期末复习提纲(1)
九年级期末复习提纲
1、分子动理论
2、改变内能的两种方式
3、影响内能的因素
4、压缩冲程和做功冲程的区别
5、汽油机和柴油机的区别
6、比热容的公式及物理意义
7、热值的公式及物理意义
8、热机效率的公式
9、电流的形成和方向
10、正电荷和负电荷、原子的结构
11、电荷间的相互作用
12、判断串并联的方法
13、复杂电路的简化
14、串并联电路中的电流电压电阻规律
15、电阻的影响因素
16、欧姆定律
17、三个重要实验:欧姆定律、测电阻、测功率
18、电功和电功率的四个公式
19、焦耳定律
10、家庭电路的组成和电流过大的原因。
细胞生物学期末复习提纲1
两条呼吸链
鱼藤酮、阿米妥
抗霉素A
CN—、CO
ATP合成酶(磷酸化的分子基础)
分子结构
基粒(elementary particle),基粒由头部(F1偶联因子) 和基部(F0偶联因子)构成,F0嵌入线粒体内膜。
F1由5种多肽组成α3β3γδε复合体,具有三个ATP合成的催 化位点(每个β亚基具有一个)。α和β单位交替排列,状 如桔瓣。γ贯穿αβ复合体(相当于发电机的转子),并与 F0接触,ε帮助γ与F0结合。δ与F0的两个b亚基形成固定αβ 复合体的结构(相当于发电机的定子)。
分子开关的定义(掌握) G蛋白耦联受体:G蛋白的定义(掌握) 以cAMP为第二信使的信号通路(掌握) 磷脂酰肌醇双信使通路(掌握) 受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)及RTK-Ras蛋白
信号通路(了解)
第九章 细胞骨架
细胞骨架的类型(了解) 微丝:组成、组装的踏车行为、药物敏感
性、功能(了解) 微管:组成、类型、组装、药物敏感性、
MTOC、功能、鞭毛与纤毛的结构(掌握)
第十章 细胞核与染色体
核被膜的组成(了解) 核孔复合体:结构模型、功能(掌握) 核仁:超微结构、功能(掌握)
第十二章 细胞增殖及其调控
细胞周期:定义、细胞分裂:有丝分裂与减数分裂的异同点 (了解) 、同源染色体的联会、联会复合 体的定义及功能(掌握)
①最初电子供体是H2O,最终电子受体是NADP+。 ②子电浓子 度传 比递 叶链 绿中 体唯 基一质的高,H+该-p浓um度p是梯c度ytb产6f生复的合原物因。归类于囊:体腔的质
H2O光解、cytb6f 的H+-pump、NADPH的形成。 ATP、NADPH在叶绿体基质中形成。 ③电子沿光合电子传递链传递时,分为非循环式光合磷酸化 和循环式光合磷酸化两条通路。循环式传递的高能电子在PSⅠ 被产光生能O2激,发不后形经成cNytAbD6f复PH合,物只回产到生PHSⅠ+跨。膜结梯果度是,不合裂成解AHT2PO。、
大学英语(3)期末复习提纲2018.11 (1)
大学英语(3)期末复习提纲2018.11第一部分单选题1. I’m Sarah. I’m ________ journalist. BA. anB. aC. the2. I’m Diane. I’m ________ artist. AA. anB. aC. the3. I’m ________ university student. BA. anB. aC. the4. ________ hour is 60 minutes. AA. AnB. AC. The5. He is ________ honest man. AA. anB. aC. this6. Do you have ________ umbrella? AA. anB. aC. /7. There is ________ island in the middle of the lake. AA. anB. aC. such8. It is ________ small island. BA. anB. aC. this9. France is ________ European country. BA. anB. aC. the10. Hi Susan, I ________ David. Nice to meet you. AA. amB. isC. was11. ________ you a teacher? AA. AreB. IsC. Do12. Excuse me, ________ you speak English? BA. areB. doC. does13. Sorry, I ________ speak English. I speak a little Italian. AA. don’tB. am notC. doesn’t14. –What________ you do? B–I’m a doctor.A. areB. doC. is15. ________ your parents live in London? BA. AreB. DoC. Does16. Is ________ your family? AA. thisB. theseC. they17. These are my ________, Sam and Anna. BA. childsB. childrenC. childrens18. ________ are my brothers, and ________ is my best friend, Lesley. BA. This, theseB. These, thisC. This, this19. Your uncle’s wife is your ________. AA. auntB. sisterC. sister-in-law20. Your aunt’s child is your ________. AA. cousinB. sisterC. brother-in-law21. There ________ some nice parks in our area. BA. haveB. areC. is22. There ________a supermarket near my house. CA. hasB. areC. is23.________ you ________ a garden? AA. Have, gotB. Have, getC. Has, got24. ________ she________ a new flat? BA. Has, getB. Does, haveC. Have, got25. - Where are you from? A- I ________ New Zealand.A. am fromB. came fromC. comes from26. ________ you________ any brothers or sisters, Terry? BA. Have, getB. Have, gotC. Has, got27. I go ________ every morning. BA. swimB. swimmingC. swimed28. Do you like ________ basketball? BA. playB. playingC. played29. What ________ you doing? AA. areB. doC. is30. What ________he doing? AA. isB. doesC. are31. Naomi________ to Paris last week and she ________ a great time there. CA. went, hasB. go, hasC. went, had32. I ________ know how to swim 2 years ago. BA. don’tB. didn’tC. won't33. –What ________ you ________ this weekend? B–I’m going to Paris.A. did, doB. are, doingC. have, done34. – What ________ you ________ on Saturday? B– We are having a party.A. did, doB. are, doingC. have, done35. ________ you have a good weekend? AA. DidB. HadC. Have36. It ________ a really nice day. AA. wasB. wereC. does37. I ________ exhausted all weekend. AA. wasB. hadC. do38. Benji________ dance the tango. AA. can’tB. can’t toC. not able to39. There are three________ paper on the table. AA. sheets ofB. sheet ofC. sheets40. My mother ________ the piano very well. We loved to listen to her. AA. playedB. playC. is playing41. He ________ a lot of money. AA. paidB. payedC. payes42. Jack ________ smoking. AA. stoppedB. stopedC. stopps43. I ________ know how to swim until I was 12. AA. didn’tB. don’tC. w on’t44. When I was a child I________ in the same room as my brother. BA. sleepB. sleptC. was sleeping45. The little boy ________ into the river. BA. fallB. fellC. fells46. A fridge is ________ than a freezer. AA. more importantB. importanterC. most important47. Cable TV is ________ than a washing machine. AA. more usefulB. usefulerC. most useful48. Do you think your language is ________ to learn than English? AA. easierB. easiestC. more easier49. What’s ________ thing about learning English? AA. the hardestB. harderC. more harder50. A microwave is ________ expensive than a fridge. BA. mostB. moreC. the more51. He is ________than his brother. CA. more tallB. most tallC. taller52. Please serve me ________ soup. CA. more someB. more theC. some more53. My sister always goes to school at 7:00. She is ________ late. AA. neverB. usuallyC. sometimes54. He doesn’t often go out in the evening. He ________ stays at home reading books. AA. normallyB. sometimesC. seldom55. –How ________ do you go out with friends? B–Every weekend.A. longB. oftenC. /56. It’s the ________ longest river in the world. AA. ninetiethB. ninethC. nine57. Shall I ask him ________ third time? AA. aB. theC. more58. The bus stop is ________ the supermarket. AA. in front ofB. in the front ofC. at the front of59. There is a clock tower ________ the middle of the square. AA. inB. at on60. There are some traffic lights ________ the left. AA. onB. inC. at61. ________ up, please. AA. StandB. StandingC. To stand62. Please ________ open the window. AA. don’tB. notC. not to63. – Must they go home after school? B– No, they ________.A. mustn’tB. needn’tC. shouldn’t64. All dogs must ________ a lead. AA. be onB. onC. on to65. Maria spends hours ________ the shopping center. AA. inB. onC. /66. I often go to bed ________ 11:00 pm. BA. onB. atC. in67. How about ________ to the library in the morning? AA. goingB. goC. to go68. There is a bridge ________ the river. AA. overB. onC. in69. Congratulations ________ your great success in the exam. AA. onB. toC. for70. My parents always give ________ money for my birthday. AA. meB. IC. mine71. My mother never lets ________ help ________ with the cooking. BA. I, sheB. me, herC. I, her72. ________ is a big family. AA. OursB. WeC. Us73. You may use my pen. I will use ________. AA. hersB. herC. she74. Our room is on the third floor and ________ is on the second. BA. themB. theirsC. they75. You ________ speak like that to your parents. AA. shouldn’tB. shouldn’t toC. should to not76. You ________ go to the party if you don’t want to. BA. shouldn’tB. don’t have toC. should haven’t to77. You ________ pay me next time. AA. canB. can able toC. able to78. She invited me ________ a dinner together. CA. haveB. havingC. to have79. He was ________ for his pen name than for his real name. BA. well knownB. better knownC. best known80. There is ________ milk left in the bottle. AA. a littleB. a fewC. a lot81. I drink ________ water every day. BA. a fewB. a lot ofC. few82. There are ________ people in the room. AA. a lot ofB. a littleC. little83. I eat ________ fast food. I love it! AA. a lot ofB. a fewC. little84. If you have a bad cold, ________ a lot of water. AA. drinkB. drinkingC. to drink85. If you have a headache, a cup of mint tea ________. AA. helpsB. is helpingC. is to help86. Where ________ for your next holiday? AA. are you goingB. are you going to goC. will you going87. Have you ever ________ to Beijing? AA. beenB. wentC. being88. ________ he ever climbed a tall mountain? BA. HaveB. HasC. Did89. I ________ her a minute ago. BA. have seenB. sawC. see90. What ________ you like to do? AA. wouldB. areC. can91. As students, we ________ attend classes on time! BA. canB. mustC. may92. –Will you stay for lunch? A–Sorry, ________. My brother is coming to see me.A. I can’tB. I needn’tC. I won’t93. J.K. Rowling ________ as an English teacher in Portugal. AA. workedB. workC. works94. The Harry Potter books ________ the most successful children’s books in history. BA. are going to beB. areC. were95. J.K. Rowling ________writing in the future. BA. is continuingB. is going to continueC. is continuing to96. The Harry Potter films ________ all instant successes. BA. areB. wereC. are going to be97. J.K. Rowling ________ a very rich woman. AA. isB. is going to beC. was98. J.K. Rowling ________ a lot of money to charity. AA. givesB. is givingC. was giving99. The children ________ football on the playground now. CA. playsB. playC. are playing100. I ________ watching TV when you called me yesterday. CA. amB. wereC. was第二部分完形填空1. P28, Unit 2My sister is a student and 1________her free time she works 2________ a tourist guide. She 3________ groups of tourists 4________ the university in Oxford. She doesn’t work from Monday to Thursday 5________she does a lot of work 6________the weekend. “I 7________ my job. I 8________ lots of nice people. 9________ I don’t like it when it 10________!”1. A. at B. in C. on2. A. like B. as C. the same as3. A. showed B. show C. shows4. A. around B. at C. on5. A. so B. and C. but6. A. at B. in C. to7. A. love B. am loving C. loved8. A. meet B. will meet C. met9. A. And B. So C. But10.A. rain B. rains C. will rainKey: 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B2. P80, Unit 5Hi Orich! Thanks for your e-mail. 1________ sounds like you had a great weekend. I’d love to see the flames next time I 2________ to visit.We went away for the weekend to visit my uncle. He has a farm out in the country. We travelled 3________train and arrived late 4________ the Friday night. On Saturday morning we wanted to go horse riding, but the weather 5________ terrible, 6________ we stayed in the house and watched some 7________. But in the afternoon the sun came out and we decided8________for a walk. In the evening we didn’t stay in the house. We had a barbecue in the garden.It didn’t rain and we 9________ a great time. Not as adventurous as you — but a good weekend 10________.Right, I’ve got to go.Take care and write soon. Paulo.1. A. This B. These C. It2. A. come B. comes C. will come3. A. on B. in C. by4. A. on B. in C. at5. A. is B. was C. would be6. A. and B. but C. so7. A. videos B. video C. videoes8. A. going B. go C. to go9. A. have B. has C. had10. A. someway B. anyway C. sometimesKey: 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. B3. P125, Unit 8•Be very careful when crossing the road. Remember that cars drive 1________ the left in the UK.