应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版主要课文翻译

合集下载

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇

1 Unit5元素周期表As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽,我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。

有超过100多中元素要处理,我们怎么能记的住所有的信息?有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。

这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。

它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数,它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。

它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。

最神奇的是,周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。

Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型(原子是是一个不可分割的粒子,其质量决定了它的身份)不久,化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。

在制定像这些元素表时候,他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。

例如,人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。

在当时知道的大约60种元素中,第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质,第三个和第十个,第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。

In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家,发表了他的元素周期表。

Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。

这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似.Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。

化学专业课程中英文对照精校版

化学专业课程中英文对照精校版

化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学General Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry谱学导论Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry现在基础化学The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and PhysicalChemistry 合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis环境化学Environmental Chemistry环境监测Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验Computer and Chemical Measurement化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题Special Topics in Applied Chemistry化工装置常用词汇1概论introduction方案(建议书) proposal可行性研究feasibility study方案设计concept design工艺设计process design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design开工会议kick-off meeting审核会议review meeting外商投资foreign investment中外合资joint venture中外合营joint venture补偿贸易compensation trade合同合同附件contract卖方vendor买方buyer顾客client承包商contractor工程公司company供应范围scope of supply生产范围production scope生产能力production capacity项目project界区battery limit装置plant公用工程utilities工艺流程图process flow diagram工艺流程方块图process block diagram管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing 物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balance diagram 蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balancediagram设备布置图equipment layout设备表equipment list成品(产品) product(final product)副产品by-product原料raw-material设计基础数据basic data for design技术数据technical data数据表data sheet设计文件design document设计规定design regulation现场服务site service项目变更project change用户变更client change消耗定额consumption quota 技术转让technical transfer技术知识technical know-how牋牋牋牋technical knowledge技术保证technical guarantee咨询服务consultative services技术服务technical services工作地点location施工现场construction field报价quotation标书bidding book公司利润company profit固定价合同fixed price contract固定单价合同fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同cost plus award fee contract定金mobilization银行保证书bank guarantee letter保留金retention所得税income taxes特别承包人税special contractor's taxes城市和市政税city and municipal taxes工作手册work manual工作流程图work flow diagram质量保证程序QA/QC procedures采购计划procurement plan施工计划construction plan施工进度construction schedule项目实施计划project execution plan项目协调程序project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划project master schedule设计网络计划engineering network logic项目质量保证project quality assurance项目质量控制project quality control采购procurement采购周期procurement period会签the squad check计算书calculation sheets询价inquiry检验inspection运输transportation开车start up / commission验收inspection & acceptance校核check审核review审定approve版次version部门department专业specialty项目号project number图号drawing number目录contents序言foreword章chapter节section项item领料单MR material requisition工程规范SPEC engineering specification技术表DATA SHEET technical data sheet技术评标TBA technical bid analysis初期设计包PDP preliminary design package项目经理PM project manager专业负责人LDE lead discipline engineer材料询价单MRQ Material requisition forquotation材料采购单MRP material requisition for purchase 基础工程设计包BEP basic engineering package管道及仪表流程图P&ID piping and instrument drawing(diagram)PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP详细设计阶段detail design phase化工装置词汇二.工艺流程连续过程continuous process间歇过程batch process工艺叙述process description工艺特点process feature操作operation反应reaction副反应side reaction絮凝flocculation浮洗flotation倾析decantation催化反应catalytical reaction萃取extraction中和neutralization水解hydrolysis过滤filtration干燥drying还原reduction氧化oxidation氢化hydrogenation分解decomposition离解dissociation 合成synthetics吸收absorption吸附adsorption解吸desorption结晶crystallization 溶解solution调节modulate控制control悬浮suspension循环circulation再生regeneration再活化reactivation沥取leaching破碎crushing煅烧caloination沉降sedimentation 沉淀precipitation气化gasification冷冻refrigeration固化,结晶solidification包装package升华sublimation燃烧combustion引烧ignition蒸馏distillation碳化carbonization 压缩compression三,化学物质及特性固体solid液体liquid气体gas化合物compound混合物mixture粉powder片状粉末flake小粒granule结晶crystal乳化物emulsion氧化物oxidizing agent 还原剂reducing agent 有机物organic material 真空vacuum母液master liquor富液rich liquor贫液lean liquor萃出物extract萃余物raffinate絮凝剂flocculants冷冻盐水brine酸度acidity浓度concentration碱度alkalinity溶解度solubility凝固点solidificalion point沸点boiling point熔点melting point蒸发率evaporation rate粘度viscosity吸水的water absorbent(a)无水的anhydrous(a)外观appearance无色的colorless(a)透明的transparent(a)半透明的translucent密度density比重specific gravity催化剂catalyst燃烧combustion引燃ignition自然点self-ignition temperature可燃气体combustible gas可燃液体inflammable liquid易燃液体volatile liquid爆炸混合物explosive mixture爆炸性环境explosive atmosphere(environment) 爆炸极限explosive concentration limit 废水waste water废液waste liquid废气off-gas噪声noise pollution成分composition挠度deflection力和力矩force and moment弯矩bending moment应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram百分比percentage环境温度ambient temperature工作温度operating设计温度design temperature(pressure) 相对湿度RH=relative humidity油渣,淤泥sludge杂质impurity四,化工设备泵pump轴流泵axial flow pump真空泵vacuum pump屏蔽泵canned pump柱塞泵plunger pump 涡轮泵turbine pump涡流泵vortex pump离心泵centrifugal pump喷射泵jet pump转子泵rotary pump管道泵inline pump双作用往复泵double action reciprocating pump计量泵metering pump深井泵deep well pump齿轮泵gear pump手摇泵hand(wobble) pump螺杆泵screw (spiral) pump潜水泵submersible pump斜转子泵inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump气升泵air-lift-pump轴承bearing叶轮impeller虹吸管siphon高压容器high pressure vessel焚化炉incinerator火焰清除器flame arrester工业炉furnace烧嘴burner锅炉boiler回转窑rotary kiln加热器heater电加热器electric heater冷却器cooler冷凝器condenser换热器heat exchanger反应器reactor蒸馏釜still搅拌器agitator混合器mixer静态混合器static mixers管道混合器line mixers混合槽mixing tanks破碎机crusher磨碎机grinder研磨机pulverizer球磨机ballmill过滤器filter分离器separator干燥器drier翅片fins烟囱stack火炬flare筛子screen煅烧窑calciner倾析器decanter蒸发器evaporator再沸器reboiler萃取器extractor离心机centrifuger吸附(收)器adsorber结晶器crystallizer电解槽electrolyzer电除尘器electric precipitator洗涤器scrubber消石灰器slaker料仓bin料斗hopper加料器feeder增稠器thickener澄清器clarifier分级器classifier浮洗器flocculator废液池sump喷射器ejector喷头sprayer成套设备package unit仪器设备apparatus附属设备accessory旋转式压缩机rotary compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机nash compressor螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor多级压缩机mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor管式反应器tubular