人教版高中英语选修8教师用书：Unit 2 Section_Ⅳ Grammar_-_Writing(含答案)
Section_ⅣGrammar_&_Writing
复习同位语
一、同位语
同位语是句子成分的一种，主要用于对名词进行解释与说明。可充当同位语的有名词(词组)、代词、数词、形容词(短语)、动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)及从句等。
1．名词、代词或数词充当同位语
I live with my uncle Tom.
我和汤姆叔叔住在一起。
We each put forward a proposal.
我们每人提出了一个建议。
She is the oldest among them six.
她是他们6人中年纪最大的。
2．名词词组、形容词(词组)、动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)等充当同位语
Zhu Zhiwen, a diligent farmer and brilliant singer, is really a hit throughout China.
朱之文，一位勤劳的农民、才华横溢的歌唱家，轰动了全中国。
Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?
逃避惩罚，这就是你的目的？
二、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它一般放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。
1．同位语从句的连接词
主要有that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。其中that, whether不作成分，that无实际意义，whether意为“是否”；其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。
The news that he was punished soon spread on the Internet.
他被惩罚的消息很快在因特网上传开了。
The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.
我们是否继续做这个实验的问题已经被解决。
I have no idea where he lives.
我不知道他住在哪里。
[考题印证]
①(重庆高考改编)—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea why he did it; that’s one of his favorite universities.
②(浙江高考改编)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief that you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
③(江苏高考改编)The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be postponed.
④(重庆高考改编)Evidence has been found through years of study thatchildren’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
2．同位语从句的注意事项
(1)分隔式同位语从句：有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句，这样做主要是为了保持句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。
A saying goes that practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧是谚语。
(2)名词suggestion, order, demand, command, request等后的同位语从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“(should＋)do”。
Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.
老师给了我们一些如何使用电脑的建议。
(3)名词doubt (怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether引导；no doubt (毫无疑问)后的同位语从句用that引导。
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
我们怀疑他们能否按时完成任务。
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.
张卫会守信的，这是毫无疑问的。
3．同位语从句和定语从句的区别
which代替
whether/
how
不作成分，起连接作用“是否”；“如
何”
不引导定语从句
wh-类连
接词
作成分，起连接作用，有自己的含义，
但与先行词之间无关
作成分，起连接作用，没有自己的含义，
但是代替先行词在从句中作成分
吉姆得知整个村子都处在极度危险中的消息。(that引导同位语从句，解释说明the news 的内容)
Do you know the news (that/which) Jim told me?
你知道吉姆告诉我的那个消息吗？(that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空
1．I have no idea when he will come back.
2．The question whether we need more time to do the work or not has not been discussed.
3．We express the hope that they will come to visit China again.
4．The news that they won the match is true.
5．The news that/which you told us yesterday is true.
6．Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
Ⅱ.将下列每组句子合并成一个带同位语从句的复合句
1．Will the sports meeting be held on time? The question will be discussed tomorrow.
The_question_whether_the_sports_meeting_will_be_held_on_time_will_be_discuss ed_tomorrow.
2．The headmaster will join us in hiking this Sunday. We are glad at the news.
We_are_glad_at_the_news_that_the_headmaster_will_join_us_in_hiking_this_Sund ay.
3．Where are we going for the holiday? Have you thought about the question?
Have_you_thought_about_the_question_where_we_are_going_for_the_holiday?
4．A new teacher will teach us English next term. The message reached me yesterday.
The_message_that_a_new_teacher_will_teach_us_English_next_term_reached_me_ye sterday.
5．How did the accident come about? The driver refused to answer the policeman’
s question.
The_driver_refused_to_answer_the_policeman’s_question_how_the_accident_came_about.
如何写议论文
假如你叫李华，是一位高中生。随着科技的发展，iPad已成为中学生的新宠。用iPad 既可听音乐、阅读纯文本电子书，又可玩电子游戏。请你用英语给某英语报社写一封信，谈谈中学生使用iPad的情况。信的内容须包括以下几点：
1．使用iPad对学习的好处；
2．对课堂纪律和学习可能产生的负面影响；
3．提出自己的建议并说明理由。
注意：可适当发挥，词数100左右。Dear Editor，
①I’m a senior high school student, named Li Hua.②Now many students have iPads and think it’s a fashion to use them.③Using an iPad, we can listen to music, download a lot of learning materials and read them on the screen.④Apparently, it is helpful to our study, especially to our English listening.
⑤Some students, however, bring their iPads to classroom and listen to music with earphones, which makes the teacher and other students greatly annoyed.⑥Some of them even waste precious time in class playing video games.
⑦In my opinion, as a student, we should make good use of iPad to help achieve academic success.⑧Our classroom is a place for students to study, and therefore concentration is awfully needed for us to learn our lessons.⑨Furthermore, the school should make it a rule to guide the students to use iPads in a proper way.
