英文学术论文常用替换词

合集下载

单词替换表

7月15日一战115（30+29+28+28)经验共享 (2012-09-02 22:24:14)转载▼
标签：杂谈
像高分贴，很多考友很关注的都是学习技巧，对于考试怎么理解，亦或者来找模板的，不过其实无老师最为关注的还是这些高分考友的学习英语，而不是准备托福的方法，因为多年以来“高分=实力强”是一个颠扑不破的道理，因此这些高分考友是如何提升自己英语实力的，才是无老师最关心的。至于技巧这些东西，真的是汗牛充栋，太多太多了。今天分享的这篇考友的文章则是与众不同，虽然也有对于托福考试的理解，但是作者本身也花了很多的笔墨来描述自己是怎么学英语的，以及学习英语的心得。可以说很受启发，因此，无老师将两部分内容都转帖过来，但是出于私心，还是将英语的学习方法放在了前面，各位考友见笑了。^_^
key－>crucial/vital/consequential
old－>ancient
emphasis－>accentuate
devote to－>dedicate to
character－>trait/individuality/idiosyncrasy/personality
expect－>anticipate
大家都很喜欢的sss听写我只试过几次，但听写时会光顾着听词不去抓意思，所以很快就放弃了……sss本身还是很好玩的，特别是播音员Sophie Bushwick的奇怪口音。
另一个对提高听力很有帮助的资源是大名鼎鼎的TED（Tech,Entertainment and Design)演讲系列。语速不一，口音不一，甚至法国口音也会来。听这个我倾向于抱着享受创意的心态去听而不要太纠结于听力提高，你会发现这个系列的演讲实在都太有趣了。去youtube还是youku这个见仁见智了。youtube是首发站，资源全，youku搬运过来的只是很小一部分，缺点就是没有字幕。如果是在youku看我还是推荐开始把字幕遮住，听不懂了再回过头来看。

托福写作同义词替换词(全)

an arduous task
73
emotion
≈ sentiment
74
enemy
≈ opponent/ foe
75
narrow minds
insular minds（狭隘的头脑或者观念）
76
a way to do sth.
an approach to doing sth./ an avenue towards sth.
92
[派生] harmful
detrimental (adj.)
93
[派生] be harmful to
≈ pose a threat to
94
bad luck
Misfortune
95
trouble
adversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardship
96
crime
offense/ criminal act
4
sadness
sorrow/ grief
5
danger
hazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同一般) [派生] dangerous；hazardous
6
education
≈schooling（指学校教育，家庭教育则用upbringing/ parenting）[区分]家庭教育的两个词upbringing是从孩子的角度说的，比如children's upbringing；而parenting是从家长的角度来说，比如sensible parenting.
53
a thing that is necessary
a necessity
54
a thing that is new and interesting

can’t 可以用在学术文章

主题：can’t 在学术文章中的使用在学术写作中，我们经常会遇到一些常见的用词和短语。

其中，can’t 这个词在学术文章中的使用就备受关注。

究竟can’t 是否可以在学术论文中使用呢？本文将会从多个角度对这个问题进行探讨，为读者提供一些参考意见。

一、can’t 的含义及用法1.1 can’t 是 can not 的缩写形式，它表示否定的意思。

1.2 在口语和日常用语中，can’t 通常用来表示无法、不能、不可能等意思，常用于表示肯定和否定语气。

1.3 在学术文章中，can’t 的使用可能受到一些限制和规范，因此需要格外谨慎处理。

二、can’t 在学术文章中的使用规范2.1 在学术文章中，一般不建议使用can’t 这样的口语化词语，因为学术写作强调严谨、精确和客观，而can’t 往往带有一定的主观色彩。

2.2 如果真的需要表达某种否定意义，建议使用更为正式和客观的说法，比如“unable to”、“impossible”、“not capable of” 等，这样可以更好地体现出学术文章的严谨性和客观性。

2.3 除非在特定情况下，确实需要用到can’t，比如引用他人观点或引用实验结果等，这种情况下可以在适当的地方使用can’t，但需要同时注明出处，以免造成误解。

三、can’t 的替代词及常用表达方式3.1 为了避免使用can’t，我们可以采用一些替代词或者表达方式，比如使用“cannot”代替can’t，这样可以使表达更为正式和规范。

3.2 还可以使用“is not able to”、“is prohibited from”、“is incapable of”等表达方式，这些词语更符合学术写作的规范和要求。

3.3 在具体表达时，可以根据具体情况选择更合适的词语进行替换，以确保论文的严谨性和客观性。

四、结语在学术写作中，语言的规范和准确性是非常重要的，而can’t 作为一个带有主观色彩的词语，使用要求格外谨慎。

paraphrase技巧例子

paraphrase技巧例子Paraphrasing（释义重述）是指用不同的措辞或表达方式来表达相同的含义。

这在写作、学术论文、或者进行文本转述时很有用。

以下是一些paraphrasing技巧的例子：1. 同义词替换：原文：The cat is on the mat.释义：The feline is on the rug.2. 更改句子结构：原文：The conference will take place in Paris next month.释义：Next month, the conference is scheduled to happen in Paris.3. 使用不同的形容词和副词：原文：She spoke loudly and confidently.释义：She spoke with a strong and assured voice.4. 变换时态：原文：The team won the championship last year.释义：Last year, the championship was won by the team.5. 改变从句的语序：原文：Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.释义：Despite the rain, they chose to take a walk.6. 加入或删除细节：原文：The painting depicts a serene mountain landscape.释义：In the painting, there is a calm landscape featuring mountains and rivers.7. 变化句子的语气：原文：He must finish the project by Friday.释义：It is imperative that he completes the project by Friday.8. 转换主动语态和被动语态：原文：The chef prepared a delicious meal.释义：A delicious meal was prepared by the chef.9. 使用近义词或短语：原文：The concept is difficult to understand.释义：Grasping the idea can be challenging.10. 删减或合并句子：原文：She has a habit of arriving late, which annoys her colleagues.释义：Her habit of arriving late is a source of annoyance for her colleagues.这些例子展示了paraphrasing的不同技巧，通过运用这些技巧，你可以更灵活地表达相同的意思，从而使文本更加多样化和富有表达力。