reactor列管式换热器tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔extraction column板式塔plate column填料塔packed column洗涤塔scrubber吸收塔absorber冷却塔cooling tower精馏塔fractionating tower汽提塔stripper再生塔regenerator造粒塔prill tower塔附件tower accessories 液体分配(布)器liquid distributor填料支持板support plate定距管spacer降液管downcomer升气管chimney顶(底)层塔盘top (bottom) tray挡板baffle抽出口draw nozzle溢流堰weir泡罩bubble cap筛板sieve plate浮阀float valve除沫器demister pad塔裙座skirt椭圆封头elliptical head高位槽head tank中间槽intermediate tank加料槽feed tank补给槽make-up tank计量槽measuring tank电解槽cell溜槽chute收集槽collecting tank液滴分离器knockout drum稀释罐thinning tank缓冲罐surge drum回流罐reflux drum闪蒸罐flash drum浮顶罐floating roof tank内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid气柜gas holder湿式气柜wet gas-holder干式气柜dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜helical gas-holder星型放料器,旋转阀rotary valve抽滤器mutche filter压滤器filter press压滤机pressure filter板框压滤器plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter带式过滤器belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter旋风分离器cyclone separator盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier真空干燥器vacuum drier隧道式干燥器tunnel drier回转干燥器rotary drier穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier喷雾干燥器spray drier气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier圆盘式加料器dish feeder螺旋式加料器screw feeder颚式破碎机jaw crusher回转破碎机gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机roll crusher锤式破碎机hammer crusher冲击破碎机rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer棍磨机rod mill雷蒙机raymond mill锤磨机hammer mill辊磨机roller mill振动筛vibrating screen回转筛rotary screen风机fan罗茨鼓风机root's blower起重机crane桥式起重机bridge crane电动葫芦motor hoist发电机generator电动机motor汽轮机steam turbine五,管道工程piping engineering阀门valve阀杆stem内螺纹阀杆inside screw阀座valve seat (body seat)阀座环,密封圈sealing ring阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等)trim阀盘disc阀体body阀盖bonnet手轮hand wheel手柄hand level (handle)压盖gland闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板split wedge截止阀globe valve节流阀throttle valve针阀needle valve角阀(角式截止阀) angle valve Y型阀(截止阀) Y-valve(Y-body globe valve) 球阀ball valve三通球阀3-way ball valve蝶阀butterfly valve 对夹式(薄片型) wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve斜阀盘蝶阀canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀combined non-return butterfly valve柱塞阀piston type valve旋塞阀plug valve三通旋塞阀three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀four-way plug valve旋塞cock衬套旋塞sleeve cock隔膜阀diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve 夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve止回阀check valve升降式止回阀lift check valve旋启式止回阀swing check valve落球式止回阀ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve底阀foot valve切断式止回阀stop check valve活塞式止回阀piston check valve翻板止回阀flap check valve蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve安全泄气阀safety[SV]安全泄放阀relief valve[RV]安全泄压阀safety relief valve杠杆重锤式lever and weight type罐底排污阀flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve电磁阀solenoid (operated) valve电动阀electrically(electric-motor)operated valve气动阀pneumatic operated valve低温用阀cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀steam trap机械式疏水阀mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀open (top) bucket trap浮球式疏水阀float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balanced pressure thermostatic trap热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve换向阀diverting (reversing) valve呼吸阀breather valve减压阀pressure reducing valve控制阀control valve执行机构actuator差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve切断阀block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀regulating valve快开阀quick opening valve快闭阀quick closing valve隔断阀isolating valve三通阀three way valve夹套阀jacketed valve非旋转式阀non-rotary valve2管子,管件,法兰管子pipe(按标准制造的配管用管) tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)钢管steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe衬里管lined pipe复合管clad pipe碳钢管carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe不锈钢管stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管wrought-steel pipe锻铁管wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe排污阀blowdown valve集液排放阀drip valve排液阀drain valve放空阀vent valve卸载阀unloading valve排出阀discharge valve吸入阀suction valve取样阀sampling valve手动阀hand operated(manually-operated) valve(水)龙头bibb;bib;faucet 抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve旁路阀by-pass valve软管阀hose valve混合阀mixing valve破真空阀vacuum breaker冲洗阀flush valve根部阀root (primary, header) valve 水煤气钢管water-gas steel pipe塑料管plastic pipe玻璃管glass tube橡胶管rubber tube壁厚wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号schedule number[SCH.NO.] 加厚的,加强的extra heavy (strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的double extra heavy (strong) 弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow长半径弯头long radius elbow短半径弯头short radius elbow长半径180°弯头long radius return短半径180°弯头short radius return三通tee异径三通reducing tee等径三通straight tee带支座三通base tee 45°斜三通45°lateralY 型三通true"Y"四通cross异径管reducer同心异径管concentric reducer偏心异径管eccentric reducer管接头coupling;full coupling活接头union短管nipple预制弯管fabricated pipe bendU型弯管"U"bend法兰端flanged end万向接头universal joint对焊的butt welded[BW]螺纹的threaded[THD]承插焊的socket welded[SW]法兰flange[FLG]整体管法兰integral pipe flange钢管法兰steel pipe flange螺纹法兰threaded flange滑套法兰slip-on flange平焊法兰slip-on-welding flange承插焊法兰socket welding flange松套法兰lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰weld neck flange[WNF]法兰盖blind flange;blind异径法兰reducing flange压力级pressure rating(class)突面raised face[RF]凸面male face凹面female face全平面;满平面flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件piping speciality粗滤器strainer过滤器filter临时过滤器temporary strainer(cone type) Y 型过滤器Y-type strainerT 型过滤器T-type strainer永久过滤器permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower视镜sight glass阻火器flame arrester喷咀;喷头spray nozzle喷射器ejector取样冷却器sample cooler消音器silencer膨胀节expansion joint波纹膨胀节bellow补偿器compensator软管接头hose connection[HC]快速接头quick coupling金属软管metal hose橡胶管rubber hose挠性管flexible tube特殊法兰special flange漏斗funnel8 字盲板spectacle (figure 8) blind爆破板rupture disk4,其它材料碳素钢carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁cast iron[C.I.]铝aluminum铜,紫铜copper钛titanium抗拉强度tensile strength非金属材料non-metallic material塑料plastic陶瓷ceramic搪瓷porcelain enamel玻璃glass橡胶rubber垫片gasket[GSKT] 平垫片flat gasket填料packing型钢shaped steel角钢angle steel槽钢channel工字钢I-beam宽缘工字钢或H 钢wide flanged beam扁钢flat bar圆钢round steel; rod钢带strap steel网络钢板checkered plate材料表bill of material[BOM]材料统计material take-off[MTO]散装材料bulk material综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS]汇总表summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线center line装置边界boundary limit[BL]区界area limit设备布置equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan标高,立面elevation[EL]支撑点point of support[POS]工厂北向plant north方位orientation危险区hazardous area classification净正吸入压头net positive suction head绝对标高absolute elevation坐标coordinate管道研究piping study管道布置平面piping arrangement plan[PAP] 管道布置piping assembly; layout详图detail"X"视图view "X""A-A" 剖视section "A-A"轴测图isometric drawing索引图key plan管道及仪表流程图piping and instrumentdiagram[P&ID]管口表list of nozzles地上管道above ground piping地下管道under ground piping管线号line number总管header; manifold旁路by pass常开normally open常闭normally closed取样接口sampling connection 伴热管tracing pipe蒸汽伴热steam tracing热水伴热hot-water tracing电伴热electrical tracing夹套管jacketed line全夹套管full jacketed比例scale图figure草图sketch图例legend符号symbol件号part no。

