2018年全球外资限制指数(英文)
2019考研英语翻译天天练：金融业新措施_毙考题
2019考研英语翻译天天练：金融业新措施学好英语翻译一定要加强练习，掌握不同话题的相关词汇短语和专业表达。
小编整理分享不同话题段落和翻译，19考生注意每天练一练，相信日积月累必然提升翻译能力。
2019考研英语翻译天天练：金融业新措施在10日的博鳌亚洲论坛2018年年会开幕式上，国家主席习近平明确提出，去年年底宣布的放宽银行、证券、保险行业外资股比限制的重大措施要确保落地，同时要加大开放力度，加快保险行业开放进程，放宽外资金融机构设立限制，扩大外资金融机构在华业务范围，拓宽中外金融市场合作领域。
习近平在讲话中指出：这些对外开放重大举措，我们将尽快使之落地，宜早不宜迟，宜快不宜慢，努力让开放成果及早惠及中国企业和人民，及早惠及世界各国企业和人民。
We have every intention to translate these initiatives of opening-up intoreality, sooner rather than later. We want the outcomes of our opening-upefforts to deliver benefits as soon as possible to all enterprises and people inChina and around the world.11日，中国人民银行行长易纲在货币政策的正常化分论坛上宣布了12项金融业对外开放的重大举措。
预计到今年6月30日将落实的有六条：一、取消银行和金融资产管理公司的外资持股比例限制，内外资一视同仁，允许外国银行在我国境内同时设立分行和支行。
Foreign equity restrictions on banks and financial asset management firmswill be canceled, with equal treatment for domestic and foreign-fundedinstitutions. Foreign banks will be allowed to set up branches and subsidiariesat the same time in the country.二、将证券公司、基金管理公司、期货公司、人身保险公司的外资持股比例的上限放宽至51%。
山东社会经济发展统计数据：6-12 按行业分外商直接投资(2018年)
金融业
Financial Intermediation
房地产业
Real Estate
租赁和商务服务业
Leasing and Business Services
居民服务和其他服务业
Services to Households and Other Services
科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业
Scientific Research, Technical Service and
第二产业
Secondary Industry
采矿业
Mining
制造业
Manufacturing
电力、热力、燃气及水的生产和供应业 Production and Supply of Electric, Heat, Gas and Water
建筑业
Construction
第三产业
Tertiary Industry
2018 (100 million USD)
3408 99 99
2154 13
1993 102 46
1155 104 59
2051636 45493 45493
1019698 4488
916682 64027 34501
986445 34160 33517
14.9 54.3 54.3 -4.4 -34.6 -3.6 -21.9 29.2 43.0 -57.4 -54.7
实际使用外资金额
Total Amount of Foreign
Capital Actually Utilized
本年 (万美元) This Year (10000 USD)
比上年 增长
(%) Growth Rate
2018济宁市专业技术人员继续教育《加快新旧动能转换推进产业转型升级》试题与答案12
济宁市专业技术人员继续教育《加快新旧动能转换推进产业转型升级》试题加快新旧动能转换推进产业转型升级试卷九试卷总分：100分, 考试时长：60 分钟正确答案以红色字体标注一、单项选择题（每题2分, 共30题）1.关于统筹城乡一体发展，以下表述中，正确的是（以上均对）。
答案正确推进以人为核心的新型城镇化大力发展特色县域经济深入实施乡村振兴战略以上均对2.“新经济”是一种经济发展理念和形态，既不能（唯技术论），亦不能泛化。
唯物论唯技术论唯心论唯历史论3.就山东省济宁市来说，以下表述中，不正确的是（产业结构合理）。
答案正确发展面临的深层次矛盾和不平衡不充分的问题仍然比较突出加快提升发展的质量和效益更为紧迫产业结构合理新动能对经济发展的引领支撑作用尚未充分发挥4.自（2012）年后，制造业内部的相关产业增加值同比增长基本上处于下降趋势。
答案正确20112012201320145.就服务业内部发展而言，（新旧动能转换）体现在生产性服务业的发展优先于生活性服务业的发展。
答案正确传统动能新动能旧动能新旧动能转换6.以（社会服务）为代表的生活性服务业的增加值占服务业增加值的比重逐年下降，从2006年的1.52%下降到2014年的0.82%，平均每年下降8.02%。
答案正确社会服务良好氛围劳动力劳动密度7.从不同区域，服务业对经济增长的拉动率来看，2001-2015年期间，东中西部省份第三产业对G选项4P增长的拉动率呈现趋同，这表现在（2）方面。
答案正确12348.全国的工业化指数H在2011年之前都是小于（0.5），说明1995-2010年的中国都处在工业化初级阶段，这一阶段都伴随着经济高速增长。
答案正确0.30.50.819.（2011）年后，全国工业化水平大幅提升，工业化进程已经完成过半，转而经济增长处于换挡期，随着工业化完成过半，经济增长难以维持以往的高速增长，需要内涵式发展。
答案正确201020112012201310.我国第三产业的重心点转移轨迹，第三产业重心总体是（西）西移动的。
国际货币基金组织(IMF)公布《2018年度世界各国GDP-包含致2023年预测值》.xlsx
Country Subject Descriptor Units Afghanistan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Albania Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Algeria Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Angola Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Antigua and Barbuda Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Argentina Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Armenia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Aruba Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Australia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Austria Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Azerbaijan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars The Bahamas Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Bahrain Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Bangladesh Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Barbados Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Belarus Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Belgium Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Belize Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Benin Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Bhutan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Bolivia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Bosnia and Herzegovina Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Botswana Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Brazil Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Brunei