备战2020年中考英语考点详解-考点40阅读理解之说明文.doc

考点40 阅读理解之说明文＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。

它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。

它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。

说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。

说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。

说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。

然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。

高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。

因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。

说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who → what → when → where → how → why。

1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4. how：通过什么方式表现出来的？5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。

边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。

AWelcome to London! Now let me tell you something about this wonderful city. London, the capital of the United Kingdom, is the biggest city in Western Europe with over 7 million people. It sits by the River Thames. London has a history of more than 2000 years. Because all over the world are familiar with the city’s red double-decker (双层的) buses and black taxis.PeopleThe British Empire used to rule around the world, so many people from around the world moved to London. They have brought with them their own languages and cultures. More than 300 different languages are spoken in London.CultureLondon is known for its museums. One important museum is British Museum. It is the oldest public museum in the world. There are two main art museums in London: the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery. Besides, London is also home to arts, such as theatre and music. The Globe Theatre, which was popular in the late 16th and 17th centuries, was opened for performances of William Shakespeare’s central London.Tourist attractionsLondon has many wonderful places to visit. For example, the well-known Clock Tower, a 320-foot-high tower, was called the Big Ben. Another famous London building is Buckingham Palace. The members of royal (皇家的) family of England live there. Besides, Hyde Park is the largest open area in central London.1. What’s the population of London?A. Less than 7 million.B. Only 7 million.C. More than 7 million.D. Nearly 7 million.2. How many museums are there in London according to the passage?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five3. The members of royal family of England live in ________.A. the Big BenB. Buckingham PalaceC. Hyde ParkD. British Museum4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned (提及) in the passage?A. The Location of London.B. The history of London.C. The interesting places in London.D. The food in London.5. From the passage, we can know that ________.A. more than 300 different languages are spoken in LondonB. the Globe Theatre has less than 300 years’ historyC. the Big Ben is a 320-foot-high clockD. London is the biggest city in EuropeBDifferent gestures (手势) mean different things in different countries. Sometimes a gesture that is polite in one country is not polite in another and should not be used. Different meanings of gestures can also cause problems in understanding what another person is trying to say. A gesture that many people do not understand is one that uses the thumb. Most westerners will sometimes show that they like something by holding out a closed hand with the thumb lifting in the air. This is called give someone or something ＂the thumbs up＂. Often, only one thumb is used, so it should be ＂the thumb up＂.The usual explanation (解释) for the origin of this gesture is not really correct. It says that in ancient Roman times, when people were pleased with the way a gladiator (角斗士) had fought, they showed their thumbs up. When they were not pleased, they gave the thumbs down. When a gladiator was given the thumbs up, the emperor allowed him to live. When a gladiator was given the thumbs down, the emperor ordered him to be killed.The truth is, however, it was translated into a wrong meaning by mistake. If people wanted to save the gladiator, they put out their hands and hid their thumbs in their hands. If they wanted the gladiator to die, they pointed their thumbs straight at him.1. Westerners lift their thumbs when they ________.A. want someone to dieB. like somethingC. want to go to a playgroundD. want someone to live2. Most people think that in ancient Rome, ＂thumbs up＂meant that ________.A. the emperor could dieB. the people wanted the gladiator to liveC. the fighting could continueD. the people were not pleased3. In fact, if people wanted a gladiator to live, they ________.A. hid their thumbsB. pointed their thumbs downC. lifted their thumbs upD. pointed their thumbs at him4. From the article we know that ________.A. different gestures have different meanings in different countriesB. a friendly gesture is always the same in different countriesC. the meaning of ＂thumbs up＂is the same both now