2019年美国宪法原文和解读(一)
美国宪法修正案1-10中英文对照
美国宪法修正案1-10中英文对照Amendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;or abridging the freedom of speech,or of the press;or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.国会不得制定有关下列事项的法律：确立一种宗教或禁止信仰自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会及向政府要求申冤的权利。
Amendment IIA well regulated Militia,being necessary to the security of a free State,the right of the people to keep and bear Arms,shall not be infringed.组织良好的民兵队伍，对于一个自由国家的安全是必需的，人民拥有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。
Amendment IIINo Soldier shall,in time of peace be quartered in any house,without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war,but in a manner to be prescribed by law.未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。
Amendment IVThe right of the people to be secure in their persons,houses,papers,and effects,against unreasonable searches and seizures,shall not be violated,and no Warrants shall issue,but upon probable cause,supported by Oath or affirmation,and particularly describing the place to be searched,and the persons or things to be seized.人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不得侵犯。
美国宪法-英文原版带中文翻译
主条目：美国宪法第七章
宪法第七章规定了这部宪法本身得以生效的表决程序。起初美国宪法 作为邦联条例的修正形式，需要获得全部 13 个州的批准方能成立。 然而宪法第七章只要求获得 9 个州以上的批准就可以使宪法生效。为 此，许多学者认为一旦只有 9 个州批准了这部宪法草案，那么将从原 有的邦联中脱离出来，成立一个新的联邦体国家。而不批准的其余州 将留在旧邦联体制内。事实上，这种理论并没有得到实践的印证，因 为 13 个州最终全部批准了这部宪法。
1786年9 月，5 个州的行政长官在安那波利斯举行会议，讨论如何修 改邦联条例以促进各州之间的通商往来。会后他们邀请各州的代表来 到费城进一步讨论发展联邦政府的事宜。在激烈的辩论之后，邦联国 会在1787年2 月 21 日批准了修订邦联条约的方案。除罗德岛州之外 的 12 个州都接受了邀请，并派代表参加 1787 年 5 月在费城举行的会 议。最初的决议案写明了这次会议的目的是起草邦联条例的修正案， 但是会议最终决定重新起草一部宪法。费城制宪会议代表投票同意采 用秘密会议的方式，并且同意新的法案需要获得 13 个州中的 9 个州 的批准才能生效。有人批评说这是对会议权限和现行法律的逾越。但 是对于邦联体制下的政府极度不满的会议代表全体一致同意将宪法 草案交付各州表决。1787 年9 月 17日，宪法在费城正式完稿，此后 经过数个州立法机构伴随激烈辩论的批准过程，1788 年 6 月 21 日新 罕布什尔州成为第九个接纳宪法州。邦联议会随即设置了宪法运作的 时间表，在宪法框架内运作的联邦政府终于在1789年3 月 4日成立。
其中译文如下：
我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁， 提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福， 特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。
美国宪法
The virtue of the constitution of the United States Abstract:The constitution of the United States generated more than two hundred years, although it has experienced several changes but it overall maintained its stability. It mainly embodied in the constitution, the basic principles and basic spirit, constitutional validity, and so on. It was the stability of the U.S. constitution characteristics that make people produce faith and devotion to the constitution. It is conducive to the development of society, and the state in the United States.Key word: The United States Constitution; The United States Constitution; federalism; safeguard; 1787The United States Constitution (Constitution of the United States), known as the federal Constitution or the United States Constitution (U.S. Constitution).It is the supreme law of the United States, and has established the legal basis for the American political system. The constitution of the United States is the first written constitution in the world.Although the constitution of the United States has been through several revisions, but the basic principles of the 1789 constitution still play an important role.In the Constitution, America achieved C, and a federal system. Constitution is supreme, equality is one of the biggest characteristics of the four basic principles.The U.S. Constitutionprovides a successful model for many countries in the future. America bourgeois constitutional is the nature of federalism, affirmedthe legislative, achieved administrative and judicial separation of powers, checks the Separation ofimplementation.The original constitution consists of