Darussalam Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Bulgaria Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Burkina Faso Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Burundi Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Cabo Verde Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Cambodia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Cameroon Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Canada Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollarsGross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Central African RepublicChad Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Chile Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars China Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Colombia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Comoros Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollarsGross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Democratic Republic of tRepublic of Congo Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Costa Rica Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars C魌e d'Ivoire Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Croatia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Cyprus Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Czech Republic Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Denmark Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Djibouti Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Dominica Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Dominican Republic Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Ecuador Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Egypt Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollarsEthiopia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Fiji Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Finland Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars France Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Gabon Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars The Gambia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Georgia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Germany Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Ghana Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Greece Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Grenada Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Guatemala Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Guinea Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Guinea-Bissau Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Guyana Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Haiti Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Honduras Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Hong Kong SAR Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Hungary Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Iceland Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars India Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Indonesia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollarsGross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Islamic Republic of IranIraq Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Ireland Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Israel Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Italy Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Jamaica Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Japan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Jordan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Kazakhstan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Kenya Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Kiribati Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Korea Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Kosovo Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Kuwait Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Kyrgyz Republic Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Lao P.D.R.Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Latvia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Lebanon Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Lesotho Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Liberia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Libya Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Lithuania Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Luxembourg Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Macao SAR Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars FYR Macedonia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Madagascar Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Malawi Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollarsMauritania Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Mauritius Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Mexico Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Micronesia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Moldova Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Mongolia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Montenegro Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Morocco Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Mozambique Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Myanmar Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Namibia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Nauru Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Nepal Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Netherlands Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars New Zealand Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Nicaragua Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Niger Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Nigeria Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Norway Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Oman Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Pakistan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Palau Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Panama Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Papua New Guinea Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Paraguay Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Peru Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Philippines Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Poland Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Portugal Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Puerto Rico Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Qatar Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Romania Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Russia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Rwanda Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Samoa Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars San Marino Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars S鉶 Tom?and Pr韓cipe Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Saudi Arabia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Senegal Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Serbia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Seychelles Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Sierra Leone Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Singapore Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Slovak Republic Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Slovenia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Solomon Islands Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Somalia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars South Africa Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars South Sudan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollarsSt. Vincent and the GrenGross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Sudan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Suriname Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Sweden Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Switzerland Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Syria Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollarsGross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Taiwan Province of