and the pastD. we should often use the thumbs5. The main idea of this article is about ________.A. gestures around the worldB. closed thumbsC. gestures in ancient RomeD. the thumbs-up gesture（一）【2019 •重庆市中考】Cinyee Chiu, an artist from Taiwan, is always happy to try something new. Her amazing works won lots of prizes. Among them, ＂24 Solar Terms(节气)＂is the most popular.Ancient Chinese divided a year into 24 parts according to the changes of the weather. It’s the 24 solar terms. But not everyone knows them well. Cinyee Chiu put the 24 solar terns in pictures to help people understand them better.Cinyee turned each solar term into an animal. But these animals are not just animals. You can also find seasonal fruits, vegetables or beautiful flowers on them.When spring comes, water gets warm and fish start to swim around. So Cinyee chose fish as a symbol of Start of Spring. Also, she drew spring vegetables, Chinese chives on the back of the fish.White Dew falls on about Sept. 8. It shows the beginning of the cool autumn. There are colorful leaves and cooler nights at this time of year. As the temperature falls, white dew(露珠) is often seen on the grass and trees at night. For White Dew, Cinyee chose a raccoon—a small animal with thick hair. She drew white spots(小圆点) on the raccoon to show dew. And she used the dragon fruit to show the rich colors in autumn.The young artist really gave the ancient Chinese culture a new look.1. The writer gave ___________ examples to show Cinyee’s ＂24 Solar Terms＂.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five2. From Paragraph 5, we know that ___________.A. a raccoon likes fishB. Start of Spring falls on about Dec. 8C. White Dew shows the end of the autumnD. Cinyee used white spots to show dew3. According to the passage, Picture ___________ can’t be from Cinyee’s ＂24 Solar Terms＂.A. B. C. D.4. The writer mainly wants to talk about ___________.A. why Cinyee made herself knownB. who divided a year into 24 partsC. how Cinyee showed the 24 solar termsD. what Start of Spring and White Dew mean（二）【2019 •浙江省温州市】Many objects in the universe are invisible, but they send radio waves. The radio telescope thus appeared, and it is considered one of the greatest inventions in the twentieth century. Reber built the world’s first radio telescope in 1937. Ryle and Hewish developed radio telescope systems for the location of weak radio sources, and they shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974.A radio telescope is usually made up of:One or more antennas to collect the radio waves. Most antennas are made in the shape of a dish to collect and reflect, the radio waves to the sub-reflector, in the same way as a curved mirror focuses visible light to one point.A receiver and amplifier to receive the radio waves from the sub-reflector, and make these weak radio waves strong enough to be recorded and turned into electronic signals. To make an amplifier sensitive enough, it is usually cooled to, very low temperatures (e. g. as low as -270℃）.A recorder to keep a record of the electronic signals. Most: radio telescopes today keep the signals to the computer’s memory disk for astronomers to analyze later.Radio wavelengths are much longer than those of visible light, and the radio waves from deep space are always weak. To catch Radio wavelengths are much longer than those of visible light, and the radio waves from deep space are always weak. To catch these waves, radio telescopes usually have huge antennas. The sizes of most antennas in use today are around 50 to 300 metres in diameter. The antenna of FAST in Guizhou, China, the latest and largest radio telescope in the world, is 500 metres in diameter, as large as the size of 30 football fields.To avoid interferences, and keep the telescopes sensitive, radio telescopes are built in placeswhere there are no human radio waves or electronic signals. For example, FAST is 5 kilometres away from the closest village and 25 kilometres away from the nearest town.Radio telescopes create pictures of the sky, not in visible light, but in radio waves. This is extremely useful, because there are objects that can’t be seen, objects that we wouldn’t even know without radio telescopes.5. Radio telescopes help collect ___________ from the universeA. lightB. objectsC. radio wavesD. visible signals6. Most antennas of radio telescopes are made in the shape of a dish to ___________.A. make the antennas strong enoughB. increase the number of radio wavesC. turn radio waves into electronic signalsD. focus radio waves on the sub-reflector7. The underlined word "interferences" in the passage refers to ___________.A. the noises made by villagers and animalsB. the sounds from the radios and televisionsC. the people who go to Guizhou to watch FAST workD. the radio waves and electronic signals from humans8. What have we done with the help of radio telescopes?A. We have received pictures of deep space.B. We have discovered unknown lives in the universe.C. We have found some unknown objects in the universe.D. We have turned the radio waves from space into light.