最新英语词汇学期末复习资料资料
华中师大《英语词汇学》期末考试学习资料(五)
华中师《英语词汇学》（五）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. .: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. .: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. :the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. :pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]。
英语词汇学复习资料
英语词汇学复习资料《英语词汇学》复习资料Introduction English as a global1. Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics（语⾔学）.2. Lexicology和哪些重要的学科建⽴了联系1) Morphology（构词学）2) Semantics（语义学）3) Stylistics（语体学）4) Etymology（词源学）3. 研究lexicology的两⼤⽅法1) Diachronic approach : 历时语⾔学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语⾔学Chapter 1 Lexicology and basic concepts of words and vocabulary1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary (任意的)and conventional（约定的,俗称的）.3. sound ＆formThe sound should be similar to/consistent with the form ,but there are some illogical不合逻辑的and irregularity不规则的1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes （抄写员）4) borrowing4. V ocabulary ——Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.5. Classification of Wordsbasic full/content 实义词native/Anglo-Saxon words frequency notion originnonbasic/vocabulary functional/empty 功能词borrowed/loan(1) The characteristics of basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms theAll national character common care of the language.Stability（稳定性）Productivity（多产性）Polysemy （⼀词多义）Collocability （可搭配性）neutral in style（中⽴性）native wordsfrequent in use据现代语⾔学家的统计，英语中⽬前所占本族词的数量有多少? 50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue ) (3)什么叫borrowed words?1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionarysome 80% of the entries are borrowed.Chapter 2 The development of the English vocabulary1. Old English属于Indo-European language family（印欧语系）—— Germanic（⽇⽿曼语系），与德语最相似.2. History1）Old English （450-1150）a. The first people known to inhabit（居住）England were Celts，the language was Celtic（凯尔特语）.b. The second language was the Latin（拉丁语）of the Roman Legions（罗马军队）.Roman invasion→Anglo-Saxon三个事件The introduction of Christianity→拉丁⽂的涌⼊Viking invasion（北欧海盗）and Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传⼊2）Middle English （1150-1500）The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English——上层⼈物13世纪末English gradually come back into public areas.在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语⿍⽴的现象？French, Latin, English in Middle English periodeasel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪⼀种外来词的引⼊？Middle English , Dutch（带来了2500 个词汇）3）Modern English （1500-up to now）The Renaissance（⽂艺复兴）:Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage（⽂化遗产）.The Industrial Revolution（⼯业⾰命）: 17世纪中期With the growth of colonization（殖民化）, British tentacles（魔⽖）began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb（吸收）words from all major languages of the world. ⼗六世纪，有⼀种新⼯业Printing出现对词汇的发展产⽣重要的影响,这导致sound and form 出现concord（⼀致）和standardization第⼆次世界⼤战以后，⼤量外来词进⼊英语中，如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu 标准化Inflectional language屈折语Analytical language分析语Three main sources（来源）new wordsThe rapid development of modern science and technologySocial,economic and political changesThe influence of other cultures and languagesThree modes of vocabulary developmentCreation– the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）Chapter 3 The structure of English words1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition ofwords.）Free →can stand alone as a word/ independent of other morphemesType prefixation 前缀Lexical →derivational →affixationBound →added to other morphemes suffixation 后缀Grammatical →inflectional2. Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete（离散的）units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs. Monomorphenic words —— morphemes are realized by single morphs.Allomorph（词素变体）—— Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position.3. Root —— A root is the basic form of a word,which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.（What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.）Stem —— a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Base ——refers to a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.It can be a root or stem.a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a affix.a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.请加以区别下⾯两个词的特征: nation , dict 加以理论的分析(1) Both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence,(2)Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, nation as a free root, still remainsDict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dicthas to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .Chapter 4 Word-formation in English1. There are four main types of word-formation in English.(1) ★Affixation （prefixation and suffixation）构词能⼒最强Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems.(2) Compounding/Composition 复合法——a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.eg: blue-stocking 有教养的⼥⼦moonwalk太空步toothache⽛痛deadline截⽌期限brainwashing洗脑stockholder股东outbreak 爆发sit-in静坐罢⼯going-over 苛斥；毒打；严格的检查crybaby爱哭的⼈；宝贝cleaning lady清洁⼥⼯(3) 转换法in a grammatical sense. The most productive is between nouns and verbs. It is also known as functional shift.full conversion ——It can take an indefinit article(不定冠词) or - (e)s to indicate singular or plural number.e.g. black→a black drinkable→drinkablespartial conversion ——must be used together with definite articles. e.g. rich→the rich2. Other types of word-formation(1) Clipping/shortening —— shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the origin and using what remains instead.quake（earthquake）dorm（dormitory）pop（popular music）flu（influenza）(2) Acronymy⾸字母缩略法——joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms eg:VOA - Voice of America TV - television(3) Blending混合法——is the word formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.绝⼤多数blending都是nouns eg:smog（烟雾）from smoke+fog telex（电传机）from teleprinter+exchange Medicare（医疗保险）from medical+care lunarnau t（登⽉宇航员）from lunar+astronaut(4) Back-formation逆构词法—— is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion删除of a supposed affix. donate（donation）loaf（loafer）babysit （babysitter）laze （lazy）Chapter 5 Word meaning1. Analytical(referential)分析的Reference– the relationship between language and the world.Operational(contextual)运⽤到具体场景中Concept – which beyond language is the result of human cognition reflecting the objective world in the human mind★Sense1）sense denotes the relationships inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with othe r expressions in the language.’2）Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction. 3）Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)2. Motivation（理据）—— accounts for the connection between the linguistic（语⾔学的）symbol and its meaning.non-motivatedOnomatopoeic（拟声的）—— the words whose sounds suggest their meaning.eg :bang，ping-pang，crow by cocksMorphological（形态学的）—— Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning ofmany words are the sum total of the morphemes combined.Motivated eg: airmail means to ―mail by air‖Semantic（语义学的）——refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual概念上的meaning of a word. eg：at the foot of mountain, the mouth of riverEtymological（词源学的）——The history of the word explains the meaning of the word.3.Types of meaningGrammatical 语法– refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships Conceptual 概念—— the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core核⼼of word-meaning.Lexical 词汇Connotative内涵意义eg：Mother — a female parent — loveAssociative联想Stylistic语体1)formal 2)neutral 3)informalAffective/Emotive —— appreciative and pejorativeCollocative固定搭配Chapter 6 Sense relations1. Polysemy⼀词多义（1）定义：polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. the same word may have two or more different meanings.e.g. The word ―flight‖ may mean ―passing through the air‖，―power of flying‖，―air of journey‖，etc.Diachronic approach eg : face 具有⼀个primary meaning也有很多的derived meanings（2）Two approaches harvest意思是time of cutting, time of harvest,现在是指yield of grain or food Synchronic approach Radiation 辐射像车轮式⼀样进⾏发展的语义e.g. face, neck（3）Two process of developmentConcatenation –meaning ―linking together‖串联2. Homonymy（1）定义：Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical（完全相同的）both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Perfect Homonyms同⾳同形异义词 e.g. bear忍受；熊ball 球；舞会（2）Types Homographs同形异义 e.g. minute分钟；微⼩的Homophones同⾳异义（most common） e.g. dear/dear 亲爱的；昂贵的meat/meetChange in sound and spelling（3）Origins of Homonyms BorrowingShortening3.Synonymy同义词（1）定义：Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Absolute regioned地域（British English＆American English）（2）Types stylistics degreeRelative（Near）shades of meaningemotive rangecollocative搭配Borrowing（the most important source）（3）Sources of Synonyms Dialects⽅⾔and regional English eg: railway （BrE）; railroad （AmE）来源Figurative⽐喻的，象征的and euphemistic委婉的use of wordsCoincidence⼀致；巧合with idiomatic expressions习惯⽤语Difference in denotation意义（4）Discrimination of Synonyms Difference in connotation内涵Difference in application应⽤4.Antonymy反义词（1）定义：Antonymy is concerned with semantic语义学的opposition.Contradictory/complementary绝对反义eg: alive — dead，male – female不可以⽤形容词⽐较级, 程度副词加以修饰（2）Types Contrary/ gradable/comparision eg: hot —（warm,cool）— coldRelative (depend on each other) eg: parent — child ,sell— buy , predecessor 前辈— successor继承者（3）Characteristics1）Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2）A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3）Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.4）Contrary terms are gradable antonyms,differing in degree of intensity,so each has its own corresponding opposition.（4）Use。
英文专业词汇学考试复习资料---精品管理资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words。
According to semanticists(语义学家), a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound，meaningand syntactic function（句法功能).2、 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary。
3、 Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、 Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English。
With the development of the language，more and more differences arose between sound and form.（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional。
词汇学期末复习资料
1.Words Motivation言语理据：deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. There are four types of motivation, which are Onomatopoeic motivation,Morphologic motivation, Semantic motivation and etymologic motivation.(1) Onomatopoeic motivation:拟声理据Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound. For example, bow-wow, bang, ping-pong, miaow, tick-tuck ,haha and the like are Onomatopoeic words. Knowing the sounds means understanding the meaning of a word.(2) Morphologic motivation:形态理据It means that we observe the connection between morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. For example,if one knows the meaning of the affix and the base, say –able and learn, then one can immediately tell that the meaning of the word learnable is “that can be learned”. (3)Semantic motivation:语义理据Semantic motivation refers to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. For example: When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone.(4) etymologic motivation: 词源理据It explains the words whose meanings are closely associated with their origins, i.e. the meanings of the words. For example, now people use pen for any writing tool though it originally denotes “feather” because before modern pens were created, feathers were commonly used as writing tool.2.Meanings of meaning: There are seven types of meaning which is proposed by G. Leech.(1)conceptual meaning:概念意义it is the literal meaning. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing refers to. eg: the word "desk" is explained as a piece of furniture in the dictionary. (2)connotative meaning:内涵意义it refers to the meaning implied. eg: woman is a tiger and in this sentence, the word "woman" is connotative meaning.（3）social meaning: if refers to social circumstances. eg: the meaning of the word black differs in the two collcations of black hair and black tea.(4)affective meaning: 情感意义it refers to emotion or the feeling expressed by the speaker or writer. For example, the woman is cute. In this sentence, the word "cute" expresses the author's favor to woman..(5)reflective meaning:联想意义it refers to meaning undetected in communication. Take the word "table" as an example. It is a very common word in English. If we look it up in any dictionary, we will find that it has at least the following three meanings: a piece of furniture, all the people seated at a table, the food that is put on a table.(6)collocativemeaning:搭配意义it is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of other word..For instance, the phrase "see a film" is ofen used in everyday life but not "read a film".(7)thematic meaning: it is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of other and emphasis. For example, "It is until the midnight that my father worked in the lab", this sentence emphasis time adverbial and it's theme is that my father worked hard "until the midnight". However, in this sentence "It is my father that worked until the midnight in the lab", it emphasis the subject "my father"3.词义关系(1)Synonymy:同义关系refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. ①Dialectal synonyms—synonyms used in different regional dialects. Eg. British English: autumn. American English: fall.