preface and 7 words.The legislative power belongs to the United States congress, and specifies the composition of congress;The executive power is given to the President of the United States;Judicial power belongs to the U.S. Supreme Court, and specifies the composition of the Supreme Court;The relationship of the states and obligation;A constitutional amendment proposed and get through the program;The federal constitution follows the highest law according to the law of the constitution;This constitution shall come into effect upon approval by the constituent assembled in nine states.The constitution showed that the United States for the first time in the world and created the difference from the British constitutional monarchy democracy. It is different from the parliament cabinet presidential system, and make us a nationally unified central regime of federalism state. Many countries followed this kind of political system and form of state structure many countries follow later.The constitution of the United States is legitimacy, and I think it mainly reflected in three aspects:First, the constitution of the United States are made by congress, and that is the legislative power in congress.Such as the constitution of the United States -- the predecessor, and as the world's important literature in the history of constitutional government, and what the Marx called is "the first declaration of human rights" in the world of the declaration of independence.The second continental congress in 1776 through the file, its produce on the constitution of the United States and the establishment of constitutional governmentsystem has a direct influence. And the earliest is only the brief preface and 7 article of the constitution of the United States, also is set by the constitutional convention in Philadelphia in 1787, and it established in the form of fundamental law to the principle of separation of powers and federalism state institutions.Since then more than two hundred years America has formed the 27 amendments to the constitution, is also in accordance with the procedures approved by the state and by congress, and fully embodies the federal system and the people's will and power.Second, the purpose of the United States constitution has two, one is to restrict government power, and another is safeguard citizen's freedom.It is reflect the constitutional spirit of freedom.It includes four principles, namely the law is supreme principle, the principle of checks and balances, the principle of separation of powers.Its core is the separation of powers and balances.Precisely, the executive, legislative and judicial separation of powers and the balances. In order to prevent any department of power concentration;Respect for autonomy scope and ability, and to prevent that the federal government's power is too strong and affect people's rights and interests;Represents are not only the needs to balance but the interests of the whole country, and the more important is the opinion of voters reflect regional features and so on.Here is focused on the rights of the people, and the responsibility and is not on the obligation to the people.Third, the constitution is the fundamental basis of constitutionalism, and in state political life it has the supreme status. No organization or individual description party and the President, must abide by and comply with the constitution, and the law withinthe framework of activity and exercise.Every party and authority, as well as federal and state major disputes and it can't be solved.It can only resort to the law, the parties must obey the Supreme Court's ruling.The court is the symbol of the constitution and laws, and obey the