无损检测射线常见缺陷图集及分析RT射线检测部分
无损检测射线常见缺陷图集及分析 ppt
2、折痕
折痕（曝光后）1 折痕（曝光后）2
折痕（曝光后）3
1、折痕（曝光后）的表面现象是什么？ 折痕的表征为黑月牙显示，其密度高于邻近的胶片区域（黑度较 高）。 2、折痕（曝光后）产生的原因是什么？ 曝光后或冲洗过程中过度（或用力）弯曲胶片都会使胶片出现折痕。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 折痕（曝光后）通常出现在卸下暗袋或洗片夹时处理胶片不当的情 况下发生。 4、如何检测曝光后的折痕？ 将一些胶片曝光，然后有意识地将其卷曲或扭折，冲洗胶片，然后 通过反射光检验胶片，您有可能见到一个或多个月牙状的黑痕。 5、如何可以避免折痕（曝光后）？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，特别避免手指对胶片 施以任何类型的压 力。
折 痕 曝 光 前
1、折痕的表面现象是什么？ 折痕（曝光前）的表征为白月牙状显示，其密度低于邻近的胶片区域（黑度较低）。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 曝光前弯曲胶片用力过大或过猛都会导致这种类型的折痕。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 通常出现在从包装盒取出胶片或在曝光前装入暗袋时处理不当的情况下。 4、如何检验曝光前的折痕？ 有意识地将某些胶片卷曲或扭折，使其曝光，然后按正常方法冲洗。检验胶片，这时您可 能会在胶片处理不当的地方风到一些颜色较淡的折痕。 5、如何可以避免它们？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，特别避免手指对胶片施以任何类型的压力。
到静电放电现象。如果您看到冲洗的胶片有锯齿状线条或黑色斑 点，则极有可能是出现了静电曝光斑点。 5、如何可以避免？ 在相对湿度大于40%的环境下保存胶片，从包装盒取出胶片时避免 快速滑动或移动胶片。
定 影 液 斑 点
1、它们的表面现象是什么？ 由定影液产生的斑点表征为一些小白圆点，其密度较周围胶片区域的密度底。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 在显影之前，溅出的定影液滴，即使极其微量，都有可能导致产生白色斑点。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 无论何时，只要有化学污染的存在，都可能会发生这种现象。通常发生最多的 是由于暗室布局不当或冲洗不小心引起。 4、如何可以避免它们？ 保证胶片装卸区域的安全干燥清洁，不能让定影液溅在胶片上。
无损检测射线常见缺陷图集及分析
气孔缺陷定义：在金属材料中气孔是由于熔炼或 浇注过程中气体在金属内部未能全部逸出而形成 的空穴。
气孔缺陷图集展示：展示不同类型的气孔缺陷图 谱包括圆形气孔、椭圆形气孔、链状气孔等。
气孔缺陷产生原因：主要由于金属材料熔 炼或浇注过程中气体在金属内部未能全部 逸出或者由于金属材料中含有易形成气体 的元素所致。
无损检测射线常见缺 陷图集及分析
汇报人：
目录
添加目录标题
无损检测射线技术 简介
常见缺陷图集展示
缺陷图集分析
无损检测射线技术 发展趋势
结论
添加章节标题
无损检测射线技术 简介
通过检测衰减后射线的强度 或透射后的影像进行分析
利用射线穿透物质时产生的 衰减作用进行检测
可用于检测各种材料和产品 内部缺陷
降低维护成本：及时发现设备故障 避免重大事故发生降低维护成本。
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题添ຫໍສະໝຸດ 标题提高生产效率：通过快速检测减少 生产过程中的停机时间提高生产效 率。
促进工业发展：无损检测技术的应 用提高了工业生产的可靠性和安全 性推动了工业的发展。
提高检测精度和可 靠性
降低漏检和误检率
促进缺陷识别和分 类标准化
常见缺陷图集展示
裂纹缺陷定义：裂纹是一种常见的缺陷类型通常是由于材料受到外力作用或内部应力过大而产生的断裂现象。
裂纹缺陷图集展示：展示不同材料、不同形状和尺寸的裂纹缺陷图像以便更好地了解裂纹的形成和分布情况。
裂纹缺陷分析：对裂纹缺陷进行详细分析包括裂纹的形态、走向、大小等方面以便更好地了解裂纹的性质和产生 原因。
缺点：无损检测 射线技术需要使 用放射性物质存 在一定的安全风 险同时检测成本 较高设备也较为 昂贵。
无损检测rt缺陷图谱续集 04
板对接焊缝射线气孔、未焊透、夹渣缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片061
板对接焊缝射线气孔缺陷图谱
Rt缺陷图片062
Rt缺陷图片063
板对接焊缝射线链状气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片064
Rt缺陷图片065
板对接焊缝射线气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片066
Rt缺陷图片067
板对接焊缝射线密集气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片068
板对接焊缝射线密集气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片069
板对接焊缝射线链状气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片070
Rt缺陷图片071
板对接焊缝射线气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片072
Rt缺陷图片073
板对接焊缝射线密集气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片074
板对接焊缝射线密集气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片075
板对接焊缝射线密集气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片076
Rt缺陷图片077
板对接焊缝射线烧穿缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片078
Rt缺陷图片079
板对接焊缝射线气孔缺陷图谱Rt缺陷图片080。
焊缝RT底片评判规律及典型缺陷图谱
焊缝射线照相底片的评判规律一、探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。
二、评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。
三、气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。
四、咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。
五、未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位靠中间。
六、凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，凹未透要分清，凹透度成弧线。
七、未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。
八、横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布围广，中间稍宽两端尖。
九、还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。
十、有了裂纹很危险，斩草除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。
十一、未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。
十二、危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。
十三、夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比3为界，大于3倍是条状。
十四、气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。
十五、多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级。
十六、评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。
注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。
**指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝未焊透的判定标准。
Radiograph Interpretation - WeldsIn addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographer's visual acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material was developed to help students develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph.DiscontinuitiesDiscontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or "heat affected" zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specification used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects.General Welding DiscontinuitiesThe following discontinuities are typical of all types of welding.Cold lap is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal or the previous weld pass material (interpass cold lap). The arc does not melt the base metal sufficiently and causes the slightly molten puddle to flow into base material without bonding.Porosity气孔is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal. Porosity can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing singularly, in clusters or rows. Sometimes porosity is elongated and may have the appearance of having a tail This is the result of gas attempting to escape while the metal is still in a liquid state and is called wormhole porosity. All porosity is a void in the material it will have a radiographic density more than the surrounding area..Cluster porosity链状气孔is caused when flux coated electrodes are contaminated with moisture. The moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped inthe weld during the welding process. Cluster porosity appear just like regular porosity in the radiograph but the indications will be grouped close together.Slag inclusions夹渣are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag inclusions.Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack of penetration (LOP)未焊透occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint. It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities. Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crackmay propagate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.Incomplete fusion未熔合is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area.Internal concavity or suck back凹或吸入is condition where the weld metal has contracted as it cools and has been drawn up into the root of the weld. On aradiograph it looks similar to lack of penetration but the line has irregular edges and it is often quite wide in the center of the weld image.Internal or root undercut部或根部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the root of the weld. In the radiographic image it appears as a dark irregular line offset from the centerline of the weldment. Undercutting is not as straight edged as LOP because it does not follow a ground edge.External or crown undercut外部或顶部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the crown of the weld. In the radiograph, it appears as a dark irregular line along the outside edge of the weld area.Offset or mismatch错边are terms associated with a condition where two pieces being welded together are not properly aligned. The radiographic image is a noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in material thickness. The dark, straight line is caused by failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.Inadequate weld reinforcement未填满is an area of a weld where the thickness of weld metal deposited is less than the thickness of the base material. It is very easy to determine by radiograph if the weld has inadequate reinforcement, because the image density in the area of suspected inadequacy will be more (darker) than the image density of the surrounding base material.Excess weld reinforcement增强余高is an area of a weld, which has weld metal added in excess of that specified by engineering drawings and codes. The appearance on a radiograph is a localized, lighter area in the weld. A visual inspection will easily determine if the weld reinforcement is in excess of that specified by the individual code involved in the inspection.Cracking裂纹can be detected in a radiograph only the crack is propagating in a direction that produced a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray beam. Cracks will appearas jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can sometimes appearing as "tails" on inclusions or porosity.Discontinuities in TIG weldsThe following discontinuities are peculiar to the TIG welding process. These discontinuities occur in most metals welded by the process including aluminum and stainless steels. The TIG method of welding produces a clean homogeneous weld which when radiographed is easily interpreted.Tungsten inclusions. 夹钨Tungsten is a brittle and inherently dense material used in the electrode in tungsten inert gas welding. If improper welding procedures are used, tungsten may be entrapped in the weld. Radiographically, tungsten is more dense than aluminum or steel; therefore, it shows as a lighter area with a distinct outline on the radiograph.Oxide inclusions夹氧化物are usually visible on the surface of material being welded (especially aluminum). Oxide inclusions are less dense than the surrounding materials and, therefore, appear as dark irregularly shaped discontinuities in the radiograph.Discontinuities in Gas Metal Arc Welds (GMAW)The following discontinuities are most commonly found in GMAW welds.Whiskers are short lengths of weld electrode wire, visible on the top or bottom surface of the weld or contained within the weld. On a radiograph they appear as light, "wire like" indications.Burn through (icicles) results when too much heat causes excessive weld metal to penetrate the weld zone. Lumps of metal sag through the weld creating a thick globular condition on the back of the weld. On a radiograph, burn through appears as dark spots surrounded by light globular areas.welld-02 (Incomplete Root Fusion、根部未熔合)....welld-03 (Insuffucient Reinforcement、增强高) ....welld-04 (Excess Root Penetration、根部焊瘤) ....welld-05 (External Undercut、外部咬肉) ....welld-06 (Internal Undercut、部咬肉) ....welld-07 (Root Concavity、根部凹陷) ....welld-08 (Burn Through、烧穿) ....welld-09 (Isolated Slag Inclusion、单个的夹渣) ....welld-10 (Wagon Track - Slag Line、线状夹渣) ....welld-11 (Interrun Fusion、部未熔合) ....welld-12 (Lack of Sidewall Fusion、侧未熔合) ....welld-13 (Porosity、气孔) ....welld-14 (Cluster Porosity、链状气孔) ....welld-15 (Hollow Bead、夹珠) ....welld-16 (Transverse Crack、横向裂纹) ....welld-17 (Centerline Crack、中心线裂纹) ....welld-18 (Root Crack、根部裂纹) ....welld-19 (Tungsten Inclusion)夹钨....。
无损检测射线常见缺陷图集及分析.