ChinaTajikistan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Tanzania Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Thailand Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Timor-Leste Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Togo Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Tonga Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Trinidad and Tobago Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Tunisia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Turkey Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Turkmenistan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Tuvalu Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Uganda Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Ukraine Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars United Arab Emirates Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars United Kingdom Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars United States Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Uruguay Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Uzbekistan Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Vanuatu Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Venezuela Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Vietnam Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Yemen Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Zambia Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars Zimbabwe Gross domestic product, current prices U.S. dollars International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018Scale Country/Series-specific NotesBillions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). 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Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency). Billions See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency).198019811982198319841985198619871988 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a1.9462.229 2.296 2.319 2.29 2.339 2.587 2.566 2.5342.34644.37244.7847.52951.51361.13261.53563.351.6647.258 6.793 6.7937.0797.5049.2458.6569.89410.7330.1310.1480.1640.1820.2080.2410.290.3370.399 226.569184.01491.376112.721126.56395.593114.949117.854138.044 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/an/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 162.639188.081186.722179.164196.791174.079181.16212.727270.61480.92470.12270.11171.03367.00768.62497.375121.771133.592 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a2.598 2.6923.031 3.373 3.603 3.9234.241 4.669 4.8553.5934.056 4.264 4.368 4.534 4.278 3.347 3.626 4.48122.63222.05720.19721.16524.06424.75625.95428.63330.9041.018 1.12 1.171 1.243 1.355 1.418 1.557 1.714 1.823 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 124.139102.79290.4485.49281.67284.92117.689146.189158.9430.1720.1790.1790.1890.2110.2090.2280.2670.3151.685 1.14 1.1280.999 1.065 1.156 1.49 1.778 1.8670.1270.1370.1440.1560.1610.1670.1890.2290.2623.589 3.44 3.813 3.609 3.7524.059 3.97 4.323 4.598 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a1.175 1.038 1.095 1.21 1.201 1.118 1.5162.3763.084 145.767167.523179.102143.601142.906226.858263.163286.438319.991 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a4.434 2.704 3.105 2.95524.97426.93728.09428.8730.66826.25823.23926.93844.0222.121 1.846 1.719 1.571 1.404 1.553 2.036 2.37 2.6160.9510.989 1.045 1.106 1.005 1.17 1.233 1.161 1.0880.1570.1540.1550.1520.1450.1520.210.260.292 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a0.2050.1410.2768.1939.2818.9018.9729.4829.90312.90914.95215.184 275.035306.213313.498340.543355.382364.761377.438431.319507.3510.7140.7430.7190.690.670.883 1.158 1.275 1.3720.7380.8730.8440.8440.9070.983 1.211 1.372 1.60428.82934.13325.4520.67320.10417.23818.53121.85625.765 305.348290.827286.719307.677316.628312.616303.34330.303411.92346.34250.48854.06753.73653.07548.41548.48150.46754.4060.1520.1330.1260.1220.1180.120.1620.1960.20768.60659.72664.93952.37834.95131.94335.8433.93239.3142.083 1.708 1.489 1.354 1.245 1.276 1.746 2.121 2.2574.836 2.626 2.609 3.15 3.664 3.926 4.408 4.537 4.61810.048.3217.466 6.737 6.717 6.8519.1710.08810.195 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a2.314 2.242 2.319 2.321 2.447 2.6113.317 3.9794.589 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a71.12761.87860.41360.64559.10562.65888.079109.414115.552 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a0.0730.0820.090.0990.1090.1190.1350.1520.1718.6729.6989.1419.46114.87 6.4967.8918.3057.60516.8417.24317.21415.12916.10118.8313.81612.9112.27723.52325.7630.47937.25441.88848.84154.07677.35992.53。
