四川大学2015博士学位研究生入学考试试题

合集下载

四川大学法学院 2015 年博士研究生拟录取名单

四川大学法学院 2015 年博士研究生拟录取名单
考生编号
106105100002324 106105100002351 106105100002348 106105100002332 106105100002805 106105100002789 106105100002787 106105100002792 106105100005005 106105100002358 106105100002386 106105100002429 106105100002438 106105100002424 106105100002428 106105100002405 106105100002396 106105100002400 106105100002442 106105100002336 106105100002357 106105100002425 106105100002382 106105100002353 106105100002354 106105100002801 106105100002800
拟录取方向
法律文化行政法、行政诉讼法宪法、人权法宪法基础理论中国刑法学债权法中国刑法学侦查学司法原理证据法学刑事诉讼法刑事诉讼法刑事诉讼法环境资源与能源法学宪法基础理论民商法制创新司法原理金融证券法行政法、行政诉讼法行政法、行政诉讼法中国刑法学中国刑法学
初试成绩
238 246 225 244 264 253 249 236 / 249 248 240 223 262 253 228 230 227 249 248 214 258 242 216 231 223 238
复试成绩
80 87 87.33 96.33 90.33 86.33 83.67 81.67 82 89.33 91.33 88.33 84.67 88.33 88.33 92.67 90.67 87 90.33 86.2 84.8 83.2 83.4 78.2 83 82 81.5

四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试试题(神经内科)

四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（神经内科）专业课考试一．名词解释（每题4分）1. 循证医学2. 感染性休克3. 短暂性脑缺血发作4.运动性失语5.概率二．问答题（每题20分）1. 实验设计的四个基本原则2. t检验的应用条件。

3. 急性左心衰竭的抢救措施是什么？4．脑梗死急性期有哪些治疗措施？专业外语考试一．汉译英（50分）细胞构成组织，组织构成器官，器官又进一步构成系统。

人体的每个系统都有其特定功能，但是，请记住这里:机体是作为一个整体来发挥作用的，没有哪个系统能够独立于其他系统而存在，是整体系统共同作用保持了机体内部的稳定状态，即体内平衡。

现在，我们先讨论细胞─能独立存在活性物质的最小单位。

从细胞开始，我们能够从最简单到最复杂的水平来研究机体。

所有人体的功能都来自亿万个特定细胞活动，有的动植物仅由一个细胞构成，其他生物则由亿万个细胞构成。

细胞只能存活在能供养分又能排除废物的液体媒介中。

对单细胞生物来说，这就是细胞外的液体，如：大海里、河里或水流中。

在对多细胞生物而言，这种媒介就是生物体的一部分，植物以汁液的形式，动物以血液的形式。

细胞膜是半渗透性或区别性的渗透膜，即某些物质能渗透。

这个特殊性使细胞对细胞周围只吸收了需要的物质而排除掉有害的物质，包括细胞内的废物通过液体化后排出细胞外。

细胞的中央，圆形或椭圆形的就是细胞核。

细胞核控制细胞的生长和分化。

也装着遗传信息。

二．英译汉（50 分）The location of an infarction is within a vascular territory which may be involved totally or partially. One or more territories of the major arteries may be involved or, on the contrary, the border zones between different vascular territories may be affected. The location of the lesion is, therefore, an important diagnostic element: a lesion straddling different vascular territories is not likely to be an infarction.The different vascular territories as seen on CT have been studied and have also been correlated with functional areas.Frequency of infarctions in the areas of the major arterial territories is similar in the series observed in our clinic (the Besta Neurologic Institute) and in various reported series. The middle cerebral artery territory is the most frequently involved (62% in our series of about 500 cases), followed by the posterior cerebral artery (14%), and anterior cerebral artery (5%). Infarcts in the posterior fossa were observed in 5% of our cases, while multiple territories or watershed areas accounted for the remaining 14%.The infarcted area appears as a hypodense lesion usually only after 24 to 48 hours after the stroke, but occasional positive CT scans are observed even at 3 to 6 hours after onset. The hypodensity is initially mild and poorly defined; within 2 or 3 days the attenuation values become lower, the margins of the lesion become better defined, and the lesion clearly appears to involve both gray and while matter. The best evidence of the lesion in this early phase is, therefore, on the third and fourth day after the stroke. In addition, in this period of edema and necrosis, there is often evidence of mass effect. The edema and mass effect gradually subside andhypodensity becomes less evident in the following days. The hypodensity may actually completely disappear and the infarcted area may become indistinguishable from the normal surrounding brain.。