应用化学专业英语课文翻译

应用化学专业英语课文翻译

1.3 THE PERIODIC LAW周期律In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleev (1834-1907) of Russia and Lothar Meyer (1830-1895) of Germany independently published their periodic arrangements of the elements. Both of these periodic arrangements were based on increasing atomic weights.译:1869年,俄罗斯的德米特里·伊万诺维奇门捷列夫(1834年至1907年)和德国的洛萨迈耶(1830至1895年)独立地出版了他们对元素的定期安排。

这两个周期的安排都是以原子量的增加为基础的。

At the time of Mendeleev's periodic table, about 63 elements were known. The brilliance and foresightedness of this work can be seen by the fact that Mendeleev left spaces between certain elements in his original table and predicted that these spaces would be filled by the discovery of new elements. He left a space for an undiscovered element after calcium and called the element eka-boron; another space was left under aluminum, which he called eka-aluminum; and another space under silicon, which he called eka-silicon. The term “eka” comes from Sanskrit meaning “one,” which Mendeleev used to indicate that the missing element was one place away in his table from the element indicated. Mendeleev even went so far as to predict, with high accuracy, the physical and chemical properties of those elements yet to be discovered. The three elements above were, in fact, discovered within his lifetime. Scandium (atomic number 21) was discovered in 1879 by Lars F. Nilson(1840-1899) of Sweden, and was found to correspond in properties to eka-boron; gallium (31) was discovered in 1875 by Lecoq de Baisbaudran (1832-1912),and was found to correspond to eka-aluminum; and ger-manium(32)was discovered in 1886 by C.A. Winkler (1838-1904),and was found to correspond to eka-silicon. The amazing way in which Mendeleev's predictions were fulfilled is illustrated in Table 1.2 which compares the predicted properties of eka-silicon with those of germanium.译:在门捷列夫的周期表中,大约有63种元素是众所周知的。

应用化学专业英语课文翻译(精选篇)

应用化学专业英语课文翻译(精选篇)