折 痕 曝 光 前
1、折痕的表面现象是什么？ 折痕（曝光前）的表征为白月牙状显示，其密度低于邻近的胶片区域（黑度较低）。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 曝光前弯曲胶片用力过大或过猛都会导致这种类型的折痕。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 通常出现在从包装盒取出胶片或在曝光前装入暗袋时处理不当的情况下。 4、如何检验曝光前的折痕？ 有意识地将某些胶片卷曲或扭折，使其曝光，然后按正常方法冲洗。检验胶片，这时您可 能会在胶片处理不当的地方风到一些颜色较淡的折痕。 5、如何可以避免它们？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，特别避免手指对胶片施以任何类型的压力。
未融合
边缘未融合
注意：砂轮片磨伤痕迹（不是未融合）
5、裂纹
定义：裂纹是指材料局部断裂形成的缺陷。 影像特征：底片上裂纹和典型影像是轮廓分明的黑线或黑丝。其细节 特征包括：黑线或黑丝上有微小的锯齿，有分叉，粗细和黑度有时有 变化，有些裂纹影像呈较粗的黑线与较细的黑丝相互缠绕状；线的端 部尖细，端头前方有时有丝状阴影延伸。
纵向裂纹
根部裂纹
横向裂纹
6、咬边
一、常见缺陷及示意图
二、其他几种缺陷 三、常见伪缺陷
表 面 内 边
内 咬 边
错 口
接 头 凹 坑
一、常见缺陷及示意图
二、其他几种缺陷 三、常见伪缺陷
1、压痕
1、压痕的表面现象是什么？ 压痕的表征为密度明显低于邻近区域的密度。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 在曝光前某个胶片区域局部受力严重。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 产生压痕的主要原因在于暗袋准备过程中胶片处理的 方式不当。在处理过程中，胶片某处可能被压（夹）紧 在暗袋中。掉落到暗袋上的物体同样可能造成压痕。 4、如何检验压痕？ 直接从同一包装盒中小心准备另一暗袋胶片，曝光并冲 洗胶片，如果未见到与第一次所见一样的暇疵，则第一次所 见的斑痕很可能就是压痕。 5、如何可以避免压痕？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，避免对胶 片施以任何类型的压力。
焊缝RT底片的评判规律及典型缺陷图谱
焊缝射线照相底片的评判规律一、探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。
二、评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。
三、气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。
四、咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。
五、未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位靠中间。
六、内凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，内凹未透要分清，内凹透度成弧线。
七、未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。
八、横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布范围广，中间稍宽两端尖。
九、还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。
十、有了裂纹很危险，斩草除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。
十一、未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。
十二、危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。
十三、夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比3为界，大于3倍是条状。
十四、气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。
十五、多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级。
十六、评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。
注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。
**指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝内未焊透的判定标准。
Radiograph Interpretation - WeldsIn addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographer's visual acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material was developed to help students develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph.DiscontinuitiesDiscontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or "heat affected" zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specification used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects.General Welding DiscontinuitiesThe following discontinuities are typical of all types of welding.Cold lap is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal or the previous weld pass material (interpass cold lap). The arc does not melt the base metal sufficiently and causes the slightly molten puddle to flow into base material without bonding.Porosity气孔is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal. Porosity can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing singularly, in clusters or rows. Sometimes porosity is elongated and may have the appearance of having a tail This is the result of gas attempting to escape while the metal is still in a liquid state and is called wormhole porosity. All porosity is a void in the material it will have a radiographic density more than the surrounding area..Cluster porosity链状气孔is caused when flux coated electrodes are contaminated with moisture. The moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped in the weld during the welding process. Cluster porosity appear just like regular porosity in the radiograph but the indications will be grouped close together.Slag inclusions夹渣 are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag inclusions.Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack of penetration (LOP)未焊透occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint. It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities. Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crack may propagate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.Incomplete fusion未熔合is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area.Internal concavity or suck back内凹或吸入is condition where the weld metal has contracted as it cools and has been drawn up into the root of the weld. On a radiograph it looks similar to lack of penetration but the line has irregular edges and it is often quite wide in the center of the weld image.Internal or root undercut内部或根部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the root of the weld. In the radiographic image it appears as a dark irregular line offset from the centerline of the weldment. Undercutting is not as straight edged as LOP because it does not follow a ground edge.External or crown undercut外部或顶部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the crown of the weld. In the radiograph, it appears as a dark irregular line along the outside edge of the weld area.Offset or mismatch错边are terms associated with a condition where two pieces being welded together are not properly aligned. The radiographic image is a noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in material thickness. The dark, straight line is caused by failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.Inadequate weld reinforcement未填满is an area of a weld where the thickness of weld metal deposited is less than the thickness of the base material. It is very easy to determine by radiograph if the weld has inadequate reinforcement, because the image density in the area of suspected inadequacy will be more (darker) than the image density of the surrounding base material.Excess weld reinforcement增强余高is an area of a weld, which has weld metal added in excess of that specified by engineering drawings and codes. The appearance on a radiograph is a localized, lighter area in the weld. A visual inspection will easily determine if the weld reinforcement is in excess of that specified by the individual code involved in the inspection.Cracking裂纹can be detected in a radiograph only the crack is propagating in a direction that produced a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray beam. Cracks will appearas jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can sometimes appearing as "tails" on inclusions or porosity.Discontinuities in TIG weldsThe following discontinuities are peculiar to the TIG welding process. These discontinuities occur in most metals welded by the process including aluminum and stainless steels. The TIG method of welding produces a clean homogeneous weld which when radiographed is easily interpreted.Tungsten inclusions. 夹钨Tungsten is a brittle and inherently dense material used in the electrode in tungsten inert gas welding. If improper welding procedures are used, tungsten may be entrapped in the weld. Radiographically, tungsten is more dense than aluminum or steel; therefore, it shows as a lighter area with a distinct outline on the radiograph.Oxide inclusions夹氧化物are usually visible on the surface of material being welded (especially aluminum). Oxide inclusions are less dense than the surrounding materials and, therefore, appear as dark irregularly shaped discontinuities in the radiograph.Discontinuities in Gas Metal Arc Welds (GMAW)The following discontinuities are most commonly found in GMAW welds.Whiskers are short lengths of weld electrode wire, visible on the top or bottom surface of the weld or contained within the weld. On a radiograph they appear as light, "wire like" indications.Burn through (icicles) results when too much heat causes excessive weld metal to penetrate the weld zone. Lumps of metal sag through the weld creating a thick globular condition on the back of the weld. On a radiograph, burn through appears as dark spots surrounded by light globular areas.welld-02 (Incomplete Root Fusion、根部未熔合)—welld-03 (Insuffucient Reinforcement、增强高)——welld-04 (Excess Root Penetration、根部焊瘤)——welld-05 (External Undercut、外部咬肉)——welld-06 (Internal Undercut、内部咬肉)——welld-07 (Root Concavity、根部凹陷)——welld-08 (Burn Through、烧穿)——welld-09 (Isolated Slag Inclusion、单个的夹渣)——welld-10 (Wagon Track - Slag Line、线状夹渣)——welld-11 (Interrun Fusion、内部未熔合)——welld-12 (Lack of Sidewall Fusion、内侧未熔合)——welld-13 (Porosity、气孔)——welld-14 (Cluster Porosity、链状气孔)——welld-15 (Hollow Bead、夹珠)——welld-16 (Transverse Crack、横向裂纹)——welld-17 (Centerline Crack、中心线裂纹)——welld-18 (Root Crack、根部裂纹)——welld-19 (Tungsten Inclusion)夹钨—。
无损检测射线常见缺陷图集及分析-精选文档
纵向裂纹
根部裂纹
横向裂纹
6、咬边
一、常见缺陷及示意图
二、其他几种缺陷 三、常见伪缺陷
表 面 内 凹
根 部 内 凹
表 面 咬 边
内 咬 边
错 口
接 头 凹 坑
一、常见缺陷及示意图
二、其他几种缺陷 三、常见伪缺陷
1、压痕
1、压痕的表面现象是什么？ 压痕的表征为密度明显低于邻近区域的密度。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 在曝光前某个胶片区域局部受力严重。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 产生压痕的主要原因在于暗袋准备过程中胶片处理的 方式不当。在处理过程中，胶片某处可能被压（夹）紧 在暗袋中。掉落到暗袋上的物体同样可能造成压痕。 4、如何检验压痕？ 直接从同一包装盒中小心准备另一暗袋胶片，曝光并冲 洗胶片，如果未见到与第一次所见一样的暇疵，则第一次所 见的斑痕很可能就是压痕。 5、如何可以避免压痕？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，避免对胶 片施以任何类型的压力。
折 痕 曝 光 前
1、折痕的表面现象是什么？ 折痕（曝光前）的表征为白月牙状显示，其密度低于邻近的胶片区域（黑度较低）。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 曝光前弯曲胶片用力过大或过猛都会导致这种类型的折痕。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 通常出现在从包装盒取出胶片或在曝光前装入暗袋时处理不当的情况下。 4、如何检验曝光前的折痕？ 有意识地将某些胶片卷曲或扭折，使其曝光，然后按正常方法冲洗。检验胶片，这时您可 能会在胶片处理不当的地方风到一些颜色较淡的折痕。 5、如何可以避免它们？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，特别避免手指对胶片施以任何类型的压力。
2、折痕