四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版

2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。

3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。

书写要求字迹清楚、工整。

I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。

【四川大学】博士研究生---副本

1.马克思主义通货膨胀理论与西方货币学派比较2.价值的生产与分配理论3.资本的周转与循环理论2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思地租理论及其现实意义；2.马克思价格理论及其现实意义；3.马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论的比较.2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.从经济增长方面看通胀的管理；2.欧债危机；3.工业化、城镇化和现代农业化三化关系。

2010年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1、论我国城镇化中的土地流转2、论我国现阶段的收入分配3、论新时期我国的宏观经济政策2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.大宗商品价格波动的意义及其传导机制2.社会主义的生产目的；3.我国的工资理论2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.马克思的通货膨胀理论及其与西方通货膨胀理论比较2.实体经济与虚拟经济的关系3.论述转变经济发展方式2007年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2.马克思的扩大再生产理论？3.马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较1.马克思的货币理论及其现实意义2.马克思的资本循环与周转理论3.马克思的经济危机理论与西方经济周期理论的比较2009年四川大学博士生入学试题1.马克思的经济理论与当前金融危机2.马克思的地租理论及其现实意义3.劳动力价格的形成四川大学博士考试辅导，结合中央经济工作会议，我们提出以下问题请加以思考：1.实现经济自主增长的意义及途径（从原来的政策推动经济增长转到……）2.通货膨胀的成因及对策3.高通胀与低增长之间的关系（统筹速度、结构、物价三者的关系）4.经济风险的形成原因及化解对策5.金融风险的形成原因及化解对策6.发展实体经济的意义及途径7.提供发展包容性的途径8.经济金融潜在风险与宏观调控的方向及途径9.宏观调控的“稳中求进”的意义及其途径学科专业代码、专业名称及研究方向导师姓名招生人数考试科目101 经济学院 45人020101 政治经济学 12人01 中国经济改革杨继瑞杨明洪陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3001 政治经济学研究020102 经济思想史 3人01 马克思主义经济理论的形成与发展研究蒋永穆蒋和胜陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3002 经济思想史四川大学经济学院定于2012年3月12～19日开设“《资本论》与社会主义经济理论”专题研讨班。

四川大学艺术学院2015年博士研究生招生复试成绩-拟录取名单公示

初试成绩
184
复试成绩
82.725
总成绩
72.03
录取意见
拟录取
备注
106105100002456
李立
1301Z1
比较艺术学美术创作与理论研究美术创作与理论研究美术创作与理论研究美术创作理论与实践美术史与理论美术史与理论美术史与理论美术史与理论设计史与理论
01
197
192
84.1
74.05
拟录取
106105100002635
厉华
1305Z2
02
200
85.3
75.98
拟录取
106105100002640
刘丰果
1305Z2
02
184
85.925
73.63
拟录取
106105100002637
范寅寅
1305Z2
02
207
57.525
63.26
不录取
106105100002636
55.65
60.66
不录取
106105100002551
罗乐
1304Z2
01
196
86.725
76.03
拟录取
106105100002541
贺阳
1304Z2
01
199
85.25
75.79
拟录取
106105100002552
熊宇
1304Z2
01
177
90.55
74.78
拟录取
106105100005008
杨翠
1304Z2
02
保送
保送