元素周期表随着对原子的描述越来越详尽,我们发现自己处于进退两难之地。

涉及着100种元素,我们怎样使这些元素保持连续性。

一种方法是用元素周期表,周期表巧妙地把原子信息列成表。

它记录着一种元素含有多少质子和电子,它使我们可以计算出大多数元素同位素的中子数。

周期表也存有每种元素的电子排列情况。

周期表最不寻常的是它的发展是在人们还不知道原子中含有质子和中子之前。

道尔顿提出了他的原子模型后不久(一种不可再分的粒子,它的质量取决于它的性质),化学家开始根据原子质量来排列元素。

当得出这种元素表,科学家们观测到元素的规律。

例如,那些出现在特定的位置的元素有某些相似性,这一观点已经越来越明显。

当时已知的约60种元素中,第二种和第九种元素表现出相似性,第三种与第十种元素,第四种与第十一种元素也都具有相似的性质。

1869年,门捷列夫,一个俄国化学家,提出了他们的元素周期表。

他列表时考虑到原子质量和元素某种特性的周期性。

这些元素主要是按原子质量递增的顺序排列的。

在特别情况下,门捷列夫把较重的元素放在较轻元素之前。

他这样做是为了在相同列上的元素有相似的化学性质。

比如,他把蹄(原子质量=128)放在碘(原子质量=127)之前,因为蹄的性质和硫及硒相似,而碘的性质和氯及溴相似。

门捷列夫在他的周期表中列了许多气体,在他的周期表中留下了一些空格,他非但没有将那些空格看成缺憾,反而大胆地预测还存在着未被发现的元素。

而且,他还预测了许多未知元素的性质。

在接下来的几年里,许多气体被填充在新发现的元素中。

这些元素的性质通常和门捷列夫预测的非常接近。

这些伟大创新的预测使门捷列夫的元素周期表被广泛接受。

众所周知,一种元素的性质主要取决于原子最外层能级上的电子数。

Na在它的最外层能级(第三层)有一个电子,Li原子在它的最外层(第二层)有一个单独的电子。

Na和Li的化学性质相似。

He和Ne原子已将所有能级排满,它们性质也相似,就是不容易发生化学反应。

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 ―elements‖ whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment DD.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into anotherII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and itis necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also anactivity by which knowledge is generated.3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a singlemundane planet.4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereasothers are highly complex.5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there isneither life nor death.6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1.(a)化学过程;(b)自然科学;(c)蒸馏技术(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2.正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇1 Unit5元素周期表As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽,我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。

有超过100多中元素要处理,我们怎么能记的住所有的信息?有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。

这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。

它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数,它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。

它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。

最神奇的是,周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。

Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( ) 在道尔顿提出他的原子模型(原子是是一个不可分割的粒子,其质量决定了它的身份)不久,化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。

在制定像这些元素表时候,他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。

例如,人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。

在当时知道的大约60种元素中,第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质,第三个和第十个,第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。

In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家,发表了他的元素周期表。

Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。

这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似.Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。

应用化学专业英语朱红军第二版课文翻译

应用化学专业英语朱红军第二版课文翻译

应用化学专业英语朱红军第二版课文翻译Unit 7 Physical ChemistryPhysical chemistry is the study of the physical basis of chemical systems and processes. Modern physical chemistry is firmly grounded upon physica. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, electrochemistry, surface and solid state chemistry, and spectroscopy.物理化学是对化学系统和过程的物理基础的研究。

现代物理化学以物理为基础。

重要的研究领域包括化学热力学、化学动力学、量子化学、统计力学、电化学、表面和固体化学以及光谱学。

We have repeatedly referred to the energy effects accompanying chemicaland physical changes. Thermodynamics is the study of these energy effects in particular, it summarizes the relations between heat, work, and other forms of energy that are involved in all types of changes. The laws of thermodynamics can be used to predict whether a particular chemical or physicaltransformation is theoretically possible under a given set of conditions. Furthermore, if a study shows that a desired change will not occur under the conditions assumed, thermodynamic principles can be used to determine how the conditions can be altered to make the change theoretically possible.我们一再提到伴随着化学和物理变化的能量效应。

应用化学专业英语1单元翻译

应用化学专业英语1单元翻译

应用化学专业英语1单元翻译第一篇:应用化学专业英语1单元翻译1.Chemistry can be broadly defines as the science of molecules and their transformations.化学可以广泛地定义为科学的分子和他们的转换。

化学可以广泛地定义为科学的分子和他们的转换。

与数学不同,化学比人类更久远。

生命的出现和人类生活在我们地球上都最可能是特殊化学过程的结果。

化学过程存从古至今存在人们的生活中。

•最初,这些过程不受我们的控制,例如,果汁的发酵,肉和鱼的腐烂,木材的燃烧。

后来,我们学着控制化学过程,用它们来准备一系列不同的产品例如食物。

在化学的发展中,四个阶段是突出的:史前化学,希腊化学,炼金术和科学化学。

The early beginnings of chemistry were clearly motivated by practical needs of people.早期的化学显然是出于实际的需要。

火的发现为远古人提供了第一个机会去实现控制化学反应过程。

他们学会制备铜制物品,铜和其它材料是现成的。

.由于化学过程的使用早于人们的书写,因而没有书面记录有关它们的化学技巧。

可以判断他们的化学能力只有从考古的发现的各个手工艺品。

正如早期的数学发展,清楚的预示着实际需求影响着化学的发展。

但化学和数学在这个阶段可能没有互相影响。

如果它们影响了,但是没有记录证明这个。

Greek chemistry was based mainly on speculation rather than on experiment.希腊化学主要基于猜测而不是实验。

