第五章-3 长句的翻译

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英汉句法翻译(分句、合句与长句)

英汉句法翻译(分句、合句与长句)
第五章: 英汉句法翻译
3.1 分句译法
• 分句译法又称之“拆句法”。就是把英语中较长的句 子译成汉语中较短的句子。
• 从结构上看:英语的句子好比参天大树,枝叶横生; 而汉语的句子则如万顷碧波,层层推进。
• 在下列两种情况下宜于使用分句法: • (1) 原文句子虽不长,但照直译时所得的译文很别
扭,不拆便读不 顺口或容易发生误解。一般将一些单 词或短语译成独立的句子。 • (2) 原文句子冗长,特别是那些曲折迂回,层见跌 出的一大串文字。一般将从句分译成汉语的单句。
• 4. He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.
• 他摇了摇头,两目睁得圆圆的,接着又眯成一条线,脸 上露出了愤怒的神色。
3.1.2 将词组或短语译成汉语的句子
• 1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.
• 由于受到顽强抵抗,吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领要地的敌人甚 至还没有能占领外围地带,这一事实使我增强了信心。
指代它,与主句的其他 成分连句成文。
got to know the real people of Egypt.
• 英国人在埃及呆了那么多
年,却从来没有真正了解
埃及人,这是异乎寻常的。
4. It’s quite probable that he is gone.(他已经走了,有那一是条很举可世能的公。)
3.3.1 切断法(顺序法)
• 所谓切断法,就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”, 按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。如:

长句的翻译

长句的翻译

长句的翻译一、原序翻译1.请你方考虑,今后货物一经订妥,就不可撤销,我们认为,这样才有助于更好地合作。

We should like to have your consideration that, in the future, orders once placed are not to be cancelled afterwards, which we think will be conducive to better cooperation.2.上海针织公司由37个企业组成,生产规模大,且拥有众多的名牌产品,如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”和“三枪牌”,公司每年的销售额高达13亿人民币。

Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises and enjoys a broad production scale; with several well –known local brands such as “Chrysanthemum ”, “Swan” and “Three Guns”, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.二、分译1)汉语长句中若有反问句、反诘句或感叹句,英译时往往要分译。

1.盛夏炎热,一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉,加上轻风拂煦,浑身有说不出的舒坦,忍不住要赞叹一声:莫干山,好一个清凉世界!No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is!2.延安虽然还没有战争,但军队天天在前方打仗,后方也唤工作忙,文章太长,有谁来看呢?Although there is as yet no fighting here in Yen’an, our troops are daily engaged in battle, and the people in the rear are busy at work. If articles are too long, who will read them?2)汉语长句中若有比方句,英译时往往要分译。

英语长句的翻译..

英语长句的翻译..
计算机专业英语
二、英语长句的翻译 4、综合法
事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要 求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其 是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就 需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合,主次 分明地对全句进行综合理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。
例. ,
which was established to aid Internet users in finding and sharing online music files known as MP3 files, is perhaps the most wellknown example of peer-to-peer ecommerce, although purists note that Napster is only partially peer-to-peer because it relies on a central database to show which users are sharing music files. 译文:建立的目标是帮助因特网用户发现并分享在线 音乐文件,即人所共知的MP3文件。尽管纯化论者强调:因为它依 赖中央数据库来显示哪一位用户正在分享音乐文件,所以Napster仅 仅是部分对等。但Napster或许是对等电子商务最著名的实例。
英语长句的翻译
英语长句的翻译
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3)语
言结构层次多。
在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: ① 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。

长句的翻译

长句的翻译

译文: 由于人民生活水平的不断提高以及计划生育, 中国的家庭结构发生着缓慢却又具有实质性的变化, 必须根据这一历史背景考虑人到老年的问题。
分析:这是一个因果句,against 引导一个原因状语从 句。按照汉语先说原因后说结果,先叙述事实后表明 见解的习惯,翻译时需倒译。
【4】Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often wiling to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
down and sending out wireless messages, the lieutenant(中尉) confusedly studying the map to
make out what the messages meant and appealing for aid now and then to the sergeant(中士) .
译文: 这个年轻人走了很远的路之后碰上了一个愚蠢的人,这个 人把一条裤子系在两棵树之间,正在尽全身力气向上跳,想在落 下来时两条腿正好套进两只裤脚里去。

二、逆译法
如果语序跟汉语习惯不同,甚至完全相反时。

2.1 改变定语顺序 (前置到先行词前)
【2】 The battle-scarred old communists who once made stormy revolution unfurled a passionate blueprint today for a modern, peaceful and prosperous China .