（三）【2019 •浙江省衢州市】The world has a plastics problem. And not just with bottles. Straws(吸管), toothbrushes, toys—all kinds of plastics are placed in landfills. There are 5 billion tons of plastic waste in the world. Landfills have a large part of it. By 2050, they could have 13 billion tons.Much of plastic rubbish finds its way into the ocean. Scientists say 165 million tons of plastic pieces are floating around out there. And most plastic won’t disappear itself. It will remain in the ocean forever. Whales get caught in plastic fishing nets. Birds die because of eating plastic straws and bottle caps. It endangers ocean life. Plastic rubbish even ends up in the food we eat.Governments are realizing that recycling may not be enough. They are taking more actions. Though it is hard work, it is still a solvable problem. In Britain, people are not allowed to use plasticbags except in hospitals. Scotland and several coastal cities in the US stop people from using plastic straws as well. The US alone throws away some 500 million plastic straws a day. That’s enough to circle the Earth twice. ＂Saying no to a plastic straw is an easy way to make a big difference,＂Dana Lofflin who started said. ＂Do we really want to pass on to our children a world harmed by plastic?＂People have found some tasty ways to reduce waste. A company in India made the first-ever spoon that people can eat. You don’t have to eat the spoon. You can throw it away. It decomposes(分解) in just a few days. David Edwards, a scientist at Harvard University, designed an eatable bag which can protect the food or drink inside. It is a delicious replacement for plastic ones.9. According to the write, birds die because they ___________.A. eat bottle caps and strawsB. get caught in fishing netsC. feed on ocean animalsD. have the spoons in India10. The underlined word "endangers " in Paragraph 2 probably means ___________.A. bringsB. losesC. harmsD. saves11. The purpose of the passage is mainly to ___________.A. introduce some ways to recycle wasteB. tell readers about the problem with plasticsC. compare air pollution and plastic pollutionD. describe how the US is reducing plastic waste12. From the passage, we can tell that the plastics problem ___________.A. is too big for people to solveB. can be solved by recycling aloneC. can be solved, but it won’t be easyD. will have to be solved by future scientists（四）（2018年浙江金华中考）Teenagers are known for being creative and full of new ideas. Let’s have a look at these teenage inventions that might change the world.smallest places, where humans or dogs can’t go. It will be used for finding people in a fire or an earthquake.Remya Jose, a 14-year-old from India, found it tiring and boring to handwash clothes in the nearby river. She reused some bicycle parts and created a washing machine that saves time, energy and keeps people fit at the same time.Kenneth Shinozuku, a 15-year-old from New York, noticed that his grandfather who got Alzheimer＇s disease（老年痴呆）would often leave home and get lost. So he invented the wearable sensors(感应器)to help people find their family members like his grandfather.16. What is the passage mainly about?A. Popular adsB. Useful machinesC. Strange pictures.D. Teenage inventions17. The earthworm robot by David Cohen can _________.A. make things stay freshB. help people wash clothesC. go into the smallest placesD. take care of the old people18. Which of the following is TRUEA. Plates and cups are made of fresh banana leaves.B. Remya’s washing machine can also keep people fit.C. David Cohen is a middle school student from India.D. Kenneth’s wearable sensors will keep old people at home.A（2017学年瑞安市玉海实验中学九年级上期中）About 96% of young people in the UK usually use the internet to communicate according to a survey of 24,000 British people aged 9-11.A report shows that only 40% of young people know that personal information shared online stays online forever. There are about 250 million tweets generated every day and around 800 million Facebook users—that means a lot of information is shared online. So are young using the internet safely?Do you know how to change your privacy settings on social media? For example, you can click the ＂flower’ icon＂or ＂settings＂on Facebook to get to your privacy settings. Then you can decide who sees your posts and personal information: friends, friends of friends or everyone. Do you want everyone in the world to be able to see your email address or just friends?The BBC Share Take Care campaign is all about helping everybody, from little kids to the over 55s, to make their online activity safer and protect themselves on the web. The campaign says adults and teenagers need to be more careful with personal information and images online.Everybody knows that we should be polite and kind to people in real life and online. Unluckily this doesn’t always happen. Where