2015四川大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练

2015四川大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,and helpful most Americans were to them.To be fair,this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.There are,of course, exceptions.Small-minded officials,rude waiters,and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another.Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion,and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.Someone traveling alone,if hungry,injured,or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.It reflected the harshness of daily life:if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would.And someday,remember,you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler.Yet,the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US,especially in the smallercities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was just traveling through,got talking with this American,and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing.Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon,but are not always understood properly.The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial,but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society,in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.And,of course,speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns.Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.For example,when an American uses the word friend,the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.Yet,being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,________.(A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US(B)small-minded officials deserve a serious comment(C)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors(D)most Americans are ready to offer help2.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that________.(A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship(B)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated(C)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends(D)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions3.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.(A)to improve their hard life(B)in view of their long-distance travel(C)to add some flavor to their own daily life(D)out of a charitable impulse4.The tradition of hospitality to strangers________.(A)tends to be superficial and artificial(B)is generally well kept up in the United States(C)is always understood properly(D)has something to do with the busy tourist trails参考答案：DACB本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

四川大学2011-2012年博士研究生入学考试试题(病理学)

四川大学2011-2012年博士研究生入学考试试题（病理学）2012年《病理学》名词解释（15分）1.Aschoff body2.primary complex3.nephrotic syndrome4.abscess5.metastatic calcification6.pro-oncogen7.apoptosis8.piecemeal necrosis9.two-hit hypothesis10.wet gangrene11.ARDS12.metaplasia13.anaplasia14.granuloma15.amniotic fluid embolism二．判断题（20题，10分）1.肝细胞坏死液化为液化性坏死。

2.静脉血管中可见白色血栓，红色血栓和混合血栓。

3.蜂窝织炎由草绿色链球菌感染引起。

4.免疫力较低，菌量多毒力强时，肺结核总表现为渗出和增生。

5.甲状腺癌中髓样癌预后较好。

6.心衰细胞是左心衰，右心衰的标志。

7.各种玻璃样变的形成机制是一样的。

8.肠结核的溃疡与长轴垂直，呈烧瓶状。

9.急性新月体型肾炎由肾小球壁层细胞增生形成。

10.动脉硬化性脑萎缩是神经性萎缩。

11.脂肪栓塞只引起脑血管栓塞。

12.肿瘤命名中，“瘤”都是良性，“肉瘤”都是恶性。

13.脐周浅静脉曲张，食管下端静脉丛曲张，内痔和外痔均是肝硬化门脉高压的表现。

14.血吸虫感染引起的损害中，虫卵引起的病变最严重，危害最大。

15.支气管扩张形成右心衰。

三．简答题（75分）1.列举与人类肿瘤发病密切相关的病毒及其作用机制。

（10分）2.简述病毒性肝炎，血吸虫行肝病，阿米巴肝脓肿的病理学特点。

（10分）3.为什么肢体的皮肤伤口一般7天拆线?如果伤口感染，能否仍然拆线？（10分）4.简述基因芯片技术在生命科学领域的应用，试举例说明。

（10分）5.蜂窝织炎的特点是什么？为什么急性蜂窝织性阑尾炎须急诊手术并给予大剂量抗生素治疗？（10分）6.胫骨骨折患者为什么会肌肉萎缩？在诊疗护理过程中应注意观察什么？为什么骨折愈合后经锻炼会功能恢复？（10分）7.除传统的检查（HE染色）外，还有一些可指导肿瘤的诊断，治疗及预后判断。

四川大学考博真题-生物学综合2005-2014

《生物学综合》《生物学综合2014》1、请简述在你的研究领域或你感兴趣遏领域中最让你感到振奋的两个突破性进展，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。

在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿以毕生精力去解决？为什么？（20分）答：2、在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或者标志性的实验（可用简图帮助说明），包括：1）实验目的/要回答的问题，2）实验设计和手段，3）实验中所遇到的具体问题和解决办法，4）实验结果和对该领域的贡献，5）下一步实验设计和想法。