Chapter Five 英语长句翻译I

Chapter Five     英语长句翻译I

Chapter Five 英语句法翻译I :长句的翻译一.分析句子结构英语修饰语多,联合成分多,结构复杂,导致经常出现长句子。

翻译时要首先弄清句子结构。

在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。

(2)找出句中谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

(3)分析从句中和短语的功能。

(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系。

(5)注意插入语等其他成分。

(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定搭配。

二.拆分长句英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句。

因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,化整为零翻译成汉语的短句。

在拆分过程中,要注意英汉两种思维方式和句子结构的差异性。

英汉两种语言思维方式的差异表现在:英语强调主体由近及远,由里及外;汉语主体不突出,主客体融合,方向上由远及近,由次到主。

表现在时间关系上,英语可以先叙述后发生的事情,后叙述先发生的事情,而汉语常常依照时间顺序。

表现在因果关系上,英语常常从果到因,强调果对主体的影响,而汉语则从因到果顺理推移,从解释到结论,从条件到结果。

在叙和议的关系上,英语一般先表态后叙事,而汉语一般先交代事情,后发表议论。

因此,不同的句子有不同的拆分方法。

在语序安排上,有的句子可以按原来的顺序拆分,有的需要颠倒顺序来翻译,也可以将句子的一部分拆出来翻译。

有的句子还需要打破原有结构重新组织。

1 保留语序------顺拆法所谓切断法,就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”,按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。

如:There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.最令女主人失望的是,她花了许多心思或费用来招待客人,可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意,却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡,松软的糕点,或房间内讲究的陈设,而这些可能才是她最感兴趣和引为自豪的。

长句的翻译

长句的翻译

分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为 suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为 Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。 (2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动 词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为 environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句 中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为 greater intellectual development.
例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
例1. In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him , that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days. 在非洲, 我遇到一个小孩, 他哭得伤心极 了, 我问他时, 他说他饿了两天没吃饭了。

长句的翻译(英译汉)

长句的翻译(英译汉)
的引导词。 (3) 分析从句和短语的功能 从句:什么从句?(主语、宾语、定语、同位语从句) 状语:什么状语?(时间、原因、结果、条件等等 ) (4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系 定语从句所修饰的先行词在哪? 同位语从句的被修饰词在哪? 状语从句的引导词在哪? (5) 是否有插入语等其他成分。
大学存在的意义和目的不外乎使作为主修某专业的 你们以及作为人的你们能接触到你们的思想需要接 纳的人类思想。这样说的时候,我坚信自己道出了 人文学院全体教师以及专业学院全体教师的心声。

Homework
1、While field visits are complex,time-consuming and relatively costly, they make it much easier to identify inequities in levels of financing and performance across a country and to showcase good local practice.
两代人(即年轻人和老年人)之间的冲突似 乎是所有冲突中最愚蠢的。这样的冲突不过 是现在的自己和将来的自己的冲突或过去的 自己和现在的自己之间的冲突。
2、Anyone considering taking part in the transformation of those forms of older art which seem to us in many ways unsatisfactory, so that they should be more in tune with the changing times, and anyone who does not quail at the prospect of seeking out new forms of expression for new materials and new building function, will find spiritual kinship, observing Borromini’ buildings.