英语论文降重方法

英语论文降重方法
英语论文降重是指对原文进行修改，保留原文核心内容和思想，同时避免抄袭和重复性表达的一种技巧。

下面将详细介绍几种常用的英语论文降重方法。

1. 替换同义词和词组：通过使用同义词和词组替换原文中的词语，达到改变表达方式的效果。

可以利用在线同义词工具，或者自己查找相关的同义词词典来寻找合适的替换词。

2. 改变句子结构：对于长句子或者复杂的句子结构，可以通过拆分成两个或者多个简短的句子来实现降重。

同时，还可以改变句子的语序、主动语态和被动语态的使用等，以达到改变表达方式的目的。

3. 省略和删减：对于冗长和重复的论点和论述，可以适当省略或者删减。

排除一些细节和次要的信息，突出和保留重要的观点和结论。

4. 重述和改写：对于关键的观点或者主题，可以进行重述和改写，不过要确保保留了原文的核心思想和意义。

可以通过更改句子的顺序、改变句型、使用不同的形容词和副词等方式进行改写。

5. 引入自己的观点和看法：在降重的过程中，可以适当引入自己的观点和看法，以增加原文的独创性和创新性。

但是要注意降重的目的是保留原文的核心思想，而不是完全改变原文的内容。

6. 使用引用和注释：对于无法修改的原文部分，可以使用引用和注释的方式进行标明，以避免抄袭的问题。

同时，还可以通过添加相关的引用、注释和批注，进一步说明自己的观点和思考。

总而言之，英语论文降重是一项复杂而重要的任务。

在进行降重时，需要充分理解原文的核心内容和思想，并灵活运用语言和表达方式。

同时，要注重保留原文的学术价值和学术质量，确保降重后的论文不失原意、不影响逻辑结构，并且表达准确和清晰。

托福写作同义词替换词(全)

102
the only one
an exception
103
places where animals live
Habitat
形容词
104
worrying
≈disturbing
105
very popular
prevalent/ ubiquitous
106
TRUE
genuine (truly a genuinely)
42
bad behavior
unethical behavior/ immoral behavior
43
organizations that help poor people
charities/charitable organizations
44
difference
Distinction
45
[派生] be different from
7
advertisement/ advertising
如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过不停轮换使用advertisement/ advertising有多郁闷。其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类细化，比如commercials（电视或者互联网上的广告），flyers（传单广告，北京最常见的形式就是“135****，办证”），billboards（大幅的广告牌）或者non-profit advertisements=public-interest advertisements（公益广告）
133
interesting
≈stimulating
134
boring
≈monotonous/ repetitive
135
useless

托福写作同义词替换词(全)

15
[派生] skilled
adept/ adroit(adj.)
16
method
methodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的词，基本就是method的故作高深版）
17
field
sphere/ domain/ arena
18
understanding of
≈grasp of/ command of
62
[反义] look down on…
treat … with contempt =despise(v.)
63
self-control
self-discipline
64
criminal
Convict
65
prisoner
Inmate
66
drinks
≈ alcoholic beverages
67
people who walk on the street
34
range
≈spectrum
35
sense
≈ recognition
36
part
component（这个词不仅指零件，在学术写作中也经常指“部分”）
37
wise
[相关] sensible (adj.)
38
gap
Disparity
39
a system for a particular purpose
24
the Internet
≈the information highway(一篇考生作文里Internet被使用十几次是常事儿)
25
honesty
≈integrity
26
strong belief

英语作文高级词汇替换

英语作文高级词汇替换As the world becomes more interconnected, theimportance of international cooperation has become increasingly apparent. In order to tackle global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and terrorism, countries must work together to find solutions. This requires a willingness to compromise, respect for different perspectives, and a commitment to common goals.One of the key benefits of international cooperation is the sharing of knowledge and resources. By working together, countries can pool their expertise and resources to develop more effective solutions. For example, in the fight against climate change, countries can share best practices for reducing emissions and invest in clean energy technologies. Similarly, in the fight against poverty, countries canshare knowledge about successful social programs andprovide financial assistance to those in need.Another benefit of international cooperation is thepromotion of peace and stability. By working together, countries can resolve conflicts peacefully and prevent the escalation of violence. For example, through diplomatic channels and international organizations such as the United Nations, countries can negotiate peace agreements and provide humanitarian aid to those affected by conflict.However, international cooperation is not without its challenges. One of the biggest obstacles is the issue of sovereignty. Countries are often reluctant to cede control over their own affairs to international organizations or other countries. Additionally, there are often disagreements over how to address global issues, with different countries having different priorities and perspectives.Despite these challenges, the benefits of international cooperation far outweigh the costs. In today's interconnected world, no country can solve global challenges alone. By working together, countries can achieve more than they ever could on their own. It is therefore essential that we continue to promoteinternational cooperation and work towards a more peaceful and prosperous world for all.。