②S tylistic synonyms---Synonyms differing in style. Eg. Start, begin, commence ③Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning. Eg. The two words collaborator and accomplice are synonymous inthat they share the meaning of “a person who helps another”, but they differ in that a collaborator helps another in doing something good, while an accomplice helps another ina criminal act. ④S emantically different synonyms. Eg. The two words amaze and astound are very close in meaning to the word surprise, but have very subtle differences. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, astound suggests difficulty in believing. ⑤Collocational s ynonyms. Eg. charge…. With, rebuke….for, sour milk (2).Polysemy:多义现象It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. Eg. If we look up he word “table” in any dictionary, we will find the following meanings: 1)a piece of furniture, 2)all the people seated at table, 3)the food that is put on the table, 4)a thin flat piece of stone, metal, wood, etc, and so on(3).Homonymy同音异义refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. 1)Homophones同音异义—when two words are identical in sound. Eg. Meet/meat; son/sun; night/knight; Homonymy Homographs同形异义—when two words are identical in spelling. Eg. minute n/minute adj; tear v./ tear n ; lead v./lead n. Complete homonyms—when two words are identical in both spelling and sound. Eg. Fast adj./ fast v. scale n./scale v.(4).Hyponymy下义关系It refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate上义词, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms下义词. Eg. Superordinate: animal, hyponyms: dog, cat, tiger, lion, fox, bear.(5)Antonymy 反义关系It’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning. ①Gradable antonyms分级反义词(a matter of degree). Eg.Old—middle-aged—young; hot-warm-cold .②Complementary antonyms互补反义词(the denial of one member of pair implies the assertion of the other) . Eg. Alive—dead; male—female; ③Relational opposites关系反义词(Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites)Eg. father-son; teacher-pupil; doctor-patient; buy-sell; above-below; north-south(6)Taxonomy:分类关系it is a classified structure formed by different level of types of lexicon. The relation between different types of lexicon is taxonomy. The lexicon contains a narrow type which is called taxonyms. While the lexicon contains a wide type on a superior level is superordinate. The lexicons in the same level are co-taxonyms. For example: plant can be divided into lichen, creeper, tree and so on, tree can be divided into conifer and deciduous. Conifer can be divided into pine and spruce. From the relations, pine is a kind of conifer which is a kind of tree, which is a kind of plant, so pine is a kind of plant.(7)Partonomy (Meronymy)部分整体关系:it involves part-whole relation between words. For example: wheel, engine, window and door are parts of car. Car is called the superordinate in the relationship. wheel, engine, window and door are called the meronyms in the relationship.4.Derivation:派生it is generally defined as a word formation process by which new words are created by odding prefix, suffix or both to the base form. For example: unhappy is the derivation of happy. Proposal is the derivation of propose. Dishonest is the derivation of honest.pounding :复合法is a process of word formation by which two or more stems are put together to make one word. For example: baby-sitter, housekeeper, speed-reading, overwork are all compound words.6.Conversion :转化is a word formation process by which a word of a certain word class is shifted into a word of another word class without the addition of an affix. For example: wateris a noun and it can convert into a verb which means to pour water on. Wealthy is an adjective and it can convert into a noun “the wealthy” which means rich people.7.Back formation:逆构词法it refers to a type of word formation by which a shorter word is coin by deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already existing in the language. For example: daydreamer is a noun. We can remove the suffix-er. Then the word daydreamer turns into a verb. The meaning of them are still same.8.Abbreviation(Clipping): 缩略法it refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases. For example: quake is the abbreviation of earthquake. Fridge is the abbreviation of refrigerator.9.Hyponymy:下义词it refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example: fruit, meat, vegetable are hyponyms of the superordinate term food. Beef , pork. Mutton are hyponyms of the superordinate term meat.10.Context:generally speaking, context is consist of two aspects: one is “linguistic context” referring to the linguistic unit preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text and refer to the words, clause and sentences in which a word appears. The other is “extra-linguistic” context or “non-linguistic” context refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use. It contains situational context referring to time , place, human characteristic and social status; common sense and some certain information in a certain situation.修辞：1.metaphor,隐喻:两个事物存在某一类似之处，而用一个事物的词来指另一个事物。
词汇学 期末考试复习资料
第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
《英语词汇学》复习资料
《英语词汇学》复习资料《英语词汇学》复习资料1Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated intothe English language.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can bedealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal-”in “maltreat”is a 4 prefix, while “inter-”in “interstate”is a 5prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English languageof 6 endings, and a language of 7 endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggesttheir meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, andthe later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into twocategories: appreciative or12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus a part of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into itsminimal components which are also known as semantic features..14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of wordmeaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specificword is included in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true”and F for “false”.1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a wordof the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, sothey have strong productivity.3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”.4.Native words are neutral in style.5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, theFar East, and India.6.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,particularly in earlier times.7.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is morpheme.8.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.9.Base is what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.10.Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the Englishvocabulary.11.“Fore-”in “forehead”and “fore-”in “foreknowledge”belong to two kinds ofprefix.12.Word-building and word-formation are relative synonyms.13.The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergonea process of extension of meaning.14.Parent—child and husband—wife are two pairs of converses.15.Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?3.List the four sources of synonyms.4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Ⅳ. Answer the following questions according to the requirement.Classify the three pairs of antonyms according to types of antonyms you have learned and describe the characteristics of each type of them.interviewer/interviewee; male/female; old /young成考复习资料答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical10. lexical11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19.concatenation 20. hyponymyII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1-5 TTTFT 6-10 TFFFT 11-15 TFFTFIII.Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?1)All national character 2) stability 3) productivity 4) polysemy5) collocability2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?1)Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, i.e. prefixes do notgenerally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.2)Suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to changethe grammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.3)So prefixes are categorized on a semantic basis while suffixes are divided on agrammatical basis.3.1)Borrowing; (2) dialects and regional English (3) figurative and euphemisticuse of words (4) coincidence with idiomatic expressions4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?1)Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms thecore of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptualmeaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generallyhas the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speechcommunity. (3%)2)Associative meaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it isopen-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors asculture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc…（3%）Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.1)Interviewer& interviewee are converses; male & female arecomplementaries; old & young are contraries.2)Complementaries truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are soopposite to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit nopossibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other orvice versa. Complementaries are nongradable, and they cannot be used incomparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very”toqualify them.3)Contraries are gradable antonyms. The existence of one is in relation to theother. We can say: A man is rich or very rich and also we can say a man isrich than the other. Contraries are characteristic of semantic polarity. Theseantonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and canaccommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.4)Converses consist of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicatereciprocal social relationships that one of them cannot be used withoutsuggesting the other. It also includes reverse terms, which compriseadjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying anact or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.成考复习资料复习资料2I. 单选题1. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 52. Conversion is amethod________________________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ________________.A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks4. Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectiveswhen converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5. _________ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core ofword-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning6. The words what have emotive content in themselves are said to contain __ meaning.A. collocativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. denotative7. __________ explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.A. Etymological motivationB. Onomatopoetic motivationC. Morphological motivationD. Semantic motivation8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT __________.A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked9. “Smog”is formed by combining “smoke”and “fog”. So it is an example ofA. clippingB. compounding成考复习资料C. blendingD. back-formation10. The word “smog”is created by blending, with the structure of __________.A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail11. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of ________________.A. translation-loansB. emantic loansC. word formationD. borrowings12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________________.A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. conntativeD. collocative14. General features of English contains the following except _________.A. simplicityB. receptivityC. adaptabilityD. imprssiveness15. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversionII判断题1. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, theFar East, and India. （）2. The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone aprocess of extension of meaning. （）3. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquestwhich brought many Latin words into the English language. （）4. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, sothey have strong productivity. （）5. Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, andstylistic coloring. （）6. Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the Englishvocabulary. （）7. The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term.（）8. Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity. （）9. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,particularly in earlier times. （）10. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not成考复习资料directly related to the primary meaning. （）III简答题1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.答案I． 1-5 AADDB 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 CBADCⅡ. 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TFFTFⅢ. 1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. Associativemeaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc…2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear(a kind of fruit)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of an animal)复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The __1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are wellassimilated intothe English language.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can bedealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” i s a 5_prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle Englishlanguage of___6__ endings, and a language of __7__ endings.