不定式、现在分词和过去分词
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composition ． We all like playing (to play) table tennis．
但也有细微区别： *指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为 常用~ing形式. 如：I like reading books of this kind．(惯常行为) I hate to say so，but really I can't go with you．(具体某次行为)
3.分词的用法比较
A.在时态上
ing分词表“进行” ed分词表“完成”
1.China is a developing country =a country which is developing. 2.Japan is a developed country =a country which has developed. 3.I found him gone. =that he had gone.(表完成）
⑥mean to do (意思是) 打算做某事 mean doing意味着做某事
e.g. ：Revolution means librating the productive force． Sorry ,I didn't mean to hurt you．
(4)下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义不同： ①stop to do 停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事 / stop doing 停下正在做的事 e.g.：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag, I stopped to help him． Hearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroom． ②forget to do忘记做某事(此事未做)/ forget doing忘记曾做过某事(此事已做) He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office． I'll never forget seeing him for the first time．
I prefer to stay at home today．(具体某次行为) He prefers walking to cycling．(惯常行为) *一般说来不能用于进行时的动词如：realize， know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式 如：I began to realize I had been wrong. We hate to lose the chance . Now we are beginning to see it more clearly.
admit, report, appreciate, deny, explain, mention, resist, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。
如 ：1）Would you mind my smoking here ? 2） The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day． 3）Good news keeps coming. Tina suggested spending the weekend on her farm．
▲在概念上，ing.表“抽象、习惯”,不定式表“具体、偶
然、将来”. *Swimming (抽象）is my favourite sport and I like swimming(习惯）every day, but I don’t like to swim(具 体）today, I would like to swim(将来）tomorrow.
having gone (不作定语）
ed
只有一般式:(不强调时间 先后，只说明原因、条 件等) 一般式:(与谓语动词(几 乎)同时发生)
×
to make
made(表被动） gone(表完成）
Fra Baidu bibliotek
to be made to have been made ×
to go to have gone to be going
inf
完成式:(先与谓语动词之 to have made 前发生) 进行式:(在谓语动词动作 to be making 发生时正在进行)
2.非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份
成份 类别
主 宾 表 定 宾 语 语 语 语 补 时
间
状
语
条 原 目 件 因 的
结 果
方 让 式 步
伴 随
不定 式 现在 × × 分词
1.非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足 语、表语、定语、状语等.
1.Swimming is his favourite sport. (作主语） 2.He enjoys swimming. (作宾语） 3.I found him swimming in the river. (作宾补） 4.His favourite sport is swimming. (作表语） 5.He is the man swimming in the river just now. (作定语） 6. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.
D.▲ed+主句（不强调时间先后）;Being ed+主句（强调 主句和从句动作同时发生）;Having been ed+主句（强 调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替.
1.Used as a means of traffic in China,the bike is very useful. Written in simple English, the book is easy to read 2. Being used by me now,the bike can’t be lent to you. 3. Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing. Having been told several times, he couldn’t 可以写成=Told several times, understand what I meant.
非谓语动词
语法讲解
朱一飞
I.非谓语动词时态、语态形式对照表：
及物与不及物
语态 类别 时态 一般式:(与谓语动词同时 making 发生) being made going
vt. vi. 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
ing
完成式:(先与谓语动词之 having made 前发生) (不作定语）
having been made (不作定语）
▲B.在语态上，ing分词表“主动”，ed分词表“被动” （多为及物动词）
1.I saw him writing a short novel. =that he was writing a short novel. 2.He was reading a novel written by Charles Dickens. =which was written by Charles Dichens.
(3)下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义相近：
like，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer， continue, intend，attempt等. e.g：I prefer making (to make) an outline before I do my oral
▲C.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只 能用作状语.
The platform having been built will be used to perform on. × 作 1.The platform built will be used to perform on. √ 定 The platform which has been built will be used 语 to perform on. √ 2. Having given her opinion about the building, 作 she left the meeting. Having been used for a long time, the computer 状 语 needs repairing.
4.非谓语动词的用法区别
不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：
⑴.下列动词常用不定式作宾语： aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。 如：He offered to help us .
(作状语）
1.This
cup is broken. (作表语 2.This is a broken cup. (作表语） 3.I found the cup broken.(作宾语补足语） 4.Broken by Tom, the cup can’t be used. (作状语） ★过去分词一般不作主语、宾语.
③remember to do记得要做某事(此事未做)/ remember doing记得某事已做过(此事已做) e.g.：I remember seeing her once somewhere． You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave home． ④go on to do继续做另一件事 go on doing接着做同 一件事 e.g. ：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing something． AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel． ⑤try to do企图／想做某事 try doing试着做某事(看看 有什么后果发生) e.g. ：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldn’t listen． Let's try doing the work some other way.