（20分）答：3、阐述宏基因组学在什么领域的研究策略与应用。

（20分）答：4、阐述如何医用微生物生产生物柴油，以及微生物生产生物柴油的优点和可能存在的问题。

（20分）答：5、论述引种与生物入侵的关系及其现实指导意义。

（20分）答：6、对于转基因的争论，谈谈你的看法或感悟。

（20分）答：7、2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的获奖内容是细胞内蛋白质分选的膜泡运输调节机制。

请回答细胞内蛋白质分选的主要路径有哪些？（20分）答：8、植物激素在调节生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用，列举一种激素，详细阐明其生理功能及其作用机制。

（20分）答：9、论述植物抗病的生理和生子生物学基础。

答：10、物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一，简述碳循环过程，并阐述其余全球气候变化有什么重要联系，以及提倡低碳的重要意义。

（20分）答：11、比较原核与真核细胞基因表达及调控在那些水平上存在着差异。

（20分）答：一、原核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因表达一般以操纵子为单位；（2）只有一种RNA聚合酶，识别原核细胞的启动子，催化所有RNA的合成；（3）无核膜，转录和翻译过程是偶联的；（4）基因一般不含内含子，在原核细胞中缺乏真核细胞和转录后加工系统；（5）基因表达的调控主要在转录水平，这种调控比对基因产物的直接调控要慢。

二、真核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因组DNA的存在形式可影响基因表达；（2）真核基因的转录和翻译不是偶联在一起的，基因转录在细胞核中进行，翻译在细胞质中进行；（3）真核基因表达的调控是多层次的；（4）基因表达具有组织和细胞类型特异性；（5）不同的真核细胞在基因表达调控中对信号分子的反应不同。

四川大学华西医学院肿瘤学2015(含答案)年考博真题试卷

2）细胞周期调控：如果细胞周期检查点及调控因子出感性降低。
3）DNA损伤修复：通常DNA修复缺陷的细胞其放射敏感性高。
4）细胞凋亡：放疗后凋亡比例高的肿瘤，放射敏感性高。
5）生长因子和癌基因：如EGFR过表达或过度激活的肿瘤对放疗抵抗性更强。
意义：AKT刺激葡萄糖的代谢，增强细胞的生长，通过下游多种途径对靶蛋白进行磷酸化而发挥抗凋亡作用，通过增加P53蛋白的降解而影响细胞存活。
2.肿瘤血管生成方式？简述经典血管生成(sprouting angiogenesis，SA)过程
3.肿瘤放射敏感性与哪些因素有关？有何临床意义？
1）氧合状态：氧对放射线的DNA损伤有固定作用，肿瘤乏氧时对放射治疗抗拒能力比正常氧合细胞强2.5~3倍。
PD-L1在多种肿瘤细胞中均有上调表达，它与T细胞上的PD-1结合，抑制T细胞增殖和活化，使T细胞处于失活状态，最终诱导免疫逃逸。两种抑制剂均可阻断PD-1和PD-L1的结合，上调T细胞的生长和增殖，增强T细胞对肿瘤细胞的识别，激活其攻击和杀伤功能，通过调动人体自身的免疫功能实现抗肿瘤作用。
6.食管癌的症状？哪些症状预示着食管穿孔
根据机制的治疗：①现已研发出第二代、第三代甚至第四代TKI，是针对T790M突变的新的治疗策略。②将c-Met抑制剂与TKI联用，可以增加TKI的敏感性。③阿法替尼和西妥昔单抗可以抑制Her2的磷酸化。④针对肿瘤细胞内多种失调蛋白的抑制剂联合使用。
4.手术在结直肠癌肝转移中的作用及意义
5.肺癌EGFR-TKI类药物的耐药机制及如何根据机制进行治疗？
耐药机制：①20外显子插入或重复突变与EGFR-TKI耐药有关，T790M使EGFR空间构象发生改变，与ATP亲和力增强，从而削弱TKI的竞争能力，造成EGFR的持续激活。②靶基因的扩增，如c-Met、EML4-ALK和Her2基因的扩增均与TKI耐药相关。③组织表型的改变：EMT与TKI的耐药相关。④旁路途径的激活：EGFR通路中的某些组件出现激活型突变，如PIK3CA、BRAF或其他RTK的激活。⑤p53基因的缺失。⑥细胞信号通路负反馈的减弱：如PI3K-Akt通路和MEK-ERK通路抑制剂的应用使负反馈减弱，RTK信号增强。

