing a patient's overall health. Healthcare providers must be proficient in techniques such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation to identify abnormalities and make accurate diagnoses.10. Diagnostic TestingInterpreting diagnostic tests such as blood work, imaging studies, and electrocardiograms is essential for diagnosing and monitoring medical conditions. Healthcare providers must understand the indications for specific tests, their limitations, and the interpretation of results.11. Clinical Decision MakingClinical decision making involves synthesizing patient information, medical knowledge, and available evidence to make informed choices about patient care. Healthcare providers must weigh the risks and benefits of treatment options and involve patients in shared decision making.12. Patient CommunicationEffective communication with patients is essential for building trust, conveying information, and involving patients in their care. Healthcare providers must use clear, empathetic, and culturally sensitive communication to ensure patient understanding and engagement.13. Patient EducationPatient education is crucial for empowering patients to manage their health and participate in treatment decisions. Healthcare providers must provide relevant information about medical conditions, treatment options, lifestyle modifications, and self-care strategies. 14. Preventive MedicinePreventive medicine aims to reduce the incidence and impact of disease through health promotion, disease prevention, and early detection. Healthcare providers must understand risk factors, screening guidelines, and immunization schedules to promote primary and secondary prevention.15. Interprofessional CollaborationInterprofessional collaboration involves working with other healthcare professionals to optimize patient care. Healthcare providers must effectively communicate, coordinate care, and respect each other's expertise to achieve positive patient outcomes.16. Patient SafetyPatient safety involves addressing the risks, errors, and harm in healthcare to prevent adverse events and promote a culture of safety. Healthcare providers must implement strategies to improve medication safety, prevent healthcare-associated infections, and reduce diagnostic errors.17. Quality ImprovementQuality improvement involves systematic efforts to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and safety of healthcare delivery. Healthcare providers must use data-driven approaches to identify and address opportunities for improvement in patient care.18. Global HealthGlobal health focuses on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Healthcare providers must understand the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health to address global health challenges such as infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, and health disparities.19. Medical ResearchMedical research aims to advance knowledge in healthcare and improve patient outcomes. Healthcare providers must understand research methodology, scientific evidence, and ethical considerations to critically appraise research findings and apply them to practice.20. Healthcare PolicyHealthcare policy involves the development and implementation of regulations, laws, and programs to improve the delivery, quality, and cost-effectiveness of healthcare. Healthcare providers must understand healthcare policy to advocate for patients, promote health equity, and address healthcare disparities.In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of medical knowledge points is essential for healthcare providers to provide high-quality, safe, and effective care to patients. Continual learning and application of these knowledge points are crucial for improving patient outcomes and advancing the field of medicine.。
人体解剖生理学 神经系统
中脑 midbrain 中脑位于脑桥之上，恰好是整个脑的中
点。中脑是视觉与听觉的反射中枢，凡是瞳孔、眼球、 肌肉等活动，均受中脑的控制。
网状结构 居于脑干的中央，是由许多错综复杂的神
经元集合而成的网状结构。网状系统的主要功能是控制 觉醒、睡眠等不同层次的意识状态。
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背面
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至足底
2）分布：小腿肌后群和足底肌，小腿后面和足底皮肤
3）损伤：“钩状足”
腓总神经common peroneal nerve
1）腓浅神经：小腿外侧、足背和第2～5趾背的皮肤
2） 腓深神经:小腿肌前群、足背肌和相对皮肤
3）损伤：“马蹄”内翻足
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骶丛
（）
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坐骨神经
Sciatic n.