•Never walk out into the road 2________ looking.•Always stop at the side of the road and don’t forget 3________ both ways before you cross.•When the road is clear, start crossing.•Don’t run, always walk, and remember to keep 4________ both ways until you get to the other side.•If 5________, always cross at a pedestrian crossing.•If there isn’t a pedestrian crossing 6________, make sure that drivers can see you and 7________ step out from behind a parked car.•8________ particular care when you get off a bus. Wait 9________ the bus drives away and the road is clear 10________ you cross the road.1. A. on B. at C. to2. A. without B. with C. while3. A. looking B. look C. to look4. A. looking B. look C. to look5. A. possibly B. possible C. impossible6. A. near B. near by C. nearby7. A. always B. seldom C. never8. A. Get B. Have C. Take9. A. until B. when C. after10.A. while B. before C. afterKey: 1. A 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. B4. P159, Unit 10I live in L'Aquila, a small mountain town 1________ the centre of Italy. The weather 2________ is fairly extreme. It's very hot in summer and it can be very cold in winter. Sometimes at night it can be 3________ with temperatures 4________ to below -15º.It’s one of the coldest towns in Italy. The good thing is 5________ it’s dry. It doesn’t rain 6________, only in spring, and sometimes in late summer. In winter it snows. We can usually go skiing from December 7________ April. In autumn it can get quite windy, and sometimes we have problems 8________ trees falling on the road. And in November it sometimes gets quite foggy, 9________ along the river. But 10________other days, when it’s warm and sunny, the trees look so beautiful.1. A. on B. at C. in2. A. here B. there C. where3. A. freezing B. frozen C. freeze4. A. dropping B. dropped C. to drop5. A. what B. that C. which6. A. a lot B. lot C. a few7. A. in B. to C. by8. A. in B. for C. with9. A. especially B. specially C. especial10.A. on B. in C. atKey: 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. A5. P186, Unit 12Daniel Radcliffe 1________ born in 1990, the year when J.K. Rowling first thought of the now famous Harry Potter. He always wanted to be 2________ actor, but his parents didn’t like the idea. But when he had the opportunity to 3________Harry Potter his parents agreed and they were very proud 4________him when the first film came out.The success of the films 5________ Daniel both rich and famous. But he still enjoys the simple pleasures of life. He 6________playing guitar and 7________ his favourite football team, Fulham. 8________present he is working on several stage and film projects. Daniel says that he 9________ to work as an actor for as long 10________he can.1. A. is B. was C. were2. A. an B. a C. the3. A. take B. do C. play4. A. of B. in C. for5. A. make B. have made C. has made6. A. love B. loves C. is loving7. A. support B. to support C. supporting8. A. On B. In C. At9. A. is going to continue B. continues C. is continuing10.A. such B. as C. likeKey: 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. B第三部分阅读理解Read the text and decide the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. P27, Unit 2Tania is a personal shopper. She works with lots of different people. They ask her to buy something and she goes out to the shops and finds it. “Some people ask me to buy birthday or Christmas presents.”Jake is a TV researcher. His job is to find new ideas for TV programmes. He surfs the internet and looks for stories. But he also travels around the country tal king to people. “I love my job. Every story I research is like a new world.”Debbie is a dog walker. She helps busy people look after their dogs. She takes them for walks, washes them and gives them food when their owners are away. “I love dogs and I like helping people. It’s a perfect job.”1. Tania spends hours in shopping centres. T2. Debbie travels a lot. F3. Jake uses a computer. T4. Tania finds things at good prices. T5. Debbie and Tania help busy people. T2. P30, Unit 2Jade's morningI wake up at about 6:45. I get up and go for a run. Then I have a shower and get dressed. I have a quick breakfast and then I brush my teeth. I leave the house at 8 am. I walk to work. I get to the office at about 8:15. On Saturday and Sunday I get up at about 10:30 and have a long, slow breakfast.Tim's morningI wake up at about 10:30 and I have a cup of coffee with my mum. I have a shower, get dressed and I go to my friend's house. We study together, listen to music and play his computer games. At 1 o'clock we get the bus to the university. Our classes start at 2:30.Cassie's morningI get up at about 7:30. I make breakfast for Jade