2023年证券从业之金融市场基础知识练习题(一)及答案
2023年证券从业之金融市场基础知识练习题(一)及答案单选题（共40题）1、以下对公开发行股票的特点表述错误的是（）。
A.发行条件比较严格B.发行程序比较简单C.登记核准的时间较长D.发行费用较高【答案】 B2、财政部和中国人民银行一般每（）确定一次凭证式国债的承销团资格。
A.—年B.半年C.季度D.两年【答案】 A3、（2019年真题）新加坡交易所（简称SGX）于（）年9月5日推出以新华富时50指数为基础变量的全球首个中国A股指数期货。
A.1996B.2010C.2006D.2000【答案】 C4、（）属于基金资产承担的费用。
A.①②③B.①③④C.①②④D.②③④【答案】 C5、以下关于债券远期交易的说法中，错误的是（）。
A.债券远期交易数额最小为债券面额10万元B.交易单位为债券面额1万元C.债券远期交易共有8个期限品种D.期限最短为7天，最长为365天【答案】 D6、下列关于证券公司主要业务的说法，错误的是（）。
A.证券自营业务的资金来源为证券公司自有资金或者依法筹集的资金B.证券投资咨询业务的两种基本形式包括证券投资顾问业务和发布证券研究报告C.证券保荐业务是指证券公司代理证券发行人发行证券的行为D.证券经纪业务是指证券公司接受客户委托代客户买卖有价证券的业务【答案】 C7、中国证券业协会2016年颁布的《证券公司压力测试指引》指出，证券公司在遇到（）情形时，应当开展专项或综合压力测试。
B.①③④C.①②④D.①②③④【答案】 D8、下列自然人和法人中，有（）可以在转融通交易中借入证券。
A.资深股民王某B.国有石油企业甲公司C.证券金融公司财务鸹监张某D.小型证券公司丙公司【答案】 D9、期货价格的特点有（）。
A.①②③B.①③④C.③④D.①②③④【答案】 B10、关于我国基金发展的说法，正确的有().A.II、IIIB.I、III、IVC.I、II、IV【答案】 B11、2018年3月30日，国务院批准了中国证监会《关于开展创新企业境内发行股票或存托凭证试点的若干意见》。
商务部外贸司负责人谈2018年上半年我国外贸运行情况
FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CHINA
中国外资
Issue8 2018商务部外贸司负责人谈
2018年上半年我国外贸运行情况
三是对外投资行业结构持续优化，非理性投资得到有效遏制。
上半年，对外投资主要流向租赁和商务服务业、制造业、采矿业以及批发和零售业，占比分别为32.6%、15.8% 、11.5%和9.5%。
房地产业、体育和娱乐业对外投资没有新增项目。
四是境外经贸合作区建设成效显著，促进我国与东道国共同发展。
截至2018年上半年，我国企业共在46个国家建设初具
规模的境外经贸合作区113家，累计投资348.7亿美元，入区企业4542家，上缴东道国税费28.6亿美元，为当地创造就业岗位28.7万个。
五是对外承包工程新签大项目多，带动出口作用明显。
上半年，对外承包工程新签合同额在5000万美元以上的项目356个，合计905.5亿美元,占新签合同总额的84.8%。
对外承包工程带动货物出口89.9亿
美元，同比增长23.1%。
2018年上半年，相关主管部门共备案或核准对外投资企业3743家，中方协议投资额682.5亿美元。
其中备案或核准非金融类对外投资企业3719家，中方协议投资额632.7亿美元；备案或核准金融类对外投资企业24家，中方协议投资额49.8亿美元。
商务部宏观监测显示，2018年上半年，中国对外投资总体处于较为活跃的区间。
FIC。
2023北京房山高二(下)期中政治(教师版)
2023北京房山高二（下）期中政治本调研卷共10页，共100分，时长90分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在调研卷上作答无效。
调研结束后，将答题卡交回，调研卷自行保存。
第一部分选择题（共45分）本部分共15小题，每小题3分，共45分。
在每小题列出的四个选项中，选出最符合题目要求的一项。
1．某班的政治课堂上，老师组织同学们开展以“当代主权国家的管理形式”为主题的探究性学习活动。
同学们根据所学归纳了下列表格内容：A．人民代表大会制度；君主世袭；选民选举产生；总理对议会负责B．多党合作制度；选民选举产生；议会选举产生；总理对议会负责C．人民代表大会制度；君主世袭；选民选举产生；总统对议会负责D．多党合作制度；选民选举产生；议会选举产生；总统对议会负责2．卢梭认为，人们为了克服自然状态中各种不利于人类生存的阻力，必须联合起来形成足以克服阻力的合力，于是人们放弃天赋的权利，制定契约，以共同力量来捍卫和保护每一个参加者的人身自由和私有财产。
这种联合的行为所产生的道义上的集合体就是国家。
从马克思主义国家观的角度看，该观点A．科学阐释了人民群众在国家中的地位B．否认了阶级性是国家的本质属性C．认为国家是私有制出现后产生的D．认为国家的根本职能在于社会管理3．香港回归以来，中央始终坚守基本法确定的“一国两制”方针，制定实施香港国安法、完善选举制度，保持香港独特优势，把繁荣稳定作为第一要务，优先考量香港市民福祉。
中央的做法①是我国国家性质的体现，彰显了人民民主是最真实的民主②坚持依法治港，有效维护了国家最高利益和国家安全核心③赋予香港高度自治权，完善人民当家作主的最高实现形式④以政治安全为基础，确保实现香港特别行政区的长治久安A．①② B．①③ C．②④ D．③④4．2022年7月13日，金砖国家首次反腐败部长级会议以视频形式举行。
会议由中央纪委国家监委主办。
中国共产党始终旗帜鲜明反对腐败，并取得压倒性胜利，得到人民衷心拥护和广泛支持。
2018年中国海外投资国家风险评级报告
IIS|International Investment Studies中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所Working Paper No.201801January23,2018中国海外投资国家风险评级（2018）Country-risk Rating of Overseas Investment from China（CROIC-IWEP）国际投资研究室世界经济与政治研究所中国社会科学院2018年1月目录2018年中国海外投资国家风险评级主报告 (4)一、评级背景 (4)二、各评级机构评级方法综述 (5)（一）发布国家信用评级的机构简介 (5)（二）评级对象 (6)（三）评级指标体系 (6)（四）评级方法特点 (7)三、CROIC-IWEP国家风险评级方法 (9)（一）指标选取 (9)（二）标准化、加权与分级 (13)（三）评级样本 (14)（四）本评级方法的特点 (16)（五）未来规划 (19)四、CROIC-IWEP国家风险评级结果总体分析 (19)（一）总体结果分析 (20)（二）分项指标分析 (22)五、CROIC-IWEP国家风险评级主要排名变动国家分析 (30)（一）泰国（↑12） (30)（二）塔吉克斯坦（↑12） (31)（三）乌兹别克斯坦（↑12） (32)（四）乌克兰（↑6） (32)（五）保加利亚（↑5） (33)（六）柬埔寨（↓13） (34)（七）蒙古（↓10） (34)（八）伊朗（↓8） (35)（九）南非（↓7） (36)（十）希腊（↓6） (36)“一带一路”国家风险评级子报告 (38)CROIC–IWEP国家风险评级原始指标 (48)表1GDP总量 (48)表2人均GDP (50)表3GDP增速 (52)表4GDP5年波动系数 (54)表5贸易开放度 (56)表6投资开放度 (58)表7Chinn-Ito指数 (60)表8居民消费价格指数 (62)表9失业率 (64)表10基尼系数 (66)表11公共债务/GDP (68)表12外债/GDP (70)表13短期外债/总外债 (72)表14财政余额/GDP (74)表15外债/外汇储备 (76)表16经常账户余额/GDP (79)表17贸易条件 (81)表18银行不良贷款/贷款总额 (83)表19扮演国际储备货币的重要程度 (85)表20内部冲突 (87)表21环境政策 (89)表22资本和人员流动的限制 (91)表23劳动力市场管制 (93)表24商业管制 (95)表25平均受教育年限 (97)表26社会安全（每十万人谋杀死亡人数） (99)表27其他投资风险 (101)表28执政时间（任期还剩几年） (103)表29政府稳定性 (105)表30军事干预政治 (107)表31腐败 (109)表32民主问责 (111)表33政府有效性 (114)表34法治 (116)表35外部冲突 (118)表36贸易依存度 (120)表37投资依存度 (122)表38是否签订BIT (124)表39签证情况 (126)表40投资受阻程度 (128)表41双边政治关系 (130)2018年中国海外投资国家风险评级主报告CROIC-IWEP中国社科院世经政所国家风险评级课题组一、评级背景2016年中国对外直接投资再创新高，达到1961.5亿美元，蝉联全球第二，投资流量较上年增长了34.7%，占全球对外直接投资比例的13.5%，首次超过10%。