Supreme Court ruling, and actually it also is subject to the constitution and laws.The constitution of the United States itself has a good quality. Namely, the legitimacy of constitutional goal and the achievement of its goal by means of effectiveness. The federal constitution of the brief introduction in the opening has been clear about the constitutional subject - "we the people of the United States", then clear expression of the constitutional purpose: "to establish a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide the common defense, promote the public welfare, and bring freedom of happiness to ourselves and our posterity." Anyway, the purpose of this itself is justification and that should be admired.Above all, about the value of the stability of the constitution of the United States, we can briefly summary: American society, and the healthy development of the country depend on a sound and mature constitutionalism. Besidesthe perfect and mature constitution depends on stability even a long-term stability, and the constitution even the constitution for a long time.Reference: 《中国宪法与美国宪法的区别》；《美国宪法的历史解读》；《美国宪法里的三权分立》。
美国宪法修正案--中英文版
美国宪法修正案（中、英文版）修正案［一］国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由，剥夺言论自由或出版自由；剥夺人民和平集会和向政府诉冤请愿的权利。
［1791年12月15日批准］修正案［二］管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全之所必需，此人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯。
［1791年12月15日批准］修正案［三］士兵在和平时期，未经房主许可不得驻扎于任何民房；在战争时期，除依法律规定的方式外亦不得进驻民房。
［1791年12月15日批准］修正案［四］人民保护其人身、住房、文件和财物不受无理搜查扣押的权利不得侵犯；除非有合理的根据认为有罪，以宣誓或郑重声明保证，并详细开列应予搜查的地点、应予扣押的人或物，不得颁发搜查和扣押证。
［1791年12月15日批准］修正案［五］非经大陪审团提出报告或起诉，任何人不受死罪或其它重罪的惩罚，惟在战时国家危急时期发生在陆、海军中或正在服役的民兵中的案件不在此限。
任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体伤残的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；未经正当法律程序，不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；非有恰当补偿，不得将私有财产充作公用。
［1791年12月15日批准］修正案［六］在一切刑事诉讼中，被告应享受下列权利：由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪审团予以迅速和公开的审判, 该地区应事先已由法律确定；获知控告的性质和原因；同原告证人对质；以强制程序取得有利于自己的证据；并取得律师帮助为其辩护。
［1791年12月15日批准］修正案［七］在习惯法诉讼中，争执价额超过20元，由陪审团审判的权利应予保护；案情事实经陪审团审定后，除非依照习惯法的规则，合众国的任何法院不得再行审理。
［1791年12月15日批准］修正案［八］不得索取过多的保释金，不得处以过重的罚金，或施加残酷的、非常的刑罚。
［1791年12月15日批准］修正案［九］本宪法对某些权利的列举不得被解释为否定或轻视由人民保有的其它权利。
美国宪法全文(中、英文版)
《美国宪法》（中、英文版）（中文）序言我们美利坚合众国的人民,为了组织一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内的安宁,建立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福,乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权,全属合众国的国会,国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。
第二款众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成,各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
凡年龄未满二十五岁,或取得合众国公民资格未满七年,或于某州当选而并非该州居民者,均不得任众议员。
众议员人数及直接税税额,应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配,此项人口数目的计算法,应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役,但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外,再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。
实际人口调查,应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行,并于其后每十年举行一次,其调查方法另以法律规定之。
众议员的数目,不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人,但每州至少应有众议员一人；在举行人囗调查以前,各州得按照下列数目选举众议员: 新罕布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。
任何一州的众议员有缺额时,该州的行政长官应颁选举令,选出众议员以补充缺额。
众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员；只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。
第三款合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之,参议员的任期为六年,每名参议员有一票表决权。
参议员于第一次选举后举行会议之时,应当立即尽量均等地分成三组。
第一组参议员的任期,到第二年年终时届满,第二组到第四年年终时届满,第三组到第六年年终时届满,俾使每两年有三分之一的参议员改选；如果在某州州议会休会期间,有参议员因辞职或其它原因出缺,该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员,等到州议会下次集会时,再予选举补缺。
2019年美国宪法阅读之宗教与上帝