成考复习资料6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggesttheir meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, andthe later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or__12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.___14__ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus a part of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same _16_ meaning, but differ in _17_meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into itsminimal components which are also known as semantic features.14.Radiation and ___19___ are the two coinages which the development of wordmeaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.15.__20____deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a morespecific word is included in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F on the answer sheet:1.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, anddialects.2.“Radiation”shows that the derived meanin gs of a polysemantic word are notdirectly related to the primary meaning.3.Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.5.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.6.Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic form and its meaning.7.Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech,tense meaning, andstylistic coloring.8.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms frompolysemants.9.The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarkedterm.10.If the words differ in range and intensity of meaning, the words are not identicalin denotation.11.The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the NormanConquest which brought many Latin words into the English language./doc/3e8624236.html,ponential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into its minimal distinctive components.13.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the Englishvocabulary.14.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.15.Shortening includes clipping and blending.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.2. How would you explain the difference between backformation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?成考复习资料答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10. lexical 11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20. hyponymy Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets:1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6. T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T11.F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. TⅢ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’ is a free morpheme, and ‘un’, ‘able’are bound morphemes. inter+nation+al: ‘nation’ is a free morpheme, and ‘inter, al’ are bound morphemes.ex+prison+er: ‘prison’ is a free morpheme, and ‘ex, er’ are bound morphemes.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.1)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.2)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.3)Backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing thesupposed suffixes, so called because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the word.4)For example, it is a common practice to add –er, -or to verb bases to formagential nouns.5)Reasonably, people make verbs by dropping the ending such as –or in editor, -arin beggar and –er in butler.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.2)Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate fordifferent styles.3)Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion.4)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account ofthe meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.(1)Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are wordsidentical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit)(2)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound andmeaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)(3)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling andmeaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of animal)Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?1)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spellingand pronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation.2)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the factthat the former refers to different lexemes which have thesame form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings.3)One important criterion by which to differentiate them is ‘etymology’, i.e.,homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.4)The second principal consideration is ‘semantic relatedness’. The severalmeanings of a single polysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to成考复习资料one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.5)In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headwordwhereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.。
大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题
大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题2022年词汇学复习资料The development of the English Vocabulary1. Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary.Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语RussianAlbanian阿尔巴尼亚Persian波斯语Hindi北印度语Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语Romany，吉卜赛语Armenian亚美尼亚语PortugueseSpanishItalic意大利语族ItalianRoumanian罗马尼亚语FrenchIndo-EuropeanLanguage FamilyIrishCeltic凯尔特语BretonScottishNorwegian挪威语Icelandic，冰岛语Danish丹麦语Germanic Swedish瑞典语日尔曼语言EnglishDutchFlemishGermanHellenic，古希腊语- Greek大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题Chapter 1A General Survey of A WordThe Definition of WordA word is(1) A minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unity of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word is a smallest unit of a language.1. The development of English vocabularyThe history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (449―1100)The former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxonas Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.b/ Middle English period (1100-1500)characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The Frenchloan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge, justice)c/ Modern English period (1500--)the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought greatchanges to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science andabstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words2.Classification of English Words According to Different CriteriaA. By Origin: native words and loan (borrowed ) wordsIn English language, most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic. They form the greatmajority of the basic word stock of English language.The fundamental features of the basic word stock are:1. National character;2. Stability;3. Word-forming ability;4. Ability to form collocationsSince the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used mostfrequently in everyday speech and writing.B. By level of usage1. Common words ( P11 words connected with ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life: DThe repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister very angry.‖)2. Literary words (P12 words are chiefly used in writing, formal speeches, e.g. Feeling fatigued, Tomretired early.): a. Archaic words; b. Poetical words See P133. Colloquial words: Words used mainly in spoken English, in conversation among friends andcolleagues,e.g. DJohn was fired for petty thieving‖4. Slang wordsC. By notion: function words and content ( P 17)function words are short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, andso on, they serve grammatical meaning大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题Content words have lexical meaning, such as nouns, main verbs, adj and adv.e.g. The passerbywas hit by the truck.Chapter 2Word-Structure and Word-Formation(1)1. The definition of morpheme1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morphemeWhat are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit thatstands alone to communicate meaning.1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents of morpheme? 语素词素-形位2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound.Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. Thesemorphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at leastone other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes arechiefly found in derived words, e.g.recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixationalmorphemes).Task:(1) Read the following words and find the root in each word.heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness,sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly.(2) What is your definition of root?A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed.(3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why?2.2.1 Two types of roots- Free rootIn English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith.- Bound rootHowever, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the classof bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit,submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc.these roots cannot be used to form new words.2.2.2 Two types of affixesAffix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added toanother morpheme.- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to expressthe following meanings:(1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes;en in oxen.(2) the genitive c ase: e.g. ‘s in boy‘s, children‘s.(3) the verbal endings: for example,a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third personsingular present tense.b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the presentparticiple or gerund.c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or pastparticiple.(4) the comparative and superlative degrees:e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest,hardest.- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes) can be furtherdivided into prefixes and suffixes.大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.task: list some prefixes that can modify the parts of speech.- en-(em-) as in words like embody, enrich- be- as in words like befriend, belittle- a- as in words like asleep, aside (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root, e.g.: darkness, worker. By the addition of the suffix,the word is usually changed from one part ofspeech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.2.3 Relationship between the two classifications of morphemesMorphemeIt is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the compositionof words.a) Bound morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.What is an allomorph?An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。
词汇学期末考试重点整理
第十单元1 The features of dictionaryLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE)朗文当代英语词典<1>clear grammar codes<2>usage notes<3>language notes2 Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (CCELD)科林斯合作英语词典<1>Definition（定义）, the definitions in this dictionary are all in full sentences.<2>Extra column（额外专栏）, the use of extra column to deal with grammar information.<3>Usage examples（用法举例）, in this dictionary, almost every meaning of a word has an example to show its meaning and usage, most in sentence form.Chinese-English Dictionary(CED)汉英词典<1>A large number of newly created words<2>Revised some old entries<3>Keeps the previous alphabetical order of entries<4>Boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items第九单元1 What are the characteristics of Idioms?1). Semantic unity(语义的整体性)：being phrases or sentences, idioms each consists of mora than one word, but each is a semantic unity. 例子Bee in one’s bonnet 想入非非，know the ropes内行2). Structural stability(结构的稳定性): Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. First, the constituents of idioms can not be replaced. Secondly, the word order can not be inverted or changed. Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom can not be deleted or added to, not even an article. Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.例子Diamond cut diamond,势均力敌，like cures like以毒攻毒2 Use of idioms<1>which are idioms<2>understand them correctly in actual context<3>use them properly in production3一堆修辞Figures of speech<1>Alliteration （押头韵）<2>Rhyme （押尾韵）<3>Reiteration (duplication of synonyms)同义词重叠<4>Repetition重复<5>Juxtaposition (of antonyms)并列<6>Simile （明喻）<7>Metaphor 隐喻<8> Metonymy转喻<9>Synecdoche提喻<10>Personification拟人<11>Euphemism委婉4 Variations of Idiom变形变体（Replacement替换Addition or deletion增减词Position shifting位置互换Shortening缩减Dismembering支解）第八单元1The role of context<1>Elimination of ambiguity消除歧义polysemy 多义词He is a hard businessman[he is a hardworking businessman or he is a hard businessman to deal with]John ran the egg-and-spoon race.[we have no way to determine whether John “participated”in the race or “organized”the race as the word run can mean both.]John ran the egg-and-spoon race and got second place.[John took part in the race personallybecause he got second place.]Homonymy同型同音异义They saw her duck.[duck—n. “a kind of poultry”or as a verb meaning “lower one’s head or body quickly, dodge (忽地低下头(或弯腰)，躲避).Both fit in the syntactic structure of the sentence .]The ball was attractive.[ ball may mean a “a round object to play in a game”as well as a “dancing party”. ]The fish is ready to eat[the fish is cooked or served, so ready for people to eat.or the fish is ready to eat things.]I like mary better than jean[ i like mary better than i like jean.or i like mary better jean likes mary.]