联合国发布《世界投资报告2018》
牛盾:中国为全球消除贫困与饥饿做出重要贡献㊀㊀２０１８年６月６日, 减贫和粮食权的保障 展览在罗马联合国粮农组织(F A O)总部开幕.中国常驻联合国粮农机构代表牛盾大使致辞.牛盾大使指出,中国在关注自身发展的同时,始终积极参与全球发展合作,是南南和三方合作坚定的支持者和倡导者,是发展中国家中对联合国粮农组织南南合作出资最大㊁派出专家最多㊁成效最显著的国家. 我的讲话将以两个单词作为起点:２个 H ,它们都与F A O的使命密不可分,与大家合作共赢密不可分.第一个单词是H e a l t h 健康.说到健康,中国有句俗语,只有吃饱,才能吃好.解决吃饱问题,就是解决我们的粮食安全问题;解决吃好问题,就是加强和改善营养问题.第二个单词是H a p p iＧn e s s 幸福.脱贫是人们迈向幸福生活的必经之路,这条路虽然崎岖坎坷,但随着脱贫目标的一步步实现,伴随贫困的社会问题也会逐渐得到解决,幸福就会掌握在人们手中. 牛盾大使说.２０１５年,联合国通过«２０３０年可持续发展议程»,将消除贫困和饥饿作为首要的两个可持续发展目标.牛盾大使指出,该议程的实施已过去３年,纵观全球,贫富悬殊和南北差距扩大问题依然严重存在,贫困㊁饥饿㊁社会冲突等一系列难题依然困扰着许多发展中国家.牛盾大使表示,中国是世界上人口最多的发展中国家,稳定解决１３亿多人口吃饭问题始终是治国理政的头等大事,让１３亿多人过上好日子,是中国发展的根本目标.农村地区是脱贫攻坚战的主要阵地,为此,中国政府始终高度重视 三农 工作,提高农民生计和幸福指数,相继出台了一系列强农㊁惠农㊁富农政策,促进农业和农村经济稳定发展.在做好自身发展工作的同时,中国始终积极参与全球发展合作,并做出力所能及的贡献.中国常驻联合国粮农机构代表处联合国发布«世界投资报告２０１８»㊀㊀２０１８年６月６日,联合国在日内瓦发布«世界投资报告２０１８»,报告显示２０１７年全球外商直接投资(F D I)低迷,为１ ４３万亿美元,比２０１６年下降２３％,这与全球G D P及贸易增长加快形成鲜明对比.F D I的下降主要是跨境并购大幅下降２２％所造成的.报告称,流入发达国家的F D I为７１２０亿美元,同比下降３７％,流入发展中经济体的F D I为６７１０亿美元,保持平稳.流向转型经济体的F D I为４７０亿美元,同比下降２７％.报告显示,中国仍是发展中国家中最大的吸收外资国和对外投资国.２０１７年中国吸收的外资在全球排名中仅次于美国,位居第二,达到１３６０亿美元;中国对外投资为１２５０亿美元,位居第三,同比下降３６％.中国常驻联合国粮农机构代表处意大利开启 生态认证食堂 申请㊀㊀据意大利农业㊁食品与林业政策部(以下简称意农业部)消息,意农业部官网已开放申请 生态认证食堂 的信息平台.这是意大利首次采用 生态食堂 这一概念并根据生态标准对校园食堂进行管理.２０１７年年初,意政府拨款４４００万欧元用于启动该项计划,意农业部部长马尔蒂纳表示, 我们的重要目标是将学校生态食堂列入农业可持续发展战略中,大力推进并普及生态产品在校园餐饮中的使用,保证我们的子孙后代在校园中也可获得健康饮食. ２０１７年１２月,意农业部与意教育部,各大区政府㊁市镇政府及品牌餐饮公司共同制定了学校生态食堂的有关标１１２ＷｏｒｌｄＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ２０18郾07（总471）。
OECD-2018年全球外资限制指数(英文)-2019.9-12页
Avoid the pitfall of variations in the index across countries that are due to the variations in the weights used, rather than to the severity of restrictions in place
services
9. Manufacturing - Transport Equipment 21. Business Services (accounting, legal,
10. Electricity (generation, distribution)
architecture, engineering)
and Other Minerals
19. Financial services - Insurance
8. Manufacturing - Electric, Electronics 20. Financial services - Other financial
and Other Instruments
OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index
A tool for benchmarking countries, measuring reform and assessing its impact
FDI Index: What does it measure?
USD100mn or if corresponding to > 50% of total Notification (pre or post)
纳入MSCI条件
纳入MSCI条件近年来，随着中国资本市场的不断发展，MSCI（摩根士丹利资本国际指数）也逐渐将中国A股纳入其指数体系。
这一举措对于中国资本市场的发展有着重要的意义，也是中国资本市场国际化的重要一步。
本文将从以下几个方面探讨“纳入MSCI条件”这一话题。
一、MSCI指数体系简介MSCI，即摩根士丹利资本国际指数，是全球最权威的股票市场指数之一。
MSCI指数体系包括了全球范围内的股票市场指数和行业指数，其指数系列被广泛用作全球资本市场的基准，也是全球投资者对于股票投资的首选指数。
MSCI指数的涵盖范围广泛，包括全球23个发达国家和26个新兴市场国家的股票市场。
二、中国A股纳入MSCI条件的历史回顾中国A股纳入MSCI指数的历程可以追溯到2013年。
当时，MSCI 最早考虑将中国A股纳入MSCI新兴市场指数，但是由于中国资本市场的开放程度和投资限制等问题，最终未能实现。
随着中国资本市场的不断开放和改革，2017年，MSCI宣布将中国A股纳入其新兴市场指数。
当时，纳入的比例为5%。
2018年，MSCI再次宣布将中国A股纳入其指数体系，纳入比例提高至10%。
三、中国A股纳入MSCI条件的影响1. 提升中国资本市场的国际化水平中国资本市场的国际化程度一直是中国金融市场改革的重要目标之一。
中国A股纳入MSCI指数体系，可以提高中国资本市场的国际化水平，增强中国资本市场的国际影响力。
同时，中国资本市场的国际化程度也将进一步提高，吸引更多的外资进入中国市场。
2. 推动中国资本市场的改革和开放中国资本市场的改革和开放是中国金融市场改革的重要方向之一。
中国A股纳入MSCI指数体系，可以推动中国资本市场的改革和开放，促进中国资本市场的健康发展。
同时，MSCI对于纳入标准的要求也将促使中国资本市场的规范化建设和风险管理。
3. 增强投资者对于中国市场的信心中国A股纳入MSCI指数体系，可以增强全球投资者对于中国市场的信心，提高中国市场的知名度和声誉。
商务部外贸司负责人谈2018年1月我国对外贸易情况
FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CHINA中国外资Issue3 2018商务部外贸司负责人谈2018年1月我国对外贸易情况提高0.7个百分点，继续保持出口第一大经营主体地位。
外资企业出口5452亿元，增长7.1%，占我出口的比重为41.2%，较去年同期提高0.4个百分点。
从贸易方式看，一般贸易进出口1.47万亿元，增长18.5%，占全国外贸总值的58.6%，较去年同期提高1.1个百分点。
从国际市场看，我对美国、欧盟、日本等传统市场进出口分别增长11.0%和17.3%、12.3%；同巴西、俄罗斯、南非、马来西亚等“金砖国家”和“一带一路”沿线国家进出口也快速增长，增幅分别达到21.6%、20.9%、11.9%和23.9%。
下一步，我们将以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指引，牢固树立新发展理念，深化外贸领域供给侧结构性改革，继续狠抓政策落实，全力以赴筹备好2018年首届中国国际进口博览会，推进贸易强国建设，为国民经济和社会发展发挥更重要的作用。
FIC2018年以来，在党中央、国务院的坚强领导下，商务部会同各部门、各地方继续狠抓国务院出台的一系列促进外贸发展的政策落实，大力推进国际市场布局、国内区域布局、商品结构、经营主体和贸易方式“五个优化”，加快外贸转型升级示范基地、贸易平台和国际营销网络“三项建设”，继续推动外贸新业态试点、实施积极的进口政策，对外贸易继续保持稳定增长。
根据海关统计，今年1月，我国进出口总额2.51万亿元人民币，同比（下同）增长16.2%；其中出口1.32万亿元，增长6.0%；进口1.19万亿元，增长30.2%；顺差1358亿元，收窄59.7%。
从商品结构看，机电产品出口7695.6亿元，增长9.4%，占比58.1%，较去年同期提高1.8个百分点，其中手机、集成电路、计算机及其零部件等分别增长30.1%、28.9%和10.8%。
纺织服装等7大类传统劳动密集型行业出口2678.9亿元，下降5.7%。
国际统计年鉴2018全球世界各国社会经济发展指标：9-1 国内生产总值缩减指数
中国澳门 Macao, China
孟加拉国 Bangladesh
文莱
Brunei Darussalam
柬埔寨
