自动化_专业英语论文
自动化07-2班覃宇锋学号：48
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温度控制简介和PID控制器
过程控制系统自动过程控制系统是指将被控量为温度、压力、流量、成份
等类型的过程变量保持在理想的运行值的系统。过程实际上是动态的。变化总是
会出现，此时如果不采取相应的措施，那些与安全、产品质量和生产率有关的重
要变量就不能满足设计要求。
为了说明问题，让我们来看一下热交换器。流体在这个过程中被过热蒸汽加
热，如图1所示。
这一装置的主要目的是将流体由入口温度乃(f)加热到某一期望的出口温度
T(f)。如前所述，加热介质是过热蒸汽。
只要周围没有热损耗，过程流体获得的热量就等于蒸汽释放的热量，即热交
换器和管道间的隔热性很好。
很多变量在这个过程中会发生变化，继而导致出口温度偏离期望值。如果出
现这种情况，就该采取一些措施来校正偏差，其目的是保持出口温度为期望值。
实现该目的的一种方法是首先测量r(0，然后与期望值相比较，由比较结果
决定如何校正偏差。蒸汽的流量可用于偏差的校正。就是说，如果温度高于期望
值，就关小蒸汽阀来减小进入换热器的蒸汽流量；若温度低于期望值，就开大蒸
汽阀，以增加进入换热器的蒸汽流量。所有这些操作都可由操作员手工实现，操
作很简单，不会出现什么问题。但是，由于多数过程对象都有很多变量需要保持
为某一期望值，就需要许多的操作员来进行校正。因此，我们想自动完成这种控
制。就是说，我们想利用无需操作人员介入就可以控制变量的设备。这就是所谓
自动化的过程控制。
为达到上述目标，就需要设计并实现一个系统。图2所示为一个可行的控制
系统及其基本构件。首先要做的是测量过程流体的出口温度，这一任务由传感器
(热电偶、热电阻等)完成。将传感器连接到变送器上，由变送器将传感器的输出
信号转换为足够大的信号传送给控制器。控制器接收与温度相关的信号并与期望
值比较。根据比较的结果，控制器确定保持温度为期望值的控制作用。基于这一
结果，控制器再发一信号给执行机构来控制蒸汽流量。
下面介绍控制系统中的4种基本元件，分别是：
(1)传感器，也称为一次元件。
(2)变送器，也称二次元件。
(3)调节器，控制系统的“大脑”。
(4)执行机构，通常是一个控制阀，但并不全是。其他常用的执行机构有变
速泵、传送装置和电动机。
这些元件的重要性在于它们执行每个控制系统中都必不可少的3个基本操
作，即：
(1)测量：被控量的测量通常由传感器和变送器共同完成。
(2)决策：根据测量结果，为了维持输出为期望值，控制器必须决定如何操
作。
(3)操作: 根据控器的处理,系统必须执行某种操作,这通常由执行机构来完
成.
如上所述,每个控制系统都有M,D和A这3种操作.
有些系统的决策任务简单,而有些很复杂.设计控制系统的工程师必须确保所采取确保所采取的操作能影响被控变量,也就是说,该操作要影响测量值.否则,系统是不可控的,还会带来许多危害.