and her dad. We have breakfast at about 7:45. Then I have a shower, brush my teeth and get dressed. I work at home. I start work at about 8:30. At about 10 o'clock I leave the house to do some shopping. When I get home I have a cup of coffee with Tim and read the newspaper.1. Tim gets up early. F2. Tim goes to university in the afternoon. T3. Cassie makes breakfast for her family. T4. Cassie goes shopping in the afternoon. F5. Jade walks to work. T3. P41, Unit 3I live in Oxford with my parents, in a small flat in the centre of town. It's in an old building but it's got a lift. It's on a quiet street about five minutes from the shops. It's got two bedrooms, my bedroom and my parents' bedroom, a living room and a small kitchen. It's not very big and it hasn't got a garden but there is a lovely rooftop terrace. I spend most of my time in the living room watching TV or in my bedroom listening to music.1. The author lives in the centre of town. T2. The flat has not got a lift. F3. The flat is near the shops. T4. The flat has a garden. F5. The author spends most of his time reading in the living room. F4. P61, Unit 4Double TakeTwo women, one face. Two very different characters, one destiny. Jane lives in a sleepy town in the USA. She is happily married with two children and a loving husband. Then one summer her double comes to town. She’s a criminal running from the police. That’s when Jane starts to have problems.Year ZeroIt’s the year 3000. All the clocks stop at midnight. The computers finally take control of the world. But a small group of hackers think they can control the machines. Can they save the planet fromtotal destruction? Watch the film and see. The special effects are truly fantastic. Don’t miss it! Roses Only Live One DayA historic romance. Paris, 1789. Jean Pierre is a simple servant. Rose is the beautiful young daughter of his master. History brings them together, but the revolution breaks their hearts. A story of impossible love. But can there possibly be a happy ending? Watch it and find out!(1) Double Take is about two sisters. F(2) Year Zero is about the past. F(3) The story in Roses Only Live One Day happens in France. T(4) The special effects in Year Zero are very good. T(5) Double Take is about a criminal. T5. P78, Unit 5We had a great time last weekend. We decided to camp on Mount Olympus. You know, the mountain with flames that burn in the rock? It was really good!We travelled from Antalya by bus and arrived in Çirali at 6. The bus stopped on the main road and we walked a couple of kilometres to the village. We had a cup of tea and then we started the walk up the mountain. We arrived at the flames just as the sun started to go down.What a view! We watched the sky turn red and then the stars started to come out. It was really beautiful. The flames are incredible too. Some of them are really big. We cooked our food over one of them. We stayed awake all night. We passed the time playing cards and telling stories. One of my friends had a guitar and he played all our favourite songs. Next time you visit we can go there together. But for now — have a look at our fantastic photos!Take care,Orich1. They went camping on Mount Olympus last weekend. T2. They drove all the way to the village. F3. They arrived at the flames at midnight. F4. They didn’t sleep all that night. T5. Orich didn’t go with them. F6. P90, Unit 6It was about thirty years ago. My mum lived with a friend in London. One day she went to the supermarket to buy some things for a surprise birthday party for her friend.At the checkout she paid and put all the things into shopping bags. She put her flatmate’s present and card in with the shopping. As she turned to leave she bumped into another shopper. Her bags fell on the floor. The other shopper dropped his bags too. They helped each other put the things back in the right bags and they both left the supermarket. When my mum got home she couldn’t find the card and birthday present in the bags.When the other shopper got home he found a parcel and a few letters in his shopping. One of them had an address on it. That evening he took the letters and parcel to the address. He rang the bell and my mum answered the door. She looked at the man. He was tall and dark and had alovely smile. She invited him to the party. And, well, that was that! They fell in love.1. The author’s mother went to buy some things for a graduation party. F2. The story begins in a supermarket. T3. The author’s flatmate knew the man. F4. The man sent back the things thanks to the address on a letter. T5. The story is about the author’s father and mother. T7. P105, Unit 7A Day in the Life of Sara RobbinsSara Robbins is a newsreader on the radio. Many people don’t recognise her face, but everybody knows her voice!Sara’s day usually starts when most people are asleep. Her alarm clock normally goes off at 3 am and she needs to be at the studios at four. “The roads are always very quiet at that time and I get to work very quickly.” At 6 am Sara says “good morning” to her listeners. The programme lasts for three