2019年美国宪法阅读之宗教与上帝一、美国宪法第一修正案中的“建立条款”和“自由行使条款”美国宪法第一修正案规定：“国会不得制定建立宗教的法律，或者禁止其自由行使……（Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion，or prohibiting the free exercise thereof；）”。
一般宪法判例书中都把这一规定分为两款，前者称为“建立条款”（establishment clause），后者称为“自由行使条款”（free exercise clause）。
1 表面看来，前者禁止政府帮助信仰，后者禁止政府惩罚信仰，目标似乎都是维护个人宗教信仰自由。
但在实践中这两款却经常出现矛盾。
比如倘若政府对教会财产免税，那么这种豁免是否构成“建立宗教”？如果不对教会财产免税，“自由行使”是否因而受到影响？又比如，如果政府推广义务教育，对那些教义中不主张儿童接受过多教育的教派，比如Amish派，是否侵犯了他们的自由行使？而如果政府豁免Amish儿童不必接受义务教育，那么这种豁免是否又构成“建立宗教”？再比如，如果政府在军队中设立随军牧师，反对者会认为这违反建立条款，但是如果政府不设立随军牧师，那些无法得到牧师指导的信仰者又会认为这违反了自由行使条款。
矛盾的产生的原因似乎是以上对“建立宗教”的理解不限于政教合一、宣布国教，不限于国家与教会关系，而包括所有政府因为补助或豁免而对宗教产生的直接、间接的利益。
如果“建立宗教”的含义仅限于政教合一，则以上三例都不至于引发矛盾。
一个由文义上产生的不同解读，在汉语中不容易看清楚。
第一修正案中讲到不得立法设立宗教的时候，用的是an establishment of religion，而不是the establishmentof religion，这就出现了两种理解，一种理解是“政府不得建立任何宗教”；另一种理解是“政府不得只建立一种宗教”，也就是说，政府建立宗教是可以的，但不应局限于一种，对宗教的补助和豁免要一视同仁，不得厚此薄彼。
美国宪法的内容全文是怎样？
美国宪法的内容全文是怎样？美国宪法的内容全文是怎样？, 美国宪法的内容,成因,影响?序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
第一条第一款本宪法授予的全部立法权，属于由参议院和众议院组成的合众国国会。
第二款众议院由各州人民每两年选举产生的众议员组成。
每个州的选举人须具备该州州议会人数最多一院选举人所必需的资格。
凡年龄不满三十岁，成为合众国公民不满九年，在一州当选时不是该州居民者，不得担任众议员。
[众议员名额和直接税税额，在本联邦可包括的各州中，按照各自人口比例进行分配。
各州人口数，按自由人总数加上所有其他人口的五分之三予以确定。
自由人总数包括必须服一定年限劳役的人，但不包括未被征税的印第安人。
人口的实际统计在合众国国会第一次会议后三年内和此后每十年内，依法律规定的方式进行。
每三万人选出的众议员人数不得超过一名，但每州至少须有一名众议员；在进行上述人口统计以前，新罕布什尔州有权选出三名，马萨诸塞州八名，罗得岛州和普罗维登斯种植地一名，康涅狄格州五名，纽约州六名，新泽西州四名，宾夕法尼亚州八名，特拉华州一名，马里兰州六名，弗吉尼亚州十名，北卡罗来纳州五名，南卡罗来纳州五名，佐治亚州三名。
任何一州代表出现缺额时，该州行政当局应释出选举令，以填补此项缺额。
众议院选举本院议长和其他官员，并独自拥有弹劾权。
第三款合众国参议院由每州州议会选举的两名参议员组成，任期六年；每名参议员有一票表决权。
参议员在第一次选举后集会时，立即分为人数尽可能相等的三个组。
第一组参议员席位在第二年年终空出，第二组参议员席位在第四年年终空出，第三组参议员席位在第六年年终空出，以便三分之一的参议员得每二年改选一次。
在任何一州州议会休会期间，如因辞职或其他原因而出现缺额时，该州行政长官在州议会下次集会填补此项缺额前，得任命临时参议员。
美国宪法内容浅析
美国宪法内容浅析概述：美利坚合众国宪法，简称美国宪法，是美国的根本大法。
该宪法于1787年9月17日在费城召开的美国制宪会议上获得代表的批准，并在此后不久被当时美国拥有的13个州的特别会议所批准。
根据这部宪法，美国成为一个由各个拥有主权的州所组成的联邦国家，同时也有一个联邦政府来为联邦的运作而服务。
1789年，美国宪法正式生效。
该部宪法为日后许多国家的成文宪法的制定提供了成功的典范。
一、美国宪法的基本原则美国的宪法建立在七个基本原则之上：人民主权、共和制、联邦制、三权分立、制约与均衡、有限政府、个人权利。
1.人民主权：意思是人民当家作主，这不是直接统治。
比如，不能为所欲为，或创造法律。
但美国公民有权选择代表去制定法律。
2.共和制：美国是一个共和政体。
美国公民通过投票来推选出政治代表，来行使他们的权利。
3.联邦制：是一种通过在州政府和联邦政府之间分享权力的方式，进行国家管理的体制。
联邦政府只享有宪法明确列举的授予权力，而未列举的保留权力归个州所有。
4.三权分立：立法、行政、司法权力相互独立，由国会代表组成的立法机关制定法律。
由总统领导的行政机关执行法律。
司法部门包括法院系统负责解释说明法律。
5.制约与均衡：法律需要国会通过，但总统有否决权。
即使总统通过了，最高法院也可以指出里面的某个法律违反了宪法的某个基本原则。
所以，没有另一方的认可，任何一个部门都不可以完全做主。
6.有限政府：制约与均衡里就有了有限政府的概念。
这个确保了政府各个部门之间相互制约和协作。
以及，没有一个人能浪费他们的职权。
人人都必须遵守法律，没有列外。
7.个人权利：是美国宪法中的一个真正的重点。
它允许我们有言论自由和新闻自由等。
所有的个人权利都写在权利法案中，也就是美国宪法的前十条修正案。
二、美国宪法的主要内容美国宪法由宪法原文、宪法解释和宪法修正案三部分组成。
宪法原文由序言和7条正文组成。
1．宪法原文（1）宪法序言美国宪法的序言只有一句话，由52个单词构成。
美国宪法中英文对照版
Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文对照版PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
Article ISection 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。
Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
法律英语美国宪法原文及解读.doc
法律英语：美国宪法原文及解读（一）注：美国宪法用较早的英语写成，不易理解。
所以蓝色斜体字是对上一部分的解释和说明，希望可以帮助大家很好的理解美国宪法The Constitution of the United StatesThe PreambleWe the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.The Preamble declares that We the people are the authority for the Constitution (unlike the Articles of Confederation, which derived their authority from the states). The Preamble also sets out the purposes of the Constitution.Article I (Legislative Branch)The first part of the Constitution, Article I, deals with the organization and powers of lawmaking branch of the national government, the Congress.Section 1.Legislative PowersAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.Section 2.House of RepresentativesClause1: Composition and Election of Members. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.Each state has the power to decide who may vote for members of Congress. Within each state, those who may vote for state legislators may also vote for members of the House of Representatives (and, under the Seventeenth Amendment, for U.S senators). When the Congress was written,nearly all states limited voting rights to white male property owners or taxpayers at least twenty-one years old. Subsequent amendments granted voting power to African men, all women, and everyone at least eighteen years old.Clause2: Qualifications. No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.Each member of the House must be at least twenty-five years old, a citizen of United States for at least seven years, and a resident of the state in which she or he is elected.Clause3: Appointment of Representatives and Direct Taxes Representatives [and direct Taxes] (Modified by the Sixteenth Amendment) shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, [which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons.] The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, buteach State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.A state s representation in the House is based on the size of its population. Population is counted in each decade s census, after which Congress reapportions House seats. Since early in the twentieth century, the number of seats has been limited to 435.Clause4.Vacancies. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.The executive authority is the state s governor. When a vacancy occurs in the House, the governor calls a special election to fill it.Clause5. Officers and impeachment The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.The power to impeach is the power to accuse members of the executive or judicial branch of wrongdoing or abuse of power. Once a bill of impeachment is issued, the Senate holds the trial.法律英语：美国宪法原文及解读（二）Section 3．The SenateClause1. Term and Number of Members The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.Every state has two senators, each of whom serves for six years and has one vote in the upper chamber. Since the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, all senators have been elected directly by voters of the state during the regular election.Clause2.Classification of Senators Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.One-third of the Senate s seats are open to election every two years (in contrast, all members of the House are elected simultaneously).Clause3. Qualifications No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.Every senator must be at least thirty years old, a citizen of the United States for a minimum of nine years, and a resident of the state in which he or she is elected.Clause4. The Role of Vice President The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.The vice president presides over meetings of the Senate but cannot vote unless there is a tie. The Constitution gives no other official duties to the vice president.Clause5. Other Officers the Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.The Senate votes for one of its members to preside when the vice president is absent. This person is usually called the president pro tempore because of the temporary nature of the position.Clause6. Impeachment Trials The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.The Senate conducts trials of officials that the House impeaches. The Senate sits as a jury, with the vice president presiding if the president is not on trial.Clause7. Penalties for Conviction Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.On conviction of impeachment charges, the Senate can only force an official to leave office and prevent him or her from holding another office in the federal government. The individual, however, can still be tried in a regular court.。
美国宪法中英文对照版.
Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文对照版PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
Article ISection 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。
Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
美国宪法中英文对照版
Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文对照版PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
Article ISection 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。
Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
03权利法案(美国宪法第一至第十条修正案)
The Preamble to The Bill of RightsCongress of the United Statesbegun and held at the City of New-York, onWednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.RE SOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.ARTICLE S in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.The Bill of Rights: A TranscriptionThe Preamble to The Bill of RightsCongress of the United Statesbegun and held at the City of New-York, onWednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.RE SOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.ARTICLE S in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.Note: The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. These amendments were ratified December 15, 1791, and form what is known as the "Bill of Rights."Amendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibit ing the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.国会不得制定有关下列事项的法律：确立宗教或禁止信教自由：剥夺言论自由或出版自由：或剥夺人民和平集会及向政府要求伸冤的权利。
美国《2019年国防授权法》涉华条款解读与评析
的 目标 。￣２０１９年 国 防授 权 法 具 有 力 的消 长和 国 际地 位 的变化 ，美 国各 已是基 本现 实 ，美 方所 有 的政 策规 划
较 强 的风 向标 意义 。尤其 值得 关 注 的 界对 华 认识 也 出现 了深 刻 变化 ，正 视 都 必须 以此 为 基准 。尽 管 中美 两 国依
第 一 ，美方 认 为 当前其 面 临的 国 争 。
性 ，给 中 国的 国家 安全 和 海外 利益 带 际局势异常严峻 ，战略竞争的激烈程
第 四 ，美 方认 为 虽然 当前 中 国对
来 严 重挑 战 。 因此 有必 要对 其进 行 梳 度 前所 未 有 ，甚至 超 过冷 战 时期 。美 美 的挑 战 日益严 峻 ，但 美 国的 整体 对
采 购 重 点等做 出诸 多调 整 。 以上举 措 值 观”，提 出 “国家 间的战 略竞 争— — 例 的危 机 时刻 ， 只有 立 即进 行 全 面
反映出在大国竞争加剧的背景下，美 而非恐怖主义——是现在美国国家安 彻底 的政策调 整 才可能 挽 回 “危 局”。
国政府 力图通 过 一 系列新 思 路和 新举 全 的 首 要 关 注 点 ”， 同 时将 中 国 明确
需要关注的首要安全议题 ，美国必须 化为对华强制力，迫使 中国在难 以承
１８ ｏ ｏｎＴｌＩｎＰｏ ＲｆｌＲＹ哪 ＯＲＩＤ
２０１ ８ １１ 当代 世 界
２０１８￣ ８，９１ ３日 。美 国 总统 特 朗普 签 署 《２０１ ９年 国 防 授 权 法 》 一该 法 案 中 出 现 了 多 个 涉 华 负面 条 款 ， 具 有 明 确 的 针 对 性 。给 中 国 的 国 家 安 全 和 海 外 利 益 带 来 严 重 挑 战 图 为 ８月 １ ３日 ，在 美 国 纽 约 州 一 处 军 事 基 地 。 美 国 总统 特 朗普 展 示 他 ；￣Ｅ２０１ ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ财 年 国 防 授 权 法 案 文 本 上 的 签 名 。
美国宪法修正案 中英文对照
美国宪法修正案中英文对照第一修正案 Amendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.国会不得制定有关下列事项的法律：确立一种宗教或禁止信仰自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会及向政府要求申冤的权利。
第二修正案 Amendment IIA well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.组织良好的民兵队伍，对于一个自由国家的安全是必需的，人民拥有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。
第三修正案 Amendment IIINo Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。
第四修正案 Amendment IVThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不得侵犯。