英文写作替换词句

英文写作替换词句(总7页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper。

2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental application of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directionsconcept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complexFirstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with, first of all, at the outset…Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, succeeding (adj.), secondarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)…Lastly: ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally…Too: as well (句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to b oot, excessively, also…And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with…+Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else…So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s whyBecause: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that…But:however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand,让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite the fact that…Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely… Without: excluding,Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly, uncommonly, profoundly, unusually… Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, in point of fact, in reality, in truth, literally, truly …形容词/副词Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing role,indispensable, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary…-附加-傻句替换：I think that A is more important than B. (这是经典大傻句！以下句中的'important'可随意替换同义词）1. A is important to B.2. A plays an/a important role to B.3. A is of (great\enormous\significant\awesome)to B.4. B can not (live\developed\grow\survive\achieve) without A.5. A means (a lot\a great deal\much) to B.6. The importance of A (to B) can never be (exaggerated\denied\ignored\doubted).7. A is everything/the whole world to B.8. B is fundamental on A.9. A matters/counts to B.10. Nothing is more crucial to B than A.11. A is to B what the (foundation is to a skyscraper\water is to fish\the heart is to a human)Big: gigantic, massive, colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky,->many: numerous, myriad, infinite,->forever (adv): infinity, eternal, timeless, everlasting，undying, endless, changeless, perpetually…Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny, little, petite（女子身高娇小）Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming, stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome Bad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor, substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful, ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral…Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smartHappy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful, Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging…Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning,+hurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot.Easy: simple, effortless, no trouble, painless, plain sailing, uncomplicated, undemanding, unproblematic, a piece of cake (informal), child’s play (informal),…Clear: obvious, apparent, blatant, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evident, manifest, palpable, plain, pronounced, recognizable, transparent, intelligible, lucid, plain, understandable, uninvolved, simple, … Direct: bald, basic, frank, naked, plain, sincere, stark, straightforward, candid, forthright, outspoken….Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, involved, knotty, perplexing, puzzling, thorny…Angry: annoyed, cross, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriated, irate, mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful...Dangerous: perilous, breakneck, chancy (informal), hazardous, insecure, precarious, risky, unsafe, vulnerable动词Think (that): hold the (opinion/ belief/position/stand point/idea) that, assume, believe, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convinced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective...Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain, give an/a example (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point out, point toward… Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, discern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with,Get: acquire, attain, acquire, achieve, obtain, gain “学习” 不用learnSuggest: have a proposal in,Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advance…Impress: affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of, Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway,Stop: halt, cease, conclude, desist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate…Mak e: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, compel, constrain, drive, impel, induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require…Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide, supplyBreak：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatter, smash, snapDestroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastate, eradicate, shatter, wipe out, wreck, oblitera te, weaken, undermine…Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, transpire名词Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma.Meeting: conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, convention, gathering session, assignation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controversy…Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examination, analysis, consideration, contemplation, inspection, investigation, knowledge,scholarship… Advantage: benefit, dominance, precedence, profit, superiority, merit…Disadvantage: shortcoming, weakness, inconvenience, drawback, deficiency, flaw, handicap (also v. 妨碍), downside, limitation. Life: existence, conduct, life style, way of lifethrough－>in term of/viaoperate－>manipulateoffspring－>descendantinevitable－indispensabledetail－>specificexplain－>interpretobvious－>conspicuoushurt －>vulnerableuse－>employ/utilizevalue－>meritprovide－>lend－>offertrue－>accurateleading to－>contribute to/ conduce to/result inmore and more－>increasing/growinghardly－>merely－>barelywell-known－>outstandinglarge－>miraculous/marvelousalthough－>albeit/notwithstandingin fact－>actually/virtuallywant－>intend to/tend to/be inclined tobecause－>in thatmay be－>probablyto sum－>to summarize/in conclusionexplain－>interpret/illustratechange－>alterchance－>alternativecustom－>convention/tradition think－>contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospectarouse －>ignite/stimulate/spur/motivatelimit－>stress/hinder/hamperkey－>crucial/vital/consequentialold－>ancientemphasis－>accentuatedevote to－>dedicate tocharacter－>trait/individuality/idiosyncrasy/personalityexpe ct－>anticipatejoin－>participatedelegate－>representativebias－>prejudice/discriminate/tendencythrive－>palmy/flourishing/prosperityclash－>conflict/collision/rencounterpublicize－>propagandizeagree partly－>agree with reserveproper－>appositewant to－>desirebig city －>metropolislawmaking－>legislationfirst－>primarilybut－>nonetheless/neverthelesschild －>juvenileabsorb－>assimilatehand in－>renderundermine－>sap/enervate/debilitateget into chaos－>with chaos ensuingkey－>pivot/cruxsway－>vacillatefanatic patriotism－>jingoism/chauvinismpersusive－>thorough/sound/specific/convincingconsider －>take into accountvague－>gratuitous/unwarranted/oversimplified。

SCI论文写作重要词语替换

1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。

）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.5. a slice of, quiet a few 替换some.6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。

7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing(ly), growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。

英文学术论文常用替换词

1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.rosy ；adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。

）Adverse；adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.if not most:即使不是大多数5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some.a slice of:一片，一份6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。

harbor v/n庇护；怀有7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。

英语论文常用学术高级词汇

.增补(Addition)in addition另外, furthermore此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外, similarly, finally最后2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地3.对照(Contrast)whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless 然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while4.因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus5.强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, pr imarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illust ration.8.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary9.推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise10.时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of11.启承转合1)、启A proverb says...... At present.......As the proverb says.... Currently.....Generally speaking, .... Now,....In general, ..... On the Whole....It is clear that.... Recently.....It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......2)、承First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....In the first place, .........To begin with, ......... Of course, .........Also, ....... Similarly,.........At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......In addition,..... What`s more, ..........In fact........ It can be easily proved that...Meanwhile......3)、转But... Still, ......But the problem is not so simple...There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However,....... To our surprise,..........Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......On the other hand, .......Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....4)、合Above all, In brief, ........Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, .......In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........As a consequence, ......... In short, .........As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........To conclude, ...... Finally, ........To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ......1.individuals,characters替换(people ,persons)2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstan ding, superior替换good3。