梨状肌下孔穿出， 经坐骨结节和大转 子间，在股二头肌 长头掩盖下下行
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前支： 大 ，分布于躯干前、侧面及四肢皮肤、肌， 除胸神经外均吻合成丛
后支： 小，分布于躯干背面、皮肤及深层肌， 呈阶段性分布
脊膜支：经椎间孔返回椎管，分布于脊髓的被膜等处 交通支；连于脊神经与交感干之间
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脊神经分支
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（三）脊神经丛及主要神经发出 部位、行程和分布
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脊髓横切面(颈髓)
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脊髓灰质整理课件
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脊髓灰质和白质
侧索
后索
后角 侧角
(T1--L3)
前索
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固有束
Human anatomy andphysiology-人体解剖与生理
Functions
What are the functions of… Ureter: connects kidneys to bladder Bladder: hollow muscular structure; holds urine Urethra: connects bladder to urinary meatus opening
(Continued)
Functions
What are the functions of… Tubes: passage for ovum to uterus, site of fertilization Ovaries: produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone Kidneys: filter and excrete wastes
Functions
What are the functions of… Cervix: end of the uterus into vagina Uterus: hollow, muscular organ; site for fertilized egg implantation; protects fetus
Functions
What are the functions of… Mons pubis: subcutaneous pad over symphysis pubis for protection Labia majora/minora: folds of adipose and connective tissue that protect and lubricate external genitalia
(Continued)
人体解剖生理学Human Anatomy and Physiology汇总
讲授人：赵万鹏 二ＯＯ六年八月
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人体解剖生理学
Human Anatomy and Physiology
课程基本信息
（一）课程名称：人体解剖生理学 （二）学时学分：周４学时，４学分 （三）预修课程：动物学 （四）使用教材：张文学,包月昭.人体解剖学与生理学. 陕西科学技术出版社.2002年. （五）教学参考书
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（三）生理学的研究方法
急性实验法 离体实验法 在体实验法 慢性实验法
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三、人体解剖生理学的发展简史 近代解剖学的创始人： 比利时的安德烈 . 维扎里 （A.Vesalius ,1514-1564年） 近代生理学的创始人： 美国的威廉 . 哈维 （W. Harvey，1578-1657年）
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由许多形态和功能相近的细胞与细胞间质共 同形成组织。人体有上皮组织、结缔组织、肌肉 组织和神经组织四大基本组织。 由几种不同组织结合在一起，构成具有一定 形态和功能的结构，称器官。如心脏、胃等 许多在结构和功能上具有密切联系的器官结 合在一起，共同执行某种特定的生理功能，即构 成系统。人体可分为运动系统、循环系统、免疫 系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、沁尿系统、生殖系 统、内分泌系统、神经系统和感觉器官等十个器 官系统。
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四、生命活动的基本特征
(一 ) (二 ) (三 ) (四 ) 新陈代谢(metabolism) 兴奋性(excitability) 繁殖(reproduction) 生长发育(growth and development)
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五、人体的组成及解剖学常用术语 (一)人体的组成 1.组织、器官、系统的概念 细 胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 系统 (tissue) (organ) (system) 细胞间质
解剖生理学第四章运动系统
精品医学ppt
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颅前面观：眶和位于其间的骨性鼻腔。
眶分为底、尖 和四壁,眶尖部 有视神经孔,眶 下壁有眶下沟、 管、孔。
精品医学ppt
骨性鼻腔外侧壁有 向下突出的三个骨 片, 自上而下分别 称为上鼻甲、中鼻 甲和下鼻甲。各鼻 甲下方的间隙, 分 别称为上鼻道、中 鼻道和下鼻道。
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颈椎cervical vertbral： 椎体小,椎孔大。横突根 部有横突孔,横突的未端 前后各有一结节。第6颈 椎棘突较短,未端分叉。
第7颈椎又名隆椎