can you report online abuse or unkind messages to yourself or your friends? Do you know how to report such messages online? For example, if you see an unkind tweet on Twitter you can click on＂more＂and then choose ＂Report tweet＂. You then block all further tweets from that user.1. How many young people know shared information stays online forever according to the report?A. Very few.B. Less than a half.C. More than a half.D. Almost everyone2. The second paragraph mainly tells us _________.A. how to use FacebookB. how to change our email addressC. how to change our privacy settingsD. how to protect our personal information3. What’s the purpose of the BBC Share Take Care campaign?A. To help adults to surf the Internet.B. To help people to stay safe online.C. To help kids to protect themselves online.D. To help teenagers to be careful with their information4. When you see an unkind message, you are advised to ___________.A. save itB. forget itC. ignore itD. report itBThe Lantern Festival falls on the 15th of the first month of the lunar calendar. This day is always the first full moon in the New Year. Ancient people also called it Shangyuan Festival. Celebrations and traditions on this day began from the Han Dynasty and became popular in the Tang Dynasty.Watching the red lanterns is one of the main traditions. Lanterns of different shapes and sizes are usually put on trees, or along river banks on show. It is said that sky lanterns were first used by Zhuge Kongming to ask for help when he was in trouble. Today, when the lanterns slowly rise into the air, people make wishes.Another tradition is guessing lantern riddles. The riddles are usually short, wise, and sometimes humorous. The answer to a riddle can be a Chinese character, a famous person’s name, or a place name.The most important thing is to eat sweet dumplings with different tastes. In northern China, they are called yuan xiao while in southern part they’re named tang yuan. Because making sweet dumplings is like a game or an activity, they are usually done happily by a group of friends or family members.In old times, the Lantern Festival was also romantic. Watching lanterns gave young people a chance to meet each other. A line from Xin Qiji a poet during the Song Dynasty, shows this;Hundreds and thousands of times I searched for her in the crowed. Suddenly I turned，and there she stood，in the dim light.1. What were sky lanterns first used for by Zhuge Kongming in ancient times?A. Making wishes.B. Celebrating birthdays.C. Playing gamesD. Asking for help.2. The line from Xin Qiji in the passage shows the Lantern Festival was in old times.A. boringB. humorousC. romanticD. popularCIn June, three students from the same high school in Wujiashan High School, Hubei Provinceeach won a gold medal at an important invention trade show in the United States.One of them is Wang Y ujie. Her invention can control the oxygen level itself in pools day and night. Usually, fish keepers increase oxygen in fish pools by hand, and it’s hard work, but now they can save a lot of strength.Another winner Xue Jigang is also in the first year of high school. Xue’s invention is an in-car system(系统). The third winner’s invention could be used more widely. Zhong Juncheng told the local newspaper that his idea of an automatic(自动的) toilet came from an unpleasant experience at a service center on the expressway(高速路)when his father took him back to his home province Fujian during a summer vacation about a year ago. ＂I found some toilets had no water and had a terrible smell. I thought I should invent something.＂he said. ＂It’s great to win the medal,＂he said. ＂I hope one day my invention can develop into a product and serve more people.＂Wujiashan High School started an inventing program in 2004 and made ＂life and invention＂a necessary course for its students. Its students have developed more than 4,700 inventions. Nearly 500 have won invention prizes in China. He Jianming, the school head, said. ＂The inventing program helps students become active and creative in thinking.＂1. The three students who won gold medals are from ___________.A. the different schoolsB. the same schoolC. the different classes.D. the same class2. We can learn that the service center on the express way to Zhong Juncheng’s hometown had a really_____ condition.A. simpleB. poorC. comfortableD. excellent3. ___________ invention is used in a car.A. Wang Yujie’sB. Xue Jigang’sC. Zhong Juncheng’sD. He Jianming’s4. Which of the following is TRUE about the three inventors?A. Xue Jigang’s invention is useful for fish keepers.B. Wang Yujie is in Grade Two in Wujiashan High School.C. Zhong Juncheng’s hometown is in Hubei Province.D. Zhong Juncheng’s invention helps a lot in the bathroom.5. We can learn from the last paragraph that the inventing program in the school .A. is a great successB. is famous in the world nowC. has been on for twenty yearsD. helps to change students’ life跟踪训练A【文章大意】文章介绍了伦敦的语言、文化和名胜古迹。