英语作文词语替换

英语作文词语替换Title: The Importance of Education。

Education plays a crucial role in shaping the future of individuals and society as a whole. It is essential for personal development and growth, as well as for the advancement of a nation. In this essay, we will discuss the significance of education and its impact on individuals and society.First and foremost, education provides individuals with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life. It equips them with the ability to think critically, solve problems, and make informed decisions. Education also helps individuals develop a sense of discipline and responsibility, which are essential for personal and professional success. Furthermore, education opens up opportunities for individuals to pursue their interests and passions, and to contribute to the betterment of society.In addition to personal development, education also plays a crucial role in the economic and social development of a nation. A well-educated workforce is essential for the growth and prosperity of a country. Education provides individuals with the skills and knowledge they need to contribute to the economy and to drive innovation and progress. Moreover, education helps to reduce poverty and inequality by providing individuals with the means to improve their lives and the lives of their families.Furthermore, education is essential for promotingsocial cohesion and harmony. It helps individuals develop a sense of empathy and understanding towards others, and fosters a culture of tolerance and respect. Education also plays a crucial role in promoting democratic values and principles, and in fostering a sense of civicresponsibility and engagement.In conclusion, education is of paramount importance for the personal, economic, and social development of individuals and society. It provides individuals with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life, and itplays a crucial role in the economic and social development of a nation. Moreover, education promotes social cohesion and harmony, and fosters a culture of tolerance and respect. Therefore, it is essential for individuals and society to prioritize and invest in education, in order to secure a better future for all.。