英语长句的翻译

英语长句的翻译

• We hear what they said and view what they did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. • 我们如闻其声,如观其行,如见其人; 我们同情 他们,和他们悲喜与共;他们的感受成为我们 自己的感受,我们觉得仿佛自己是在他们所 描绘的场景中与他们同台扮演着角色.
• It is popular for the fine views from the summit of the mountain. • 从山顶远眺,湖光山色,尽收眼底;这儿风景绝佳,遐迩闻 名. • 译者从最后一个介词短语译起,倒着译到第二个介词短 语,最后才译原句主谓结构. • One could account for what was observed equally well on the theory that the universe had existed forever or on the theory that it was set in motion at some finite time in such a manner as to look as though it had existed forever. • 当时有两种理论摆在大家面前:一种理论认为,宇宙是 一直存在的;另一种理论认为,宇宙是在某个有限的时 刻启动的,但给人的印象却似乎是一直存在的.但是,不 管按照哪种理论,我们都可以很好地解释所观察到的事 实.

翻译篇_第三章_长句的翻译

翻译篇_第三章_长句的翻译

第一节 英语长句的翻译
一、顺译法
顺译法,又称“顺序法”或“原序译法”。有些英语长句所 述的一连串动作基本按照动作发生的时间先后安排,也有 些英语长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排,这与汉语的表达习 惯颇为一致,基本可以按照原文语序依次译出,而无需做 太大的调整变通。
一、顺译法
第一节 英语长句的翻译 例: The campus is a group of weather-beaten ranch building, with no beautiful classroom structures. 那个校园就是一些饱经风雨剥蚀的牧场建筑群,没有漂亮 的教学楼房。
第一节 英语长句的翻译
• 例: It was our view that the United States could be effective in both the tasks outlined by the President—that is, of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East—if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation. • 如果我们采取行动以便能够继续与中东问题各方面始终保持接触,那 么我们美国就能有效地担当起总统提出的两项任务,那就是在中东结 束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平做出贡献。这就是我们的观点。 • 这个句子是由一个主句、一个同位语从句、一个条件状语从句和一个 目的状语从句组成的。It was our view是主句,也是中心内容。后面 是that引导的同位语从句,还有if 引导的条件状语从句以及由so that 引导的目的状语从句。按照汉语的表达习惯,通常条件在前,事实在 后,这样,在翻译整个句子时,采用了逆译法。

汉语长句的翻译

汉语长句的翻译

长句的翻译是建立在字词和短句翻译基础之上的,同时,长句翻译也是构成篇章翻译的较大单位,处理好了,篇章翻译的质量也就有了保证。

汉语是一种重意合(parataris)、含蓄而又主题突出( topic - prominent)的语言,它具有形式不够具体、成分省略较多、较难确认句子中的主谓成分等特点。

汉语的构句非常注重语义的连贯,所呈现的叙事特点是平铺直叙。

逻辑顺序是汉语构句所遵循的规律,因为汉语在时间上重视“先后顺序”,在逻辑上重视“前因后果关系”。

英语是一种重形合(hypotaxis)、明确、主语突出( subject - prominent)的语言,词形变化多,句子中名词和介词占优势,词与词的结合不像汉语那么自由,它更重视句子形式上的严密法则。

2汉语长句的断句的原则及翻译长句是指字数较多、结构复杂、含有多层语义的句子。

一般来说,汉语的长句有两种: 一种长句是内容丰富、陈述比较细致、成份多而复杂的句子;另一种长句是由复句组成的多重复句,这种表达事物间的逻辑关系的句子,能清楚、明确地说明事物间的联系。

长句之所以要进行断句,是因为汉语句子的结构比较松散,句界比较模糊,多是无连词的复句。

几个逻辑上有关系的独立句子凑到一起,用逗号隔开,就可以组成一个复合句,或者一个主语后面有一系列表并列关系的连动句式,就可以组成一个复合句进行话题评述。

汉语句子总的特点是多用动词,尽可能地省略关联词,大量运用“意合句”和“连动句”。

它的结构是线条式的,不管多少定语和多少复杂的结构形式,都可以一一排列起来组成一个结构严谨的完整的句子。

此外,汉语长句内的分句往往就是一个表示完整意义的句子,可以单列成句。

汉译英时要注意辨明原句中各部分之间的实质关系,首先找出主干,即主语和谓语动词,然后打破原句中的时间和逻辑顺序,按原句中各个组成部分之间不同性质的关系对句子结构重新组织排列,以达到结构严谨、关系明确的目的,使之符合英语的表达习惯。