Cambodia
印度
India
印度尼西亚 Indonesia
伊朗
Iran
以色列
Israel
日本
Japan
哈萨克斯坦 Kazakhstan
韩国
Korea, Rep.
老挝
Laos
马来西亚 Malaysia
99.0 145.7 104.1 127.3 109.3 143.6 123.6 145.8 111.7 100.9
116.5 116.8 140.6 139.2
95.6 110.5 128.3 128.4 240.6 111.9 101.0 148.4 106.6 130.3 108.9 146.0 128.8 152.8 111.0 103.5
2016
(2010=100) 2017
116.6 118.7 141.8 147.4
86.8 114.4 133.0 131.5 244.5 112.9 101.3 164.2 108.6 133.8 111.0 149.3 135.4 155.1 112.8 102.0
122.2 145.0
113.1
9-1 国内生产总值缩减指数 Gross Domestic Product Deflator
资料来源： 国际货币基 金组织IFS数 据库。 Source: IMF IFS Database.
2010年=100
国家或地区 Country or Area
2000
2013
2014
2015
中国
OECD：2018年全球外资限制指数
OECD：2018年全球外资限制指数世界经济合作与发展组织（OECD）日前发布的2018年全球外资限制指数（ FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index）显示，中国去年对外资限制大幅放松，对外资开放程度进一步提升。
OECD的外资限制指数衡量的是一个国家对外国直接投资的限制程度，由四个部分构成，分别是：外国股权限制、歧视性筛选或批准机制、对主要外国人员的限制、业务限制。
指数值介于0-1之间，数值越高表示限制程度越高、开放程度越低。
指数覆盖的是各经济体22个部门对外资的法定限制。
根据数据，2018年，全球外资限制程度最高的五个国家分别是：菲律宾（0.374）、沙特（0.372）、印尼（0.313）、俄罗斯（0.257）、马来西亚（0.252）。
对外资限制程度最低的五个国家均是欧洲国家：卢森堡（0.004）、葡萄牙（0.007）、斯洛文尼亚（0.007）、罗马尼亚（0.008）、捷克（0.010）。
2018年中国对外资限制指数为0.251，排在第六位，比2017年（0.317）全球第三的排名下降了三位。
而2003年该指数首次发布时，中国高达0.567，全球排名第一。
对外经贸大学国际经贸学院教授崔凡指出，中国是1997-2018年间外资限制程度降幅最大的十大经济体之一。
崔凡表示，去年我国第一产业的限制程度排名第四，第二产业中国的开放水平总体是较高，第三产业对外开放程度普遍不高，这是中国今后进一步开放的重点。
在中国加大改革开放力度的背景下，中国对外资进一步开放。
今年6月30日，国家发展和改革委员会、商务部发布了2019年版全国和自贸试验区外商投资准入负面清单以及鼓励外商投资产业目录，在服务业、制造业、采矿业、农业等领域进一步扩大开放。
与2018年版负面清单相比，全国外资准入负面清单条目由48条减至40条，压减比例16.7%；自贸试验区外资准入负面清单条目由45条减至37条，压减比例17.8%。
中国利用外资的发展历程
新中国建立初期，我国利用外资从零开始，直至改革开放前利用外资都处于萌芽期，与苏联、美国、日本等国家都有外资往来。
改革开放之后的40年，迎来了利用外资的黄金期，中国利用外资水平飞速发展，自1993年以来外资规模一直稳居发展中国家首位。
1979—2018年中国利用外资情况，除个别年份略有下降外，中国实际利用外资金额整体保持较快的增长态势。
纵观新中国成立后中国利用外资的发展历程，大致可划分为五个发展阶段。
一、市场萌芽阶段：1949—1977年解放初期因朝鲜战争爆发，以美国为首的西方国家对中国实行包围、封锁和禁运，进而也封闭了中国利用资本主义国家资金的大门。
加上第二次世界大战后美苏冷战的出现，中国不得不采取“一边倒”的外交策略，只能向苏联等社会主义国家寻求资金和技术援助，因此在20世纪50年代初期，中国访问苏联并签订《中苏友好同盟互助条约》，揭开了新中国利用外资的序幕。
“一五”计划期间，苏联对新中国援建 156 个工业项目，专业领域涵盖电力、钢铁、煤炭、机械等产业，为中国重工业发展打下了坚实的基础，使中国开始从落后的农业国迈入工业国行列。
1972 年美国总统尼克松访华，并与中国发表《中美联合公报》，意味着中美关系逐渐打破坚冰，同时也加强了中国与世界主要发达国家的联系，为日后中国的对外开放营造良好的外部环境。
同年9月，日本首相田中角荣与周恩来总理的会晤宣告了中日邦交正常化的到来，为进一步促进两国间的经济友好往来，中日双方在通商、航海、渔业、科技等方面缔结相关协定，逐渐形成中日外资合作雏形。
整体来说，这一时期中国利用外资市场处于萌芽阶段，为此后的改革开放奠定了良好基础。
图1 1979—2018年中国实际利用外商投资额注: 由于1979—1982年外资数据缺失，作者经搜集整理将这期间的外资数据进行汇总。
数据来源：根据《中国统计年鉴》数据整理。
二、探索开放阶段：1978—1991年1978 年党的十一届三中全会制定改革开放的伟大决策，抓住了迎合全球化浪潮的契机，同时也启动了加快利用外资的进程。
交通运输部：所有公路桥梁、港口码头和城轨对外资不设限
Jan. 2019 Foreign Investment in China9FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CHINA中国外资Issue1 2019商务部：医疗教育等领域将放宽外资股比限制2018年12月27日，在商务部例行新闻发布会上，商务部发言人高峰指出，改革开放40年来，中国取得成绩是在开放的体制下取得的。
中国将推动全方位对外开放，放宽外资市场准入，推动电信、教育、医疗、文化等领域的开放，特别是在备受关注的医疗、教育等领域，将放宽外资股比限制。
04商务部：将积极配合立法机关推动外商投资法尽快出台商务部新闻发言人高峰那2018年12月27日表示，近年来，中国实行更高水平的开放政策，大幅度放宽市场准入，早期制定的外资三法已难以适应构建开放型经济新体制的需要，亟需在总结实践经验的基础上，制定统一的外资基础性法律，为新形势下进一步扩大对外开放、积极有效利用外资提供更加有力的法治保障。
中国立法机关正在审议的外商投资法草案，将取代外资三法成为中国利用外资的基础性法律。
谈及外商投资法和现行的外资三法的区别时，商务部新闻发言人高峰表示，外商投资法明确对外商投资实行准入前国民待遇加负面清单的管理制度，着力加强投资促进和保护：“外商投资法草案设立了专门的章节规范投资促进和投资保护制度，将从法律层面为各级政府和机构开展外商投资促进工作提供明确的指引，也为外国投资者和外商投资企业维护自身合法权益提供更加坚实的法律保障；规范对象限定为外国投资者及其投资行为，不再规范企业的组织形式、经营活动等内容。
外资企业的组织形式、经营活动等，直接适用统一适用于各类市场主体的法律法规。
这样就解决了现行外资三法和《公司法》等法律法规不一致之处。
”03海关总署：多措并举促进稳外贸稳外资2018年12月22日，海关总署党委召开党委扩大会议，传达学习中央经济工作会议精神。
海关总署党委书记、署长倪岳峰主持会议并讲话。
会议要求，要坚持稳中求进工作总基调，多措并举促进稳外贸稳外资。
欧洲议会通过外资审查法案
Mac. 2019 Foreign Investment in China9FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CHINA中国外资Issue3 201902证监会再放大招外资流入国内制度重大改革来了证监会1月31日发布了《合格境外机构投资者及人民币合格境外机构投资者境内证券期货投资管理办法（征求意见稿）》，目的在于实施资本市场高水平对外开放，引进更多境外长期资金。
本次修订六大亮点：一、将QFII、RQFII 两项制度合二为一，无门槛要求。
二、放宽准入条件，缩短审批时限。
三、扩大投资范围，新增6投资品种。
四、优化托管人管理。
五、加强持续监管 加大惩处力度。
六、对境外长线机构资金吸引力大幅增加。
专家预计，资本市场双向开放红利不断释放，迎来历史性发展机遇。
按中央经济工作会议部署，未来资本市场改革将“多点开花”，包括近期上交所科创板推出在内，资本市场双向开放也将进一步加速，在加速“引进来”方面，大幅放宽证券基金期货行业外资股比限制、进一步放开外国人开立A股账户政策，沪伦通建设、A股加快纳入MSCI、富时罗素等国际指数等；另外，通过改革QFII和RQFII制度，引导更多境外资金进入；在推动“走出去”方面，进一步完善并有序扩大QDII/QDLP/QDIE制度试点，推动A股国际化进程等。
03发改委：外资准入负面清单激发新一轮外商投资国家发展改革委新闻发言人孟玮1月22日表示，2018年版外资准入负面清单的实施取得了积极成效。
孟玮指出，新版负面清单的实施，激发了新一轮外商投资，一批几十亿甚至上百亿美元的重大外资项目落地。
比如，特斯拉在上海建设集研发、制造、销售于一体的电动汽车超级工厂，宝马在沈阳投资新建第三工厂，诞生了首家外资控股证券公司、首家外资保险控股公司等。
新的投资必将促进国内市场良性竞争，推动相关产业高质量发展，增加国内高质量产品和服务的供给。
孟玮表示，发改委认真贯彻落实党中央、国务院决策部署，重点抓好五方面工作:一是进一步放宽市场准入。
国家发改委回应中美贸易摩擦影响