<2>Indication of referents限定所指<3> Provision of clues for inference of word meaning提供线索【P157】2如何为理据提供线索Definition下定义Explanation解释Exemplification 例证Synonymy同义Antonymy反义词Hyponymy上下关系Relevant details相关细节Word structure课后题【P160，3】第七单元1Types of Changesextension词义的扩大, narrowing词义的缩小,degradation降格, elevation升华, and transfer转移.2Causes of ChangesLinguistic Factors （语言因素）and Extra-linguistic Factors（非语言因素）第六单元1 Two Approaches to Polysemy一词多义Diachronic (历时的）Synchronically（共时地）2 Two Processes of DevelopmentRadiation(辐射型）Concatenation(连锁型）3Types of Homonymsperfect homonyms , homographs拼写同and homophones音同Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common4Origins of Homonyms<1>Change in sound and spelling long a not short , from lang. long to want very much , from langian <2>borrow ing fair a market . Borrowed from feria .fair pretty , from fæger <3>shortening ad shortened from advertisement add to cause an increase5. Try to point out the main sources of synonyms（同义词）.1). Borrowing. The most important source is perhaps borrowing.2). Dialects and regional English.3). Figurative and euphemistic use of words.4). Coincidence with idiomatic expressions.6. What’s the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation（辐射型）and concatenation（连锁型）? Illustrate your point.答：Radiation describes a process where each of the derived meaning is directly connected tothe primary meaning, concatenation describs a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. But the two are closely related , being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.7. Try to illustrate the three major types of Antonyms with examples.答：1). Contradictory terms（矛盾反义词）. These antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. For example: dead and alive; boy and girl; present and absent. Another character of this category is that such antonyms are non-gradable.2). Contrary terms（对立反义词）. Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. Antonyms such as: rich and poor; old and young; big and small represesnt two points at both ends of the pole. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3). Relative terms（关系反义词）. This third type consists of relational opposites such as: parent and child; husband and wife; employer and employee. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other.8What’s polysemy?Polysemy（多义关系）is a common feature peculiar to all natural Languages.9.How do you understander the statement that “true synonymy is non-existent.Synonyms can be classified into absolute synonyms(绝对同义词) and relative synonyms（相对同义词）they are confined to technical terms like word formation-word building but even technical terms like these might still have some slight difference, for instance, one term mat be more used than the other or one term is preferable in some situation. That is why we say “true synonymy is non-existent.10.homonymy（同形同音异义关系）: Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.11. a men changes his habits, alters his conduct, and varies his manner of speaking.I did not comprehend his arguments, although i understood the language, and all the sentences.[p111 108 两个图]The most important source of synonyms is perhaps borrowing.The use of antonymsDefining the meanings of the words and express economically the opposite of a particular thought.第五单元Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between Language and the world.concept（概念）: Concept, which is beyond Language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It’s universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, Language and so on.2. sense（语义）: Sense denotes the relationship inside the Language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the Language.3. motivation（理据）: Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symboland its meaning.第四单元1.Affixation,derivation（词缀法）: [prefixation前缀法suffixation后缀法]pounding（合成法）3conversion（转换法）4 blending（拼缀法）5clipping（截短法）6 acronymy（首字母拼音法）:7initialisms（首字母缩略词）8 acronyms（首字母拼音词）:9back-formation（逆生法）课后题1. What are the differences between root and stem?答：①A root is the basic form of a word which can not be further analysed without total loss of identity. The root whether free or bound generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.② A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in “iron”or of two root morphemes as in a compound like “handcuff”. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in “mouthful”. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind cab be added.第二单元1Mode of vocabulary developmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing CRATION: Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots affixes and other elements Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowing.2词的发展1,Old English[450-1150] Middle English[1150-1500] Modern Englis[1500-up to now]第一单元一、BASIC CONCEPTS OF WORD AND VOCABULARY 1、the definition of a word comprises : A, a minimal free form of a language B, a sound unity C, a unit of meaning D, a form that can function alone in a sentence 2, classification of word 词的分类：words may falls into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin 3, BASIC WORD STOCK 的特点A, all national character B, stability C, productivity D, polysemy多义性E, collocability 搭配性4，没有3的特点：A, Terminology术语B, Jargon行话C, Slang谚语习语D, Argot黑话E, Dialectal words方言F, Archaisms古语G, Neologisms新词5, Content word/ notional word 实词functional words /empty words虚词6，Native word特点：A, all national character B, stability C, productivity D, polysemy多义性E, collocability 搭配性F, neutral in style风格性G, frequent in use频繁使用7，according to the degree of assimilation 同化and manner of borrowing,外来词的四种类型：Denizens本土化Aliens异化词Translation-loans译借词Semantic-loans借义词课后题1，A Borrowed words which still sound foreign and look foreign are [aliens]. B There is no [logical]relationship between sound and [meaning]as the connection between them is [arbitrary]and conventional. C[Denizens] borrowings that have become naturalized D Archaisms are words no longer in [common] use [obsolete] E content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are [stable] [functional] [higher] F a word whose meaning was borrowed [semantic loan]。
词汇学期末考试复习资料
词汇学期末考试复习资料第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words byorigin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料Chapter 11.What is the scope of lexicology? How is lexicology related to lexicography and etymology?2.What are diachronic approach历时性研究and synchronic approach共识性研究in lexicological study?lexicology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, use , and meaning of words and the relationships between elements of words. Lexicology mainly covers the origin, development, structure, meaning, and application of words.Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language1.Lexicology includes phonetics语音学phonology音韵学semantics 语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymology, which can be regarded as a subfield of lexicology, mainly focuses on the study of the origin and history of words. Lexicography, another related branch to lexicology, is mainly concerned with inclusion of words and the science of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is about the application of lexicology--the science of dictionaries.Translation;coal abounds in this province.Crystal water wells out of the spring.2.Two major approaches are employed in lexicological studies;diachronic approach and synchronic approach. They are also two principal approaches to the study of language. all languages exist in a state of constant change and development. In language studies, linguists may investigate the history and stages oflanguage change(diachronic) in a course of time. It is historical lexicology. At the same time, they can study the language use, features and variation within a certain stage of its development(synchronic). Then it is descriptive lexicology.3.Chapter 21, what are the major foreign influences upon the development of the English vocabulary? Are there any other sources of influence that are not discussed in this chapter? Could you find some and add with examples?2, what factors do you think might influence the development of the English language? In your opinion, what will be English language be like in 50 years?The English vocabulary sprang from three major root sources; Germanic, Latin, and Greek.① Germanic tribes; anglo-Saxons, form AD450 to 1150; old English period, they contributed about 50. 000 very basic words in today’s English.②Latin; Roman Occupation, 55BC-AD410. The status of Englandwas re-enhanced as the Latin-speaking missionaries brought Christianity to England.Greek; Roman conquerors turned to learn Greek, and the English nobles began to learn Latin.French; in 1066, the Norman French conquered Britain and brought the French style of life to England.Italy; the European Renaissance, which originated from Italy in the late 14th century and began in large scale in Western Europe throughout the 15th century, signified a new epoch of scientific revolution, religious reforms, artistic transformations, and literary revival.as a result of this cultural movement, quite anumber of Italian words become a permanent part of the English vocabulary.In the 17th century, British conquered the place we call United State, mixed English with their language.In conclusion, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Jute, Viking, Norman.Chapter31.What is morpheme? What are the major types of morphemes? What is allomorph词素变体?A morpheme词素is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed into the morphemes(walk). None of these morphemes can be further divided into meaningful units.Morpheme;free morpheme自由词素it does not have to be attached to another morpheme.bound morpheme粘着词素they must be attached to some other unit(s).inflectional morpheme\屈折词素such as -s, -ed, -ing，the addition of inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. Such asderivational morpheme派生词素.re-, un-, -ness, -ful . The addition of derivational morphemes creates new words. Such as possible→impossibleWhen a morpheme has variant forms, these variant forms are called allomorphs. Allomorphs are different realizations of the same morpheme. Such as tooth→teeth, sheep→sheep(different pronunciation.)Chapter4The formation of English Words;derivation派生法; is the process by which new words areformed form existing words or roots by adding affixes词缀( prefix, suffix).Such as; self+less→selfless, self+less+ly→selflessly, un+self+ish→unselfish.compounding复合法；is a direct process of word formation.A compound word is usually formed of two or more independent words that can be used alone as individual words.Eg; database, weblog, webpage, customer service, data retrieval, mass-destructionconversion转类法；is a process in which the part of speech of a word changes while its form is maintained. Conversion is also defined as”zero derivation,”which means that a word can play a new role without deriving anything or making any changes.Such as; water n, v. bottle→t o bottle, closet, fool, knife, name, pocket, ship, can, e-mail, heat, microwave, nurse, shape, tutor. n→vblending拼缀法；is a word formation process in which parts of words are put together to get a new word. Such as; smoke+ fog→smog, spread+crawl爬行→sprawl伸开四肢坐或卧, camcorder→camera+recorder, blog→web+log, brunch→breakfast+lunch, comcast→communication+broadcast, guestimate→guest+ estimate, intercom →internal+ communication, laundromat→laundry+automat, medicaid→medical+care+aid, medicare→medical + care, newscast→news+ broadcast, nightscape→night + landscape, paratroops→ parachute+ troops伞兵,back formation逆构法；is a process of creating a new word out of an existing word which is mistakenly assumed to be in derivative; a supposed suffix of a longer word is removed. Such as; babysit from babysitting, nominate推荐from nomination提名.clipping 截短法；is another word formation process from which a new word is formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllable word and the remaining will mean essentially the same thing as the original word.. Such as; fax from facsimile, and phone from telephone, ad→advertisement, cable→cablegram, dorm→dormitory, gas→gasoline, gym→gymnastics, kilo→kilogram, memo→ memorandum, ?acronyms缩略法；Acronymy and Initialism首字母缩略法；are word formation practices in which the first letters of the individual words of a phrase are put together to form a new word. Such as; DOB for date of birth.from proper noun to common noun从专有名词到普通名词Chapter71.How do your understand sense relations? What are the majorsense relations discussed in this chapter?2.What is polysemy? What is homonymy? How are they related? How are they different?The meaning of a word in usually related in important ways to the meanings of other words. The relations in meaning are known collectively as sense relations. The major kinds of sense relations include; synonymy同义关系antonymy反义关系hyponymy上下义关系（such as flower and rose）polysemy一词多义homonymy同形或同音异义关系（bank bear）Polysemy; refers to the capacity of a word to have multiple meanings.A polyseme is a word or a phrase with different but related meanings. There are two kinds of polysemy; regular/systematicpolysemy and irregular/nonsystematic polysemy. Regular polysemy refers to the situation where different interpretations of one word have parallel sets of meanings among one another. For example, bottle can refer both to a container( of liquids)-as in this bottle is full of water-and to a quantity( of liquids)-as in i would like to buy a bottle of wine. Irregular polysemy is different. For example, glass can refer to a certain material, or to a certain kind of container, or to a certain optical aid which is often made of this material. Although these three meanings of the word are, to some extent, related to each other, the relations among