这是所有古代希腊化学的一个共同特征。

古代希腊化学家实际是希腊哲学家。

所以不足为奇的是希腊人思考比实验更有兴趣。

实际上他们很少进行实验以外的思维实验。

对于数学来说这是一个好方法,但没有一个人把它推荐在物理、化学或生物科学上。

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry I. Comprehension.1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 �Delements‖ whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment DD.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into anotherII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and itis necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also anactivity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a singlemundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereasothers are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there isneither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a)化学过程; (b)自然科学;(c)蒸馏技术(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique ofdistillation 2. 正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots‎of Chemi‎s tryI. Compr‎e hens‎i on.1.It can be infer‎red from this artic‎l e which‎one of the follo‎wi ng items‎i s not mainl‎y based‎on pract‎i c al use C. Greek‎chemi‎s try2. It was B. Emped‎o cles‎s who first‎i ntro‎d uced‎the idea that all thing‎s are not forme‎d from just one eleme‎n t.3. In the devel‎o pmen‎t of Greek‎chemi‎s t ry, D. Democ‎ri tus‎ was the first‎ one defin‎i ting‎the ultim‎ately‎const‎i tuen‎t s of matte‎r?4. Accor‎d i ng to Plato‎, there‎are B. 4 ―eleme‎n ts‖ whose‎faces‎are const‎i tute‎d by regul‎a r polyg‎ons.5. In the last parag‎raph,autho‎rs think‎that exper‎i ment‎ DD.can deal with the react‎i ons by which‎one subst‎a n ce is conve‎rted into anoth‎e rII. Make a sente‎n ce out of each item by rearr‎a ngin‎g the words‎in brack‎e ts.1.The purif‎i cati‎o n of an organ‎i c compo‎u nd is usual‎l y a matte‎r of consi‎d erab‎l e diffi‎c ulty‎, and itis neces‎s ary to emplo‎y vario‎u s metho‎d s for this purpo‎s e.2.Scien‎c e is an ever-incre‎a sing‎body of accum‎u late‎d and syste‎m atiz‎e d knowl‎e dge and is also anactiv‎i ty by which‎knowl‎e dge is gener‎a ted.3.Life, after‎all, is only chemi‎s try, in fact, a small‎examp‎l e of chemi‎s try obser‎v ed on a si ngl‎emunda‎n e plane‎t.4.Peopl‎e are made of molec‎ul es; some of the molec‎ul es in peopl‎e are rathe‎r simpl‎e where‎a sother‎s are highl‎y compl‎e x.5.Chemi‎st ry is ever prese‎n t in our lives‎from birth‎to death‎becau‎se witho‎u t chemi‎s t ry there‎i sneith‎e r life nor death‎.6.Mathe‎m atic‎s appea‎rs to be almos‎t as human‎ki nd and also perme‎a tes all aspec‎t s of human‎life,altho‎u gh many of us are not fully‎aware‎of this.III. Trans‎l atio‎n.1.(a)化学过程;(b)自然科学;(c)蒸馏技术(a) chemi‎c al proce‎s s (b) natur‎a l scien‎ce (c) the techn‎i que of disti‎l lati‎o n2.正是原子构‎成铁、水、氧等。