Sep. 2018 Foreign Investment in China9FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CHINA中国外资Issue9 2018国家发改委回应中美贸易摩擦影响国家发改委副主任、国家统计局局长宁吉近日就当前经济发展情况和中美贸易05农业农村部：中国全方位扩大农业对外开放中新社北京8月12日电，中国农业农村部副部长韩俊近日表示,农业继续扩大开放、主动增加进口,是中国既定的政策,中国将积极、稳妥、有序扩大农业对外开放。
其透露的信号显示出,今年中央一号文件提出的“构建农业对外开放新格局”将继续按照既定方向前进,中国农业对外开放的大门不会关上。
专家指出,中国扩大农业对外开放,是自身的需要,有助于调优国内农业结构和农产品质量,也利好世界。
中国的农业对外开放始于改革开放初期,加入世贸组织以来,对外开放步伐明显加快。
数据显示,2017年中国农产品进出口额接近2014亿美元,同比增长超过9%,其中,进口1258.6亿美元。
中国已成为全球最大的农产品进口国,也是大豆、食糖、棉花等农产品的全球最大买家。
中国人口众多,耕地资源紧张和较低的农业生产率难以满足农产品需求。
农业对外开放有利于中国充分利用国际国内两个市03证监会拟修订QFII、RQFII规则8月8日，证监会官网显示，证监会拟修订QFII、RQFII制度规则，统一准入标准，放宽准入条件，扩大境外资金投资范围。
据悉，证监会近日分别召开了党委会和主席办公会，会议研究了需要重点推进和抓紧抓实的几项工作，包括进一步扩大对外开放。
而对于进一步扩大对外开放，证监会提到了四点内容。
其中，证监会指出拟修订QFII、RQFII制度规则，扩大境外资金投资范围。
证监会拟修订QFII、RQFII制度规则，统一准入标准，放宽准入条件，无疑是对外开放的重大举措，释放了我国资本市场将进一步扩大对外开放的信号。
此举将有利于外资金融机构参与中国资本市场的发展，分享中国经济发展的红利，也将为目前低迷的股市带来利好。
OECD-2018年全球外资限制指数(英文)-2019.9-12页
13. Distribution - Retail
2. Forestry
14. Transport (surface, water, air)
3. Fishery
15. Hotels & restaurants
4. Mining & Quarrying (incl. oil extract.) 16. Media (broadcasting and other media)
reciprocity, discriminatory minimum capital requirements etc.
What is not covered?
Degree of implementation/circumvention State monopoly or participation in a sector Special treatment accorded to a group of investors, whether by
RESTRICTIONS
SCORES
I. Foreign equity limits
Start-ups and acquisitions
No foreign equity allowed
1
Foreign equity < 50% of total equity
0.5
Foreign equity > 50% but < 100% of total equity
6.0
R² = 0.1 911
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
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0.25
Acquisitions
No foreign equity allowed
0.5
Foreign equity < 50% of total equity
0.25
Foreign equity > 50% but < 100% of total equity
0.125
II. Screening and approval* Approval required for new FDI/acquisitions of < USD 100mn or if corresponding to < 50% of total equity***
13. Distribution - Retail
2. Forestry
14. Transport (surface, water, air)
3. Fishery
15. Hotels & restaurants
4. Mining & Quarrying (incl. oil extract.) 16. Media (broadcasting and other media)
Equal weights advantage: simple, flexible and easy to use
Avoid the pitfall of variations in the index across countries that are due to the variations in the weights used, rather than to the severity of restrictions in place
11. Construction
22. Real estate
12. Distribution – Wholesale
Scoring methodology
Scores built on experts’ assessment of their importance
Simple average of 22 sectors
Statutory restrictions: All discriminatory measures affecting foreign investors, covering both market access and national treatment:
Equity restrictions by sector or overall, for acquisitions or greenfield projects Screening above a threshold or foreign equity share Restrictions on key personnel: managers, directors, experts Operational restrictions: land ownership, profit/capital repatriation, branching,
USD100mn or if corresponding to > 50% of total Notification (pre or post)
OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index
A tool for benchmarking countries, measuring reform and assessing its impact
FDI Index: What does it measure?
an Financial services - Insurance
8. Manufacturing - Electric, Electronics 20. Financial services - Other financial
and Other Instruments
RESTRICTIONS
SCORES
I. Foreign equity limits
Start-ups and acquisitions
No foreign equity allowed
1
Foreign equity < 50% of total equity
0.5
Foreign equity > 50% but < 100% of total equity
activity (e.g. exporting) or country of origin Restrictions based purely on national security or prudential measures
22 sectors covered
1. Agriculture
5. Manufacturing - Food & Other
17. Communication (fixed & mobile
6. Manufacturing - Oil Ref. & Chemicals
telecoms)
7. Manufacturing - Metals, Machinery 18. Financial services - Banking
reciprocity, discriminatory minimum capital requirements etc.
What is not covered?
Degree of implementation/circumvention State monopoly or participation in a sector Special treatment accorded to a group of investors, whether by
services
9. Manufacturing - Transport Equipment 21. Business Services (accounting, legal,
10. Electricity (generation, distribution)
architecture, engineering)