them are not systematic, since we cannot give rulesthat would account for these three meanings of glass.Homonymy is , in the strict sense in linguistics, a sense relation in which words share the same spelling and/or the same pronunciation but have different meanings. One example of homonym is left( opposite of right) and left( past tense of leave). This is an example of perfect homonyms-they are the same in spelling as well as pronunciation, but different n meaning. Besides true homonyms, there are two other types; words that are same in spelling, but not in pronunciation, are called homographs; words that are the same in pronunciation, but different in spelling, are called homophones. Bear;忍受；生育(一词多义)，bear 忍受；熊（同形异义）Chapter8Metaphor隐喻；a metaphor is an implied analogy that suggestively identified one thing with another.Eg; the city is a jungle, where the strong survive and the weak perish. The jail is a zoo, where many” animals” are caged.Life is the morning dew, which vapors away in a mere glimpse.The world is a stage.Personification拟人化; is a figurative technique by whichnon-living objects such as things and ideas are endowed with the traits, feelings, actions, characteristics, and even languages of human beings.The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes, The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes, Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,And seeing that it was a soft October night,Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.Hyperbole夸张; or exaggeration, is a figurative technique used to emphasize a point. Writers or speakers use this technique to be impressive or to emphasize a point.The fish is as small as a shrimp.To heaven or to hell, I will to with you.He feels as if he could crumb the earth into pieces.Allusion暗指;allusion is another kind of metaphor. It is used to refer to something that is well-known in literature or history to express your point.This story is actually a new version of King Lear’s tragedy.Many Americans were worried that the war in Iraq would become a second Vietnam War.After getting tired of the Tom-and-Jerry games in a high school, he quit his teaching job.Want to make a million dollars overnight? Have you got the Aladdin’s lamp yet?Paradox悖论refers to seemingly self-contradictory statement that actually is true.it may appear totally senseless on the surface but is really valid.Rewards are not always proportionate to efforts.You achieve your goal only to find out that it’s not what you want. Ignorance is joy.Onomatopoeia 拟声; means to take advantage of the words whose sounds are associated with the objects or actions they represent. Onomatopoeia generates sounds.“We won!” my boss chortled in joy.The ghost chortled as it was getting closer to him in the nightmare howl.One of the war phots recorded a mother howling over the dead body of her child.Better wind howled through the naked trees.The horses snorted when pulling the wagon up the mountain road. That old steam-engine train snorted as it left the train station. “That is my father.” she whispered to him.Leaves were whispering in the autumn wind.A little boy was wailing for a toy train.An ambulance wailed down the street.A dog barked at the stranger.“Hold it! Or I’ll shoot,” the farmer barked at the intruder.The roar of a lion echoed in the valley.“Get out!” he roared, “I don’t want to see your face again!”Several young sparrows were twittering in their nest.He could not sleep because several little girls were twittering outside the window.。
英语词汇学期末考试复习资料(精品文档).docx
1.A word will cover the following points:1) A minimal free form of a language2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.2.Classification of words:1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words3.What is involved in knowing a word?1) Form;/ structure;/2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word;3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation;6)the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print.4.Morpheme can be classified as following:5.English word-formation英语构词法6.Derivation / Affixation派生法/词缀negative: a- dis- non- un-privative: de-dis-un-pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.7.Conversion转类法Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生)eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n)Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.8.Backformation逆生法Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in the language. This process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. eg:bookkeeper<bookkeeping babysit<babysitting burgle<burglar lase<laser9.Abbreviation:缩略法Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping, initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in use and for this reason they are becoming more and more popular.Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.eg:phone(telephone),copter(helicopter),quake(earthquake) taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)Initialism首字母缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very important person), BP(beautiful people)Acronym首字母拼音词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries )10.Blending混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends. Blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers of journalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail：flaunt:flout+vaunt, blunt:blind+stunt,H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb,squash:squeeze+crash, hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,//word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile11.Imitation基本拟声Zap! Crunch! Swoosh! The world is Whoa!12.Borrowing外来语Coinage新生词Invention创造法poundingis a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct a new word. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefly and it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is my son. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaning more briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards.14.Kinds of meaningConceptual meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.Associative meaning Reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaning and social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning than with conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character. They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, or the mental content attached to the core meaning. These associations show people’s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to.Stylistic meaning Many words have stylistic features, which form the variation in meaning from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the addresser or person addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.Affective meaning reflects the speaker’s emotions, feelings and attitudes towards the person or thing in question. This meaning is often expressed in terms of the conceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using proper intonation, tone of voice, and interjections.15.types of affective meaning:pejorative/derogatory; appreciative/commendatory16.How to express affective meaning? Explain with examples.The reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a person thinks when hearing the word. The word has its suggestive power.Collocative meaning: Words may share the same meanings, but may be distinguished by the range of lexical terms they collocate with.Thematic meaning It is about what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Analyzing meaning Meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features or components, such approach is called componential analysis or semantic features analysis.17.English euphemisms formation1)Compounding, Clipping, Acronym: gents (gentlemen’s room)2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly)3) . Borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked)4) . Metaphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep forever, adjustment downward, landscape architect, smelly18.Five major mechanisms in semantic changes语义转化Broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaningNarrowing/restriction/reduction/specializationAmelioration/elevationPejoration/degradationTransfer of meaning19.The polysemy of the word一词多义 a word having two or more closely related meanings.20.Semantic relations语义关系Words do not exist in isolation. Their meanings are defined through their relations to other word, and it is through understanding these connections that we arrive at our understanding of words.A. Synonymy Words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as other words are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. Absolute and relative synonyms绝对同义词和相对同义词B. Antonyms Words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. Gradable antonyms层级反义词Complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词Converse antonyms逆行Three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictory antonyms, and converses.C. Hyponymy and meronymy上下义关系和部分整体关系Hyponymy--the kind of’ relation The relation of hyponymy serves to structure large parts of a language’s vocabulary. The organization of a work like Roget’s Thesaurus suggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation.meronymy --the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy of superordinate and subordinate termsD. Homonymy同形同音异义词Homonyms refer to words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings. They can be classifiedinto two categories: homographs and homophones.a. Homographs:同形异义词words that have the same spelling but differ in sound and meaning.b. Homophones:同音异义词words that have the same phonological form but differ in spelling and meaning.20.Semantic/lexical field:It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another. The semantic field arrangement brings together words that share the same semantic space. It is a record of the vocabulary resources available for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciate often elusive meaning differences between words.21.The major features of idioms1)Compositeness:复合性idioms consist of more than one word; They are multiword lexical items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag, etc.2)Structural stability:稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. Unlike free phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocations whose components cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3)Semantic unity:统一性idioms are semantically opaque. Unlike free phrase, the meaning of an idiom is not the sum of its constituents. In other words, the meaning of idiom is not transparent in most cases.Transformation/creativity in idiom:Replacement/substitution,addition, permutation, deletionThe application of idioms: Idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life of Englishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popular sports and games, books and stories22.Cohesive device衔接手段(links in meaning) conjunction连词,substitution替代, ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion词汇衔接Discourse is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unified corn. It may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons.23.词汇衔接手段reiteration（复现）and collocation(共现)Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationshipthat can exist between lexical items. Halliday and Hasan cluster them into two broadsub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation and organization of discourse.Reiteration复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentencethat by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate some element(s) from the earlier sentences so that something new can be said about. As aform of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym ornear-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, Equivalence等价Naming命名Semblance/Analogy同义词/类比Metonymy借喻etc. They serve to show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse.Collocation搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment.24.General approaches to lexical learning in EFL1.) guessing/inferring from context2.)using mnemonic techniques3.) using word parts4.) learning from word cards5.) using dictionary25.Kinds of Context Clue Linguistic clues:cues based on knowledge of English language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc.Logical clues: cues based on relationships among the various parts of the information. e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization and examples, restatements, definitions, etc.World knowledge clues: cues based on the informant’s experience and knowledge of the topic.Non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc.ing mnemonic techniques1) Repeating (verbal and oral): Repetition is the key to learning. Only by saying, writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of his active vocabulary.2) Linking with prior knowledge: Integrating the new word with the familiar one, connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semantic mapping and charting semantic features, etc.3) Forming word association: Getting words together on account of their semantic relations or logical connections. e.g. grass – green, school – students, hit – ball, swim – pool, apple – fruit, irritated – annoyed, dead – alive, baby – mother, etc.4) Building up semantic mapping: Brainstorming associations a word has with other words and then diagramming the results.27.What is lexical cohesion? What are the general features of it?Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Cohesion means formal links between element links in form. There are 2 types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym. Collocation reflects rules of the conventions and co-occurence tendency in the use of word in discourse. Collocation is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment. For example, in a talk about football game, words like shoot, goalkeeper, penalty and kick are more likely to appear than other words in the talk.28.Learning from word cardsStep 1 Choosing words to learnSept 2 Making word cardsStep 3 Using the cardsing DictionariesWhat are the major purposes for dictionary use?Comprehension/ Look up unknown words met while listening, reading, or translating./ Confirm the meanings of partly known words./ Confirm guess from context./ Production/ Look up unknown words needed to speak, write, or translate. / Look up the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammar, constraints on use, collocations, inflections and derived forms of partly known words needed to speak, write or translate. /Confirm the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc. of known words. /Check that a word exists./Find a different word to use instead of a known one./Correct an error./Learning /Choose unknown words to learn./Enrich knowledge of partly known words, including etymology.。