2015年四川大学博士研究生招生目录简章

科学学位
01 宏观经济运行与调控

济理论
② 2001 《资本论》与市场经

02 经济发展理论与实践 03 区域规划与区域政策 04 宏观经济研究
③ 3009 宏观经济学同上同上同上

张红伟杨明洪张红伟
0201Z4 金融经济学
4
李天德
科学学位
01 金融理论与实践

① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语

蒋永穆邓翔邓玲韩立达朱方明张衔李天德张红伟蒋和胜同上同上同上同上同上
③ 3001 政治经济学研究
02 宏观经济分析
03 区域经济发展
04 市场经济理论与应用
05 金融理论研究
06 市场价格理论与实践
020102 经济思想史
2

① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语
科学学位
01 汉语应用与规范

俞理明
法语

02 对外汉语俞理明雷汉卿杨文全同上
② 2003 中国文学典籍 ③ 3014 语言学理论

050103 汉语言文字学
01 汉语词汇史项楚俞理明蒋宗福雷汉卿谭伟俞理明
4

① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语或 1004 德语或 1005 法语
01 古文献学

② 2003 中国文学典籍 ③ 3016 文献学

02 中国俗文化文献
项楚张勇同上蒋宗福何剑平项楚周裕锴何剑平同上

03 古典文学文献

四川大学华西医学院神经外科学2015年考博真题试卷

第1页共1页
四川大学华西医学院医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经外科学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题较简单
第1页共1页
二、名词解释 1.dandy-wolker综合征 2.sturger-weber综合征 3.脊髓拴系综合症 4.hunt-hess分级 5.去皮层状态 6. Nelson‘s syndrome 三、问答题 1、弥漫性轴索损伤发病机理，临床表现，诊断。 2、星形细胞瘤分级及治疗策略。 3、生长激素型垂体腺瘤临床表现治疗进展。 4、髓母细胞瘤生物学特点，治疗策略。 5、高血压脑出血常见部位排序，选择手术指证策略。 6、正常压力脑积水发生机制，治疗。

四川大学物理化学2001年-2015年考研真题

二．选择题（1-24 单选，每个2 分，25-28 多选，每个3 分） 1. 在同一温度下，某气体无知的Cpm 与Cvm 的关系为 A Cpm<Cvm B Cpm>Cvm C Cpm=Cvm D 无法比较 2. 基尔霍夫定律，由T1 下的ΔH1，计算T2 下的ΔH2 A 只能直接用于反应物和产物都为气体达到化学反应过程 B 能直接用于任何化学反应过程 C 只能直接用于等压过程中无相变，无其他化学反应的过程 D 只能由于均相体系在等压下的化学反应过程 3. 下列函数中，哪一个为广度性质 A 若Ｌ＝（Ｔ, P, n1, n2……）,则λL=0（λ为常数） B 若Ｌ＝（Ｔ, P, n1, n2……）,则L=L（Ｔ, P, λn1, λn2……）（λ为常数） C 若Ｌ＝（Ｔ, P, n1, n2……）,则λL=L（Ｔ, P, λn1, λn2……）（λ为常数）
判据的是
A ΔＨ
B ΔＧ
C ΔU
D ΔS（体系）＋ΔＳ(环境)
6. 在一个简单（单组分，单向，各项同性）封闭体系中，恒压只做体积功的
条件下，内能随温度升高作何变化？
A ( U ) p >0 T
B ( U ) p <0 T
C ( U ) p =0 T
D 具体体系情况而定
7 偏摩尔熵等于下列哪个式子
四个选项很相似，D 大致是 [ ( G / T ) p,n / nB ]T , p,nc
B K p1 K p 2
C K p1 / K p2
12. 在313.15K，100g 水中加入氧气达平衡后，液面上蒸汽压p=39200 Pa，已知氧气在水中的亨利函数K=7.61X109Pa，313.15K 时水中溶解氧气质量为 A 1.53 X 10?g B 4.92g C 5.724 X 10?g D 2.062 X 10?g（以上均看不清指数，自己算算）