英文论文高级替换词_让你的文章“亮”起来

有任何问题或建议请联系esub . 或 183381688【第一推荐】英文论文高级替换词，让你的文章“亮〞起来1. Big: gigantic, massive, colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic,giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky,2. ->many: numerous, myriad, infinite,3. ->forever (adv): infinity, eternal, timeless, everlasting，undying, endless, changeless,perpetually…4. Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny, little, petite 〔女子身高娇小〕5. Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished,remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming,stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome 6. Bad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor,substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful,ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral…7. Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smart8. Happy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful,9. Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet,adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging…10. Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning,11. +hurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot.12. Easy: simple, effortless, no trouble, painless, plain sailing, uncomplicated,undemanding, unproblematic, a piece of cake (informal), child’s play (informal),…13. Clear: obvious, apparent, blatant, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evident,manifest, palpable, plain, pronounced, recognizable, transparent, intelligible, lucid,plain, understandable, uninvolved, simple, …14. Direct: bald, basic, frank, naked, plain, sincere, stark, straightforward, candid,forthright, outspoken….15. Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, involved,knotty, perplexing, puzzling, thorny…16. Angry: annoyed, cross, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriated, irate,mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful...17. Dangerous: perilous, breakneck, chancy (informal), hazardous, insecure, precarious, risky, unsafe, vulnerable18. Think (that): hold the (opinion/ belief/ position/stand point/idea) that, assume, believe, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convinced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective...19. Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain, give an/a example (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point out, point toward…20. Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, discern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with,21. Get: acquire, attain, acquire, achieve, obtain, gain “学习〞不用learn22. Suggest: have a proposal in,23. Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advance…24. Impress: affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of,25. Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway,26. Stop: halt, cease, conclude, desist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate…27. Make: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, compel, constrain, drive, impel, induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require…28. Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide,supply29. Break：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatter, smash, snap30. Destroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastate, eradicate, shatter, wipe out,wreck, obliterate, weaken, undermine…31. Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, transpire32. Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma.33. Meeting: conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, convention,gathering session, assig nation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controversy…34. Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examination, analysis, consideration, contemplation, inspection, investigation, knowledge,scholarship…35. Advantage: ben efit, dominance, precedence, profit, superiority, merit…36. Disadvantage: shortcoming, weakness, inconvenience, drawback, deficiency, flaw, handicap (also v. 阻碍), downside, limitation.37. Life: existence, conduct, life style, way of life38. important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important)39. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)40. abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants)41. stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)42. neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention tosomething; ignore means no attention.)43. near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)44. pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)45. accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)46. vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)47. top=peak, summit48. competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)49. blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)50. opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)51. fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation52. build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish53. insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)54. complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)55. primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental56. relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)57. force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel58. enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)59. complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)60. Lonely=solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her61. small=minuscule(very small), minute,62. praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)63. hard-working=assiduous(someonewho is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly64. difficult=arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)65. poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)66. fragile=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)67. show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.)68. big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal(use this word, you emphasizesomething’s large), tremendous69. avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it.)70. fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)71. attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently72. dislike=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe(dislike very much)!73. ruin=devastate (it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)74. always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)475. forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed)76. surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound)77. enthusiasm=zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)#78. quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)!79. expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)80. luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive81.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)82. respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)83. worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)84. cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)85. hot=boiling(very hot)86. dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)/87. nowadays=currently88. only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive;89. stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)90. part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)91. result=consequence(the results or effects of something)92. obvious=apparent, manifest93. based on=derived from (can see or notice them very easily)94. quite=fairly95. pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)96. field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)97. appear=emerge(come into existence)98. whole=entire(the whole of something)899. wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)! 100. wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)101. difficult=formidable102. change=convert(change into another form)103. typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)104. careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)105. ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)106. strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or 107. /her opinion is different from most people)108. rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)109. use= utilize (the same as use)110. dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it. ) 111. satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and isfaction)112. short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time) 113. scholarship=fellowship114. angry=enraged(extremely angry)115. smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)116. ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)# 117. attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing canattract you a great deal)118. diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)119. disorder=disarray, chaos120. crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)121. rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)122. ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)123. despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)124. best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/125. sharp=acute(severe and intense)126. unbelievable=inconceivable(ifyou deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen ^127. puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)128. method=avenue(away of getting something done)129. famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)130. ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)131. decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive viadecorating it with something else)/132. possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved) 133. so=consequently, accordingly134. rare=infrequent (doesn’t happen often135. greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)136. a couple of years several years 几年137. abundant plentiful/ample/sufficient/adequate adj. 丰富的138. a myriad of a multitude of/a great variety of/a wide range of/a number of 许多〔都可接可数名词〕139. increase accelerate v. 加快140. accessible available adj. 可接近的141. accordingly for that reason/ consequently/therefore adv. 因此142. account for explain/interpret 解释 * He accounts for the missing items as lost.143. accumulate collect/accumulate/enhance/augment/extend/increase/stretch v. 积累，增加144. actually in reality/in fact adv. 实际上145. adhere stick v. 粘附146. adjunct addition n. 附属物147. administer manage vt. 管理148. admire think highly vt. 钦佩149. adorn decorate vt. 装饰150. advent arrival n. 〔指不寻常的人或事〕到来151. adverse negative adj. 不利的152. advocate proponent/supporter n. 提倡者153. aesthetic artistic adj. 美学的154. aid help n./vt. 帮助155. alert wary/wit adj. 机敏的156. allay reduce/roll back/decline vt. 减少157. alter change/shift/transfer/convert vt. 改变158. alternative option n. 另外的选择159. altogether completely/totally/wholly/utterly adv. 完全地160. amount sum n. 总和161. annihilate conquer/subjugate vt. 消灭162. antagonist enemy n. 对手163. anticipate look forward to vt. 预料164. apace with as fast as 齐头并进165. appealing attractive/intriguing/fancinating/inviting/tempting adj. 动人的166. apply to be used for 应用，适用167. appreciation recognition n. 欣赏，品味168. apt appropriate/suitable adj. 适当的169. arduous difficult/tedious/laborious adj. 费力的，困难的170. article object/item/stuff n. 物品171. ascend climb vt. 抬高，攀登172. assemble gether/put together/aggregate vt. 集合173. assortment variety n. 各种物品混合物174. assumption belief/hypothesis n. 假设，确定的想法175. attachment preference n. 喜欢，依恋176. attain achieve/acquire/obtain/gain/derive/get vt. 到达，获得177. attendant accompanying adj. 伴随的178. attire clothing n. 盛装，穿着179. attribute credit v * Mott's influence was so significant that she has been credited by somea authorities as the originator of feminism in the US.180. avail make use v. 有用181. avid for eager to/long for/look forward to 渴望182. avoid prevent/inhibit/hinder v. 防止，阻止183. barren infertile/fruitless adj. 贫瘠的184. besides in addition to/ moreover/furthermore adv. 除了…还有185. bias prejudice/discrimination n. 偏见186. bind tie/attach v. 捆绑，使结合187. boost raise/enhance vt. 增加，提高188. bound limit n. 围，限制189. boundary dividing line n. 分界限190. break departure from 破裂191. brittle fragile/easily broken adj. 易碎的192. burning flaming/scorch adj./n 燃烧的，燃烧193. calculate determine/numerate v. 计算194. carry support/sustain/uphold v. 支持，支撑195. carry on continue 继续196. cause bring about/lead to/induce/result in v. 导致，引起197. cease stop v. 停止，终止198. celestial astronomical adj. 天体的，天上的199. characteristic character/quality n. 特征200. charisma personal magnetism n. 个人魅力201. chronicle describe v. 记述202. classify categorize vt. 把…分类203. clear unobstructed adj. 畅通的204. clue information n. 线索，信息205. cluster group/concentrate n./v. 串，群，聚集，丛生206. coarse rough/crude adj. 粗糙的207. coin create/spawn vt. 创造208. coincide occur at the same time as/correspond vi. 〔事情〕等同时发生，相巧合209. * Our vaations coincided, so we traveled together.210. * Your account of the accident has little correspondence with the story. 211. collectively by group together adv. 集体地，共同地212. combine incorporate/fuse v. 联合213. come of age establish itself 到达法定年龄，确立自身地位214. comparable similar/equivalent adj. 相当的，类似的215. compel force vt. 强迫，使不得不216. competition struggle n. 竞争217. complimentary falttering adj. 称赞的218. component part/ingredient/composition/constituent/element n. 要素，成分，组成局部219. compose write vt. 作曲220. comprise consist of/constitute/make up vt. 包含，由…组成221. conceal cover/occult/hide/veil/ensconce vt. 隐藏222. conclusive definitive/decisive adj. 决定性的223. concomitant in conjunction with adj. 伴随的224. concrete specific adj. 具体的，实体的225. configuration arrangement n. 轮廓，构型226. confine limit/ restrict/fix vt. 限制，固定227. confirm uphold/sanction/ratify/prove/justify vt. 证实，使…更坚决228. conflicting opposing adj. 相冲突，相矛盾的229. conjectural based on guessing adj. 推测的230. connect relate v. 连接，联系231. consequence result/outcome n. 结果，后果232. conserve store/retain/preserve/maintain vt. 保存，保藏233. considerable large/substantial/much/great/vast adj. 相当可观的234. consistent constant adj. 一致的，稳定的235. consort associate vi. 陪伴，结交236. conspicuous noticeable/spectacular/marked/pronounced/apparent/obvious/strikingadj. 显著的，引人注目的237. consume eat vt. 消费，消耗238. contemporary existing adj. 当代的，现代的239. convergence gathering n. 聚集240. corresponding similarly adv. 相应地，对应地241. count weigh v. 有价值，有分量242. counteract negate vt. 抵消243. counterpart version n. 对应的人或物244. crisscross move back and forth vi. 穿插往来245. crucial fatal/vital/significant/important/key/remarkable/meaningful adj.重要的246. cumbersome burdensome/heavy/ponderous adj. 笨重的，难处理的247. dampen moisten vt. 使潮湿248. daring bold/fearless adj. 大胆的，勇敢的249. deadly extreme/exceeding/intense adj. 极度的,强烈的250. deft skilled/experienced/skillful/expert adj. 灵巧的，熟练的251. deliberate careful/meticulous adj. 审慎的，深思熟虑的252. demand require/call for/request/mandate v. 要求253. demise death n. 死亡254. demonstrate show/reason/elaborate vt. 演示，论证255. dense thick adj. 密集的，浓厚的256. depend on/upon rely on/hinge on(upon) 依靠,取决于257. depict portray/sketch/draw vt. 描绘，描写258. depress lower vt. 压低259. derived from based on 来源于260. detect feel/sense vt. 觉察,探测261. detectable measurable/apparent adj. 可觉察，可查明的262. devatate ruin/destroy vt. 毁坏263. devote dedicate/specialize in vt. 投身于，用于264. dictate determine vt. 规定，确定265. disaster catastrophe/tragedy/misfortune n. 灾难，不幸266. discard get rid of vt. 丢弃267. discrete separate/scattered adj. 离散的，不连续的268. dispute argument/debate n. 争论，纠纷269. disseminate spread/impart/peddle/bruit vt. 传播，宣扬270. distinct separate/different/distinguishing/diverse/dissimilar/varied adj. 明确的，不同的271. distinguish differentiate vt. 区别，识别272. divergence difference/dissimilarity n. 分歧273. document record vt. 证明，文件记载274. domain field/region/realm/scope/extent n. 领域，围275. dominate be pervalent in/govern vt. 统治，支配276. dramatic striking/drastic/radical/severe adj. 戏剧性的277. draw attract/lure/entice vt. 吸引,引诱278. durable long-lasting adj. 持久的279. dwelling house n. 住处280. eager enthusiastic adj. 渴望的281. efficiency effectiveness n. 功率282. elaborate detailed/ornate/pinpoint/exhaustive adj. 详尽的，精心〔过分〕装饰的283. elevate promote vt. 举起，使上升284. elicit bring out vt. 引出，得出285. embrace welcome vt. 拥抱，欣然承受286. emerge appear vi. 