hours. “After the programme we have a short meeting to talk about the next day and then we have a long, slow breakfast!”Sara never goes back home after work. “I really need to relax after the programme. I almost always do some sport and sometimes I meet up with a friend.”Sara doesn’t often go out in the evenings during the week. She prefers to stay at home. She loves cooking and hardly ever eats out in the restaurants. “I don’t really have the time.”At weekends, her life is quite different. She often goes away for the weekend. “I love going to Rome or Paris or New York.” She loves the theatres and the art galleries, and says that “the shopping is great!”1. Sara wakes up at 3 am. T2. The program finishes at 10 am. F3. She goes straight home after work. F4. She often eats out during the week. F5. She enjoys travelling at the weekend. T8. P114, Unit 7Designer clothes? A luxury home? Jill Summers, 28, doesn’t want these things. She says her lottery win of £2m isn’t going to change her life.Jill and her husband Derrick, 30, live and work on a farm in Ashford, south-east England. They get up at 4:30 am, seven days a week, 365 days a year.“We’re not stopping now, just because we’ve had some good luck,” says Jill. She and Derrick say they aren’t leaving the family home. “We’re very happy here,” says the lucky Mrs. Summers.Next month the couple are going on their first holiday for eight years. “We’re travelling around Asia and Australia for a few months,” says Derrick. And what about the business? “We’re paying someone to look after the farm. For the first time in eight years.”And what else are they doing with the money? “Well, tomorrow we’re picking up our new car. And next week we’re having a big party for all our friends and family. We’re giving 10% of the money to charity. But we aren’t planning any big changes.”And does she still play the lottery? “Why not, some of the money goes to good causes.”1. Jill and her husband get up at 4:30 every morning. T2. They are going to buy a new house. F3. They are going on a holiday. T4. They haven’t paid anyone to look after the farm during the last eight years. T5. Jill will not play lottery any more. F9. P130, Unit 8Hide and SeekIn this game one child counts to a hundred. All the other children find a good place to hide. The boy or girl who counted to a hundred must then go and find the other children. The child who is still hiding at the end of the game is the winner.Snap!This is a very simple card game. Two people can play. The two people have the same number of cards. They take it in turns to put the cards down on the table. If two consecutive cards are the same, they must shout “Snap!”.I spyThis is a word game. Two or more people can play. One person chooses an object they can see, and says “I spy with my little eye something beginning with…” and the first letter of the object they can see. The other players must try to guess the word. This is a very good game for long car journeys!1. The child who counts to a hundred is the winner. F2. Snap is a card game. T3. At least two people are needed to play Snap. T4. Two or more people can play I spy. T5. While playing I spy, one of the players must say the word of the object they can see. F10. P138, Unit 9What Should I Buy?The Art of Present BuyingShould buying presents be difficult? Tami Shantra believes not. Here she offers some tips for pain-free present buying.1. You shouldn’t leave present buying until the last minute.2. You should spend some time thinking about the person you’re buying for before you go shopping.3. You should never spend more than you can afford.4. You should always spend a little time and thought on the presentation.5. You should always try to give the person a present on the special day if possible.6. You should always buy a simple card to go with the present and write a short message inside it.7. You shouldn’t buy clothes or shoes for someone you don’t know very well.8. If you don’t know the person very well, it’s better to buy something quite basic, like a box of chocolates or a bunch of flowers.9. Surprise presents are the best presents. You don’t need to wait for a special occasion to buy a present for a person you love.10. Last but not least: remember that buying presents is a pleasure, not a duty. And they shouldalways be given with smile!1. It’s better to spend more than you can afford. F2. You should always spend a little time on the presentation. T3. You should never give the present on the special day. F4. You should buy shoes for someone you don't know very well. F5. The best presents are surprise presents. T11. P140, Unit 9The World’s Greatest Food FightOn the last Wednesday of August, the Spanish town of Buñol, celebrates the worlds’ biggest food fight, the “tomatina”. A crowd of up to 20,000 people meet in the town’s main square and throw tomatoes at each other.The first tomatina took place in the mid-1940s. It started with an argument between two men from the town.The men started throwing tomatoes at each other. The argument turned into a game, and everyone on the street started