折痕（曝光后）1
折痕（曝光后）2
折痕（曝光后）3
无损检测射线常见缺陷图集及分析RT射线检测部分
夹渣
气孔
密集气孔
夹钨
2、条形缺陷 定义：不属于裂纹、未焊透和未熔合的缺陷，当缺陷的长宽比大于3
时，定义为条状缺陷，包括条渣和条孔。
3、未焊透 定义：未焊透是指母材金属之间没有熔化，焊缝金属没有进入 接头的部位根部造成的缺陷。 影像特征：未焊透的典型影像是细直黑线，两侧轮廓都很整齐， 为坡口钝边痕迹，宽度恰好是钝边的间隙宽度。 有时坡口钝边有部分融化，影像轮廓就变得不很整齐，线宽度 和黑度局部发生变化，但只要能判断是出于焊缝根部的线性缺 陷，仍判定为未焊透。 未焊透有底片上处于焊缝根部的投影位置，一般在焊缝中部， 因透照偏、焊偏等原因也可能偏像一侧。 未焊透呈断续或连续分布，有时能贯穿整张底片。
定 影 液 斑 点
1、它们的表面现象是什么？ 由定影液产生的斑点表征为一些小白圆点，其密度较周围胶片区域的密度底。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 在显影之前，溅出的定影液滴，即使极其微量，都有可能导致产生白色斑点。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 无论何时，只要有化学污染的存在，都可能会发生这种现象。通常发生最多的 是由于暗室布局不当或冲洗不小心引起。 4、如何可以避免它们？ 保证胶片装卸区域的安全干燥清洁，不能让定影液溅在胶片上。
折 痕 曝 光 前
1、折痕的表面现象是什么？ 折痕（曝光前）的表征为白月牙状显示，其密度低于邻近的胶片区域（黑度较低）。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 曝光前弯曲胶片用力过大或过猛都会导致这种类型的折痕。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 通常出现在从包装盒取出胶片或在曝光前装入暗袋时处理不当的情况下。 4、如何检验曝光前的折痕？ 有意识地将某些胶片卷曲或扭折，使其曝光，然后按正常方法冲洗。检验胶片，这时您可 能会在胶片处理不当的地方风到一些颜色较淡的折痕。 5、如何可以避免它们？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，特别避免手指对胶片施以任何类型的压力。
焊缝RT底片的评判规律及典型缺陷图谱
焊缝射线照相底片的评判规律一、探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。
二、评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。
三、气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。
四、咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。
五、未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位靠中间。
六、内凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，内凹未透要分清，内凹透度成弧线。
七、未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。
八、横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布范围广，中间稍宽两端尖。
九、还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。
十、有了裂纹很危险，斩草除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。
十一、未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。
十二、危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。
十三、夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比3为界，大于3倍是条状。
十四、气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。
十五、多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级。
十六、评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。
注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。
**指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝内未焊透的判定标准。
Radiograph Interpretation - WeldsIn addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographer's visual acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material was developed to help students develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph.DiscontinuitiesDiscontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or "heat affected" zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specification used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects.General Welding DiscontinuitiesThe following discontinuities are typical of all types of welding.Cold lap is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal or the previous weld pass material (interpass cold lap). The arc does not melt the base metal sufficiently and causes the slightly molten puddle to flow into base material without bonding.Porosity气孔is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal. Porosity can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing singularly, in clusters or rows. Sometimes porosity is elongated and may have the appearance of having a tail This is the result of gas attempting to escape while the metal is still in a liquid state and is called wormhole porosity. All porosity is a void in the material it will have a radiographic density more than the surrounding area..Cluster porosity链状气孔is caused when flux coated electrodes are contaminated with moisture. The moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped in the weld during the welding process. Cluster porosity appear just like regular porosity in the radiograph but the indications will be grouped close together.Slag inclusions夹渣are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag inclusions.Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack of penetration (LOP)未焊透occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint. It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities. Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crack may propagate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.Incomplete fusion未熔合is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area.Internal concavity or suck back内凹或吸入is condition where the weld metal has contracted as it cools and has been drawn up into the root of the weld. On a radiograph it looks similar to lack of penetration but the line has irregular edges and it is often quite wide in the center of the weld image.Internal or root undercut内部或根部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the root of the weld. In the radiographic image it appears as a dark irregular line offsetfrom the centerline of the weldment. Undercutting is not as straight edged as LOP because it does not follow a ground edge.External or crown undercut外部或顶部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the crown of the weld. In the radiograph, it appears as a dark irregular line along the outside edge of the weld area.Offset or mismatch错边are terms associated with a condition where two pieces being welded together are not properly aligned. The radiographic image is a noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in material thickness. The dark, straight line is caused by failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.Inadequate weld reinforcement未填满is an area of a weld where the thickness of weld metal deposited is less than the thickness of the base material. It is very easy to determine by radiograph if the weld has inadequate reinforcement, because the image density in the area of suspected inadequacy will be more (darker) than the image density of the surrounding base material.Excess weld reinforcement增强余高is an area of a weld, which has weld metal added in excess of that specified by engineering drawings and codes. The appearance on a radiograph is a localized, lighter area in the weld. A visual inspection will easily determine if the weld reinforcement is in excess of that specified by the individual code involved in the inspection.Cracking裂纹can be detected in a radiograph only the crack is propagating in a direction that produced a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray beam.Cracks will appearas jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can sometimes appearing as "tails" on inclusions or porosity.Discontinuities in TIG weldsThe following discontinuities are peculiar to the TIG welding process. These discontinuities occur in most metals welded by the process including aluminum and stainless steels. The TIG method of welding produces a clean homogeneous weld which when radiographed is easily interpreted.Tungsten inclusions. 夹钨Tungsten is a brittle and inherently dense material used in the electrode in tungsten inert gas welding. If improper welding procedures are used, tungsten may be entrapped in the weld. Radiographically, tungsten is more dense than aluminum or steel; therefore, it shows as a lighter area with a distinct outline on the radiograph.Oxide inclusions夹氧化物are usually visible on the surface of material being welded (especially aluminum). Oxide inclusions are less dense than the surrounding materials and, therefore, appear as dark irregularly shaped discontinuities in the radiograph.Discontinuities in Gas Metal Arc Welds (GMAW)The following discontinuities are most commonly found in GMAW welds. Whiskers are short lengths of weld electrode wire, visible on the top or bottom surface of the weld or contained within the weld. On a radiograph they appear as light, "wire like" indications.Burn through (icicles) results when too much heat causes excessive weld metal to penetrate the weld zone. Lumps of metal sag through the weld creating a thick globular condition on the back of the weld. On a radiograph, burn through appears as dark spots surrounded by light globular areas.welld-02 (Incomplete Root Fusion、根部未熔合)welld-03 (Insuffucient Reinforcement、增强高)welld-04 (Excess Root Penetration、根部焊瘤)welld-05 (External Undercut、外部咬肉)welld-06 (Internal Undercut、内部咬肉)welld-07 (Root Concavity、根部凹陷)welld-08 (Burn Through、烧穿)welld-09 (Isolated Slag Inclusion、单个的夹渣)welld-10 (Wagon Track - Slag Line、线状夹渣)welld-11 (Interrun Fusion、内部未熔合)welld-12 (Lack of Sidewall Fusion、内侧未熔合)welld-13 (Porosity、气孔)welld-14 (Cluster Porosity、链状气孔)welld-15 (Hollow Bead、夹珠)welld-16 (Transverse Crack、横向裂纹)welld-17 (Centerline Crack、中心线裂纹)welld-18 (Root Crack、根部裂纹)welld-19 (Tungsten Inclusion)夹钨。
焊缝RT底片的评判规律及典型缺陷图谱
焊缝射线拍照底片的评判规律之杨若古兰创作一、探伤人员要评片，四项目标放在先*，底片标识表记标帜齐又正，铅字压缝为废片. 二、评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面. 三、气孔抽象最明显，中间浓黑边沿浅，夹渣属于非金属，混乱无章有棱边. 四、咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，地位就在熔合线. 五、未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位靠两头. 六、内凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，内凹未透要分清，内凹透度成弧线.七、未熔合它斜又扁，惯例透照难发现，它的地位有规律，都在坡口与层间. 八、横裂纵裂都风险，横裂多数在概况，纵裂分布范围广，两头稍宽两端尖. 九、还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片. 十、有了裂纹很风险，斩草除根保平安，裂纹不管长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片. 十一、未熔和也很风险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片. 十二、风险缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不克不及有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**. 十三、夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽比拟3为界，大于3倍是条状. 十四、气孔风险其实不大，尺度对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，两头厚度拔出法. 十五、多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级. 