四川大学2006-2015年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题

四川大学2006-2015年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题四川大学2006年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史比较研究及其意义二，对以下评论加以评说程颐：唐太宗，后人只知是英主，元不曾有人识其恶，至如杀兄取位，若以功业言，不过只做得个功臣，岂可夺元良之位。

朱熹：唐太宗一切假仁借义以行其私。

四川大学2007年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史主义二，评柯文著《在中国发现历史》四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一、结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系二、如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战四川大学2009年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，结合实例说明历史学的社会功能二，史学领域的后现代主义思潮评述四川大学2010年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史思维的方法二，结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对史学即史料学这一观点的认识四川大学2011年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1、结合专业与史实论20世纪上半叶中国史学的转型2、论历史真理性的相对性与绝对性。

四川大学2012年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1，论述历史研究者如何构建合理的知识结构2，结合史实论述历史比较研究方法四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.辨析历史事实的主观性与客观性2. 结合实际谈谈史料的收集、整理、辨析四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.评述历史认识的过程2.试比较历史定量分析与定性分析的关系四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.论述历史学在科学发展的作用以及历史学的社会功能2.试论历史研究方法中的整体研究以及跨学科研究。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

四川大学2015博士学位研究生入学考试试题
四川大学博士学位2015年研究生入学考试试题
代码:3088科目:微生物学
1，作文题
1。

埃博拉疫苗研发策略简介
A:埃博拉出血热是由埃博拉病毒引起的高度传染性和致死性疾病由于埃博拉病毒的风险极高，且缺乏有效的治疗方法，该病毒与马尔堡病毒和拉沙病毒一起被归类为BSL-4病毒，属于最危险的病原微生物。

目前，埃博拉病毒疫苗的研发策略为:
①传统疫苗:在传统的埃博拉病毒疫苗研发中，没有具有发展前景的疫苗，包括消防疫苗、减毒活疫苗和传统亚单位疫苗等。

灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗通常不能有效刺激机体产生免疫保护，减毒活疫苗也有潜在的致病风险
②基因工程疫苗:包括基因工程亚单位疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、DNA 疫苗、基因缺失活疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗等
(1)DNA疫苗:限于考虑DNA疫苗的安全性和免疫刺激活性的问题，现有的DNA疫苗不能有效地引入宿主细胞，这影响了其免疫效率。

因此，目前还没有关于将EBOV疫苗单独应用于非人类灵长类动物的研究报告，但是它可以与其他载体疫苗结合使用以形成长期的免疫保护。

(2)病毒样颗粒疫苗:它是一种没有核酸的空壳结构。

其余结构与天然病毒相似，具有良好的免疫原性和生物活性。

然而，这种疫苗
仍处于实验探索阶段。

(3)病毒载体疫苗:目前，腺病毒载体疫苗vAd3-EBOV和重组水泡性口炎病毒载体疫苗rvsvv△G-EBOV-GP已成为最有前途的病毒载体疫苗目前，这两种疫苗正在进一步应用于临床试验。