vertebrae prominens, 棘突长,末端不分叉。
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躯干骨——椎骨vertebrae
第1颈椎又名寰椎atlas, 呈环形, 没有椎体、棘突和关节突, 由前弓、 后弓和两个侧块构。前弓后面正中有齿突凹, 侧块有上、下关节面。
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躯干骨
躯干骨包括椎骨、肋和胸骨。24块椎骨、 1块骶骨和1块尾骨借骨连结构成脊柱。 胸椎与12对肋相连接。肋前端连胸骨， 形成骨性胸廓。骶骨、尾骨和两侧髋 骨及其连接构成骨盆。
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躯干骨——椎骨vertebrae
椎骨的一般形态：
椎体、
椎弓、
7个突起
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躯干骨——椎骨vertebrae
第2颈椎又名枢椎axis,由椎体向上伸出一齿突,与寰椎的齿突凹相关节
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躯干骨——椎骨vertebrae
胸椎throacic vertebrae 椎体呈心形,在椎体的后外侧上、下缘各有 一半圆形肋凹。横突未端前面有横突肋凹。棘突细长向后下方倾斜, 彼此掩盖成叠瓦状。
人体解剖生理学Human Anatomy and Physiology汇总
（六）教学方法：课堂讲授，启发式教学等． （七）教学手段：多媒体教学 （八）考核方式：闭卷考试
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绪
The
论
Introduction
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1、教学目的 通过对绪论部分的学习，了解人体 解剖生理学的研究对象、内容、方法和发展简史，掌握一 些基本概念和术语，把握学好这门课的基本方法和观点。 2、教学要求 （1）了解人体解剖生理学的研究对象、内容、方法 和发展简史，对石蜡切片法，尤其是其中的HE染色能很好 掌握。 （2）掌握组织、器官、系统、反射的概念。 （3）了解人体的分部、体腔、解剖学常用术语和腹 部分区。 （4）熟悉神经调节和体液调节的特点。
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3、教学重点 组织、器官、系统的概 念，机能活动的调节。 4、教学难点 机能活动的调节。 5、学时分配 1.5学时。 ６、教法运用 讲授法、综合归纳法等。 7、学法指导 理论联系实际。
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一、人体解剖生理学的研究对象和内容 • 解剖学（anatomy）:研究正常人体形态结构的科学。 大体解剖学（gross anatomy） 显微解剖学（microscopic anatomy) ——组织学 （histology） 显微结构（microstructure） 超微结构（ultrastructure） • 生理学（physiology）：研究机体正常生命活动规律 的科学。
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2..人体的分部 脑颅：位于后上，容纳脑，比动物大 头（颅） 面颅：位于前下，构成面部，比动物小 颈：短而运动灵活 躯干：前后径小于左右径, 容纳内脏 上肢：分为肩、上臂、肘、前臂、手。轻巧、灵活 四肢 下肢：分为髋、大腿、膝、小腿、足。粗壮、稳固
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3．体腔（body cavity） The human body has two major cavities: the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. Each is subdivided into smaller cavities, within which specific visceral organs are located. The dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity, and the spinal cord is in the spinal cavity. The ventral cavity is divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity .The heart and lungs are in the thoracic cavity, and most other internal organs are in the abdominopelvic cavity. Membranes divide the thoracic cavity into the pleural cavities, containing the right and left lungs ,and the pericardial cavity, containing the heart. The abdominopelvic cavity has two portions: the upper abdominal cavity and the lower pelvic 22 cavity.
人体解剖生理学-内分泌系统
(五)促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropin.ACTH) ACTH促进肾上腺皮质的生长发育，并合成、分
泌肾上腺皮质激素。
(六)促卵泡激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH) 见”生殖系统“
下丘脑-腺垂体-靶腺轴
(1)腺垂体促激素和外周 靶腺激素对下丘脑起 反馈作用,调节腺垂体 激素的分泌。
细胞内生物效应
(三)类固醇激素的作用机制 — 基因表达学说
激素进入细胞膜
与胞浆受体结合→H-R复合物
H-R复合物进入核内
H-R复合物与核内受体结合 此复合物结合在染色质
的非蛋白质的特异位点上
H-R复合物
调控DNA转录过程
细胞内生物效应
G
激素 受体
第 第二信使
蛋白磷酸化 PK
类固 醇类 激素
细胞膜
兴奋性G蛋白(GS)
激活磷脂酶C(PLC)
