高考科技文阅读真题汇编
10年(2013-2022)全国语文高考真题汇编专题12 标点符号 解析版
专题12 标点符号【2022年】一、(2022·全国甲卷)阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
能否将珍贵的文物置于掌中观赏品味?能否步入千年墓穴一探究竟?能否与未曾展出的国宝亲密接触?……与过去相比,今天的博物馆已经发生了①_______________的变化。
有了科技的助力,这些往日因时空限制而②_______________的事情都已成为现实。
“博物馆+高科技”让那些沉睡千年的古物“活”在了今人面前,为越来越多的人带来不一样的观展体验,让他们可以去那些原本“去不了”的地方,看那些本来“看不到的事物”。
故宫博物院举办的那场名为《清明上河图3.0》的高科技互动展演艺术,用现代超高清数字技术完美融合古代绘画艺术。
观众们沿着张择端的笔触走进繁华的北宋都城汴梁,穿梭于楼台之间,泛舟于汴河之上,观两岸人来人往,看水鸟掠过船篷。
沉浸其中,确有一种③______________的情趣。
在2016年的纪念殷墟妇好墓考古发掘四十周年特展上,首都博物馆利用虚拟技术带领观众“回到”妇好墓的考古发掘现场,上下6层、深达7.5米的妇好墓葬④_______________。
此外还有一些博物馆利用虚拟技术,以数字化方式展现文物全貌。
观众只需在屏幕上滑动手指,就可近距离、全角度现赏文物,将静置于展柜中、封存进仓库里、消散在过往中的历史“托在手上”,全方位观察岁月留下的每一处细痕。
19.文中多处用了引号,下列四处引号中用法和其他三处不同的一项是()A.古物“活”在了今人面前B.去那些原本“去不了”的地方C.带领观众“回到”妇好墓的考古发掘现场D.将静置于展柜中、封存进仓库里、消散在过往中的历史“托在手上”【答案】19.B【解析】19.本题考查学生正确使用标点符号的能力。
A.表特殊含义。
B.表突出强调。
C.表特殊含义。
D.表特殊含义。
故选B。
二、(2022·浙江卷)阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
【甲】翻开《精神的力量——航天精神引领中华民族探索浩瀚宇宙》一书,中国航天事业的历程一一展现,字里行间全是澎湃的热情,全是珍贵的回忆。
历年(2020-2024)全国高考语文真题分类(语言文字运用)汇编(附答案)
历年(2020-2024)全国高考语文真题分类(语言文字运用)汇编一、(2023ꞏ天津卷ꞏ高考真题)阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
音乐,充满奇情幻想,它对人类来说有着一种不可摆脱的魅力。
古人听了一曲好的音乐,说有“绕梁三日”之感。
孔子在齐国听到《韶》乐,甚至“三月不知肉味”。
唐代是一个诗和音乐的时代,在那个时代,诗和音乐结合的盛况,表现在诗被谱之以曲,可以随处演奏咏唱;也表现在音乐已成为诗人们创作诗歌时喜爱的(),出现了不少将音乐美与文学美结合得很好的作品。
其中韩愈的《听颖师弹琴》,白居易的《琵琶行》,李贺的《李凭箜篌引》,不仅表现了无比美妙的音乐世界,而且也体现了令人惊叹的音乐美,堪称精品中的精品,被推许为“摹写声音至文”。
这些作品把前所未有的高超艺术和出神入化的描写创设的神奇音乐境界,堪称千古绝唱。
白居易描摹形象,严格按照音乐的本来面貌,全部运用人们生活中()的事物设喻,朴实自然,亲切可闻;李贺则运用了大胆的夸张、神奇的想象、瑰丽的比喻,足使鬼泣,极其浪漫;而韩愈不论描摹音乐形象,还是()音乐效果,既不乏巧妙的夸张、丰富的联想、新颖的比喻,又让人虽感到奇险而不觉得怪诞。
清代方扶南评价这三首诗说:“__________。
”这看来是很有道理的,因为它恰好说明了这三首诗在音乐描写上所表现出来的不同风格。
(取材于郑喜林文章) 1.依次填入文中括号内的词语,最恰当的一组是()A.题材司空见惯渲染 B.题材触手可及浸染C.体裁司空见惯浸染 D.体裁触手可及渲染2.下列填入文中画线处的句子,最恰当的一项是()A.韩足以移人,李足以惊天,白足以泣鬼B.韩足以移人,李足以泣鬼,白足以惊天C.韩足以惊天,李足以泣鬼,白足以移人D.韩足以泣鬼,李足以移人,白足以惊天3.文章中画波浪线句子有语病,下列修改正确的一项是()A.这些作品以前所未有的高超艺术和出神入化的描写创设的神奇音乐境界,堪称千古绝唱。
B.这些作品以前所未有的高超艺术和出神入化的描写创设了神奇音乐境界,堪称千古绝唱。
2019年高考语文《关于“大数据”》现代文阅读试题及答案汇编
2019年高考语文《关于“大数据”》现代文阅读试题及答案汇编学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、现代文阅读阅读下面的文字,完成后面问题。
近年来伴随着不少国家的宽带化战略的实施、云计算服务的起步、物联网应用的铺开和移动互联网的崛起,数据量与时俱增,数据处理能力也发展迅速,数据量积累到一定程度其资源属性越加明晰,显示出开发的价值。
同时,社会的节奏越来越快,要求快速的反应和精细的管理,急需借助对数据的分析来科学决策,催生了对大数据开发的需求,大数据被称为将引发生活、工作和思维变革的一次革命。
大数据是相对于一般数据而言的,目前对大数据尚缺权威的严格定义,但较普遍的解释是指“难以用常规的软件工具在容许的时间内对其内容进行抓取、管理和处理的数据集合”。
规模大是大数据的标志之一,但大数据之所以难处理不仅在于规模大,更大的挑战是其随时间的变化快和类型的多样性,根据可否用表格或关系数据库的表和视图来表示而区分为结构型和非结构型数据,照片和视频等就是典型的非结构数据。
随时间和类型的变化增加了大数据的复杂性但也同时丰富了大敷据的内涵。
通常用4V (VolumE.Velocity、Variety、Value)来反映大数据的特征,即量大、增长快、多样性和高价值。
从这一点来看,对大数据仅仅冠以“大”这一形容词是不全面的,只不过在大数据的4V中,规模相对于变化和类型这两个特征容易定量,而且即便是单一类型的数据集(例如文本文件),只要有足够的规模也能称得上大数据。
数据的规模越大,通常对数据挖掘所得到的事物演变规律越可信,数据分析的结果也越有代表性,因此对大数据这一词汇突出其规模大这一特征也是可理解的。
大数据不仅是一种资源,也是一种方法,伴随大数据产生数据密集型科学,有人将它称为是继实验科学、理论科学和计算科学之后的第四种科学研究模式,这一研究模式的特点表象为不在意数据的杂乱,但强调数据的量;不要求数据精准,但看重其代表性;不刻意追求因果关系,但重视规律总结。
科技黑箱阅读答案
篇一:科技黑箱阅读答案篇二:科技黑箱阅读答案2012年高考语文试题分类汇编:科技文阅读(含答案)3作者:佚名资料来源:网络点击数:2012年高考语文试题分类汇编:科技文阅读(含答案)3文章来源莲山课件 w ww.5 y k j.co m (天津卷)二、(9分)下面的文字,完成6~8题。
生态文明是人类遵循自然、社会和人的和谐发展的客观规律而取得的物质与精神成果的总和,其实质是人与自然、人与社会及人与人和谐共生、良性循环、全面发展、持续繁荣。
生态文明不仅是经济、政治和社会发展的重大问题,同时也是一个哲学问题。
生态哲学将生态理念引向社会生活,将自在的哲学本质转换为自为的生态智慧。
西方深层生态学的代表人物奈斯说:“今天我们需要的是一种极其扩展的生态理想,我称之为生态智慧。
”生态智慧重建的不仅是自然生态平衡,更重要的是要重建人的精神生态和整个文明生态的平衡。
现代人类面临的生态危机不仅包括外部自然生态的危机,而是也包括社会内部的自然生态的危机,前者导致自然生态平衡的破坏,后者导致人类社会系统的破坏。
生态哲学是走向生态文明的理论准备,是人与自然关系反思后的生态觉悟,以及作为这种觉悟的生态智慧和理念在社会生活领域的扩展和推进。
生态文明既反映人类对自然生态的认识和改造,又反映人类将认识和改造自然生态所获得的积极成果应用于社会实践所取得的一系列积极成果,包括:人与自然的协调关系的重建、人与人的协调关系的构建、人类文明构成的协调关系的创建。
人与自然关系的重建是要建立自然生态,即从根本上解决人类发展同自然的矛盾,这是人类社会关系协调的基础;人与人的协调关系的构建则是要建立社会生态,是使各种社会矛盾的合理解决获得和谐有序的状态,这是自然生态重建的根本保障;人类各种文明构成的协调关系的创建目的是建立多元互补的文化生态,为社会生态的构建营造和谐有序的文明环境,为自然生态的重建奠定健康稳定的社会基础。
新课标第一网6. 下列关于“生态文明”的表述,正确的一项是 a.生态文明是指人类建设和谐社会所应遵循的自然、社会与人和谐发展的客观规律。
历年高考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解科技说明文(含答案)