英语词汇学期末考试复习资料
1.A word will cover the following points:1) A minimal free form of a language2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.2.Classification of words:1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words3.What is involved in knowing a word?1) Form;/ structure;/2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word;3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation;6) the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print.4.Morpheme can be classified as following:5.English word-formation英语构词法6.Derivation / Affixation派生法/词缀negative: a- dis- non- un-privative: de-dis-un- pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.7.Conversion 转类法Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生) eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n)Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.8.Backformation逆生法Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in thelanguage. This process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. eg:bookkeeper<bookkeeping babysit<babysitting burgle<burglar lase<laser9.Abbreviation: 缩略法Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping, initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in use and for this reason they are becoming more and more popular.Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal. eg: phone(telephone), copter(helicopter), quake(earthquake) taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)Initialism首字母缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very important person), BP(beautiful people)Acronym首字母拼音词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries )10.Blending 混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends. Blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers of journalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail：flaunt:flout+vaunt, blunt:blind+stunt, H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb, squash:squeeze+crash, hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,//word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile11.Imitation 基本拟声Zap! Crunch! Swoosh! The world is Whoa!12.Borrowing 外来语Coinage 新生词Invention 创造法poundingis a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct a new word. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefly and it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is my son. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaning more briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards. 14.Kinds of meaningConceptual meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.Associative meaning Reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaningand social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning than with conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character. They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, or the mental content attached to the core meaning. These associations show people’s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to.Stylistic meaning Many words have stylistic features, which form the variation in meaning from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the addresser or person addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.Affective meaning reflects the speaker’s emotions, feelings and attitudes towards the person or thing in question. This meaning is often expressed in terms of the conceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using proper intonation, tone of voice, and interjections.15.types of affective meaning:pejorative/derogatory; appreciative/commendatory16.How to express affective meaning? Explain with examples.The reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a person thinks when hearing the word. The word has its suggestive power.Collocative meaning: Words may share the same meanings, but may be distinguished by the range of lexical terms they collocate with.Thematic meaning It is about what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Analyzing meaning Meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features or components, such approach is called componential analysis or semantic features analysis.17.English euphemisms formation1)Compounding, Clipping, Acronym: gents (gentlemen’s room)2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly)3) . Borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked)4) . Metaphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep forever, adjustment downward, landscape architect, smelly18.Five major mechanisms in semantic changes语义转化Broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaningNarrowing/restriction/reduction/specializationAmelioration/elevationPejoration/degradationTransfer of meaning19.The polysemy of the word一词多义a word having two or more closely relatedmeanings.20.Semantic relations语义关系Words do not exist in isolation. Their meanings are defined through their relations to other word, and it is through understanding these connections that we arrive at our understanding of words.A. Synonymy Words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as other words are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. Absolute and relative synonyms 绝对同义词和相对同义词B.Antonyms Words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. Gradable antonyms 层级反义词Complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词Converse antonyms 逆行Three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictory antonyms, and converses.C. Hyponymy and meronymy 上下义关系和部分整体关系Hyponymy--the kind of’ relation The relation of hyponymy serves to structure large parts of a language’s vocabulary. The organization of a work like Roget’s Thesaurus suggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation.meronymy--the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy of superordinate and subordinate termsD. Homonymy 同形同音异义词Homonyms refer to words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings. They can be classified into two categories: homographs and homophones.a. Homographs: 同形异义词words that have the same spelling but differ in sound and meaning.b. Homophones: 同音异义词words that have the same phonological form but differ in spelling and meaning.20.Semantic/lexical field:It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another.The semantic field arrangement brings together words that share the same semantic space. It is a record of the vocabulary resources available for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciate often elusive meaning differences between words.21.The major features of idioms1)Compositeness: 复合性idioms consist of more than one word; They are multiword lexical items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag, etc.2)Structural stability: 稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. Unlike free phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocations whose components cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3)Semantic unity: 统一性idioms are semantically opaque. Unlike free phrase, the meaning of an idiom is not the sum of its constituents. In other words, the meaning of idiom is not transparent in most cases.Transformation/creativity in idiom: Replacement/substitution, addition, permutation, deletionThe application of idioms:Idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life of Englishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popular sports and games, books and stories22.Cohesive device 衔接手段(links in meaning) conjunction连词,substitution替代,ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion词汇衔接Discourse is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unified corn. It may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons.23.词汇衔接手段reiteration（复现）and collocation(共现)Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationship that can exist between lexical items. Halliday and Hasan cluster them into two broad sub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation and organization of discourse.Reiteration 复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentence that by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate some element(s) from the earlier sentences so that something new can be said about. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, Equivalence 等价Naming 命名Semblance/Analogy 同义词/类比Metonymy 借喻etc. They serve to show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse.Collocation搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment.24.General approaches to lexical learning in EFL1.) guessing/inferring from context2.)using mnemonic techniques3.) using word parts4.) learning from word cards5.) using dictionary25.Kinds of Context Clue Linguistic clues:cues based on knowledge of English language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc.Logical clues: cues based on relationships among the various parts of the information.e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization and examples,restatements, definitions, etc.World knowledge clues: cues based on the informant’s experience and knowledge of the topic.Non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc.ing mnemonic techniques1) Repeating (verbal and oral): Repetition is the key to learning. Only by saying, writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of his active vocabulary.2) Linking with prior knowledge: Integrating the new word with the familiar one, connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semantic mapping and charting semantic features, etc.3) Forming word association: Getting words together on account of their semantic relations or logical connections. e.g. grass – green, school – students, hit – ball, swim – pool, apple – fruit, irritated – annoyed, dead – alive, baby – mother, etc.4) Building up semantic mapping: Brainstorming associations a word has with other words and then diagramming the results.27.What is lexical cohesion? What are the general features of it?Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Cohesion means formal links between element links in form. There are 2 types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym. Collocation reflects rules of the conventions and co-occurence tendency in the use of word in discourse. Collocation is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment. For example, in a talk about football game, words like shoot, goalkeeper, penalty and kick are more likely to appear than other words in the talk.28.Learning from word cardsStep 1 Choosing words to learnSept 2 Making word cardsStep 3 Using the cardsing DictionariesWhat are the major purposes for dictionary use?Comprehension/ Look up unknown words met while listening, reading, or translating./ Confirm the meanings of partly known words./ Confirm guess from context./ Production/ Look up unknown words needed to speak, write, or translate. / Look up the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammar, constraints on use, collocations, inflections and derived forms of partly known words needed to speak, write or translate. /Confirm the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc. of known words. /Check that a word exists./Find a different word to use instead of a known one./Correct an error./Learning /Choose unknown words to learn./Enrich knowledgeof partly known words, including etymology.。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音及意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.3.读音及拼写不一致的原因 The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary ——Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds.they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock –the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size， domain， state numerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight –past electricity，machine， car， plane —— now3. productivity–they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer4.polysemy –often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5. collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages， proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin，algebra， trigonometry， calculus2.jargon–specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear，catch， holler， Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuader cant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to， specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame，lough， bog6. archaisms –words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word）–denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word）–do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing）–words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens–words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens–retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow，bazaar， rajar， status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans–their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent， sassy，cheeky第二章 The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、 Hellenic、 GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi,Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected language/// complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， French Until 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English. 特点： fewer inflections leveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes 3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%第三章 Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words–morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme ofplurality （-s） has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， e.g. in cats/s/， in bags/z/， in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， e.g. cat， walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes—— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion） collect –free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example： it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before） we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