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)If the mass of a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu. 12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu(2)First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.[][]()()404340.6931.2110/5730log2.3031.000 1.2110/log0.477 2.3032.303log 2.09 6.11061001.2110/k yryrA ktA yrt t yr yr---==⨯=⨯===⨯=⨯The bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died) about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time.Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic SubstancesI. Comprehension1.A2.B3.C4.C5.BII. Give the systematic name for the followingammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion; Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion; hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion; Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion; calcium ion; mercury(II) ion; chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide; carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide; sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxidearsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion; arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion; phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion; phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion; carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.III. Complete the table.Formula Old name SystematicnameFeO iron (II) oxide Fe2O3iron (III) oxide Sn(OH)2tin(II)hydroxideSn(OH)4tin(IV)hydroxideHg2SO4mercury (I)sulfateHgSO4mercury (II)sulfate NaCLO sodiumhypochloriteK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu3(AsO4)2copper(II)arsenateCr(C 2H 3O 2)3 chromium(IV) acetateIV . Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid. Formula of acid Old name Name of acid H 2CO 3 carbonic acid HClO 2 chlorous acid HClO 4 perchloric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid HBr hydrobromic acid H 4SiO 4 silicic acid H 3AsO 4 arsenic acid V . Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.1.is altered;2.To illustrate3.indicates4.should expect5.would cancel6. are pulled7.depend on8.are; referred9.formed 10.have discussed VI. Translation1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.4. The experiment was successful. It ’s results was the same as what we had expected.5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. (Partially Solved)Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid:COHHO +CN C OH OC NH +formic acid stronger acid cyanidestronger base formate weaker baseweaker acidReading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (p K a =3.76) is a stronger acid than HCN (p K a =9.22), and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products (weaker acid and base) are favored. …………..VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.Answer: (1) 2CH3GeH3 + 2e am-→ H2 + 2CH3GeH2-(2) I2 + 2e am-→ 2I-(3) (C2H5)2S + 2e am- + NH3 → C2H5S- + C2H6 + NH2-Unit 10 Nomenclature of HydrocarbonsI. Comprehension1.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.BII. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane,octane2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32-methylpentane3 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH34-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane4 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)24-isopropyl-4-propylheptane 5 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)26 ◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobutane7 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene8 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH32-chloro-3-hexene9 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyneCH2=CH-C≡CH 1-buten-3-yne11(CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH34-methyl-2-pentanol12CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH33-hexen-2-ol13(CH3)3C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol14(CH3)3C-OCH2H52-ethoxy-2-methylpropane15(CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H51-ethoxy-2-methylpropane16(CH2OH)21,2-ethanediol17CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2-proanediol18CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol19CH3CH2NH2aminoethane2 0 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentaneIII. Draw structures for the following compounds.1 3-octene C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C2 3-methy-2-heptene3 cyclohexene4 2-pentyne C-C≡C-C-C5 3,3-dimethylhexyne6 3-bromotolueneCH3Br7 vinyl chloride C=C-Cl8 acetylene C≡C9 para-dichlorobenzeneCl Cl10 m-chlorobromobenzeneBrCl11 toluene CH312 chlorobenzene Cl13 1,2-dibromobenzeneBrBr14 naphthalene15 anthracene16 phenanthrene17 2-methyl-1-propanol C CC OHC18 Cyclohexanol OH19 Methoxyethene C C O C20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol OHOC2H5IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.1.A2.A3.B4.CV. Each of the following names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name.(…………)Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their DerivativesI. Comprehension1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6.CII. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.1.brought out2.dozen or so; put together3.are made of ;divided by4.are different from5.on the contrary; consist of6.summed up7.stand for8.such as9.are; dependent on 10.break down intoIII. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.1.with; as2.to3.about4.from5.intoIV. Translation1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve. ( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.V. Translation玻意尔(Bohr)模型提出不久后,人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots‎of Chemi‎s tryI. Compr‎e hens‎i on.1.It can be infer‎red from this artic‎l e which‎one of the follo‎wi ng items‎i s not mainl‎y based‎on pract‎i c al use C. Greek‎chemi‎s try2. It was B. Emped‎o cles‎s who first‎i ntro‎d uced‎the idea that all thing‎s are not forme‎d from just one eleme‎n t.3. In the devel‎o pmen‎t of Greek‎chemi‎s t ry, D. Democ‎ri tus‎ was the first‎ one defin‎i ting‎the ultim‎ately‎const‎i tuen‎t s of matte‎r?4. Accor‎d i ng to Plato‎, there‎are B. 4 ―eleme‎n ts‖ whose‎faces‎are const‎i tute‎d by regul‎a r polyg‎ons.5. In the last parag‎raph,autho‎rs think‎that exper‎i ment‎ DD.can deal with the react‎i ons by which‎one subst‎a n ce is conve‎rted into anoth‎e rII. Make a sente‎n ce out of each item by rearr‎a ngin‎g the words‎in brack‎e ts.1.The purif‎i cati‎o n of an organ‎i c compo‎u nd is usual‎l y a matte‎r of consi‎d erab‎l e diffi‎c ulty‎, and itis neces‎s ary to emplo‎y vario‎u s metho‎d s for this purpo‎s e.2.Scien‎c e is an ever-incre‎a sing‎body of accum‎u late‎d and syste‎m atiz‎e d knowl‎e dge and is also anactiv‎i ty by which‎knowl‎e dge is gener‎a ted.3.Life, after‎all, is only chemi‎s try, in fact, a small‎examp‎l e of chemi‎s try obser‎v ed on a si ngl‎emunda‎n e plane‎t.4.Peopl‎e are made of molec‎ul es; some of the molec‎ul es in peopl‎e are rathe‎r simpl‎e where‎a sother‎s are highl‎y compl‎e x.5.Chemi‎st ry is ever prese‎n t in our lives‎from birth‎to death‎becau‎se witho‎u t chemi‎s t ry there‎i sneith‎e r life nor death‎.6.Mathe‎m atic‎s appea‎rs to be almos‎t as human‎ki nd and also perme‎a tes all aspec‎t s of human‎life,altho‎u gh many of us are not fully‎aware‎of this.III. Trans‎l atio‎n.1.(a)化学过程;(b)自然科学;(c)蒸馏技术(a) chemi‎c al proce‎s s (b) natur‎a l scien‎ce (c) the techn‎i que of disti‎l lati‎o n2.正是原子构‎成铁、水、氧等。

(完整版)应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

(完整版)应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 “elements” whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment DD.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into anotherII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and itis necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also anactivity by which knowledge is generated.3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a singlemundane planet.4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereasothers are highly complex.5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there isneither life nor death.6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1.(a)化学过程;(b)自然科学;(c)蒸馏技术(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2.正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。

化学专业英语修订版翻译

化学专业英语修订版翻译

化学专业英语修订版翻译 The pony was revised in January 202101T H E E L E M E N T S A N D T H E P E R I O D I C T A B L E01 元素和元素周期表The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。

这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。

The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 ―elements‖ whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment DD.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into anotherII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and itis necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also anactivity by which knowledge is generated.3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a singlemundane planet.4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereasothers are highly complex.5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there isneither life nor death.6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1.(a)化学过程;(b)自然科学;(c)蒸馏技术(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2.正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C2. B3. D4. C5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/andso forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goesback to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized thatliquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV . Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