Yours，
Li Hua
第一段：说明了使用iPad的好处；
第二段：说明了使用iPad的弊端；
第三段：提出自己的建议。
亮点一：较为复杂句式、结构的运用。如①句中采用named Li Hua过去分词短语作定语；
③句为非谓语动词作状语的用法；⑤句使用了which引导的非限定性定语从句。
亮点二：连词、副词等的恰当使用使得文章上下文连贯，浑然一体，上下句之间、段与段之间非常紧凑。如④句中especially一词的使用；⑤句中转折词however的使用；⑨句中表示递进关系的furthermore的使用等。
亮点三：另外，整篇文章非常注重长短句的结合，这样使读者读起来跌宕起伏，很具有艺术色彩，也使文章富有节奏感和美感。
议论文是一种以议论为主要表达方式的文体，就是摆事实、讲道理，并要求通过多方面的分析，把道理说通、说透。
1．篇章特点
议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义；论据的基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式。
2．主要形式
(1)辩论式议论文：综述辩论内容→表达正方观点和理由→表达反方观点及理由→陈述自己的观点。
(2)批驳式议论文：表述错误观点及其理由→表达与该观点相反的观点及理由→陈述自己的观点。
(3)反映社会现象式议论文：提出一种社会现象→表达该现象产生的原因→陈述对社会和生活的影响→阐述如何杜绝该现象及对前景的预测。
3．写作步骤
(1)开头(引论)，用以引出一个令人关注的问题。
(2)主体(本论)，是全文的主要部分，对提出的问题进行分析、推论，运用材料对观点进行论证，使论点得到充分的支持。
(3)结尾(结论)，对主题部分作出概括，总结论点所要讲解、论证的问题。
[黄金表达]
1．提出议题
①A recent survey shows that ...
②There is a heated debate over ...
③As can be seen from the table/graph/picture ...
2．分析问题
④first of all, for one thing ... for another ...; on the contrary; on the one hand, on the other hand; last but not least ...
⑤People hold different views about ...
⑥Different students have different views/opinions.
⑦There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.
⑧On the whole, there are two different opinions on the problem.
⑨ ... while others take an opposite side, some firmly believe that ...
3．得出结论
⑩in my opinion; as far as I am concerned
?As for me, I agree with the former/latter idea.
?Personally, I agree with ...
目前，越来越多的中学生利用周末上各种各样的培训班或请家教。对于这一现象，存在两种不同观点：
有必要没有必要
有老师辅导比自己学好；有更多
机会和老师互动；可以弥补上课
错过或没听懂的东西
容易养成依赖习惯；学生需要时
间休息和娱乐；导致有的学生在
常规课堂上不认真听讲
100词左右的短文，反映表中内容，并简要阐述自己的观点。
说明：层次清晰，连贯流畅；表达灵活，不要逐字逐句翻译。
参考词汇：家庭教师tutor
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
参考范文：
Are training classes or tutors necessary?
Some think it necessary to do so. Firstly, it’s more effective to study with a teacher’s help than by themselves. Secondly, you can have more chances to communicate with teachers. Besides, you can make up for what you miss or fail to understand in classes on weekdays.
Others think it unnecessary. For one thing, students can easily form the habit of dependence. For another, students need time for rest and recreation at weekend. What’s worse, attending training classes or hiring tutors even causes some students not to listen attentively in their regular classes.
In my opinion, whether a training class or tutor is needed just depends. If you are really very weak at or interested in a certain subject, maybe it’s OK for you.
But be sure to choose a good and suitable class or teacher, otherwise it would be a waste of time and money.