如果按汉语的结构进行翻译,翻译出来的英语就会成为一个一个简单的独立句,相互之间没有联系,这并不符合英语的句子结构。

长句的翻译-xuesheng

长句的翻译-xuesheng

第八讲长句的翻译大量使用长句结构是科技英语的特点之一。

长句是指含有较多或相当长的词组定语,词组状语等的简单句,或含有数量较多相当长的各种从句的主从复合句及等立复合句。

英语一句话可以表达好几层意思,而汉语习惯用一个小句表一层意思。

由此,译长句时,必须抓住全句的中心内容,弄清各部分之间的关系,分清上下层次及前后联系,然后按照汉语的表达方式,正确地传达原文含义。

长句拆译的方法常用的有以下几种:1、顺序法:长句的顺序与汉语相同时,可以按英语原文的顺序,依次译出。

例1:Bringing more water to the land, improving the soil, providing plant nutrients, teaching the farmer better cultural practices, giving him more efficient tools, etc cannot yield maximum results unless the plants under cultivation are able to respond fully to the improved environment and practices.例2:The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an average of 5.5 percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year rate in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 1981-1982.例3:Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.例4:Typically, when a customer places an order, that order begins a mostly paper-based journey from in-basket to in-basket around the company, often being keyed and rekeyed into different departments computer systems along the way.二、逆序法由于英语惯用前置性陈述,先果后因;而汉语相反,一般先因后果,层层递进,最后综合,点出主题。

长句的翻译

长句的翻译

长句翻译汉语是以分析形式为主的语言,句子结构比较松散。

有时一个句子里存在不少并列成分,但并没有连接词把其中的逻辑关系明显地表现出来。

英语是以综合形式为主的语言,句子结构比较严谨,各个句子成分之间的逻辑关系需要明确彰显。

两种语言在语法结构上的差异加大了长句翻译的难度。

(1)原序对译即顺译法。

这种方法多用于单一主语的长句,但要分清句中的信息重心。

汉语的信息重心在许多情况下不体现在形式上,而体现在内在逻辑关系上。

而英语句子很注重信息的主次之分,主要信息放在突出位置,次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手段。

所以汉译英时,应该把汉语隐性主次关系发掘出来,译成英语的主次表达方式。

通常,汉语中表示“结果、行为动作、推论结论、本质、目的”的部分会译成英语的主句或谓语部分;汉语中表示“时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、方法、手段、状态、说明、解释、非本质、修饰、否定”的部分,在英语中则以从句或非谓语动词的形式体现。

例1:原文:当他活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。

(2005年真题)译文:As long as they are living, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.例2:原文:…一旦隔离,拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里,顿感被打入冷宫,十分郁郁不得志起来。

(2003年真题)译文:Once I was deposed into a cold palace on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.例3:原文:我在山坡的小屋里,悄悄掀起窗帘,窥见园中大千世界,一片喧闹。