throwing tomatoes. They had so much fun they decided to celebrate the tomatina every year on the same day.The fight starts at 12 noon, at the sound of an enormous firework. It finishes exactly one hour later with the sound of second banger. The participants must not throw any tomatoes before or after these signals. For many years participants brought their own tomatoes, but in 1980 the local council started organising the event and now they pay for the 40,000 kilos of tomatoes used each year. The tomatina is now an international festival and people from all over the world come to Buñol to enjoy the fun.1. Tomatina is the largest food fight in the world. T2. Tomatina first took place more than a century ago. F3. Tomatina originates from an argument. T4. The fight lasts exactly one hour. T5. It is a religious festival. F12. P143, Unit 9DiwaliDiwali (the festival of lights) is one of the most important dates in the Hindu calendar. It is celebrated by Hindus all over the world and takes place in the Hindu month of Aswin (October/November). It lasts for four days and ends with the celebration of the Hindu New Year.On the first day, people decorate their homes with rangolis, traditional patterns made with coloured powders. They light hundreds of tiny oil lamps and make traditional sweets. They buy something new for the house or some jewellery for the women. It is lucky to buy something silver.On the second day, it is traditional to get up early and take a bath before sunrise. In Southern India, people take oil baths, using traditional herbs and fragrant powders.。
四年级数学期末复习提纲
四年级数学期末复习提纲
一、整数和小数
- 完成整数的加减法运算
- 比较大小并确定整数的大小关系
- 了解小数的概念和表示方法
- 小数的加减法运算
- 小数与整数的关系及转换
二、分数
- 理解分数的概念和表示方法
- 分数的加减法运算
- 分数与整数的关系及转换
- 分数的约分和通分
三、乘法和除法
- 掌握乘法口诀表
- 了解乘法的性质和计算法则
- 运用乘法进行简单的计算
- 了解除法的概念和计算法则
- 运用除法进行简单的计算
四、几何图形
- 识别和命名常见的平面图形,如三角形、四边形、圆等- 掌握几何图形的性质和特征
- 进行简单的几何图形分类和比较
- 熟悉几何图形的周长和面积计算
五、数据统计
- 收集和整理简单的数据
- 制作直方图和折线图
- 读取和分析统计图表中的信息
- 进行简单的数据比较和预测
六、时间和日期
- 了解时间的基本单位和表示方法
- 读取和表示时间的各种形式
- 进行时间的计算和比较
- 了解日期的表示和计算方法
以上是四年级数学期末复习的提纲,希望同学们能够按照此提纲进行系统的复习,提高数学能力。
祝大家顺利通过期末考试!。
八年级历史上册期末复习提纲(1)(1)
八年级历史上册期末复习提纲姓名:第一单元中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会第1课鸦片战争知识点1 鸦片走私与林则徐禁烟鸦片走私:在正当的中英贸易中,中国处于明显的出超地位。
为了改变这种不利局面,英国向中国大量走私鸦片。
鸦片泛滥给中华民族带来深重灾难。
林则徐禁烟:1838年底,道光帝派力主禁烟的林则徐为钦差大臣,前往广东查禁鸦片。
在林则徐的主持下,1839年6月3日至25日,收缴的鸦片在虎门海滩被当众销毁。
虎门销烟的意义:是中国人民禁烟斗争的伟大胜利,显示了中华民族反抗外来侵略的坚强意志。
知识点2 英国发动浸略战争原因:根本原因一一英国要打开中国市场;直接原因(借口)—中国的禁烟运动。
时间:1840年6月至1842年8月。
经过:英军封锁珠江口→攻陷浙江定海,直趋天津→道光帝派琦善与英军谈判→1841年初英军强占香港岛→攻虎门、广州→占厦门、定海、宁波→1842年进犯吴淞→占镇江→8月初,英军到达南京下关。
民族英雄:关天培等战死虎门,陈化成在吴淞力竭牺牲。
结果:战争终以清朝的失败结束。
知识点3 《南京条约》的签订签订:1842年8月,清政府被迫与英国签订了中国近代史上第一个丧权辱国的不平等《虎门条约》:1843年,英国强迫清政府签订,从中获得了领事裁判权、片面最惠国待遇和在通商口岸租地建房的权利。
美法扩大侵略权益:1844年,清政府被迫与美国、法国分别签订中美《望厦条约》和中法《黄埔条约》。
鸦片战争的影响:中国社会的自然经济遭到破坏,开始从封建社会变为半殖民地半封建社会。
鸦片战争成为中国近代史的开端。
第2课第二次鸦片战争知识点1 英法再次发动侵华战争(1856-1860)原因:鸦片战争后,西方列强不满足既得利益,企图进一步打开中国市场,扩大侵略权益。
侵略者:英法组成联军,俄、美支持。
借口:“亚罗号事件”和“马神甫"事件”。
经过:1856年10月,英军炮轰止广州,挑起战争→次年,英法联军攻陷广州→1858年,攻陷大沽,逼近天津。
期末复习提纲
第一部分:数与代数六年级数学期末复习提纲 一、分数混合运算 1、计算方法① 分数混合运算的顺序和整数混合运算的顺算相同。
都是先乘除后加减,有括号的先算括号里的;同级运算,从左到右。
② 整数运算定律在分数中同样适用。
2、应用题① 连续求一个数的几分之几是多少就是用这个数连续乘几分之几。
②“已知一个数比另一个数多(少)几分之几,求这个数” (单位“1”已知)已知量±已知量×相对应的分率已知量×(1±相对应的分率) ③ “已知比一个数多(少)几分之几的数是多少,求这个数” (单位“1”未知) 根据乘法意义列方程已知量÷(1±相对应的分率) ④ “已知一部分量占总量的几分之几,求另一部分量” (单位“1”已知) 总量-总量×部分占总量的分率 总量×(1-部分占总量的分率) ⑤ “已知一部分量占总量的几分之几及另一部分量,求总量” (单位“1”未知)根据乘法意义列方程部分量÷(1-部分占总量的分率)⑥甲数是100,甲数比乙数多20%,乙数是多少? (把乙数当做单位“1”) 关系式1:乙数+乙数×20%=甲数 单位“1”不知道可以设乙数为x 根据关系式列方程 关系式2:乙数×(1+20%)=甲数 把乙数当做单位“1”,乙数的120%是甲数 100÷(1+20%)≈83.3 ⑦甲数占总数的50%,乙数占总数的20%,甲数和乙数一共是21,求总数是多少?(把总数当作单位“1”) 关系式1:总数×50%+总数×20%=21 设总数为x ,列方程:50%x +20%x =21关系式2:甲数的分率50%+乙数的分率20%=70%,刚好是甲数+乙数=21,所以:21÷(50%+20%)③百分率:合格率=合格产品数÷抽样产品总数出油率=油的重量÷黄豆的重量 发芽率=发芽种子数÷实验种子数 出勤率=出勤人数÷应出勤总人数 成活率=成活棵数÷种植棵数 含盐率=盐的重量÷盐水的重量 (盐水=盐的重量+水的重量) ⑤甲数是100,乙数比甲数多20%,乙数是多少? (把甲数当做单位“1”)关系式1:甲数+甲数×20%=乙数 100+100×20%=120关系式2:甲数×(1+20%)=乙数 把甲数当做单位“1”,乙数是甲数的120% 100×(1+20%)=120④甲数是乙数的百分之几:甲÷乙 乙数是甲数的百分之几:乙÷甲 甲数比乙数增加百分之几:(甲-乙)÷乙 乙数比甲数减少百分之几:(甲-乙)÷甲 ⑧甲数占总数的50%,乙数占总数的20%,甲数比乙数多9,求总数是多少? (把总数当作单位“1”)关系式1:总数×50%-总数×20%=9 设总数为x ,列方程:50%x -20%x =9 关系式2:甲数的分率50%-乙数的分率20%=30%,刚好是甲数-乙数=9,所以:9÷(50%-20%) ⑨利息=本金×利率×时间 利息与本金的比值叫做利率。
九年级期末考试复习提纲
九年级期末考试复习提纲化学知识要点:1、了解溶质、溶剂的基本概念。
2、理解溶液的概念,认识溶液的基本特征,能从溶液、悬浊液、乳浊液中识别出溶液来。
3、了解溶液在工农业生产和生活中的应用。
知识重点:建立溶液的概念并理解溶液、溶质、溶剂三者关系。
知识难点:认识溶质和溶剂的辨证关系。
知识详解:一、溶液1、有关概念(1)溶液一种或几种物质分散到另一种物质里,形成均一的、稳定的混合物,叫做溶液。
(2)溶剂和溶质能溶解其他物质的物质叫做溶剂,如水、酒精、汽油等。
被溶解的物质叫做溶质,如蔗糖、食盐、碘。
(3)溶质、溶剂的确定气、固溶于液体时,液体为溶剂,如石灰水、盐酸中水是溶剂。
两种液体互相溶解时,量多的一种做溶剂,但当有水存在时,习惯上把水看作溶剂。
如质量分数为98%的浓H2SO4的溶剂是水,体积分数为75%的酒精溶液中溶剂是水。
通常不指明溶剂的溶液,溶剂是水。
如:碘的酒精溶液(简称碘酒)中酒精作溶剂,蔗糖溶液中水作溶剂。
物质在溶解时发生了化学变化,那么在形成的溶液中,溶质是反应后分散在溶剂中的生成物,如:Na2O、SO3分别溶于水后发生化学反应,生成物是NaOH和H2SO4,因此溶质是氢氧化钠和硫酸,不是Na2O和SO3;将足量锌粒溶于稀硫酸中所得到的溶液中,溶质是硫酸锌(ZnSO4);若将蓝矾(CuSO4·5H2O)溶于水,溶质是硫酸铜(CuSO4)而不是蓝矾。
(4)溶液质量=溶质质量+溶剂质量溶质质量是指溶液中已溶解的溶质的质量,因此未溶解的溶质不能作为溶液中溶质质量;溶液的质量是指溶液中所溶解的溶质和所含溶剂的质量和。
如果给出溶液的体积,可通过溶液的密度将体积转换算成质量。
2、溶液的特征(1)均一:溶液的任何部分的组成相同,性质相同。
(2)稳定:条件不变,长期放置,溶质、溶剂不分离。
二、溶液在工农业生产、日常生活中的应用1、在溶液中进行的化学反应比较快。
实验室、化工生产中常把固体反应物溶解后混合。
教科版物理八年级下册期末复习提纲1
力与运动
由静止变为运动
物体受力
由运动变为静止
非平衡力 运动速度由慢到快
运动速度由快到慢
运动方向改变