PIP2
(第二信使）
IP3 和 DG
内质网 释放Ca2+
激活 蛋白激酶
C
细胞内生物效应
3.酶偶联受体介导-受
体酪氨酸激酶信号通路 模式
膜受体与酶是同一蛋 白分子，本身具有酶活 性，又称受体酪氨酸激 酶。
生长因子、胰岛素
与受体酪氨酸激酶结合
膜外N端：识别、结合第一信使 膜内C端：具有酪氨酸激酶活性
4.简述激素的作用特征。
第二节 下丘脑与垂体的内分泌
一、下丘脑的内分泌 (一)下丘脑与垂体间
的功能联系：
下丘脑
下丘脑
下 丘 脑 垂 体 束 N垂体
垂 体 门 脉 腺垂体
主要下丘脑激素
主要来源
激素英文名
激素中文名
专业英语-人体解剖生理学
普通英语意义 医学英语意义
门槛、入口 阈值
冒号
结肠
接受者
受体、感受器
阀门
瓣膜
第二位的
继发的
医学双栖词汇（举例）
单词
普通英语
threshold 门槛、入口
colon
冒号
receptor 接受者
valve
阀门
stress
压力，紧张状态
sympathetic 同情的
secondary 第二位的
医学英语 阈值 结肠 受体、感受器 瓣膜 应激 交感神经的 继发的
Human Anatomy and Physiology 人体解剖生理学
▪ Anatomy /ə‘nætəmi/ 解剖、解剖学 gross anatomy 大体解剖学
▪ Physiology /ֽfizi'כləd3i/ 生理学
医学双栖词汇（举例）
单词 threshold colon receptor valve secondary
uterus (子宫) uterine tube (输卵管) ovary (卵巢) cut out
构词成分的双重性
▪ 在一些特定的方面，拉丁语和希腊语都有 一套完整的词根。
▪ 结果：词汇量扩大了 同义词增多了
部位
brain kidney joint nerve body bowel
词义
脑 肾 关节 神经 体 肠
专业英语IV （人体解剖生理学）
Course Objectives
1. To serve the bilingual teaching needs in an undergraduate course of Human Anatomy and Physiology (Human A&P).
人解-绪论-获奖课件
巴甫洛夫（俄1849-1936） 发明 条件反射试验措施 总结 大脑半球机能活动规律 创建 高级神经活动学说 开辟 中枢神经系统生理学研究新领域
我国： • 《黄帝内经》（春秋战国）
有关解剖生理学论述 创建 经络学说 记载 穴位几百个
• 华佗 （汉代 约145-208）
使用麻醉剂做手术， 把体育和医学联络， 指出运动助消化、通血脉、防疾病
一、人体解剖生理学旳研究内容
人体解剖生理学
（human anatomy and physiology）
人体解剖学：研究正常人体各器官、系统旳 形态构造及其发生发展规律旳科学。
人体生理学：研究正常人体各器官、系统旳 功能、完毕功能旳机制及其调整规律旳科学。
人体解剖学： 大致解剖学 组织学
手术解剖 肉眼观察 显微镜 染色
构成：网状细胞、网状纤维和基质 功能：一般构成造血组织、淋巴组织旳支架，形成血细 胞发育旳微环境
（四）脂肪组织(adipose tissue )
分布： 皮下、大网膜、肠系膜等。 功能： 贮脂、支持、保护、维持体温等。
(五) 软骨组织(cartilage tissue )
构成：软骨细胞、纤维、基质（固态） 特点：无神经、血管（营养靠膜内血管供给） 功能；支持、保护。 分类： 透明软骨
1. 单层扁平上皮
2. 单层立方上皮
3. 单层柱状上皮
4. 假复层纤毛柱状上皮 5. 变移上皮
6. 复层扁平上皮
7. 复层柱状上皮
（二） 腺上皮
1. 按分泌物性质分类 （1）粘液腺（mucous gland） （2）浆液腺（serous gland） （3）混合腺（mixed gland） 2.按腺细胞分泌方式分类 （1）全质分泌腺（holocrine gland） （2）顶质分泌腺（apocrine gland） （3）局质分泌腺（merocrine gland）
医学英文知识点总结大全
医学英文知识点总结大全1. Anatomy and Physiology- Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the human body. It involves learning about the different systems and organs and understanding how they function.- Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of the human body. It deals with how different organs and systems work together to maintain homeostasis.2. Cell Biology- Cells are the basic building blocks of life. They are the smallest units of living organisms and carry out all the necessary functions for life.- Cell biology involves studying the structure and function of cells, how they communicate with each other, and their role in the overall function of the body.3. Biochemistry- Biochemistry involves the study of the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. This includes the study of metabolism, enzymes, and the chemical reactions that take place within the body.4. Pathology- Pathology is the study of diseases and the changes that occur within the body as a result of illness or injury. It involves understanding the causes and mechanisms of diseases and how they affect the body.5. Pharmacology- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body. It involves understanding how drugs work, the mechanisms of action, and their therapeutic uses.6. Microbiology- Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It involves understanding how these organisms can cause disease and how they can be controlled or treated.7. Immunology- Immunology is the study of the immune system and its response to pathogens. It involves understanding how the immune system works to protect the body from infections and how it can be manipulated to treat diseases.8. Genetics- Genetics is the study of heredity and the variation of inherited traits. It involves understanding how genes are passed from one generation to the next and how they can influence the development of diseases.9. Neurology- Neurology is the study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It involves understanding how the nervous system functions and how it can be affected by diseases or injuries.10. Cardiology- Cardiology is the study of the heart and the circulatory system. It involves understanding how the heart works, the causes of heart disease, and the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.11. Pulmonology- Pulmonology is the study of the respiratory system, including the lungs and airways. It involves understanding how the respiratory system functions, the causes of respiratory diseases, and their