第五章 翻译的语言对比规律

第五章 翻译的语言对比规律

第五章翻译的语言对比规律一、语义的差异(1)完全对应New York, mathematics, pneumonia, head, mouth, airport(2)部分或大部分对应1.I have no experience as a parent.2.She is my cousin.(3)完全或大部分不对应things 教材P68-69 S1-5如出一撤P1571.Opening/ closing speech2.bite off more than one can chew3.scratch one’s head4.scratch the surface5.my English stinks6.It all happened in the twinkling of an eye.7.He is well over forty.8.This hotel tries to create a homelike atmosphere9.He tried to concentrate on the news over the radio, but hiseyes kept on closing.10.H e shook his head.特别提醒P15911.A ll of us know he ( the speaker) is a busybody.12.(not ) for love or money13.O ur firm is on the rocks.14.H e was quite at fault.15.H is fingers are all thumbs.大同小异P1591.National minority2.Sum total3.License suspension4.You should think twice before doing it.5.Some students like to burn the midnight oil.6.I’ll eat my hat/head/boots if …7.In no case will they look on with folded arms.8.That night they had a heart to heart talk.9.The committee sat on our proposal for several months.搁置10.I didn’t enjoy hot weather in summer, but we have to livewith it, don’t we?但是没办法11.H e just clammed up and wouldn’t talk.拒不开口搭配P1611.sound sleep sound judgment准确判断2.heavy rain / snow; heavy weather恶劣天气3.keep a diary keep/ observe Spring Festival过春节keep hens/pets4.instant coffee/ instant noodle审视角度P162fire engine fire hose tear gas dump truckdust cover reading lampcombination lock placement test pocket moneynext-door neighbor broad jumpstop watch borrowed prosperity思维方式P1621.the rush to learn English rush hours Christmas rush,football craze2.he has no ear for music3.The noise gets on my nerves.4.have a butterfly in the stomach.心里紧张5.Words and figures differ on this check.差异悬殊P1641.The employee was summarily dismissed.2.The murderer was arrested red-handed.3.Bad habits die hard.4.What’s done cannot be undone.5.It’s better to be the safe side.还是稳妥点好6.My husband sends me flowers once in a blue moon.千载难逢7.Today we have reached a stage of realizing that rivers can bepolluted past praying for.现在我们意识到河流受到污染可能已到了无法挽救的地步。

英语翻译长句翻译的译文

英语翻译长句翻译的译文

Translation Exercises: (长句的翻译3)Sentence translation:1. A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.燃料是一种物质,在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。

2.They aorked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方法,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。

3. There are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。

4. There are some metals which posess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.某些金属既能导电,又能被磁化。

5. This type of meter is called a multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.这种仪表称为万用表,用来测量电。

6. Fine grains of dust can reflect blue light, which coars grains of dust cannot.微粒粉尘能反射蓝光,但粗粒粉尘却不能。

7. A solid fuel, like coal or wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air.固体燃料,如煤和木材,只能在表面燃烧,因为表面接触空气。

8. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我们知道,由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线,所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。

长句的翻译

长句的翻译

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逆译法
英语构句从“动词着眼”,辅之于时间顺序和逻辑顺序。 英语惯用前置性陈述,先果后因;而汉语则相反,一般先 因后果,层层递进,最后综合,点出主题。处理这类句子 宜先译全句的后部,再依次向前,逆序译出。 英语“头重脚轻”,汉语“头轻尾重” 例:Time goes fast for one(1), who has a sense of beauty(2), when there are pretty children in a pool and young Diana on the edge(3), to receive with wonder anything you can catch!(4) 译文:当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里,又有个年轻的狄安 娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候,如果你懂 得什么叫美的话,时间是过得很快的!
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结构分析法
大拆大卸:要弄清英语长句复句的意思,首先要找到主句,弄清它的主语 和谓语,弄清修饰主语、谓语的有哪些成分。然后找到从句和引导词,如 果引导词被省略了,那么可以作出合理推测,从而弄清主句和从句的关系。 经过这样的“大拆大卸”,一般来说长句的意思可以弄明白。
例句:Although it is we who are really moving, the stars all seem to circle round a point exactly above our North Pole if we live at the north of the equator.
译文:虽然真正移动着的是我们,但如果我们在赤道北面的话, 却似乎是星星都在围绕着我们的北极星正上方的一点来转动。
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长句翻译参考译文

长句翻译参考译文

Put the following long sentences into Chinese.1. The united Nations Secretary General says he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.联合国秘书长说他确信安理会会批准与伊拉克达成的有关联合国武器核查人员的协议。

(顺译)2. Since the molecules of a gas are much too far from each other to repel or attract each other, it is very easy to compress a gas, while a solid or liquid is almost incompressible, because the repulsion of the electric charges of which its atoms are made up are far stronger than any force we can apply.由于气体分子相隔太远,不能互相排斥或吸引,所以气体很容易压缩。

而固体或液体几乎是不可压缩的,因为其原子的电荷斥力比我们所能施加的任何力都要强得多。

(顺译)3.In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago---although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it.虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多,而一个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分,但事实上,各学科之间界线却变得越来越模糊不清,科学再次近似与两百年前那样的“单一整体”。