PID控制器可以是独立控制器（也可以叫做单回路控制器），可编程控制器（PLCs）中的控制器，嵌入式控制器或者是用Vb或C#编写的计算机程序软件。
PID控制器是过程控制器，它具有如下特征：连续过程控制；模拟输入（也被称为“测量量”或“过程变量”或“PV”）；模拟输出（简称为“输出”）；基准点（SP）；比例、积分以及/或者微分常数；“连续过程控制”的例子有温度、压力、流量及水位控制。例如：控制一个容器的热量。对于简单的控制，你使用两个具有温度限定功能的传感器(一个限定低温，一个限定高温)。当低温限定传感器接通时就会打开加热器，当温度升高到高温限定传感器时就会关加热器。这类似于大多数家庭使用的空调及供暖系统的温度自动调节器。
反过来，PID控制器能够接受像实际温度这样的输入，控制阀门，这个阀门能够控制进入加热器的气体流量。PID控制器自动地找到加热器中气体的合适流量，这样就保持了温度在基准点稳定。温度稳定了，就不会在高低两点间上下跳动了。如果基准点降低，PID控制器就会自动降低加热器中气体的流量。如果基准点升高，PID控制器就会自动的增加加热器中气体的流量。同样地，对于高温，晴朗的天气(当外界温度高于加热器时)及阴冷，多云的天气，PID控制器都会自动调节。
模拟输入(测量量)也叫做“过程变量”或“PV'’。你希望PV能够达到你所控制过程参数的高精确度。例如，如果我们想要保持温度为+1度或—1度，我们至少要为此努力，使其精度保持在0．1度。如果是一个12位的模拟输入，传感器的温度范围是从0度到400度，我们计算的理论精确度就是4096除400度=0．097656度。我们之所以说这是理论上因为我们假定温度传感器，电线及模拟转换器上没有噪音和误差。还有其他的假定。例如，线性等等。即使是有大量的噪音和其他问题，按理论精确度的1／10计算，1度精确度的数值应该很容易得到的。
模拟输出经常被简称为“输出”。经常在0％到100％之间给出。在这个热量的例子中阀门完全关闭(0％)，完全打开(100％)。
基准点(SP)很简单，即你想要什么样的过程量。在这个例子中一你想要过程处于怎样的温度。
PID控制器的任务是维持输出在一个程度上，这样在过程变量(PV)和基准点(SP)上就没有偏差(误差)。
在图3中，阀门用来控制进入加热器的气体，冷却器的制冷，水管的压力，水管的流量，容器的水位或其他的过程控制系统。
PID控制器所观察的是PV和SP之间的偏差(或误差)。它观察绝对偏差和偏差变换率。绝对偏差就是一'PV和SP之间偏差大还是小。偏差变换率就是——PV和SP之间的偏差随着时间的变化是越来越小还是越来越大。
如果存在过程扰动，即过程变量或基准点变化时一-PID控制器就要迅速改变输出，这样过程变量就返回到基准点。如果你有一个PID控制的可进入的冷冻装置，某个人打开门进入，温度(过程变量)将会迅速升高。因此，PID控制器不得不提高冷度(输出)来补偿这个温度的升高。
一旦过程变量等同于基准点，一个好的PID控制器就不会改变输出。你所要的输出就会稳定(不改变)。如果阀门(发动机或其他控制元件)不断改变，而不是
电气专业英语论文
Page1 Electrical Energy Transmission（电能输送） From reference 1 Growing populations and industrializing countries create huge needs for electrical energy. Unfortunately, electricity is not always used in the same place that it is produced, meaning long-distance transmission lines and distribution systems are necessary. But transmitting electricity over distance and via networks involves energy loss. So, with growing demand comes the need to minimize this loss to achieve two main goals: reduce resource consumption while delivering more power to users. Reducing consumption can be done in at least two ways: deliver electrical energy more efficiently and change consumer habits. Transmission and distribution of electrical energy require cables and power transformers, which create three types of energy loss: the Joule effect, where energy is lost as heat in the conductor (a copper wire, for example); magnetic losses, where energy dissipates into a magnetic field; the dielectric effect, where energy is absorbed in the insulating material. The Joule effect in transmission cables accounts for losses of about 2.5 % while the losses in transformers range between 1 % and 2 % (depending on the type and ratings of the transformer). So, saving just 1 % on the electrical energy produced by a power plant of 1 000 megawatts means transmitting 10 MW more to consumers, which is far from negligible: with the same energy we can supply 1 000 - 2 000 more homes. Changing consumer habits involves awareness-raising programmers, often undertaken by governments or activist groups. Simple things, such as turning off lights in unoccupied rooms, or switching off the television at night (not just putting it into standby mode), or setting tasks such as laundry for non-peak hours are but a few examples among the myriad of possibilities. On the energy production side, building more efficient transmission and
自动控制论文 英文版
自动控制论文 作者洪劲松 专业电气工程及其自动化 学号120301628 指导教师赵国新
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High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
无机非金属材料英语论文翻译
Henan University of Urban Construction 《无机材料专业英语》 课程设计 专业：无机非金属工程 班级：0134091 学号：013409128 姓名: 王峰 指导老师：徐开东 成绩： 土木与材料工程系 2012年05月
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土木工程专业英语论文.doc
Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and
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外文翻译院（系） 专业班级 姓名 学号 指导教师 年月日