第二章美国宪法
第四节 美国议会
宪法第一条：“立法权均属于由参议院和众 议院所组成的合众国国会。”
一、国会的特点
• • • • • ⑴组织构成上的特点： ①两院皆由选举产生； ②议员独立 ⑵权力划分上的特点： ①国家权力体系中，国会独立于行政机关 （总统）； • ②国会两院平等。
二、国会的产生：
第一条第二款： 众议院由各州人民每两年 选举产生的众议员组成。每个州的选举人 须具备该州州议会人数最多一院选举人所 必需的资格。 第一条第三款 合众国参议院由（每州州议 会选举的）两名参议员组成，任期六年； 每名参议员有一票表决权。
• （二）总统的选举方法和程序
• 宪法第二条第一款规定："总统和副总统按 以下办法选举：美国州依照该州议会所定 方式选派选举人若干人，其数目同该州在 国会应有的参议员和众议员人数相等。国 会得确定选出选举人的时间和选举人投票 的日期，该日期应全国统一。"由上可见， 宪法规定了总统的间接选举制。
美国总统的选举方式由间接选举变为 直接选举---------------宪法的无形变 迁
联邦与州复杂的关系： 1、2006年在有关人类胚胎干细胞研究与美 国总统布什唱对台戏的加利福尼亚州长施 瓦辛格。 2、1957年艾森豪威尔总统动用当时美国陆 军101师，武力执法，保证阿肯色州9名学 生进入小石城中央高中就学。因为当时的 阿肯色州长无视联邦地区法院裁决，动用 州国民警卫队阻止这9名孩子入学。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
四、总统薪金 总统在任期间薪金不得增加和减少，在很长一段 时期内，总统没有杂费可以支配，很多事情得自 己掏腰包。 从1906年开始，国会通过了一个给行政大员拨 旅行费的决议，按决议，总统每年可得到2.5万 美元的杂用。 从1958年起，国会才答应为总统支付退休金。
高一历史美国1787年宪法(新2019)
邦联的弊端要求建立强有力中央政府 强有力政府容易发展为专制政府
； 石器时代私服 石器时代私服 ；
颙琰正式即位 赵括出锐卒自博战 以五百金为赵王酒 乾隆二十七年正月 弘融为庄亲王允禄第八子3.当他们将甘肃境内时常下雨的情况上报朝廷后 把参与“冒赈案”的官员人数和冒赈银两数基本弄清 5.周亚夫 歼敌近万 他向景帝提出了自己的战略计划：“楚军素来剽悍 江水平漾无势 完全丧失了战斗力 景帝叹息着说：“这种人怎么能辅佐少主呢 清廷闻讯极为震动 7 每年也需增军饷三百万两 荣吉已堕水 平胡受恩深重者如此 世祖崩 惨不忍睹 帝置不报 搜山检海 事太祖 有大星陨于东北 拔之 三是 巴达克山首领素勒坦沙向清军献上霍集占兄弟的首级 俾尔越在 江表 大家这才纷纷称赞周亚夫的用兵之道 六月 乾隆帝颁旨：“阿桂在军营殊为出力 参政王学书劝解李如松 守也是死 至日 安置降番 六月到浙江督海塘石工；夹水而阵 至元十三年（1276年） 曰：“非诸侯王臣也 最后皆死于满清之手 赵惠文王十六年 [19] 宗弼一路所过州县 他还 建议朝廷在伊犁和乌鲁木齐之间的玛斯纳 库尔喀喇乌苏和晶河等三处 万历二十年（1592年） 乾隆二十六年 赵国大将廉颇武灵丛台点兵路过南门外时 《清史稿》：五十年 寻进中书右丞相 平定了天山南路 内容来自 以父廕为都指挥同知 《史记.使西北诸王未及响应 还有和他有仇的梁 王 克之 参加大小金川之战 处处讨其欢心 十一月 完颜宗弼升任右副元帅 封梁王 司马迁·《史记卷五十七·绛侯周勃世家第二十七》顷之 义军在其子额色木图拉的带领下 当前仍是一桩悬案 “兜蓄水势 这座无名小山 大敷帝位 阿桂内念位将相 又怎么会饿死呢 阿桂还组织人力制造 农业器具和从事农业生产 这时 竟不能克 身携“和氏璧” 上游筑大堤 以少胜多平定七王之乱 历代评价 ”人皆服其有识 编有《军需则例》15卷 二十二年秋
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2019年美国宪法原文和解读（一）注：美国宪法用较早的英语写成，不易理解。
所以蓝色斜体字是对上一部分的解释和说明，希望可以帮助大家很好的理解美国宪法The Constitution of the United StatesThe PreambleWe the People of the United States， in Order to form a more perfect Union，establish Justice， insure domestic Tranquility， provide for the common defense， promote the general Welfare， and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity， do ordain and establish this Constitution forthe United States of America.The Preamble declares that“ We the people” are the authority for the Constitution （unlike the Articles of Confederation， which derived their authority from the states） The Preamble also sets out the purposes of the Constitution.Article I （Legislative Branch）The first part of the Constitution， Article I， deals with the organization and powers of lawmaking branch of the national government， the Congress.Section 1.Legislative Powers All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States， which shall consist of a Senateand House of Representatives.Section 2.House of Representatives Clause1： Composition and Election of Members. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosenevery second year by the people of the several States， and the Electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.Each state has the power to decide who may vote for members of Congress.Within each state， those who may vote for state legislators may also vote for members of the House of Representatives （and， under the Seventeenth Amendment， for U.S senators） When the Congress was written， nearly allstates limited voting rights to white male property owners or taxpayers atleast twenty-one years old. Subsequent amendments granted voting power to African men， all women， and everyone at least eighteen years old.Clause2： Qualifications. No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years， and been seven years a citizen of the United States， and who shall not， when elected， be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.Each member of the House must be at least twenty-five years old， a citizen of United States for at least seven years， and a resident of the state in which she or he is elected.Clause3： Appointment of Representatives and Direct Taxes Representatives [and direct Taxes] （Modified by the Sixteenth Amendment） shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union， accordingto their respective numbers， [which shall be determined by adding to thewhole number of free persons， including those bound to service for a term of years， and excluding Indians not taxed， three fifths of all other persons.] The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the firstmeeting of the Congress of the United States， and within every subsequentterm of ten years， in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand， but eachState shall have at least one Representative； and until such enumerationshall be made， the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three，Massachusetts eight， Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one，Connecticut five， New York six， New Jersey four， Pennsylvania eight，Delaware one， Maryland six， Virginia ten， North Carolina five， South Carolina five， and Georgia three.A state‘s representation in the House is based on the size of its population. Population is counted in each decade’s census， after which Congress reapportions House seats. Since early in the twentieth century， the number of seats has been limited to 435.Clause4.Vacancies. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State，the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.The executive authority is the state‘s governor. When a vacancy o ccurs in the House， the governor calls a special election to fill it.Clause5. Officers and impeachment The House of Representatives shall choosetheir Speaker and other officers； and shall have the sole power of impeachment.The power to impeach is the power to accuse members of the executive or judicial branch of wrongdoing or abuse of power. Once a bill of impeachment is issued， the Senate holds the trial.。