出现，浮现287. emit give off vt. 发出，放射288. emphasize stress/underscore vt. 强调，着重289. employ use vt. 使用290. enable allow/help/make possible v. 使能够，使可能291. enactment persformance n. 设定，制定292. encompass include/contain/embody vt. 包括，包含293. endless continuous adj. 无止境的294. engage in carry on 从事于295. entire whole adj. 全部的296. entity object n. 实体，存在297. equivalent interchangeable adj. 相等的，等同的298. eradicate eliminate/uproot vt. 铲除，杜绝299. essential fundamental/basic/chief/primary adj. 绝对必要的，根本的300. establish create v. 设立，创作301. estimate judge vt. 估计302. evidence indicate/testimony vt./n. 证明，说明，证据303. evolution development n. 开展，演变304. evolve develop v. 进化，开展305. exalted superior/optimal/best adj. 崇高的，高贵的306. excavate dig out vt. 挖出307. excellent /outstanding/splendid/brilliant/exceptional/remarkable/distinguished/prominent/ famous adj. 优良的，出色的308. execute administer/bring into effect/implement/carry out vt. 实施，执行309. exert cause vt. 行使，施加310. exorbitant expensive/costly adj. (价格)昂贵的311. expendable unprofitable/unnecessary adj. 不必要的,无利可图的312. extol praise/tout vt. 赞美313. extract remove vt. 拔出，榨取314. fabricate make/construct v 制作，装配315. faction side n. 派别，宗派316. faraway remote/over great distances adj. 遥远的317. fashion create vt. 造成318. favored preferred adj. 首选的，优惠的319. feed nourish/rear/raise v. 喂养，饲养320. firm hard/steadfast adj. 坚决的，结实的321. fixture commonplace object n. 固定设备322. flourish thrive/grow well vi. 繁荣，茂盛323. forage feed n. 饲料324. foremost leading adj. 最先的，最重要的325. formidable difficult/powerful/overwhelming/staggering adj. 可怕的，困难的326. frame pose vt. 提出，制定327. framework structure n. 构架，骨架328. free release/unravel v. 解除，释放329. frustrate thwart v. 挫败330. fuel source of energy n. 能源，燃料331. functional usable adj. 功能的，有用的332. furnish provide vt. 装备，提供333. gambit maneuver/tactic/policy/calculated risk/strategy n. 策略，谋略334. gap opening/separation n. 缺口335. glance brief look/browse n. 瞥视，浏览336. glowing shining/sparkling adj. 白热的337. goal end/destination/purpose/intent n. 目标338. gradually by degrees adv. 逐渐地339. graphic vivid/dramatic adj. 图解的，生动的340. grumble complain/repine v. 抱怨341. guarantee ensure/pledge/assure vt. 保证342. hardiest most vigorous adj. 最强壮的343. heart center/hub n. 中心344. hemisphere sides n. 半球，半脑345. henceforth form that time on 从此以后346. herald announce/declare/proclaim/note vt. 宣布..消息347. hinterland region n. 腹地348. identical exactly alike adj. 同一的，完全一样的349. ignite set on fire/spark v. 点燃350. imitate copy vt. 模仿351. immunity protection n. 免疫性352. immutable unchangeable adj. 不变的353. imperceptibly subtly adv. 不可觉察地，极缓慢地354. implement tool/apparatus/instrument n. 工具，乐器355. implication significance/meaning n. 意义356. impose demand vt. 把…强加于357. incacessible unreachable adj. 难到达的358. inception beginning/outbreak n. 开端，发作359. incinerate burn up v. 烧成灰烬360. incise carve/cut/chop/slice/shear vt. 切割361. inclination preference n. 倾向，嗜好362. incriminate blame/accuse vt. 归罪，控告363. indigence poverty n. 贫乏，穷困364. induce cause/court/lure vt. 诱使，促使365. influx arrival n. 流入，聚集366. initiate start vt. 开场，发起367. innovation new idea/reformation n. 改革，创新368. insignificant unimportant/trivial adj. 不重要的369. instance case n. 实例，例证370. insult affront/humiliate vt. 侮辱371. integral essential adj. 构成整体必需的372. intermittent periodic adj. 间歇的，断断续续的373. interval period n. 间隔时间374. intervention influence/interference n. 干预，介入375. intimate close adj. 亲密的376. intricate complex adj. 复杂的，总和的377. invade move into/aggress vt. 侵略378. lament complain about vt. 为…悲哀379. lie be located v. 位于380. load weight/task n. 重担，重任381. location place/spot/site/locality n. 位置，地方382. locate pry off vt. 找出定位383. magnify intensify vt. 放大，扩大384. major principal adj. 主要的，大型的385. manage preside over/oversee v. 负责，统辖386. margin edge n. 边缘387. means method n. 方法388. merely only/barely/solely adv. 仅仅389. meteoric rapid adj. 迅速的390. minuscule tiny adj. 极小的391. misconcept misapprehend/misconceive vt. 误解392. modify revise/change vt. 修改393. momentarily briefly adv. 短暂的394. monopolize dominate/preempt v. 垄断，独占395. motif thesis/design n. (作品)主题，主旨396. mundane ordinary/mediocre adj. 平常的，普通的397. myriad many/infinite adj. 无数的398. * the myriad activity of the new land/ myriad topics399. nap sleep briefly n. 打盹400. * take a nap401. nascent immature/fledgeless adj. 新生的402. nevertheless however adv. 然而403. norm standard/criteria n. 标准，规404. note abserve v. 注意到405. notwithstanding despite/in spite of prep. 尽管"* The teams played on, notwithstanding the rain./ Weproceeded, notwithstanding./ Notwithstanding his objections the marriage took place / She went swimming yesterday notwithstanding (that)her mother told her not to."406. noxious harmful/deleterious adj. 有害的407. obstacleimpediment n. 阻碍408. oscillate swing v. 摇摆震荡409. outline summarize v. 总结，概括410. partitioning division n. 划分411. peak maximum/apogee/zenith/vertex n. 顶点，最高点412. peculiar strange/fantastic/exotic adj. 奇异的413. penetrate go through/infiltrate v. 穿透，渗透414. perfect ideal adj. 完美的，理想的415. period era/epoch n. 时代416. periphery outer edge n. 外围417. permeate spread through/saturate/soak vt. 弥漫，渗透418. persist continue vi. 坚持，持续419. pertinent relevent adj. 相关的，切题的420. phenomena events n. 现象421. pick up follow/trace v. 寻找，寻路422. picture image n. 图片423. pit hole n. 坑，地坑424. plunge drop vi. 跳进，投入425. pore hole n. 小孔，气孔426. portable easily moved adj. 便携的427. position job n. 职务428. postulate suggest vt. 要求，假设429. potential possible adj. 可能的，潜在的430. precarious uncertain/unstable/insecure adj. 不稳定的，危险的431. preceding prior to/ahead of 在前的432. predecessor ancestor/antecedent n. 前辈，前任433. preferable favored adj. 更好的，更可取的434. preoccupation involvement n. 当务之急，全神贯注的状态435. presumably probably adv. 据推测，可能436. prevail dominate v. 成功，统治437. prevailing most frequent/dominant adj. 流行的，盛行的438. prized valued/precious adj. 贵重的439. probe explore v. 调查研究440. progressive forward looking adj. 前进的，累进的441. projecting protruding adj. 突出的，伸出的442. prolific productive/fruitful adj. 多产的，多结果443. prospect possibility n. 前景，期望444. prototype model n. 原型445. puncture pierce vt. 刺穿，戳破446. pursue chase v. 追赶447. rather than instead of 相反的448. raw unprocessed/crude adj. 未加工的449. readily easily adv. 容易地，欣然地450. realization awareness/consciousness n. 意识451. reap accept vi. 收割，收获452. reckless irresponsible/rude/imprudent adj. 轻率的，鲁莽的453. recruit enlist vt. 征兵454. refreshing unusual adj. 使人耳目一新455. regardless of no matter what 不管，不管456. reliance dependence n. 依赖，依靠的人或物457. renounce reject/refuse/turn down/decline v. 拒绝，声明放弃458. representative typical adj. 典型的，有代表性的459. reputation good name n. 名声460. resemble be similar to vt. 像，类似461. resourcefulness ingenuity n. 足智多谋462. revere respect vt. 尊崇，尊敬463. revitalize bring new life to v. 新生464. robust strong adj. 强壮的465. rot decay/erode/decompose v. 腐烂466. rotate alternate/turn v. 轮流，〔使〕旋转467. roughly approximately adv. 概略地，大致地468. rudimentary undeveloped adj. 初步的，未发育完全的469. run operate/manipulate v. 操纵470. rupture burst/break out v. 破裂，裂开471. rushing rapid adj. 急流的472. sanitation health n. 〔公共，环境〕卫生473. scale measure/grade/rank/order/caste n. 等级，规模474. scarce rare adj. 缺乏的，稀有的475. scatter irregularly distribute v. 分散476. score musical compositions n. 乐谱477. scurry rush v. 急赶478. secondary ancillary adj. 次要的，伴随的479. secure safe adj. 平安的480. sedentary inactive adj. (人或动物)土生，不移栖的481. sentiment opinion/viewpoint/standpoint n. 意见，观点482. serve as function as v. 充当483. set establish v. 确定，安置484. settle decide v. 决定，解决485. settled stable/standing/not flowing adj. 固定的486. shield protect/safeguard v. 保护487. suspicion doubt n. 疑心488. skyrocket increase rapidly/boost/increase sharply/accelerate/surge vi. 猛涨489. * The prices skyrocketed490. snap break v. 突然折断491. solemn serious adj. 庄严的，肃穆的492. sort out speparate/pick out/select/opt for v. 挑选出493. span cover vt. 跨越494. spark bring out vi. 发起，激起495. speculate hypothesize v. 推测，沉思496. standard customary adj. 标准的497. staple basic element/necessities n. 主要产品，日常必需品498. stimulate encourage/ferment/foster/spur/stimulate/incite/urge v. 刺激，激发499. story level n. 楼层500. strain stress v. 过滤，拉紧501. strength basis n. 实力，根底502. stringent strict adj. 严厉的503. strive try/struggle v. 奋斗，努力。