2。

啤酒酵母表达分泌型重组蛋白的基本过程简介
A:在啤酒酵母中，只有分泌的蛋白质可以被糖基化需要糖基化的重组蛋白必须是分泌蛋白酿酒酵母可以对重组蛋白进行乙酰化修饰、无位点特异性的丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸化修饰、天冬氨酸糖基化和丝氨酸/苏氨酸糖基化修饰酿酒酵母糖基化修饰使用单个甘露糖残基，并且N-糖基化修饰由1，3-和1，6-甘露糖残基组成，其通常形成40-200个甘露糖残基的更大糖链。

通过基因修饰，可以阻断N-糖基化过程，使糖链缩短为甘露糖8GlcNAc2核心糖链，糖链末端为1，3-甘露糖，从而明显增强重组蛋白的抗原性通过不超过5个甘露糖残基的聚合形成O-糖基化基本过程如下:(1)构建载体
前导肽:在重组蛋白前加入编码酵母交配型因子a1的前导肽，通过赖氨酸-精氨酸将前导肽与重组蛋白的n端连接(2)当信号肽切割
蛋白并将其分泌到壁膜间隙中时，酵母内蛋白酶识别该切断信号并正确地切断重组蛋白
Ps:外源蛋白表达的一般程序是
①目的基因的克隆:选择合适的核酸内切酶在表达载体的多克隆位点区域克隆外源基因。

如果选择分泌表达载体，外源基因的阅读框架和信号肽的阅读框架应该一致。

(2)重组载体的线性化:只有将重组载
体线性化，才能大大提高整合效率，而环状质粒的整合效率很低
③转化:一般采用原生质球或电击法
④的筛选:载体与营养缺陷型菌株的互补性质或对抗生素的抗性可用于初筛，多重链式反应(聚合酶链反应)可用于复筛。

大量转化体的筛选可以通过原位点杂交方法进行。

原位点杂交不仅可以筛选大量的转化子，还可以鉴定多个拷贝。

⑤外源蛋白的表达:如果表达载体的启动子是组成型启动子，则表达相对简单；如果载体的启动子是酒精诱导的启动子，外源蛋白的表达分为两个步骤，即细胞生长和蛋白诱导表达⑥扩增:表达条件(如通气条件、酸碱度、培养基组成等)。

)可以在优化后放大，并从摇瓶培养转移到大规模发酵。

3。

细菌群体感应的生物学效应简介答:在特定的环境中，细菌产生特定的细胞外信号分子并将其释放到环境中。

随着个体密度的增加，当信号分子积累到一定浓度时，细菌会被诱导产生独特多样的群体行为。

这种现象被称为细菌群体诱导群体感应有两种主要类型:种内和种间革兰氏阴性菌使用具有不同酰基侧链的高丝氨酸内酯，而革兰氏阳性菌使用一些小肽作为信号分子来感知其在物种中的种群数量并协调各种基因的表达另一种信号分子是呋喃丙酸的二元酯，即自体诱导剂-2(简称AI-2)，其存在于革兰氏阴性菌和阳性菌中，用于检测种间细菌的数量以调节细菌行为
细菌群体感应机制的功能:群体感应参与细菌群体竞争、产孢、抗生素生产、致病因子诱导、细胞分化、病原体感染期间的营养分配以及许多其他生理反应的调节(1)许多动植物病原体通过群体感应调节生物膜合成，以满足生存需要例如，当人类病原体霍乱弧菌首次进入肠道时，由群体感应调节因子HapR调节形成的细胞膜相对较厚，能够很好地适应人类肠道的酸性环境，保护细菌免受胆汁和低p H的侵害，并保持细菌的致病能力然而，当霍乱弧菌开始感染人体时，它将通过产生自体诱导物合成酶(CqsA)、灭活HapR机制和使细菌形成的细胞膜变薄来抑制细胞内多糖(vps)的表达，从而促进宿主的感染
②群体感应不仅参与调节微生物种群的竞争和分化，还参与共生和竞争生物之间的信息交换
细菌群体感应相关基因的分析与鉴定:细菌群体感应系统调节许多基因的表达，许多基因参与群体感应系统的调节。