1化学的起源化学可以被广泛的定义为分子的科学和它们之间的转换。

和数学不同,化学在人类之前。

我们的星球(地球)上的生命和人类的外观很可能是化学进程的具体结果。

化学过程从历史的开端一直到现在都出现在人们的生活中。

最初,这些过程不在我们的掌控之中,例如,果汁的发酵,肉和鱼的腐烂,木头的燃烧。

后来我们学着去控制化学进程使用它来生产不同的产品,比如食物,金属,陶瓷和皮革。

在化学的发展上,主要区分为四个阶段:史前化学,希腊化学,炼金术,科学化学。

早期的化学很明显是被人们实际需要所激发的。

火的发现提供了史前人类开始控制化学反应的一次机会。

他们合成一些黄铜,青铜和其他易得材料的物品。

因为人类早期对化学过程的应用早于记载,所以没有关于它们化学技能的记录。

唯一可以判断它们化学能力的是考古的发现和不同的人造品。

正如早期数学发展一样,实际需要影响着化学的发展。

但是化学和数学在这个阶段很可能没有关系。

即使有,也没有记录来确定这些。

希腊化学主要建立在推测的基础上而不是在实验的基础上。

这是古希腊所有科学的普遍特征。

古希腊科学家实际上是哲学家,所以希腊对思考如此感兴趣盛于实验也就不足为奇了。

事实上他们很少做思考之外的实验。

这对数学是一个好的方法但是却不是对于物理,化学和生物科学。

然而,希腊人思考了许多关于自然和物质结构,他们可以被看作早期化学理论的创造者。

希腊引进了元素的概念总共提出了四种元素。

Thalesren认为所有的东西来自一种基本的物质,就是水。

Anaximenes,接受了元素的概念,但他认为来单独的元素自于空气中的物质。

Heraclitus,认为宇宙的基本的特点是不断变化的,把火作为永久变化的元素。

Empedocles摒弃了了单独元素的概念并引进了四种元素:水,空气,火和土,他也因为他的实验证明了空气是一种物质结构而出名。

火这种元素最早被柏拉图引用他猜测每种元素的粒子有特定的形体,尽管这种粒子太小以至于看不见。

因此,火的最小的粒子有规则的四面体结构,空气是八面体,水是二十面体,土是立方体(主要是六面体)。

规则的四面体,八面体,二十面体,立方体是多面体的例子,总共有五种。

规则的的多面体表面是全等的规则体,点和点是全等的。

火是被认为最小,最尖锐和最轻的在所有的元素中,因为它很容易伤人和熄灭。

看似规则的四面体是自然的选择被认为是火的形状,因为它是规则多面体中最小和最尖锐的。

水是最大,最滑和最重的,因为它总是从地表光滑的流入峡谷。

因此,正二十面体似乎是一种自然的选择,其形状由二十个正三角形组成。

空气在火与水之间,于是出现了自然分配规则的八面体(由八种正三角形组成)空气。

那就是正八面体有相同的面。

正三角形,作为正四面体和正八面体的面。

它面得数量在那两个面数量之间。

事实上,这些四面体,八面体和二十面体可以被分解成也可以相似的形成其他多面体的正三角形,柏拉图认为,火,空气和水是可以相互转化的,也就是说,说能够被火转化成空气,然而在高层大气中当空气中没有火时,它就只能转化为水,形成雨或雪。