本科英语毕业论文文献检索指导

本科英语毕业论文文献检索指导文献检索是本科英语毕业论文中非常重要的一环，它对于整个毕业论文的质量和水平起着决定性的作用。

本文将向读者详细介绍如何进行文献检索，帮助读者在毕业论文写作过程中更加有效地查找相关文献。

一、选择文献检索工具在进行文献检索之前，我们需要选择适合自己的文献检索工具。

目前，常用的文献检索工具有以下几种：1. 国内外学术期刊数据库：如CNKI、维普、万方、JSTOR、EBSCO等。

2. 学术搜索引擎：如Google Scholar、Bing Scholar、Scopus等。

3. 图书馆网站：许多大学和公共图书馆都有自己的图书馆网站，提供了丰富的文献资源，可以充分利用。

二、选题与关键词的确定在进行文献检索之前，我们需要确定好文章的选题和相关的关键词。

选题和关键词的明确和准确性对于后续的文献检索起着关键作用。

选题时，需要考虑文章的主题、范围和研究目的等因素，同时避免过于宽泛或过于专业化的选题。

而关键词的确定则需要将选题的主旨和相关领域的名称、术语等予以结合，以便于进行准确的文献检索。

三、关键词组合的技巧在进行文献检索时，我们除了要选好关键词外，还需要掌握一些关键词组合的技巧，以提高文献检索的效率和准确性。

具体而言，可以采取以下几种方法：1. 同义词替换法：将选定的关键词通过同义词替换法进行扩充，从而扩大检索范围。

2. 词语连接法：将关键词通过and、or、not等逻辑运算符进行有效的组合，以实现复杂的检索查询。

3. 限制词汇法：利用文献检索工具中的“限制检索”功能，对检索所得结果进行限制，以提高检索结果的相关性和准确性。

四、文献检索策略在进行文献检索时，我们还需要掌握一定的文献检索策略，以更好地完成文献检索任务。

具体而言，可以采取以下几种文献检索策略：1. 多种文献检索工具的结合使用：在进行检索时可以尝试多种文献检索工具的使用，以扩大检索范围，增加文献检索结果的获取渠道。

2. 时间和语言限制：在进行文献检索时需要结合论文的研究时期和相关的语言限制进行检索，以保证检索结果的相关性和实用性。

英语四级作文替换词

英语四级作文替换词The Importance of Vocabulary in English Learning。

As we all know, vocabulary is a crucial component of English learning. It is like the building blocks of a language, without which we cannot construct meaningful sentences or express our thoughts clearly. Therefore, expanding our vocabulary is essential for improving our English proficiency.Firstly, a rich vocabulary enables us to understand English texts and speeches better. When we encounter unfamiliar words, we may not grasp the meaning of the whole sentence or paragraph. However, if we have a broad vocabulary, we can infer the meaning of new words from the context and comprehend the message more easily.Secondly, a wide range of vocabulary facilitates our communication in English. When we speak or write, we need to choose the appropriate words to express our ideasaccurately and effectively. If we have a limited vocabulary, we may struggle to find the right words or resort to using vague or repetitive expressions, which can hinder our communication and cause misunderstandings.Thirdly, a diverse vocabulary enhances our languageskills and cultural awareness. English is a global language spoken by people from different countries and backgrounds. By learning new words, we can not only communicate with more people, but also gain insights into their cultures and perspectives. Moreover, a varied vocabulary enables us to express ourselves in different styles and registers, suchas formal, informal, academic, or colloquial.Therefore, it is crucial for English learners to devote time and effort to expanding their vocabulary. There are various ways to do so, such as reading extensively, memorizing word lists, practicing with flashcards or apps, and using new words in context. By doing so, we cangradually enrich our vocabulary and improve our English proficiency.。

论文45个经典替换词

论文的高大‎上，来自词汇和‎语法的高大‎上。

45个本土‎词汇，让您的文章‎表达更精准‎！1. indiv‎i dual‎s, chara‎c ters‎, folks‎替换peopl‎e , perso‎n s.2. posit‎i ve, favor‎a ble, rosy, promi‎s ing, perfe‎c t, pleas‎u rabl‎e, excel‎l ent, outst‎a ndin‎g, super‎i or 替换good.3. dread‎f ul, unfav‎o rabl‎e, poor, adver‎s e, ill 替换bad（如果bad‎做表语，可以有be‎less impre‎s sive‎替换。

）4. an army of, an ocean‎of, a sea of, a multi‎t ude of, a host of, many, if not most 替换many.注：用many‎, if not most 一定要小心‎，many后‎一定要有词‎。

5. a slice‎of, quiet‎a few 替换some.6. harbo‎r the idea that, take the attit‎u de that, hold the view that, it is widel‎y share‎d that, it is unive‎r sall‎y ackno‎w ledg‎e d that 替换think‎（因为是书面‎语，所以要加t‎h at）。

7. affai‎r, busin‎e ss, matte‎r替换thing‎.8. share‎d替换commo‎n .9. reap huge fruit‎s替换get many benef‎i ts.10. for my part ,from my own persp‎e ctiv‎e替换in my opini‎o n.11. Incre‎a sing‎(ly), growi‎n g 替换more and more（注意没有g‎r owin‎g ly这种‎形式。

英文论文第一人称替换

英文论文第一人称替换
在论文中以什么来代替第一人称。

第一人称：作者，本文，本研究之类的，但摘要中是用第三人称哦。

论文中到底能不能出现“笔者”，“本文”一类的代词？
一个老师说，摘要中或者论文中如果出现这一类代词就没有...现在，大量的英文论文开始采用第一人称代替被动语态，“我”“我们”“我们研究组”“2009年我们报道了”等说法。

在文章中，为什么作者要自称“笔者”，而不是用第一人称“我”？
“笔者”在学术论文中有些过于突出自我色彩。

有个笑话是这么说的：老师...使用这个东西，无非是为了保证论说的严肃性和严谨性：比第一人称更客观，显得公正不带主观臆断。