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• Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. • 能量是生态系统的流通货币。只有当食物 转化为能量,能量再用来获取更多的食物 以供生长、繁殖和生存,生命才成为可能。
Chapter 5-3 translation of Long sentence 1. 按顺序直译 当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例: • Visual cues from audience can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. • 听众的反应可能表明,演讲过于拖沓,演讲者在 某一点上讲的太多,或者在某一点上还需要作进 一步的解释。
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentences
• Hypotaxis means “subordination”. That is, the words or phrases in a sentence are combined or joined each other through connectives, different forms of nouns, verbs. • Parataxis actually means “of parallel structure”. The words in a phrase and the clauses in a sentence seem to be parallel on the surface because the connectives are often not required or omitted.
Chapter 5-3 translation of Long sentence
• The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new mown hay, are of a simpler nature.
Chapter 5-3 translation of Long Sentences
• 一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语多; (2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentences
• 在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: –(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把 握句子的结构。 –(2)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如,是否为主语 从句,宾语从句,表语从句等。若是状语, 它是 表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等)。 –(3)注意插入语等其他成分。 –(4)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
2. 倒置(reversing) • 长句翻译中的倒置主要是指句子的前后结 构调换。有时英语长句的叙述顺序与汉语 表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反。 • 例如,表判断的句型:
– 英语:判断部分 + 事实部分 – 汉语:事实部分 + 判断部分
• 这时可以从原文后面译起,逆着原文的顺 序翻译。
பைடு நூலகம்
• Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. • 许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资也要换 取成为白领员工的特殊地位。这在西方倒 是人之常情。(放在句尾,表结论)
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentence
我国著名的语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子 的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。” 由于英语是“法治”的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,
许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相
反,由于是“人治”,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的 意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因, 对于英语里面长而复杂的句子,“英译中”时经常翻译 成许多短小的句子。
• Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. • 对于现代科技书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 如 果作者希望自己书中的内容能跟上新思想、 新观点和新发现, 那么就应该每隔较短的时 间, 将书中的内容重新修订。
• The president said at the press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. • 在记者招待会上,由于问题集中于昨天的选举结 果,总统就此发了言。他说他难以解释共和党为 何遭到如此惨败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去 在众议院中长期占有的多数地位。
Chapter 5-1 Translation of Long Sentence
4. 综合法
有些英语长句,若单独使用顺序法、逆序 法或分译法,均不足以传达原文的含义。 此时可采用综合法:或按照时间顺序,或 按照逻辑顺序,有顺有逆、有主有次地对 全句进行综合处理。
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentence
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentence • 汉语强调意合(parataxis),结构较松散,因此简 单句较多; 英语强调形合(hypotaxis),结构较严密,因此长 句较多。 • 汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、 不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成 长句; • 而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副 词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分 与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断, 译成汉语分句。
• All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. • 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就 可以看到电视剧、电影、戏剧、 以及其他各种 各样的文艺节目。至于政论节目以及最新的激动 人心的足球赛事,则更是不在话下。
• But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology. • 但是艺术史关注的不仅仅是这些,因为艺 术反映的不单是一个民族的政治价值观, 而且还有他们的宗教信仰、情感和心理状 态。
Step1.那些时常萦绕心头的画面…其实并不复杂。 Step2. …一闻到玫瑰花香或新鲜草料的气息便会 让人记起的画面… Step3.那些时常萦绕心头、一闻到玫瑰花香或新 鲜草料的气息,便会猛然记起的画面,其实并不 复杂。
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentences
• It remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supply world economy which would have grown by 500 percent. • 如果世界经济真的以5 倍于现有的速度增 长,那么原材料的储备能否满足其需求, 尚不得而知。
Chapter 5 Translation of Long Sentence
3. 分句法 (splitting) 有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的 关系并不密切。 翻译时可以按照汉语多用 短句的习惯, 把长句化整为零,把从句或 短语化成句子, 分开来叙述。 通常情况下,在原句的关系代词、关系 副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处分 割长句,译成汉语分句。为了使语意连惯, 有时需要适当增加词语。
• There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. • 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节 目及装有污染监测器的汽车。一旦这些汽 车污染超标(或违规),监测器就会使其 停驶。
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