最后一种元素是重而稳定的土。

它被假设成为立方体形,由六个正方形组成。

因为它不可能减少立方而转变为三角形,也不可能转变为正方形,所以柏拉图认为土不能够转变成为火,空气或者是水。

这些都在柏拉图的《蒂迈欧篇》的对话中被讨论过。

在十二面体中,柏拉图看到了宇宙的外部形状,因为在所有规则的正多面体中,它的体积是最接近球体体积的。

《蒂迈欧篇》也包含了一些有关于有机和无机体的组成的讨论,可以被视为一个基本的有关化学的论文。

在这一点上应该也许强调,柏拉图教导,理念,形式,是真正的基本模式背后的现象,这是说,思想是最根本的对象。

柏拉图的这种四种元素的形状规则很有可能第一次用数学的模型应用在化学上。

因为规则的多面体是数学结构物体。

这种规则存在着点,面,楞的数量关系,第一次被欧拉发现,所以称为欧拉定理。

描述为:V+F-E=2这是被认为第二完美的数学公式。

有趣的是,为什么希腊人没有发现欧拉公式呢?可能最简单的解释就是希腊数学比拓扑学要早两千年。

作为数学的一部分,拓扑学只注重于处理事物之间的联系,而不关心事物的本质和度量。

关于上述元素的一般化论述是被Aristotle提出的。

他接受了四种元素的理念,同时引进了元素变化的概念。

Aristotle认为通过结合事物相反的基本属性就能获得这些元素。

这些属性包括冷、热和冷、湿和干。

湿和热的结合产生了空气,湿和冷的结合形成了水。

类似的,冷和干形成土。

Aristotle还提出了第五种元素,被称为典范的醚。

他认为天空和宇宙就是有着第五种元素构成。

它定义了一种简单体,其他的物质都能分解为这种简单体但它本身却不可再分。

他对一些化学反应进行了分类,首先提到的就是汞和蒸馏技术。

Aristotle的思想主导了科学界近两千年。

希腊学者还提出了关于物质结构的另一种理论,这关系到物质的可分割性。

Leucippus是思考这个问题的打一个希腊哲学家。

他认为物质是不能被无穷分解的,应为在物质分解的过程中,物质迟早会被分解的小到无法再被分解。

他的学生Democritus,来自于Abdera,继续发展了他的理论。

Democritus将这种最终的物质命名为原子,以为不可再分割的。

我们常说的术语原子被来源于此。

原子的概念是物质结构的原子理论和唯物主义哲学的基础。

希腊哲学家们,特别是Aristotle不接受Leucippus和Democritus的原子理论。

然而,原子理论并没有就此完结,因为Epicurus将原子理论作为他哲学思想的一部分,Epicurus的哲学思想在接下来的几个世纪都为人追捧。

其中之一就是罗马诗人和哲学家Lucretius,他写的一本名曰De,Rerum Nature的精彩教学性诗集。

在这本书中他大力颂扬原子理论的Democritus和Epicurus。

Democritus和Epicurus 的大部分工作记录都遗失了,但Lucretius的诗集完整无缺的保留了下来,并担任起向现代希腊人传达原子理论的中人。

院子的分离和原子弹的出现就证实了原子理论是一个多完美的理论模型。

在整个历史过程中,唯心主义哲学和唯物主义哲学一直的相反的,从化学的角度来看哲学,唯物主义为理解化合物的结构提供了一个基础。

然而,物质的宏观性质,例如气味、颜色和味道也能被Plato的思想解释,同时他的理论也特别适合学习化合物结构的数学性质。

如果我们结合唯物主义哲学在化学方面的实验性成果和唯心主义哲学的理论性成果,很明显,它们都是为化学发展所需的。

当然,对于其他学科也是如此。

炼金术作为一种化学形式,存在于公元前300年一直到十七世纪的后半叶。

这是一个对于化学发展少有帮助的时期。

因为炼金术士是一群对于理论和数学都不怎么关心的实验性人员。

他们有两个主要目的:(1)点石成金;(2)长生不老。

炼金术来源于古埃及。

炼金术士的工作中有许多的魔法,并且他们的符号也很难被破译。

然而,许多炼金术士所使用的译码系统都是真正的密码和一些基础数学。

必须强调的是,化学作为一门科学真正始于时期实际的后半叶。

随着Boyle的The Sceptical Chymist一书的出现,炼金术已逐渐转化为现在为人所知的科学化学。

从炼金术到科学化学的转化时期持续了一个多世纪。

它始于Boyle的书,终止于Lavoisier的Ttaite Elementire de Chimie。

在这一时期出现了第一个统一性化学理论,名曰燃素理论。

燃素来源于希腊词汇Φλογστοσ,意思为易燃的。

如今,许多字典将化学定义为“研究物质组成、结构、性质和物质相互转化的反应的科学”。

然而,知道了化学的定义并不等同于理解了它的实质。

事实上,化学是一门实验科学。

实验充当了两个角色。

它为观察提供了基础,通过观察我们可以定义一些能被理论所解释的问题。

同时,它为验证新理论的正确性提供了了一种途径。

我们强调实验对于化学的重要性。

2饮用水质量和健康消除水体中感染的病源是确保公共供水系统安全的主要考虑的因素。

在上个世纪,当人们认识到细菌的起因,消除了下水道水污染,应用了消毒处理后,英国和欧洲其他国家的主要流行病:霍乱和伤寒基本消灭了。

1937年在英国,由于氯化处理所有的公共供水系统导致了伤寒流行病。

从那时到1986年,在英国的记录中一共有34次水体疾病的爆发。

在这些疾病中,21次是由于公共供水系统的消毒失败和水处理带来的污染所造成的。

近来出现了一些影响水系统微生物安全性的新问题。

但是在保持有效监控策略的同时,通过数种合适的消毒措施保持足够的安全性却使其达到记录史最高水平。

尽管早期饮用水标准中已经包含了铅及其他有毒元素的标准。

但20世纪后半叶以来,人们对健康因素于饮用水中化学成分关系的关注却仍在不断增加。

在20世纪70年代和80年代,最主要的水质化学处理的热点源于色谱以及后来的质谱的应用。

起初源于杀虫剂,这些和随后分析科学的发展第一次揭示在痕量中水中的有机物含量有很大范围的变化。

这些东西对健康的重要性仍然还不清楚,但毫无疑问,在如此高的浓度下,很多现象已经显现出来。

很不幸,饮用水中化学物质的组成严重影响健康,尽管它含量很少很难测量,但在人一生中如此低的浓度的含量也很容易显现出来。

由于缺少影响人类健康的鲜明证据,以毒理学估计为基础,许多国家,国际组织采取对饮用水化学成分的预防限制。

例如:世界健康组织,美国环境保护署,加拿大健康及福利社,欧盟等。

这些限制包含了无机物和有机物的限制。

在1971年,世界健康组织一共提出了饮用水中九种化学物质的限制,八种无机物和一种有机物。

到1993年,在WHO中饮用水指标中的化学物质限制共增长到94项,22种无机物,72种有机物。

这一阶段因此很明显和饮用水标准中增加的复杂性有关。

除了考虑对健康的影响外,饮用水的化学成分在消费者的可接受性方面也是相当重要的。

它涉及外观,气味,味道,硬度和腐蚀性等。

目前公共供水系统的质量要求的规定是在1989年的英国和威尔士的供水法规上定义的。

而相同的标准已经被苏格兰和北爱尔兰废除了。

英国标准必须符合欧盟指令,指令是水质必须是以人们的消费为目的的。

这个法令限低了水中44种物质的含量,很多地区被规范。

在欧盟中这些指令提供了国家关于饮用水中物质最低量的基础。

对更大范围内的污染物进行更严格的限制,必须包含在自然法规中。

例如,英国饮用水标准中增加了11项标准。

在1984年和1993年,WHO提出了饮用水指标,这是世界专家所做的最新综述和建议。

并且,提出这些是为了负责地给世界范围内的国家机构提供制定饮用水标准的指导。

WHO指标还没有立法效应,但它广泛的提供了在饮用水健康方面的有用信息。

欧盟的饮用水质量标准的基础,在1985年推行,但貌似在某种程度上WHO的饮用水标准自1970年推出后从没实行过。

相关文档
最新文档