词汇学期末复习参考资料
UNIT1 A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH重点在于各阶段英语对现代英语的影响，历史部分不再赘述。
另：由于语音部分过于复杂，贴上传送门，有兴趣的同学自己研究。
按这里进入。
OLD ENGLISH发音和德语相近词汇复合法是重要的构词方法。
复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。
据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。
有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。
共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。
古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
一批来自拉丁语和斯堪的纳维亚语的词汇进入英语。
语法古英语的名词有数和格的分别。
数分为单数、复数；格分为主格、所有格、与格、宾格。
因此一个名词加起来共有8种变化形式。
此外，名词还分阳性、中性和阴性。
但是比较奇怪的是，这些性的区分并不是以性别来判断的，而且没有性别的事物也未必是中性。
例如妇女就是阳性的。
形容词的形态变化分为强、弱两种，它的数和格也共有8种变化。
动词只有现在式和过去式两种时态变化。
MIDDLE ENGLISH发音依然和德语相近词汇中古英语吸收了大量法语的词汇，数目有几千之多。
此外，中古英语还吸收了拉丁语、佛兰芒语、荷兰语、低地德语的一些词汇。
同时，大量古英语的词汇由于不再使用而被淘汰。
语法中古英语的语法在形态变化方面发生了简化。
名词逐渐失去了古英语复杂的数和格的变化，简化成了单数和复数两种形式，复数以词尾-s表示。
形容词则简化成了没有任何变化的词类。
词在句子中的关系不再通过性、数、格的变化来表示，而是由词在句子中的位置来表示。
词汇学期末复习各章知识点
Chapter one The basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.1 The definition of a word（1）一个最小的自由形态（2）一个发音的集合体（3）一个意义单位（4）能独自影响句子的形式因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”1.2 vocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The general estimate of the English vocabulary is over one million words.1.3Sound and meaning词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。
每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。
这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系。
”1.4 sound and form在古英语中，口语比今天更忠实地代表书面语，但随着语言的发展，越来越多的不同出现在口语和书面语之间。
有以下几点原因：1.内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
2.另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。
在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。
Another reason for this is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3.第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同Those scribes had made some change to the word spelling4.到1500年年末，印刷已经变得非常普及。
《英语词汇学》复习资料.docx
《英语词汇学》复习资料.docx大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一早1.Word ----- A word is a minimal free form of a Ianguage that has a given soundand meaning and syntactic function.2.There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E> g. “woman” means ' Frau" in German, ' Femme" in French and ' Funv ' in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound?3.The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a)? the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the lamguage?b)? Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc)? Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d)? Borrowing of foreign language4.Vocabulary ------- V ocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum totalof all the words of a language? It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all thewords possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history?The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words?5.Classification of Words—by use frequency, by notion, by origin1)? Basic word stock - the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character (most important) - natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction, size, domain, statenumerals, pronouns, prep. , conj.2.stability - they donate the commonest thing necessary to life, they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative, some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow?e. g. arrow, bow, chariot, knight - pastelectricity, machine, car, plane ------------ now3.productivity - they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, they can form new words with other roots and affixes?e. g. foot - football, footage, footpath, footer4.polysemy - often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e. g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5.collocability - quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial saying and otherse. g. heart - a change of heart, a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary -------1.terminology - technical termsphotoscanning，hepatitis, indigestion, penici11 in，algebra, trigonometry, calculus2.jargon 一specialized vocabulary in ceria in professions?Bottom line, ballpark figures, bargaining chips, hold him back, hold him in, parano id3.slang ----- substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread, grass and pot, beaver, smoky, bear, catch, holler, Roger, X-rays,Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage?4.argot - words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener, dip, persuadercant, jargon , argot are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population.5.dialectal words - only by speakers of the dialectbeauty, chook, cocky, station, auld, build, coo, hame, lough, bog6? archaisms - words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech.7.neologism - newly created words with new meaning e. g. microelectronics, futurology, AIDS, internet, E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e. g. mouse, monitor2)? Content word (notional word) - denote clear notions.Functional word (empty word, form word) - do not have notions of their own, express the relation between notions, words and sentences?a.Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a smal1 number.b.Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable?c.Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3)? Native words - are words brought to Britain in the 15 contury by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words, 50, 000-60, 000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world? More are1.neutral in style (not stylistical specific )2. 2.frequent in use (in academic fields and scienee French, Latin or Greek are used) (usage 70-90%)Borrowed words (loan words, borrowing) - words taken over from foreign language- 80% According to the degree of assimilation and mariner of borrowing, we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens - words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language-e?g? port from portus (L) shift, change, shirt, porkcup from cuppa (L)2?Aliens - retained their original pronunciation and spellinge. g. decor(F) blitzkreeg(G) emir, intermez, rowtow, bazaar, rajar, status quo3.t ranslation loans - formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1)? Word translated according to the meaninge. g. mother tough from lingua maternal (L)black humor from humor noirlong time no see, surplus value, master piece2)? Words translated according to the sounde. g. kulak from kyrak (Russ)1ama from lama (Tib)ketchuptea4.Seniantic loans - their meaning are borrowed from another languagee? g? stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old importinent, sassy, cheeky第二章Indo-European language family (Europe, the Near East, India) Bal to - Slavic Indo-Iranidn Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Rounianian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2.History (时间,历史事件，特征)1)Old English (450-1150) totally 50, 000-60, 000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, thelanguage was Celtic-The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions?The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic? Now people refer to Ang1o-Saxon as old English?At the end of 6th contury, the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on theEnglish vocabulary.The common practice was to create now words by combining two native words?In the 9th century, many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Seandinavian are in modern English, our daily 1ife and speech?特点：highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes (full ending)2)Middle English (1150-1500) English, Latin, FrenchUntil 1066, although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic- But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century, English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English? 75% of them are t订 1 in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English?特点：fewer inflectionsleveled ending3)Modern English (1500-up to now) early modern English (1500-1700)late modern English (1700-up to now)The Renaissanee, Latin and Greek were recognized as thelanguages of the Western world" s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization, British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world?After World War II, many new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions, and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation?in modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic lamguage to the present analytic language?science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words, words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i. e? old words fallingout if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3.Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social, economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4.Three modes of vocabulary development1.Creation - the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)2.Somantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3.Borrowing 一to take in words from other languages?(particularly in earl ier time)4? (Reviving archaic or obsolete)French 30%, Latin 8%, Japanese Italian 7%, Spanish 6%, German Greek 5%, Russian Yiddish 4%第三章1.Morpheme ------ A morpheme is the smallest mean in gful unit of a language. (The smallest functional unit in the composition of words?)2.Morph ---- A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spokenminimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words - morphemes are realized by single morphs.4?Allomorph Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E. g. the morpheme of plurality (-s) has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context, e. g?in cats/s/, in bags/z/, in matches/iz/<5.Free morphemes or Free root -------- T he morphemes have complete meaning and vanbe used as free grammatical units in sentences, e. g. cat, walk. They are identical with root words, morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free-6.Bound Morphemes ------- The morphemes cannot occur as separate words? They arebound to other morphemes to form words, e. g> recollection (re+collect+ion) collect - free morpheme remand - ion are boundmorphemes? (inelude bound root and affix) Bound morphemes are found in derived words-7.Bound root ------ A bound root is that part of the word that carries thefundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -diet- for example： it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(二before) we obta in the verb predict mean i ng "tell beforeha nd” □ Contradict “ speak against" 。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
英语词汇学总结复习资料大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” mean s ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary ——Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classifiedby different criteria and for differentpurpose . words may fall into the wordstock and nonbasic vocabulary by usefrequency, into content words andfunctional words by notion , and into nativewords and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2.stability–they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remainunchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now3. productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot –football，footage，footpath，footer4. polysemy –often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability–quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .thoughwords of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2.jargon–specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot –words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7.neologism–newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）–do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80% 本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s –words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens–retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans –formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans–their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work newa member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively ,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish,French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The commonpractice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language/// complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage. From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development （英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation –the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words – morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Suchalternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root ——The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect –free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine withother morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meanin g of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