treatment.12. Gastroenterology- Gastroenterology is the study of the digestive system, including the stomach, intestines, and liver. It involves understanding how the digestive system works, the causes of gastrointestinal diseases, and their treatment.13. Endocrinology- Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system, including hormones and their effects on the body. It involves understanding how hormones regulate various bodily functions, the causes of endocrine disorders, and their treatment.14. Nephrology- Nephrology is the study of the kidneys and the urinary system. It involves understanding how the kidneys function, the causes of kidney diseases, and their treatment.15. Oncology- Oncology is the study of cancer and the treatment of cancer. It involves understanding the causes of cancer, the different types of cancer, and their treatment options.16. Obstetrics and Gynecology- Obstetrics and gynecology is the study of the female reproductive system and pregnancy. It involves understanding the different stages of pregnancy, childbirth, and the management of gynecological disorders.17. Pediatrics- Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the health and medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. It involves understanding the developmental stages of children, common childhood illnesses, and their treatment.18. Geriatrics- Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on the health and care of elderly people. It involves understanding the aging process, the common health issues of older adults, and their management.19. Public Health- Public health is the study of the health of populations and communities. It involves understanding the epidemiology of diseases, the prevention of illnesses, and the promotion of health and well-being.20. Global Health- Global health is the study of health issues that transcend national borders, such as infectious diseases, maternal and child health, and non-communicable diseases. It involves understanding the health disparities between different regions and the development of strategies for improving global health.In conclusion, these are the key knowledge points in the field of medicine, encompassing a wide range of subjects that are essential for healthcare professionals to understand in order to provide effective care for patients.。
大学人体解剖神经系统
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神经细胞的生物电现象
（四）神经细胞兴奋性的变化
1、动作电位的时相 锋电位：动作电位的主要成分，刺激后立刻出现，
幅度最大。接着是后电位（持续时间较长）。 后电位：锋电位下降支最后恢复到RP水平以前，
一种时间较长、波动较小的电位变化过程。分负 后电位和正后电位。
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动作电位的时相
极化，细胞兴奋产生的电位变化称为动作电位或神 经冲动。
复极化：膜电位逐渐恢复到静息状态的过程，称～
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动作电位的产生机制
1.AP产生的基本条件: ①膜内外存在[Na+] 差:[Na+]i＜ [Na+]o ≈ 1∶10；②膜在受到阈刺 激而兴奋时，对离子的通透性增加（ Na+增加500 倍）
兴奋性(excitability)：可兴奋组织具有产生冲动 的能力称为兴奋性。
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神经细胞的生物电现象
2、引起兴奋的主要条件
⑴一定的刺激强度 阈强度、阈刺激、阈上刺激、阈下刺激 ⑵一定的作用持续时间 一定刺激条件下，刺激时间过短，则作用越弱；
刺激时间长，则反应相应较强
⑶一定的强度变化率 同样强度的刺激，如果刺激强度上升的速率很
约－50mV——－100mV
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静息电位的测量
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静 息 电 位 产 膜内 生 的 生 理 机 制
膜外
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神经细胞的生物电现象
静息电位产生的生理机制： 静息状态下①细胞膜内外离子分布不均；②细胞
膜对离子的通透具有选择性:K+＞Cl-＞Na+＞A-
③RP的产生主要是K＋向膜外扩散的结果。即：当
人体解剖生理学Human Anatomy and Physiology汇总44页PPT
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26、要使整个人生都过得舒适、愉快，这是不可能的，因为人类必须具备一种能应付逆境的态度。——卢梭
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27、只有把抱怨环境的心情，化为上进的力量，才是成功的保证。——罗曼·罗兰
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28、知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。——孔子
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29、勇猛、大胆和坚定的决心能够抵得上武器的精良。——达·芬奇
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30、意志是一个强壮的盲人，倚靠在明眼的跛子肩上。——叔本华
谢谢！
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人体解剖生理学Human Anatomy and Physiology汇总
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6、黄金时代是在我们的前面，而不在 我们的 后面。
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7、心急吃不了热汤圆。
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8、你可以很有个性，但某些时候请为失败找借口 (蹩脚 的工人 总是说 工具不 好)。
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10、只要下定决心克服恐惧，便几乎 能克服 任何恐 惧。因 为，请 记住， 除了在 脑海中 ，恐惧 无处藏 身。-- 戴尔． 卡耐基 。