运动状态发生改变
二、知识要点 1、 一个力 对物体的作用效果与 几个力 对物体的作用效果 相同, 这个力就叫那几个力的 合力,那几个力就叫这个力的 分力。已知 分 力 求 合力 叫力的合成。同一直线上的两个力 F1、F2 的合力,如果 F1、 F2 方向相同,则 F 合 = F 12,方向与 F1、F2的方向相同;如果 F1、 F2 方向相反,则 F 合 = |12 ,方向与 F1、 F2 中较大力的方向相同,注意 合力不一定比分力大。 2、牛顿第一定律:一切物体在 没有受到外力 作用时,总保持 静止 或匀速直线运动状态,或者说总保持 原来的运动 状态,原来 运动 的则会做 匀速直线运动 ,原来 静止 的仍保持 静止。牛顿第一定 律也说明 力不是维持物体运动的原因, 而是 改变物体运动状态的原 因。牛顿第一定律也叫 惯性定律 。物体保持原来运动状态不变的性 质叫 惯性 。惯性是一切物体所固有的一种属性, 任何物体在任何时 候、任何状态下都具有惯性。 3、 物体处于 静止状态 或 匀速直线运动状态 称为 平衡状态 。物 体处于平衡状态时受到的几个力称为 平衡力 。二力平衡条件: 二力 作用在同一物体上,大小相等,方向相反,作用在同一直线上。物体 处于平衡状态时,则它受平衡力作用,即所受合力为零,此时,物体 处于 静止状态 或 匀速直线运动状态。 4、 物体在不受力或受平衡力作用时,将保持静止状态 或 匀速直线
的运动方向不一定相反 ,如人在行走时摩擦力与人行走的方向相同,用传输
带运送货物时摩擦力与物体运动的方向相同。滑动摩擦力作用点在物体间的
接触面 上,一般把作用点画在物体的 重心 上。滑动摩擦力的大小与 压力
期末复习计划提纲
期末复习计划提纲一、复习目标1. 确定需要复习的知识点和技能。
2. 分析掌握程度,确定重点和薄弱环节。
3. 制定合理的复习计划,进行有针对性的复习。
二、重点知识点复习1. 添补知识漏洞,查漏补缺。
2. 复习重难点知识,加深理解。
3. 做相关练习,提高应用能力。
三、薄弱环节的攻克1. 分析薄弱环节原因,找到解决方法。
2. 多做练习题,找到自己的错误模式。
3. 理清概念,找到相应的解题技巧。
四、整体复习方法1. 制定详细的时间表,安排每天的复习内容。
2. 制定合理的休息时间,保证好的学习状态。
3. 以模拟考试的形式检验复习效果。
五、记忆技巧1. 制定合理的记忆方法,如制作思维导图、图表、关联法等。
2. 创造多样化的记忆环境,如音乐、颜色、场景等。
3. 多次复习和回顾,巩固记忆效果。
六、合理利用资源1. 合理选择教材和参考书,多渠道获取知识。
2. 利用互联网资源,如在线学习平台、教育视频等。
3. 寻求老师和同学的帮助,多方位交流学习经验。
七、提前规划复习时间1. 充分利用课余时间,尽早开始复习。
2. 合理安排每天的学习时间,坚持按计划完成任务。
3. 紧密配合学校的培训计划,统筹安排好各科目的复习进度。
八、积极心态1. 保持积极的心态,相信自己能取得好成绩。
2. 不给自己过多的压力,适度放松心情。
3. 多鼓励自己,相信努力一定会有回报。
九、复习方法的灵活运用1. 根据不同科目和知识点的特点,灵活选择合适的复习方法。
2. 多种复习方法结合使用,提高学习效果。
3. 不断总结经验,调整复习方法,找到适合自己的学习方式。
《哲学与人生》期末复习提纲(1-3单元)(2015级)
《哲学与人生》期末复习提纲(1-3单元)(2015级)一、名词解释:1、什么是一切从实际出发?P4D2一切从实际出发,就是要根据客观存在的事实,来决定我们的主观思想和行动,做到主观符合客观。
2、实事求是:P5D2所谓"实事求是。
,就是从客观存在的事实出发,经过调查研究,找出事物本身固有的而不是臆造的规律性,以此作为我们行动的依据。
3、运动:P17D1哲学上所讲的运动,是指宇宙间一切事物、现象的变化和过程。
4、规律:P21D2所谓规律,就是事物运动过程中固有的、本质的、必然的、稳定的联系。
5、自觉能动性:P27D2自觉能动性指的是人能动地反映世界,又能动地改造世界的能力,既包括把客观的东西能动地反映于主观,也包括把主观的东西能动地见之于客观6、联系:P44D2联系是指事物之间和事物内部各要素之间相互作用、相互影响、相互制约的关系。
7、发展:P58D2发展的实质最新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡,是新事物一种有规律的变化。
8、新事物:P59是指符合客观规律,具有强大生命力和远大前途的东西。
9、旧事物:P59旧事物是指那些丧失了存在必然性,同客观规律背道而驰的事物。
10、矛盾:P70D3哲学上把事物自身包含的这种既对立又统一的关系叫做矛盾11、内因:P76D1哲学上把事物内部的对立统一,即事物的内部矛盾,叫做内因。
12、外因:P76D1把事物与其他事物的对立统一即事物的外部矛盾,叫做外因。
13、实践:P84D2实践是人们改造客观世界的物质性活动14、认识:P84D2认识是人脑对客观事物的反映15、现象:P97D1现象是事物的表面特征和外部联系,是易逝多变、个别具体的,是能被我们的感官或借助仪器观察到的。
16、本质:P97D1本质是事物的根本性质和内部联系,是同类现象中一般的、共同的东西,只能靠抽象思维才能把握。
17、真像P101D3真象是从正面表现本质的现象。
18、假象:P101D3假象也是本质的一种表现,但却是本质在特定条件下的一种反面的、歪曲的表现。
七年级上册语文期末复习大纲
七年级上册语文期末复习大纲一、基础知识复习1. 文言文基础知识- 词语解释和应用- 成语和典故的理解和运用2. 现代文基础知识- 词语解释和应用- 常用修辞手法的理解和运用二、文学常识1. 文学作品的阅读理解- 小说、散文、诗歌等文学作品的主题和情感表达- 文学作品中的人物形象和情节理解2. 文学常识- 中国古代文学史的基本知识- 中国古代名著和文学名篇的作者和内容三、写作能力1. 作文基础知识- 作文的结构和段落的组织方法- 作文的语言表达和修辞手法2. 作文写作技巧- 不同类型作文的写作要求和特点- 提高写作水平的方法和技巧四、阅读能力提高1. 阅读理解- 阅读短文、文章,把握主旨和细节- 提取信息,进行推理和判断2. 阅读方法- 阅读速度的掌握和提升- 阅读中的注释和标记技巧五、听说能力训练1. 听力理解- 听取口头信息并作出回答- 根据听到的对话或短文进行判断和推理2. 口语表达- 进行简单对话和交流- 运用学过的词汇和句型进行口头表达六、诗词鉴赏1. 古代诗词选读- 鉴赏并背诵古代名篇- 理解古代诗词的意境和表达方式2. 现代诗词选读- 鉴赏现代诗词作品- 理解现代诗词的主题和情感表达七、其他复习要点1. 词语拼写和运用2. 古代文化知识3. 修辞手法和修辞效果4. 修辞手法在文学作品中的运用5. 古代文学作品的背景和特点以上为七年级上册语文期末复习大纲,希望同学们按照大纲进行有针对性的复习,取得好成绩!。
期末考试复习总结提纲
2、材料一:《左传》中记载:“昔武王克商……其兄弟之国者十有五人,姬姓之国者四十人。
”《荀子·儒效》说:“周公……兼制天下,立七十一国,姬姓独居五十三人”。
材料二:“秦王扫六合(扫六和:指统一中国),虎视何雄哉!挥剑决浮云,诸侯尽西来。
”——李白①从材料一可以看出,西周实行的是怎样的政治制度?哪些人有可能被分封为诸侯?这一制度在当时起到了怎样的作用?(2)材料二中李白所说的“秦王”叫什么名字?“诸侯尽西来”发生在哪一年?秦始皇在中央设立哪三个主要官职?他在地方上推行什么制度?(3)分封制和秦朝实行的制度虽然不同,但在当时都起到了巩固统一的作用,从中你得到了怎样的认识?答:国家制定政治制度,要根据实际情况,要不断地进行创新。
3、材料一;观察右图人物材料二:他对不同的学生,给以不同的教育。
学生冉求胆小,遇事退缩,就有意识的教育他。
凡事要抓紧,马上去做,学生仲由敢作敢为,但不够稳重,就叮嘱他凡事要多请教父兄以后再去做……(1)材料一图中的人物是谁?生活在什么时期?请你用一句话来评价他。
答:孔子是儒家学派的创始人,大思想家、大教育家。
(2)他的思想主张有哪些?(3)他在文化教育方面的贡献有哪些?他的学说对后世有什么影响?5读《战国七雄形势图》回答后面的问题。
(1)在方框中写出战国七雄地名称。
A______B_______C______D_______E_______F_____G_______(3)结合所学知识,写出春秋时期两位著名的霸主。
你知道春秋战国时期的哪些著名的战役,请写出来。
(4)列举出春秋战国时期的成语。
EFG二、论从史出:材料一:秦王扫六合,虎视何雄哉!——李白1、材料一说的是哪个皇帝的功绩?这句话是什么意思?材料二:现代著名史学家郭沫若说:“书籍被烧,其实还再其次,春秋末年以来,蓬蓬勃勃的自由思索的那种精神,事实上因此而遭受了一次致命的打击。
”1、材料二中郭沫若说的是什么事件?2、这件事是秦始皇接受了谁的建议后做的?他这样做的目的是什么?只有哪些书不烧?答:目的:为了加强思想控制,巩固统一。
七年级期末复习提纲
七年级上册期末复习资料第一单元走进中学1.中学生活有哪些新变化?答:1.学习上:在中学,学习科目增多了;在中学,学习难度加大了。
2.生活上:在中学,自主管理的要求高了;在中学,社团活动更丰富多彩了。
5、我们在学校的位置发生了变化。
2.怎样适应中学生活新变化?答:1.自觉遵守规章制度。
2.尽快建立新的人际关系。
3.主动适应新的学习生活。
3.什么是闭锁心理?答:闭锁心理就是讲自己闭锁起来,抗拒与外界接触的心理状态。
一方面渴望与别人沟通了解,一方面表现为沟通时紧张、拘谨。
4.闭锁心理的危害?(为什么要克服闭锁心理?)答:1. 不利于建立新的人际关系。
2.不利于身心健康。
3.任其发展,容易发展成自闭心理。
5.怎样克服闭锁心理?答:人际交往是双向性的。
首先要袒露自己的真实思想;其次要献出自己的真诚和信任。
相反,对人怀有很深的戒备,只要求对方无条件的开放和接纳,而自己却没有更积极主动的态度作出回应,就像一把“心锁”,会锁紧我们通向友谊的大门。
6.为什么要培养热情开朗性格?(热情开朗性格的作用)答:1.会对人的生理、心理产生积极的影响 2.容易被人接纳,建立良好的人际关系。
3.在集体和社会中营造融洽的人际氛围,并且容易得到快乐。
7.怎样培养热情开朗的性格?答:1.我们可以尝试每天保持一种好心情 2.对老师、同学态度友好,3.与人交往主动、豁达,不斤斤计较个人得失。
8.朋友和友谊有什么作用?答:1.朋友和友谊是人生最宝贵的财富。
2.朋友,能温润我们的心田,能分享我们的快乐,能驱散我们的烦恼,能给我们支持和力量。
3.友谊,是人类一种最美好的情感;是人与人之间沟通的桥梁;是使人受到鼓舞,获得进步的力量。
9.什么是真正的友谊?答:真正的友谊,是人们在交往中相互理解,相互信任的基础上建立起来的亲密情谊。
10.怎样才能建立新友谊(真正的友谊)?答:1.友谊要靠真诚和宽容“播种”。
2. 友谊要靠平等与尊重“护理”。
2021级道德与法治八年级上册期末复习提纲(4单元)(1)
1.对国家利益的认识有哪些?P87-P88①含义:国家利益是一个主权国家在国际社会中生存需求和发展需求的总和,它关系到民族生存、国家兴亡。
②国家利益包括的内容涉及政治、经济、文化、社会、军事等领域,包括安全利益、政治利益、经济利益、文化利益等。
★③国家的核心利益包括国家主权、国家安全、领土完整、国家统一、宪法确立的国家政治制度和社会大局稳定、经济社会可持续发展的基本保障。
★2国家利益与人民利益的关系是什么?P89-P90①国家利益是人民利益的集中表现。
国家利益至上,人民利益高于一切,二者相辅相成;②人民利益的维护离不开国家利益;③国家利益的实现离不开人民的利益;④在当代中国,国家利益与人民利益是高度统一的3实现中华民族伟大复兴最鲜明的特点P90:就是将国家和人民视为一个命运共同体,将国家利益和人民利益紧密联系在一起。