Programmable designed for electro-pneumatic systems controller John F.Wakerly This project deals with the study of electro-pneumatic systems and the programmable controller that provides an effective and easy way to control the sequence of the pneumatic actuators movement and the states of pneumatic system. The project of a specific controller for pneumatic applications join the study of automation design and the control processing of pneumatic systems with the electronic design based on microcontrollers to implement the resources of the controller. 1. Introduction The automation systems that use electro-pneumatic technology are formed mainly by three kinds of elements: actuators or motors, sensors or buttons and control elements like valves. Nowadays, most of the control elements used to execute the logic of the system were substituted by the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Sensors and switches are plugged as inputs and the direct control valves for the actuators are plugged as outputs. An internal program executes all the logic necessary to the sequence of the movements, simulates other components like counter, timer and control the status of the system. With the use of the PLC, the project wins agility, because it is possible to create and simulate the system as many times as needed. Therefore, time can be saved, risk of mistakes reduced and complexity can be increased using the same elements. A conventional PLC, that is possible to find on the market from many companies, offers many resources to control not only pneumatic systems, but all kinds of system that uses electrical components. The PLC can be very versatile and robust to be applied in many kinds of application in the industry or even security system and automation of buildings.
自动化专业英语_考试版的文章翻译
UNIT 1 A 电路 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如 电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性. 就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为: u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R = 电阻，欧姆。 纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的 变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt = 电流变化率，安培/秒； L = 感应系数，享利。 电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u= ，式中电容量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或dq = i dt，那么等式 (1-1A-3) 可写为式中 C = 电容量，法拉。 归纳式(1-1A-1)、(1-1A-2) 和 (1-1A-4)描述的三种无源电路元件如图1-1A-1所示。注意，图中电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向，因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致。 有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能，例如，电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能，发电机的电能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。 有源电气元件存在两种基本形式：电压源和电流源。其理想状态为：电压源两端的电压恒定，与从 电压源中流出的电流无关。因为负载变化时电压基本恒定，所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。另一方面，电流源产生电流，电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。虽然电流源在实际中不常见，但其概念的确在表示借助于等值电路的放大器件，比如晶体管中具有广泛应用。电压源和电流源的符号表示如图1-1A-2所示。 分析电网络的一般方法是网孔分析法或回路分析法。应用于此方法的基本定律是基尔霍夫第一定律，基尔霍夫第一定律指出：一个闭合回路中的电压代数和为0，换句话说，任一闭合回路中的电压升等于电压降。网孔分析指的是：假设有一个电流——即所谓的回路电流——流过电路中的每一个回路，求每一个回路电压降的代数和，并令其为零。 考虑图1-1A-3a 所示的电路，其由串联到电压源上的电感和电阻组成，假设回路电流i ，那么回路总的电压降为因为在假定的电流方向上，输入电压代表电压升的方向，所以输电压在（1-1A-5）式中为负。因为电流方向是电压下降的方向，所以每一个无源元件的压降为正。利用电阻和电感压降公式，可得等式(1-1A-6)是电路电流的微分方程式。 或许在电路中，人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。正如图1-1A-1指出的用积分代替式(1-1A-6)中的i，可得1-1A-7 UNIT 3 A 逻辑变量与触发器
(完整word版)机械专业英语文章中英文对照
英语原文 NUMERICAL CONTROL Numerical control(N/C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers, letters, and other symbols, The numbers, letters, and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular work part or job. When the job changes, the program of instructions is changed. The capability to change the program is what makes N/C suitable for low-and medium-volume production. It is much easier to write programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipment. There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：point—to—point and continuous—path(also called contouring).Point—to—point machines use unsynchronized motors, with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement, or while only one motor is running. Machines of this type are principally used for straight—line cuts or for drilling or boring. The N/C system consists of the following components：data input, the tape reader with the control unit, feedback devices, and the metal—cutting machine tool or other type of N/C equipment. Data input, also called “man—to—control link”,may be provided to the machine tool manually, or entirely by automatic means. Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs. Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials, pushbuttons, switches, or thumbwheel selectors. These are located on a console near the machine. Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer. In most cases, pushbuttons, switches, and other similar types of selectors are digital input devices. Manual input requires that the operator set the controls for each operation. It is a slow and tedious process and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases. In practically all cases, information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards, punched tapes, or by magnetic tape. Eight—channel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional N/C systems. The coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocks. Each block represents a machine function, a machining operation, or a combination of the two. The entire N/C program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocks. Programs resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture film. Programs on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loop. Once installed, the tape is used again and again without further handling. In this case, the operator simply loads and
机械专业英语论文翻译
Influence of Hot Press Forming Techniques on Properties of Vehicle High Strength Steels CHANG Ying, MENG Zhaohuan, YING Liang, LI Xiaodong , MA Ning, HU Ping ( Scho ol of Automotive Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China) Abstract:Based on the combination of materials science and mechanicalengineering ,hotpress forming process of the vehicle high strength steels was analyzed. The hot forming processinclud -ed: heating alloy srapidly to austenite micr ostructures, stamping and cooling timely,maintaining pressur eand quenching . The results showed that most of austenite micr ostructure w as changed into uniform mar tensite by the hot press form ing while the samples were heatedat 900 。C and quenched. The optimal tensile strength and yield streng th were up to 1530 MPa and 1000 MPa, respectively, and the shape deformation reached about 23% . And springback defect did not happ -en in the samples. Key words: high streng th steel; lightw eight ; hot forming ; martensite As an effective economical energy measure, the lightw eight dev elo pment dir ection of automo -bile has become one of the most important research subjects in the automotive industry. There are three major ways to achieve automobile light weight : optimizing vehicle frames and struc- tures; making vehicle bodyor f rame of new and alternativ ematerials to reduce the vehicle mass ( The high and ultra high strength steel can be used as alternative materials because of its thinner thickness) ; adopting advanced manufacturing techniques for the sake of automobile light wei- ght , such as thickness-gradient high strength steel (HSS) or metal based compound plates by con -tinuous pressing or hot press forming [ 1] . Although HSS has been applied in some domestic top grade vehicles, the key producing technologies have always been dominated by foreign compan- ies, such as Acelor Company, so as to raise the product cost obviously. By domestic self-designed hot press forming techniques and water-cooling mould, the automo bile HSS can be produced to subst itute foreign vehicle parts. In general, with the enhancement of steel blank，s mechanical strength, its formability is worsened dramatically. It is difficult to apply the traditional cold stamping technolog y into the f ield of pressing HSS. Thus, the hot stamping technology of martensit icsteel blank is applied as a new technology , which combines metal thermoplast ic forming metho d and water-cooling mould quenching principle. In this paper, boro n steel blank was formed and water-cooling mould was quenched simultane ously during the process of hot stamping . Compared with original automobile pearlite steel[ 2] , the automobile HSS obtained by advanced hot press forming technique can reduce about 30% of the total vehicle mass and achieve complex g eomet ries, high security and mechanical st reng th. The r easo n is that austenite microst