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17. blast[bl?st]n.一阵（风）；一股（气流） 18. hoarse[h?:s]adj.嘶哑的 19. bless[bles]vt.祝福；保佑 20. selfish['selfi?]adj.自私的 21. hook[h?k]n.钩；吊钩vt.钩住；入迷 22. aboard[??b?:d]adv.＆perp.在船（飞机） 23. seasickness['si:siknis]n. 晕船 24. anyhow['enihau]adv.无论如何 25. steward[stju?d]n.（轮船、飞机等）乘务员；膳
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考点1. 定语从句辨别。 2. 定语从句中先行词的辨别。 3. 定语从句中选用关系代词。 存在的问题1. 主从复合句中分不清主句和定语从句。 2. 找不出定语从句的先行词 3. 分辨不清先行词在定语从句中担当句子成分Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a modern hero 语法点定语从句Ⅱ（关系副词） 考点1. 定语从句辨别。 2. 定语从句中先行词的辨别。 3. 定语从句中选用关系副词。 存在的问题1. 找不出定语从句的先行词 2. 分辨不清先行词在定语从句中担当句子成分 必修2 Unit1 Cultural relics 语法点限制定从和非限定从 考点1. 辨别定从和非限定从 2. that 不能用于非限定从 3. as与which 引导非限定从的区别 存在的问题1. 关系代词和关系副词的选择 2. 分不清关系副词也能引导非限定从 Unit 2 The Olympic Games 语法点一般将来时的被动语态
人教版高中英语必修10课文逐句翻译(高二)
人教版选修10课文译文 一次成功的失败经历 如果起初不成功，就要一次又一次地尝试。——W·C·菲尔兹 1914 年 8 月，珀斯·布莱克鲍罗参加了欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士的“持久号”轮船南极探险。沙克尔顿是他那个时代最负盛名的探险家，加入他的探险活动被认为是一种巨大的荣耀。现在请看读帕斯所讲故事的第一部分。 1916 年 8 月 29 日慢慢地，我把头探出睡袋，向四周看了看。一切都是灰色的：小屋里面看上去是灰色的，晨曦看上去是灰色的，燃油炉上噗噗作响的罐子也是灰色的。同往常一样，气味中混合着汗液、海豹油脂和脏内衣的味道，几乎让人难以忍受。我尝试着想一些快乐的事情：温暖和干爽的衣服、舒适的卧室、阳光灿烂的日子、妈妈的脸庞，以及返家后得到的庆贺，因为我是试图横穿南极大陆的一次失败探险活动的成员之一，这种事以前还没有人做过。正想到这儿，一条黑毛毯掉下来把我盖住，几乎把美好时光的记忆封闭住了。 一想到由于冻伤变黑而必须截去的腐烂的脚趾头，我就感到喘不过气来。我们的境况让人绝望，谁也不清楚会不会活着回去。也许好些年后，我们的尸体会被其他探险队所辨认并搜集起来。 正当我快要变得自我怜惜起来时，我们营棚的门开了，一股冷空气穿过营棚。“把门关上!”我用一种自己都快辨认不出来的沙哑的嗓音嚷嚷道。“坚持下去，珀斯。不要变成另一个汤姆。”一个声音在应答。“我们又逮住了一只企鹅，今晚有企鹅汤喝了!”保佑弗兰克一吓尔德，他可是我们的头儿欧内斯特·沙克尔顿之外最好的人啦。我怎么能像汤姆·奥德·利兹那样自私自利和脾气暴躁呢!我挣扎着下床，新的一天开始了。 当初宣布探险活动时，我才 20 岁，老梦想着要去冒险。所以在 1914 年 7 月的一个早晨，我是怀着无比激动的心情读以下这则广告的： 为危险之旅招募人手：工资低廉、寒冷无比、数月不见天日、无法确保安全返回。如果成功，荣耀和报酬将会接踵而至。欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士。 同伟大的欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士去南极探险——我被深深地迷住了!我是探险的门外汉，但我年轻，身体健康而且精力充沛。我偷偷地上了“持久号”轮船，藏在一个小橱里。直到轮船已开始航行了，我才被人发现，而且晕船晕得很厉害。不管怎么说，沙克尔顿似乎对我傻乎乎的行为感兴趣，并且接受了这种局面。他让我当一名伙计，协助做 28 个人一天三顿的饭菜。 1915 年 1 月 18 日，正当我们接近南极时，“持久号”被海上的浮冰(有的坚固无比，有的破裂成若干巨大的冰块浮在水上)卡住了。周围的冰都冻结了，我们千真万确地被困住了!轮船在我们的眼前慢慢地被挤坏。我相信沙克尔顿肯定会对这次探险意想不到的结局而痛心，但他并没有把时间浪费在遗憾和悔恨中。他镇静地把大家召集在一起，然后紧急宣布我们必须在船沉下去之前，只抢出基本给养，尤其是小船、食物、炊具、蜡烛、卧具和衣服。为了显示自己的决心，沙克尔顿把一些金币和他的金表扔到冰上。然而，让我感到惊讶的是，他竟鼓励赫西带上班卓琴。他把班卓琴描述成让我们保持精神振奋的关键。 他的顽强精神赢得了我们对他的完全信赖。他对我们也总是坦诚相待(就像广告中那样)，他从不灰心丧气，从不放弃，甚至当轮船沉下去时也是如此。1916 年 4 月 9 日，我们搬到了大象岛上现在的宿营地。不久沙克尔顿给我们这里的生活列出了规矩：取消级别和社会地位上的差异，每个人都得忙起来；公平分配食物和卧具；关心每一个人。这种团队精神鼓舞了船员们的士气，并挽救了我们的生命。 我们在大象岛上一安顿好，沙克尔顿就马上向大家解释了他的营救计划：22 人留在这里，他挑选其他五个人去南乔治亚求援。由于谁也不知道我们身处何地，所以不能指望任何外部救援。我永远也不会忘记眼看着小船从哗哗作响的波浪中消失在波涛汹涌的大洋里的情景。留在大象岛上的人发誓要按他所主张的那样做：在他返回来救我们之前要保持乐观、恢复健康。