十六、评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当师长教师，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影. 注：*四项目标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合尺度的请求. **指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝内未焊透的判定尺度.Radiograph Interpretation - WeldsIn addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographer's visual acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material was developed to help students develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph.DiscontinuitiesDiscontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or "heat affected" zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specification used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects.General Welding DiscontinuitiesThe following discontinuities are typical of all types of welding.Cold lap is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal or the previous weld pass material (interpass cold lap). The arc does not melt the base metal sufficiently and causes the slightly molten puddle to flow into base material without bonding.Porosity气孔is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal. Porosity can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing singularly, in clusters or rows. Sometimes porosity is elongated and may have the appearance of having a tail This is the result of gas attempting to escape while the metal is still in a liquid state and is called wormhole porosity. All porosity is a void in the material it will have a radiographic density more than the surrounding area..Cluster porosity链状气孔is caused when flux coated electrodes are contaminated with moisture. The moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped in the weld during the welding process. Cluster porosityappear just like regular porosity in the radiograph but the indications will be grouped close together.Slag inclusions夹渣 are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag inclusions.Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack of penetration (LOP)未焊透occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint. It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities. Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crack may propagate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.Incomplete fusion未熔合is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area.Internal concavity or suck back内凹或吸入is condition where the weld metal has contracted as it cools and has been drawn up into the root of the weld. On a radiograph it looks similar to lack of penetration but the line has irregular edges and it is often quite wide in the center of the weld image.Internal or root undercut内部或根部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the root of the weld. In the radiographic image it appears as a dark irregular line offset from the centerline of the weldment. Undercutting is not as straight edged as LOP because it does not follow a ground edge.External or crown undercut内部或顶部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the crown of the weld. In the radiograph, it appears as a dark irregular line along the outside edge of the weld area.Offset ormismatch错边are terms associated with a condition where two pieces being welded together are not properly aligned. The radiographic image is a noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in material thickness. The dark, straight line is caused by failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.Inadequate weld reinforcement未填满is an area of a weld where the thickness of weld metal deposited is less than the thickness of the base material. It is very easy to determine by radiograph if the weld has inadequate reinforcement, because the image density in the area of suspected inadequacy will be more (darker) than the image density of the surrounding base material.Excess weld reinforcement加强余高is an area of a weld, which has weld metal added in excess of that specified by engineering drawings and codes.The appearance on a radiograph is a localized, lighter area in the weld. A visual inspection will easily determine if the weld reinforcement is in excessof that specified by the individual code involved in the inspection.Cracking裂纹can be detected in a radiograph only the crack is propagating in a direction that produced a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray beam. Cracks will appearas jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can sometimes appearing as "tails" on inclusions or porosity.Discontinuities in TIG weldsThe following discontinuities are peculiar to the TIG welding process. These discontinuities occur in most metals welded by the process including aluminum and stainless steels. The TIG method of welding produces a clean homogeneous weld which when radiographed is easily interpreted.Tungsten inclusions. 