英语语法完成时篇

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完成时篇(一)——现在完成时

[提问] 请问在句子“Working in London has been the best decision I have made so far. (Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page71)”中,为什么时间状语是完成时的情况下,主句仍然可以使用现在完成时呢?

答:完成时态通常表示已完成或已经开始从事的动作,它可以分为现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时以及完成进行时。根据定义我们可以了解到,除了表示到现在为止动作已经完成或已经开始以外,还有多种情况可以用现在完成时来表达。

一、动作从过去某个时间开始发生,延续到现在,并且说话前已经完成。

例如:The mission has been carried out well.任务已经很好地完成了。

Those girls have eaten two big cakes.女孩们已经吃了两个蛋糕了。

二、某个动作或状态发生在过去,持续并影响现在,有可能会继续保持下去。

例如:My brother has been abroad for several years.我哥哥已经出国好几年了。

It has rained all morning.雨下了一个早晨。

Up to now, parents have accepted the pop music youths prefer to.现在,家长们

已经接受了年轻人喜欢的流行音乐。

I have known him since the summer in 2001.自2001年的那个夏天,我就认识他了。

三、动作发生在现在之前的某个时间,可能是多次动作的集合,也表示习惯性的动作或

状态。

例如:Xiao Qin has come over here three times in the daytime.白天小覃已经来过三次了。

Which countries have you traveled recently?最近你都去过那些国家?

How many papers have you read today? 你今天看了几篇论文?

四、动作过去曾发生过一次或多次,也可能是一种经历。

例如:Students are very pride that the president has once visited their school.

学生们为总统曾访问过他们学校而骄傲。

Accidents like this have happened more than 20 times these years.这几年此类事故发生不下20起。

在现在完成时态的句子中,常伴随的时间状语有:already,yet,ever,never,just,before,lately,recently,till/until,always,now,since,today;

in past years,all morning,all one’s life,up to now,these days,this week/month/year,for a long time。

现在完成时中有几点语法点要注意的:

1)for引出的时间状语只能修饰表示延续性动作的动词。不能用来修饰表示瞬间、短

暂动作或位置转移的动词。如John has come to China for three years,此句错误,come这个动作是短暂性动词,不可能持续发生,因此可改为John has been in China for three years,约翰已经爱中国生活了3年。短暂性动词有appear, begin,borrow,buy,come,close,die,fall,find,finish,join,kill,leave,lend,lose,see,start,stop。

2)在表示时间或条件的状语从句可以用现在完成时表示将来完成的动作。

例如:He will not quit my job until his parents have permitted.父母允许后他才会辞职。

I will arrive at 6 o’clock if the car h as been prepared then.如果到时车准备好了,我能在6

点到达。

3)It is the first/second time that…这个结构中,that从句要用现在完成时。

例如:It is the first time that I have heard of his deeds.这是我第一次听说他的事迹。

Is the second time you have visited China? 这是你第二次来中国了吧?

4)This is the 最高级that…这个结构中,that从句用现在完成时。

例如:This is the best way that we have tried to solve the problem.这是我们试过的解决问

题的最好方法。

Do you think this is the most delicious food that we once have had? 你不觉得这是我们吃过的最美味的食物吗?

提问中的句子Working in London has been the best decision I have made so far,包含了一个that 从句:the best decision (that) I have made so far, 该句符合完成时语法点中“the 最高级that…结构,that从句用现在完成时,同时so far为标志性的时间状语,表示迄今为止做所作的决定中最好的。主句动词为has been,以现在、目前为时间状语,表示到说话者当下的时间之前一直在持续的动作,符合前面所述第二种情况,意思是已经成为。全句意为:“在伦敦工作是我迄今为止所做的最好的决定。”

完成时篇——过去完成时(二)

[提问]请问下面这个句子“…what would have happened if she had not been there. (Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page56)”属于什么时态?怎样翻译成中文?

答:这是一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气句,时态属于过去完成时。虚拟语气表示说话人所说的内容并不是事实,而是一种假设或推测,分为现在时虚拟语气和过去时虚拟语气。该句子因为叙述的内容与过去事实相反,符合过去时虚拟语气中非真实条件句结构:(与过去事实相反)—if+过去完成时, would(should, could, might)+ have+过去分词。因此主句if she had not been there(如果没有她),从句what would have happened(会发生什么事情),全句意为:如果她不在这儿,不知道会发生些什么。

例如:The fish would not have been burnt if you had told me. 要是你告诉我,鱼就不会糊了。

Would the little girl have hurt herse lf if her mother hadn’t left her alone?要不是她妈妈把她一个人留下了,小女孩会弄伤自己吗?

主句中过去完成时表示到过去某一时刻动作已经完成,或持续到过去某一时刻的动作或状态,其结构是:had+p p (过去分词)。句中常出现:before,after,once,by,until,when,as soon as用来引导时间状语。

例如:All of us hadn’t cried for even a drop of tear until the final depar ture came up.大家都忍着不流一滴眼泪,直到那最终的离别到来。

He deeply realized the love in his soul only after she had left.只有当她离开以后,他才深深地意识到自己心中的爱。

过去完成时的用法中要注意:

1)在no sooner…than…和hardly/scarcely…when…结构中,主句的谓语动词多用完

成时。

例如: Mum had scarcely rested when she began to cook for us.妈妈还没休息就又开始给我们做饭了。

Many graduators had no sooner received new jobs than quit because of dissatisfaction with the salary.许多毕业生找了新工作不久就会因为不满意薪酬而辞职。

如果否定词出现在句首,主句的主谓要注意倒装。

例如:Hardly had you celebrated for this success when the next task came. 还没等庆祝成功,新任务就下来了。

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