★4怎样坚持国家利益至上?P91-P94(1)思想上:树立维护国家利益意识。
①我们要心怀爱国之情,牢固树立国家利益至上的观念。
②我们要树立和增强危机意识和防范意识。
③我们要增强维护国家利益的责任感和使命感。
(2)行动上:以实际行动捍卫国家利益。
①我们应当着眼长远、顾全大局,以国家利益为重,把国家利益放在第一位。
②为了国家利益,有时不仅需要放弃个人利益,甚至要献出自己的生命。
③捍卫国家尊严,坚决同一切损害国家的行为作斗争。
④在日常生活中,我们要自觉遵守道德和法律,积极维护国家团结稳定的局面。
5我们如何正确表达自己的爱国情感?①我们应该珍惜难得的发展机遇,努力学习,提高素质,为维护国家利益贡献力量;②同时用理性、务实、文明的心态,合法有序地表达爱国情感,维护国家利益。
★6国家利益与集体利益、个人利益的关系?P93①国家利益与集体利益、个人利益既有区别,又有联系。
②区别:国家利益是整体利益,集体利益、个人利益是局部利益;③联系:整体利益照顾到了大多数人民的长远需求,符合大多数群体的利益。
从根本上说,国家利益与集体利益、个人利益是一致的。
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期末复习提纲反应器选型 1、均相反应器的选型(管式反应器、釜式反应器的应用、特点、结构、选型依据) 2、非均相反应器的选型(气固相催化反应器:固定床反应器、流化床反应器的应用、特点、结构、选型依据) 反应器的设计及优化 动力学基础 1、基本概念宏观动力学、本征动力学、化学动力学方程、均相反应、单一反应、复杂反应、基元反应、非基元反应、转化率、反应分子数、反应级数、反应活化能、催化作用的定义、催化剂的特征、组成及功能 2、均相反应动力学单一反应的动力学方程 反应速率的定义:化学反应速率是单位时间,单位反应体积内反应物的消耗量或产物的生成量。
RS B A R S B A αααα+=+))((单位时间单位体积的摩尔数)(由于反应而消耗的A Vdt dn r AA =-=-dtdn Vr A A 1-=-dtdn Vr B B 1-=-dtdn Vr S S 1=dtdn Vr R R 1=各反应速率间的关系:RRS SBBAAr r r r αααα==-=- 当V 恒定时,iidC Vdn =dtdC r AA -=-dtdC r B B -=-dtdC r S S =R r =dtdC R即以各组分的摩尔浓度的变化速率来表示反应速率,上式仅适用于分批式操作。
对连续操作(开放系统)恒温恒容条件下 零级、一级、二级不可逆反应的动力学计算 (公式、特点)A →产物(零级)kdt dCA=- AA C C kt-=0A →产物(一级) AAkC dtdC =-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-==A A A xC C kt 11ln ln2A → 产物(二级) 2AAkCdtdC =-)1(11100AA A A AXXC C C kt -=-=A+B →产物(00B A C C =) BAACkC dtdC =-A+B →产物(0B AC C ≠))11ln(1ln1000000AB A B B A A B A B x xC C C C C C C C kt ---=-=恒温变容条件下:i i RdF r dV ±=±膨胀因子的定义及涵义恒温变容条件下0级、1级反应的动力学计算。
复杂反应的动力学方程掌握可逆反应、平行反应、连串反应的动力学方程的表达 可逆反应:A R(一级反应)12A A A RdC r k C k C dt-=-=-A P −−→ (主) A S−−→ (副)假设其均为一级不可逆反应,其微分速率方程:AA C k r 11,=- (主) AA C k r22,=- (副)反应物A 的总反应速率A r -为:AA A AC k k r r r )()(212,1,+=-+-=-,11()P PA A dC r r k C dt==-= 2S SAdC rk C dt==APS (均为一级反应)k 1k 2AAA C k dtdC r 1=-=-PA P P C k C k dt dC r 21-==PS S C k dtdC r 2==3、非均相反应动力学气固催化反应过程的一般步骤及控制步骤兰格缪尔吸附模型及吸附等温方程(单组分不解离吸附、两组分不解离吸附)练 习填空、判断与选择1、反应时间与初始浓度无关的是____级反应。
2、对反应级数大于1的反应,达到同样转化率,初始浓度提高,反应时间增加。
3、对于反应级数小于1的反应,初始浓度提高时要达到同样转化率,反应时间减少。
4、反应级数n ≥l 的反应,大部分反应时间是用于反应的末期。
高转化率或低残余浓度的要求会使反应所需时间大幅度地增加。
5、有几个反应同时进行,要用几个动力学方程式才能加以描述的称为______反应。
6、所谓双分子反应是针对基元反应而言的。
7、对非基元反应,反应级数等于化学反应式的计量系数。
8、反应级数只反映反应速率对______的敏感程度。
级数越高,_______对反应速率的影响越大。
9、活化能只表明反应速率对________的敏感程度。
活化能越大,________对反应速率的影响越大。
10、反应A + B → C ,已知115.0-=sk,则反应级数n=_______。
1A A AA AK p K p θ=+A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3 11、反应3A → P ,已知s l mol k⋅=/15.0,则反应级数n=_______。
A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3 12、下列属于均相反应的是_______。
A. 催化重整B. 催化裂解C. HCl 与NaOH 的中和D. 水泥制造13、下列属于非均相反应的是_______。
A. 乙酸乙酯水解B. 氢气燃烧C. HCl 与NaOH 的中和D. 催化裂解14、对于一非恒容均相化学反应αA A αB B,反应组分A 的化学反应速率=-Ar _______。
A. Vdtdn r A A -=- B. Vdtdn r B A -=- C.dtdC r AA -=-D.dtdC r B A -=-15、对于一非恒容均相化学反应αA A αB B,反应产物B 的化学反应速率=Br _______。
A. Vdtdnr AB =B.Vdtdn r B B =C.dtdC r AB =D.dtdC r BB =理解下列术语:1. 间歇操作、半间歇操作、连续操作、化学反应速率、化学动力学方程、均相反应、单一反应、复杂反应、基元反应、单分子反应、反应级数2. 按照结构原理特点,化学反应器可分为哪些类型?3. 化学反应器有哪三种操作方式?各有什么特点?4. 对于多组分单一反应系统,各组分的反应速率存在怎样的关系5. 如何理解反应级数和活化能与反应速率的关系?6. 恒温恒容均相0级、1级、2级不可逆反应的积分式的应用7. 如何判断一级反应?8. 复杂反应有哪些类型?9. 复杂反应中某一组分的生成速率如何表达? 流动模型部分 1、 基本概念 停留时间、返混 2、 理想流动模型 理想置换流动模型的特点 理想混合流动模型的特点3、 理想反应器的停留时间分布及其性质(不要求)脉冲法:反应器中的流体流动达到定态后,在极短的时间内将示踪物注入进料中(或者将示踪物在瞬间代替原来不含示踪物的进料,然后又马上恢复原来的进料),然后分析出口物料中示踪物浓度随时间的变化,从而确定停留时间分布。
()()V E t c t Q=()Q Vc t dt∞=⎰阶跃法: 反应器中流体流动达到定态后,自某一瞬间起连续加入示踪物(或全部切换为只含示踪物的进料),然后检测出口物料中示踪物浓度随时间的变化,以确定停留时间分布。
过程实质:输入浓度从一个稳态到另一个稳态的阶梯变化。
数学期望:停留时间的数学期望就是物料在反应器中的平均停留时间。
方差:方差是停留时间分布分散程度的量度。
理想置换和理想混合的方差? 4、非理想流动实际反应器中流动状况偏离理想流动状况的原因 降低返混程度的措施()()()c t E t c t dt∞=⎰0()()()()c t c t F t c c ==∞0()()()tE t dtt tE t dtE t dt∞∞∞==⎰⎰⎰()()tE t t t E t t∆=∆∑∑22222()()()()()()tt t E t dtt t E t dt t E t dt tE t dtσ∞∞∞∞-==-=-⎰⎰⎰⎰ 222()()tt E t t t E t tσ∆=-∆∑∑练习: 填空与判断:1、 理想流动模型分为两种类型,即________和_________2、 返混专指________进入反应器的物料之间的混合3、 说明下列反应器中的返混情况:间歇反应器中返混为_____, 理想置换反应器返混为_______ 4、 理想混合反应器返混为____, 非理想流动反应器返混为_____ 5、 返混带来的最大影响是_____________________________ 6、 返混对反应来说是有害的,必须采取各种措施进行抑制。
7、 降低返混程度的主要措施是______,通常有________和________两种,其中重要的是__________。
8、 连续搅拌釜式反应器为减少返混,工业上常采用________的操作。
理想反应器设计1、反应器计算的基本内容及基本方程2、各种反应器的设计计算 间歇操作釜式反应器: 特点体积和数量计算 动力学计算法或00()AfA x AA A x dx t c r =-⎰0()AA c A A c dc t r =--⎰间歇操作釜式反应器达到一定转化率需要的反应时间,只取决于过程的反应速率,与反应器的大小无关。
连续操作釜式反应器:基本特征:过程参数既不随时间变化,也不随反应器内部空间位置而变化,各处的物料组成和温度都是相同的,且等于出口处的组成和温度。
单个连续操作的釜式反应器:多个串联连续操作的釜式反应器 解析法图解法:已知C A0 、C AN (或X AN )、V Ri ,求N 。
连续操作釜式反应器的稳定操作热稳定性的概念:反应器本身对热的扰动有无自行恢复平衡的能力。
有,则是热稳定性的;无,则是热不稳定性的。
热平衡: 热稳定 Q r =Q C 其他条件不变,仅进料温度或进料流量变化对釜式反应器热稳定性的()A f R A A x V t C V r ==-==Ri Ai-1Ai Ai Ai-1iA0Ai Ai V C -C x -x t =C V (-r )(-r )00()()V ()()A R A p s r V H c T T K A T T ρ--∆=-+-c rdQ dQdTdT<影响。
半间歇操作的釜式反应器 工业应用通常使用的几种半间歇操作形式 连续操作的管式反应器 基础计算方程式:或 恒温恒容的管式反应器的计算: 零级反应:一级反应:二级反应:反应器生产能力的比较间歇釜式、连续管式、连续釜式生产能力的比较;多个串联的连续操作釜式反应器的组合优化:掌握两釜串联,等温下进行一级不可逆反应的优化问题;自催化反应的组合优化:自催化反应的速率特征,自催化反应的组合优化;0()AfA x A R A x A dx V F r =-⎰000()Af A x R A A x A V dx c V r τ==-⎰0001()Af x A A A AfA dx C C x r kτ==-⎰0111lnln 1A AfAC k x k C τ==-0022000111()(1)11Af A x AA x A A A AfA dx C kC x kC x x τ==----⎰复杂反应的选择性 复杂反应选择性的定义:掌握可逆反应和一级不可逆连串反应的浓度效应和温度效应,会根据动力学分析选择最佳反应器型式或反应器组合方式,或适宜的投料方式。