群体感应相关基因的分析和鉴定对理解其作用机制和功能具有重要意义
细菌群体感应的应用:①植物病虫害的生物防治例如，苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)对病原菌的生防能力部分归因于AHL 2内酯酶，该酶能水解AHL的内酯键并使病原菌的群体信号机制失活。

②重组基因的表达在生物工程领域，人们致力于开发利用群体感应机制控制原核和真核表达系统中蛋白质合成的技术策略。

4。

宏基因组研究中直接测序分析策略涉及的主要技术简介
A:宏基因组，即生境中微小生物所有遗传物质的总和它包含可培养和不可培养微生物的基因。

目前，它主要指环境样品中细菌和真菌的
总基因组。

所谓宏基因组学是以环境样品中的微生物种群基因组为研究对象，以功能基因筛选和测序分析为研究手段，以微生物多样性、种群结构、进化关系、功能活性、相互合作关系以及与环境的关系为研究目的的一种新的微生物研究方法。

通常，它包括从环境样品中提取基因组DNA，将DNA克隆到合适的载体中，引入宿主细菌，筛选目标转化体等。

宏基因组测序是指微生物种群的高通量测序，分析特定环境中微生物种群的基因组成和功能，微生物种群的多样性和丰富性，进一步分析微生物与环境、微生物与宿主的关系，发现具有特定功能的基因宏基因组测序不需要分离纯培养微生物，极大地拓展了微生物资源的利用，为环境微生物群落的研究提供了有效的工具。

宏基因组深度测序可以揭示或估计环境中真实的物种多样性和遗传多样性，挖掘具有应用价值的基因资源，应用于开发新的微生物活性物质
元基因组研究分为两个方向:扩增子测序和全基因组测序
5。

请谈谈组织学时代微生物学可能的发展方向和过程。

答:随着信息时代的到来，我们在生活的各个方面积累了大量的数据。

所谓大数据不仅仅是巨大的信息量，也是信息的复杂性和多样性。

在这样的时代背景下，微生物学的发展前景是多样的，例如:微生物基因组学将得到充分发展；微生物生态学、环境微生物学、细胞微生物学等。

其研究内容是了解微生物、微生物与其他生物、微生物与环境之间的相互作用，将在基因组信息的基础上取得巨大进展，对人类
的生存和健康发挥积极作用。

微生物生命现象的特征和贡献将受到更多的关注。

实现与其他学科更广泛的交叉并获得新的发展；微生物工业将呈现一个全新的局面。

21世纪微生物基因组学将继续成为“人类基因组计划”的主要模式，并在后基因研究(理解基因和基因组功能)中发挥不可替代的作用研究重点将进一步扩大到其他微生物，特别是与健康、人口、环境、资源和工农业相关的重要微生物，在认识微生物本身、利用和改造微生物本质方面将取得质的突破，这也将推动分子微生物学等基础研究学科的发展。

微生物具有生命现象的特征、共性和广泛应用，将是进一步解决生物学重大理论问题(如生命的起源和进化、物质运动的基本规律等)的最理想的材料。

)和世纪应用问题(如开发和利用新的微生物资源，开发微生物作为能源、食品等。

)在21世纪。

微生物学将进一步渗透地质、海洋、大气和空间，使更多前沿学科得以发展，如微生物地球化学、海洋微生物学、大气微生物学、空间(或宇宙)微生物学和极端环境微生物学等。

微生物与能源、信息、材料和计算机的结合也将开辟新的研究和应用领域。

在吸收其他学科先进技术的基础上，微生物的研究技术和方法将朝着更加准确、灵敏、快速、简便和自动化的方向快速发展。

此外，微生物工业将生产各种新产品，如可降解塑料、脱氧核糖核酸芯片、生物能源等。

21世纪将出现一批新的微生物产业，为世界经济和社会发展做出更大的贡献。