自考本科《英语词汇学》复习资料
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第一章1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary ——Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）–natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction， size， domain， statenumerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – pastelectricity， machine， car， plane —— now3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer4. polysemy –often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability –quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages， proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra， trigonometry， calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang ——substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear，catch， holler， Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuadercant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to， specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame， lough， bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restrictedin use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of nativeworld. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens –words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow，bazaar， rajar， status quo3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans –their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky第二章Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East，India）Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点： fewer inflectionsleveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the We stern world’s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social， economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation –the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing –to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%第三章1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words –morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， e.g. in cats/s/， in bags/z/， in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， e.g. cat， walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect –free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root —— Abound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example： it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
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1、选择题（2 ×15=30）2、填空题（2×5=10 ）3、搭配题(1×10=10)4、名词解释题(4×5=20)5、问题回答(5×3=15)6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分)选择题：1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful .3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family.4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes.5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning.6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy.7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes.8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs.ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西填空题Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1.affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes tobases.2.Back-formation Is considered to br opposite process suffixation it isthe method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. 3.Isolating language is a language in which each word form consiststypically of a singe morpheme .4.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclearcontext.it creates ambiguity .5.Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independentwords.搭配题Ⅲ. Match the terms in Column A with definitions in Column B.A B1. geomorphic earthlike2. zooid resembling an animal3. geochronology time measurements from earth data4.technocracy government by craftsmen5.petrographic caring on a rock6.polymorph having many shapes7.phonography recording of sound8.phytogenesis development of plants9.synergy working together10.geocentric earth-centered11.magnanimous宽宏大量的12.penology刑罚学13.inculpable无辜的；无可非议的14.revitalize bring to the life15.cosmonaut sailor of the universe16.enervate reduce mental vigor17.herbicide plant killer18subterranean地下的;秘密的;隐蔽的;地下工作者19.deviate move from the road20.semilunar crescent -shaped名词解释题Ⅳ. Define the following terms.unity;a unit of meaning;a form that can function in a sentenceis the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.functioning both grammatically ad semantically as a single word. Semantic motivation: refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.Extra-linguistic context: may extend to embrace the entire cultural background, which may also affect the meaning of words. Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases Affixation: the formation of new words by adding word-forming affixes to bases.Sematic change: means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to met the new need.Conceptual meaning: is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.Acronymy: is the process of forming new words by pointing the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.Homonymy: are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Dictionary: a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of the language ,with information as to its spelling, pronunciation , meaning and its etymology.问题回答Ⅴ. Answer the following questions，write your answers on the answer sheet.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point?Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation,it’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. For example:Inform-imforant donation-donate enthusiasm-enthuse3.What are the three types of antonyms ,give examples to illustrate them respectively?Complementary: dead-alive present-absent male-female Contrary: poor-rich good-bad cold-hotConverse: parent-child husband-wife employer-employee5.What are three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? illustrate your points?Different in denotation符号,connotation含义,application应用6.What are the major differences between basic word stock基本词汇and nonbasic非基本vocabulary?(1)basic word stock possesses five obvious characteristics,butnonbasic vocabulary doesn’t(2)basic word stock forms the common,core核心of thelanguage,however,nonbasic vocabulary doesn’t belong to the common ore of the language.7.How many means of word formation and what they are?3 Major processesAffixation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）8 Minor processes :Acronym(首字母缩略词）Blending（混合）Clipping（截短法）Words from proper names(专有名词来源）Back formation（逆构法）Reduplication（复制）Neo-classical Formation （新古典词构成法）Miscellaneous（混杂法）8.what are the difference between word and vocabulary?(1)word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed orwritten horizontally across水平穿越a piece of paper.(2)vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of总计all the words of a language.9.What is collocative meaning? give one example to illustrate your po int? Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or fter the word in discussion.For example,Handsome(boy/car/man )论述题Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following questions，write your answers on the answer .1.Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.1Destructive 2antibiotic 3composition 4unbearable 5international 6ex-prisoner1 de+struct+tive2 anti+bio+tic3 com+po+si+tion4 un+bear+able5 inter+bation+nal6 ex+prison+erment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.a.the man said he would come to our school next week.b.the visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.3.Collocation can affect the meaning of words .Comment on the statement with your own words.Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation.4.the ‘pen ‘ is mightier than the ‘sword’ .explain what ‘pen’ and ‘sword’mean respectively using the theory of motivation.‘pen’reminds one of the tool to write with,thus suggesting writing;‘sword’ reminds one of the weapon to fight with,thus suggestion war.Chapter 11、It is generally known that The Anglo-Saxon invasion ,the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman Conquest were three of the most important landmarks in the history of the English people as well as in the history of the English language.2、The English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria, according to the level of notion, English can be classified as full word实词and form word虚词.3、What are the four points does the definition of a word cover? minimal free form of a languagea sound unitya unit of meaninga form that can function alone in a sentencechapter2----It is estimated that there are about _5000___ languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about __25__ language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family, Altaic Family阿尔泰语系(包括土耳其语、维吾尔语、蒙古语、满语等语言) and so on.---Q：What languages does Indo-European family host？The Indo-European Family hosts most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.----How many groups can Indo-European family be divided into according to the linguists？Linguists have divided the Indo-European languages into Eastern sets （groups）and Western sets（groups）.-----Q：Generally，How many stages can the development of English vocabulary be divided into？What are they？Old EnglishMiddle EnglishModern EnglishEarly modern EnglishLate modern EnglishThe period from 450 to 1100 is known as the Old English period or the Anglo-Saxon period.West Germanic dialects spoken by the invaders, as the original inhabitants (the Celts) were killed, were relocated, or adopted the language of the now dominant society.----Roughly speaking, the tribes that settled in Britain comprise three groups:the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.---Norman conquest resulted in a massive borrowing of French words into English vocabulary.--What is the second result of Norman conquest?The Norman dialect of French became the language of the upper class, while English completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class.---Q：What languages contributed to the vocabulary of modern English？What characteristics do those languages have？Latin and Greek，the former language were mostly connected with science and abstract ideas，while the latter were mostly literary，technical and scientific words.---Q：What are the reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms?1、The rapid development of modern science and technology.2 、Social，economic，and political changes.3、The influence of other cultures and languages.1、The Angles lent their name to the language—English, and to the land —England.Chapter3Q1：What is the morpheme according to Engene Nida？The minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.In other words，the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Can you figure out three basic elements of morphemes？1、the smallest meaningful unit2、not divisible nor analyzable3、sound and meaningIs it a root, a stem, or base?desirable (adj.):不是词根(可再分解);不是词干(不可以加屈折词缀),是词基(既可以加词缀,又能再分解下去).一、Fill in the missing words.1. A minimum meaningful unit of a language is morpheme.2. The part carrying the basic meaning of a word is called root.二、What do the following words have in common? Can you guess out what the meaning of them is respectively?vitamin, vital, vivid, survive, revive.Chapter4Types of Motivation:1）Phonetic motivation（onomatopoeic）拟声，hiss by snakes2）Morphological motivation(derivation, compounding, conversion)形态学3）Semantic motivation（Metaphor，Metonymy，Synecdoche，Analogy）语义，a stony heart铁石心肠4）Etymological motivation词源Main types of word meaning1）Grammatical meaning2）Lexical meaning3）Conceptual meaning (Denotative meaning)4）Associative meaning（1）Connotative meaning（2）Stylistic meaning（3）Affective meaning（4）Collocative meaningWord-formation:Affixation/Derivation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）Chapte4.22、Besides conventionality, As for motivation, how many types of motivation are there, and what are they?Onomatopoeic motivationMorphological motivationSemantic motivationEtymological motivationChapter 61.Types of changes: Extension /Narrowing / Elevation / DegradationChapter7Meaning and context1. Two types of contexts: Linguistic context / Extra-linguistic context2. The vital role of context in determination of word meaning?Eliminating ambiguities /Conveying emotional overtonesChapter 8English Dictionary1) According to James Root Hulbert, English dictionary-making began in Anglo-Saxon times.2) The first dictionaries in England were printed in Latin.3) Cockeram’s book was the first in English to use the word dictionary in the titleFirst English dictionaries published:1) Robert Caswdrey’s Table Alphabetical of Hard Words(1604)2) John Bollokar’s An English Expositor(1616)3) Henry Cockeram’s The English Dictionary(1623)。