夹钨Tungsten is a brittle and inherently dense material used in the electrode in tungsten inert gas welding. If improper welding procedures are used, tungsten may be entrapped in the weld. Radiographically, tungsten is more dense than aluminum or steel; therefore, it shows as a lighter area with a distinct outline on the radiograph.Oxide inclusions夹氧化物are usually visible on the surface of material being welded (especially aluminum). Oxide inclusions are less dense than thesurrounding materials and, therefore, appear as dark irregularly shaped discontinuities in the radiograph.Discontinuities in Gas Metal Arc Welds (GMAW)The following discontinuities are most commonly found in GMAW welds.Whiskers are short lengths of weld electrode wire, visible on the top or bottom surface of the weld or contained within the weld. On a radiograph they appear as light, "wire like" indications.Burn through (icicles) results when too much heat causes excessive weld metal to penetrate the weld zone. Lumps of metal sag through the weld creating a thick globular condition on the back of the weld. On a radiograph, burn through appears as dark spots surrounded by light globular areas.welld-02 (Incomplete Root Fusion、根部未熔合)welld-03 (Insuffucient Reinforcement、加强高)welld-04 (Excess Root Penetration、根部焊瘤)welld-05 (External Undercut、内部咬肉)welld-06 (Internal Undercut、内部咬肉)welld-07 (Root Concavity、根部凹陷)welld-08 (Burn Through、烧穿)welld-09 (Isolated Slag Inclusion、单个的夹渣) welld-10 (Wagon Track - Slag Line、线状夹渣) welld-11 (Interrun Fusion、内部未熔合)welld-12 (Lack of Sidewall Fusion、内侧未熔合) welld-13 (Porosity、气孔)welld-14 (Cluster Porosity、链状气孔)welld-15 (Hollow Bead、夹珠)welld-16 (Transverse Crack、横向裂纹)welld-17 (Centerline Crack、中间线裂纹) welld-18 (Root Crack、根部裂纹)welld-19 (Tungsten Inclusion)夹钨。
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定 影 液 斑 点
1、它们的表面现象是什么？ 由定影液产生的斑点表征为一些小白圆点，其密度较周围胶片区域的密度底。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 在显影之前，溅出的定影液滴，即使极其微量，都有可能导致产生白色斑点。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 无论何时，只要有化学污染的存在，都可能会发生这种现象。通常发生最多的 是由于暗室布局不当或冲洗不小心引起。 4、如何可以避免它们？ 保证胶片装卸区域的安全干燥清洁，不能让定影液溅在胶片上。
气孔的成像：呈暗色斑点，中心黑度较大,边缘较浅平滑过渡，轮廓较清晰。 夹渣（非金属）的成像：呈暗色斑点，黑度分布无规律，轮廓不圆滑，小点 状夹渣轮廓较不清晰。 夹钨(金属夹渣)成像：呈亮点，轮廓清晰。
夹渣
气孔
密集气孔
夹钨
2、条形缺陷 定义：不属于裂纹、未焊透和未熔合的缺陷，当缺陷的长宽比大于3
时，定义为条状缺陷，包括条渣和条孔。
3、未焊透 定义：未焊透是指母材金属之间没有熔化，焊缝金属没有进入 接头的部位根部造成的缺陷。 影像特征：未焊透的典型影像是细直黑线，两侧轮廓都很整齐， 为坡口钝边痕迹，宽度恰好是钝边的间隙宽度。 有时坡口钝边有部分融化，影像轮廓就变得不很整齐，线宽度 和黑度局部发生变化，但只要能判断是出于焊缝根部的线性缺 陷，仍判定为未焊透。 未焊透有底片上处于焊缝根部的投影位置，一般在焊缝中部， 因透照偏、焊偏等原因也可能偏像一侧。 未焊透呈断续或连续分布，有时能贯穿整张底片。
未焊透
单边未焊透
4、未融合 定义：未熔合是指焊缝金属与母材金属可焊缝金属之间未熔化 结合在一起的缺陷。 影像特征：根部未熔合的典型影像是连续或断续的黑线，线的 一侧轮廓整齐且黑度较大，为坡口或钝边的痕迹，另一侧轮廓 可能较规则，也可能不规则。根部未熔合在底片上的位置就是 焊缝根部的投影位置，一般在焊缝的中间，因坡口形状或投影 角度等原因出可能偏向一边。坡口未熔合的典型影像是连续或 断续的黑线，宽度不一，黑度不均匀，一侧轮廓较齐，黑度较 大，另一侧轮廓不规则，黑度较小，在底片上的位置一般在中 心至边缘的1/2处，沿焊缝纵向延伸。层间未熔合的典型影像是 黑度不大的块状阴影，开关不规则，如伴有夹渣时，夹渣部位 黑度较大。一般在射线照相检测中不易发现。
2、折痕
折痕（曝光后）1
折痕（曝光后）2
折痕（曝光后）3
1、折痕（曝光后）的表面现象是什么？ 折痕的表征为黑月牙显示，其密度高于邻近的胶片区域（黑度较 高）。 2、折痕（曝光后）产生的原因是什么？ 曝光后或冲洗过程中过度（或用力）弯曲胶片都会使胶片出现折痕。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 折痕（曝光后）通常出现在卸下暗袋或洗片夹时处理胶片不当的情 况下发生。 4、如何检测曝光后的折痕？ 将一些胶片曝光，然后有意识地将其卷曲或扭折，冲洗胶片，然后 通过反射光检验胶片，您有可能见到一个或多个月牙状的黑痕。 5、如何可以避免折痕（曝光后）？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，特别避免手指对胶片 施以任何类型的压 力。
常见缺陷图集及分析
更多资料：无损检测招聘网 中国无损检测论坛 中国焊接论坛
一、常见缺ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้及示意图
二、其他几种缺陷 三、常见伪缺陷
一、常见缺陷
1、圆形缺陷 定义：长宽比小于等于3的非裂纹、未焊透和未熔合缺陷。 圆形缺陷包括气孔、块状夹渣、夹钨等缺陷。气孔
1、静电曝光斑点的表面现象是什么？ 静电曝光斑点的表征为锯齿状分支黑线或不规则且密集的黑色小点。 2、静电曝光斑点产生的原因是什么？ 静电电荷的逸散运动导致了静电曝光斑点。 3、静电曝光斑点何时发生？ 在相对湿度较低（干燥）的情况下，从包装盒中快速取出胶片是导 致静电曝光斑点的最常见的原因。 4、如何检测静电曝光斑点？ 如果您在处理胶片前拖着步子走路或梳理头发，有时您会看到或听 到静电放电现象。如果您看到冲洗的胶片有锯齿状线条或黑色斑 点，则极有可能是出现了静电曝光斑点。 5、如何可以避免？ 在相对湿度大于40%的环境下保存胶片，从包装盒取出胶片时避免 快速滑动或移动胶片。
纵向裂纹
根部裂纹
横向裂纹
6、咬边
一、常见缺陷及示意图
二、其他几种缺陷 三、常见伪缺陷
表 面 内 凹
根 部 内 凹
表 面 咬 边
内 咬 边
错 口
接 头 凹 坑
一、常见缺陷及示意图
二、其他几种缺陷 三、常见伪缺陷
1、压痕
1、压痕的表面现象是什么？ 压痕的表征为密度明显低于邻近区域的密度。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 在曝光前某个胶片区域局部受力严重。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 产生压痕的主要原因在于暗袋准备过程中胶片处理的 方式不当。在处理过程中，胶片某处可能被压（夹）紧 在暗袋中。掉落到暗袋上的物体同样可能造成压痕。 4、如何检验压痕？ 直接从同一包装盒中小心准备另一暗袋胶片，曝光并冲 洗胶片，如果未见到与第一次所见一样的暇疵，则第一次所 见的斑痕很可能就是压痕。 5、如何可以避免压痕？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，避免对胶 片施以任何类型的压力。
折 痕 曝 光 前
1、折痕的表面现象是什么？ 折痕（曝光前）的表征为白月牙状显示，其密度低于邻近的胶片区域（黑度较低）。 2、它们产生的原因是什么？ 曝光前弯曲胶片用力过大或过猛都会导致这种类型的折痕。 3、这些现象何时可能发生？ 通常出现在从包装盒取出胶片或在曝光前装入暗袋时处理不当的情况下。 4、如何检验曝光前的折痕？ 有意识地将某些胶片卷曲或扭折，使其曝光，然后按正常方法冲洗。检验胶片，这时您可 能会在胶片处理不当的地方风到一些颜色较淡的折痕。 5、如何可以避免它们？ 严格遵守暗室操作规程，始终小心处理胶片，特别避免手指对胶片施以任何类型的压力。
未融合
边缘未融合
注意：砂轮片磨伤痕迹（不是未融合）
5、裂纹
定义：裂纹是指材料局部断裂形成的缺陷。 影像特征：底片上裂纹和典型影像是轮廓分明的黑线或黑丝。其细节 特征包括：黑线或黑丝上有微小的锯齿，有分叉，粗细和黑度有时有 变化，有些裂纹影像呈较粗的黑线与较细的黑丝相互缠绕状；线的端 部尖细，端头前方有时有丝状阴影延伸。