×
× × × ×
过去 × × 分词
动名 词 ×
×
×
×
1.To see you is glad. （作主语） =It’s glad to see you. (作宾语） 2.I want to see you. 3.I want him to see you. （作宾补） (作表语） 4.My hope is to see you. 5.He is the man to see you. （作定语） 6.I’m glad to see you. （作原因状语） （作目的状语） 7.I went to see you. 8.He went so early as to see you （作结果状语）
I didn't expect to find you here． They refused to accept his invitation． The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in．
(2)下列动词通常用~ing形式作宾语：
但也有细微区别： *指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为 常用~ing形式. 如：I like reading books of this kind．(惯常行为) I hate to say so，but really I can't go with you．(具体某次行为)
3.分词的用法比较
A.在时态上
ing分词表“进行” ed分词表“完成”
1.China is a developing country =a country which is developing. 2.Japan is a developed country =a country which has developed. 3.I found him gone. =that he had gone.(表完成）
⑥mean to do (意思是) 打算做某事 mean doing意味着做某事
e.g. ：Revolution means librating the productive force． Sorry ,I didn't mean to hurt you．
(4)下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义不同： ①stop to do 停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事 / stop doing 停下正在做的事 e.g.：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag, I stopped to help him． Hearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroom． ②forget to do忘记做某事(此事未做)/ forget doing忘记曾做过某事(此事已做) He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office． I'll never forget seeing him for the first time．
I prefer to stay at home today．(具体某次行为) He prefers walking to cycling．(惯常行为) *一般说来不能用于进行时的动词如：realize， know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式 如：I began to realize I had been wrong. We hate to lose the chance . Now we are beginning to see it more clearly.
admit, report, appreciate, deny, explain, mention, resist, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。
如 ：1）Would you mind my smoking here ? 2） The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day． 3）Good news keeps coming. Tina suggested spending the weekend on her farm．
▲在概念上，ing.表“抽象、习惯”,不定式表“具体、偶
然、将来”. *Swimming (抽象）is my favourite sport and I like swimming(习惯）every day, but I don’t like to swim(具 体）today, I would like to swim(将来）tomorrow.
having gone (不作定语）
ed
只有一般式:(不强调时间 先后，只说明原因、条 件等) 一般式:(与谓语动词(几 乎)同时发生)
×
to make
made(表被动） gone(表完成）
Fra Baidu bibliotek
to be made to have been made ×
to go to have gone to be going
inf
完成式:(先与谓语动词之 to have made 前发生) 进行式:(在谓语动词动作 to be making 发生时正在进行)
2.非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份
成份 类别
主 宾 表 定 宾 语 语 语 语 补 时
间
状
语
条 原 目 件 因 的
结 果
方 让 式 步
伴 随
不定 式 现在 × × 分词
1.非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足 语、表语、定语、状语等.
1.Swimming is his favourite sport. (作主语） 2.He enjoys swimming. (作宾语） 3.I found him swimming in the river. (作宾补） 4.His favourite sport is swimming. (作表语） 5.He is the man swimming in the river just now. (作定语） 6. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.
D.▲ed+主句（不强调时间先后）;Being ed+主句（强调 主句和从句动作同时发生）;Having been ed+主句（强 调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替.
1.Used as a means of traffic in China,the bike is very useful. Written in simple English, the book is easy to read 2. Being used by me now,the bike can’t be lent to you. 3. Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing. Having been told several times, he couldn’t 可以写成=Told several times, understand what I meant.
非谓语动词
语法讲解
朱一飞
I.非谓语动词时态、语态形式对照表：
及物与不及物
语态 类别 时态 一般式:(与谓语动词同时 making 发生) being made going
vt. vi. 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
ing
完成式:(先与谓语动词之 having made 前发生) (不作定语）
having been made (不作定语）
▲B.在语态上，ing分词表“主动”，ed分词表“被动” （多为及物动词）
1.I saw him writing a short novel. =that he was writing a short novel. 2.He was reading a novel written by Charles Dickens. =which was written by Charles Dichens.
(3)下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义相近：
like，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer， continue, intend，attempt等. e.g：I prefer making (to make) an outline before I do my oral
▲C.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只 能用作状语.
The platform having been built will be used to perform on. × 作 1.The platform built will be used to perform on. √ 定 The platform which has been built will be used 语 to perform on. √ 2. Having given her opinion about the building, 作 she left the meeting. Having been used for a long time, the computer 状 语 needs repairing.
4.非谓语动词的用法区别
不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：
⑴.下列动词常用不定式作宾语： aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。 如：He offered to help us .
(作状语）
1.This
cup is broken. (作表语 2.This is a broken cup. (作表语） 3.I found the cup broken.(作宾语补足语） 4.Broken by Tom, the cup can’t be used. (作状语） ★过去分词一般不作主语、宾语.
③remember to do记得要做某事(此事未做)/ remember doing记得某事已做过(此事已做) e.g.：I remember seeing her once somewhere． You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave home． ④go on to do继续做另一件事 go on doing接着做同 一件事 e.g. ：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing something． AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel． ⑤try to do企图／想做某事 try doing试着做某事(看看 有什么后果发生) e.g. ：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldn’t listen． Let's try doing the work some other way.
×
× × × ×
过去 × × 分词
动名 词 ×
×
×
×
1.To see you is glad. （作主语） =It’s glad to see you. (作宾语） 2.I want to see you. 3.I want him to see you. （作宾补） (作表语） 4.My hope is to see you. 5.He is the man to see you. （作定语） 6.I’m glad to see you. （作原因状语） （作目的状语） 7.I went to see you. 8.He went so early as to see you （作结果状语）
I didn't expect to find you here． They refused to accept his invitation． The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in．
(2)下列动词通常用~ing形式作宾语：