历年高考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解科技说明文(2023年1月浙江卷)CA machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the sys tem knows what it's talking about.”What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.28.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph?A.To explain the use of a software program.B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater.C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater.D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition.29.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Arguments.B. Doubts.C. Errors.D. Differences.30.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond?A. Create rules.B. Comprehend meaning.C. Talk fluently.D. Identify difficult words.31.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed.C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.(2023年1月浙江卷)DAccording to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed ( 安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Mackn ick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” s olar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home garde ns, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soilimprovement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.32.What do solar developers often ignore?A.The decline in the demand for solar energy.B.The negative impact of installing solar panels.C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms.D.The most recent advances in solar technology.33.What does InSPIRE aim to do?A.Improve the productivity of local farms.B.Invent new methods for controlling weeds.C.Make solar projects environmentally friendly.D.Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.34.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?A. To conserve pollinators.B. To restrict solar development.C. To diversify the economy.D. To ensure the supply of energy.35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Pollinators: To Leave or to StayB. Solar Energy: Hope for the FutureC. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Solar Farms: A New Development(2022年全国乙卷)CCan a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s eyes in the sky technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts.By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-valueservices for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.B.Drones ability to work at high altitudes.C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.D. Drones reliable performance in remote areas.29. What does maintenance underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Personnel safety.B. Assistance from drones.C. Inspection and repair.D. Construction of infrastructure.30. What function is expected of the rail drones?A. To provide early warning.B. To make trains run automatically.C. To earn profits for the crews.D. To accelerate transportation.31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. What Faults Can Be Detected with DronesB. How Production of Drones Can Be ExpandedC. What Difficulty Drone Development Will FaceD. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways(2022年全国Ⅰ卷)DHuman speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touchingthe lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?A. Its variety.B. Its distribution.C. Its quantity.D. Its development.33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B. They could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of human beings.(2022年全国Ⅱ卷)DAs we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner."Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of non aerobic(无氧)exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health."We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump(泵送)a lot more blood during exercise." But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn't change, he says."The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all."Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A. The right way of exercising.B. The causes of a heart attack.C. The difficulty of keeping fit.D. The aging process of the heart.33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?A. Diet plan.B. Professional background.C. Exercise type.D. Previous physical condition.34. What does Levine's research find?A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?A. Making use of the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.C. Conducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.(2022年北京卷)DQuantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of do llars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparin g what we are doing with others.”Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend oranyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?A.His dominance in physics.B.The competition in the field.C.His confidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment of tech companies.33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?A.Open.B.Cool.eful.D.Resistant.34. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?(2022年浙江卷)BAll around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages.Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to natur e is often not that easy,” says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from theatmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.24. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?A. It has achieved notable success.B. It is led by a number of schools.C. It began in Europe in the 1970s.D. It will spread to the countryside.25. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?A. To promote eco-tourism.B. To improve forestry research.C. To popularise gardening.D. To get people close to nature.26. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.C. They are foreign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.(2021年全国Ⅱ卷)DAn Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签)on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape,color and texture (质地)of grass. That way,cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concems about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their valuehas risen, making them appealing targets.32.What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?A. Soil pollution.ck of workers.C.Aging machines.D. Low profitability.33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?A.Monitor the quality of grass.B.Cure the diseased cattle.C.Move cattle to another field.D.Predict weather changes.34.Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?A. He wants to help them earn a living.B.He thinks men can do the job better.C. He is inexperienced in using robots.D.He enjoys the traditional way of life.35.How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?A.Increase the value of cattle.B. Bring down the cost of labor.C.Make the job more appealing.D.Keep cattle from being stolen.(2021年全国乙卷)You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin V on Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash.Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源)of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of V on Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, V on Wong wanted to illustrate(说明)a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” V on Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.V on Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.28.What are V on Wong's artworks intended for?______A.Beautifying the city he lives in.B.Introducing eco-friendly products.C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.D.Reducing garbage on the beach.29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?______A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.B.To explain why they are useful.C.To voice his views on modern art.D.To find a substitute for them.30. What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers?______A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?______A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic SafetyB.Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC.Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures(2020全国I卷)DThe connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another,employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,"explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team f ound that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can besprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off"switch"where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants’ lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?(2020年全国II卷)BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.。
高三生物选修《现代生物科技专题》高考真题汇编习题及答案
2018届现代生物科技专题真题汇编1、2013全国课标卷Ⅰ阅读如下材料:材料甲:科学家将牛生长激素基因导入小鼠受精卵在;得到了体型巨大的“超级小鼠”;科学家采用农杆菌转化法培育出转基因烟草..材料乙:T4溶菌酶在温度较高时易失去活性;科学家对编码T4溶菌酶的基因进行改造;使其表达的T4溶菌酶的第3位的异亮氨酸变为半胱氨酸;在该半胱氨酸与第97为的半胱氨酸之间形成了一个二硫键;提高了T4溶菌酶的耐热性..材料丙:兔甲和兔乙是同一物种的两个雌性个体;科学家将兔甲受精卵发育成的胚胎移植到兔乙的体内;成功产出兔甲的后代;证实了同一物种的胚胎可在不同个体的体内发育..回答下列问题:1材料甲属于基因工程的范畴..将基因表达载体导入小鼠的受精卵中常用法..构建基因表达载体常用的工具酶有和..在培育转基因植物是;常用农杆菌转化发;农杆菌的作用是..2材料乙属于工程范畴..该工程是指以分子生物学相关理论为基础;通过基因修饰或基因合成;对进行改造;或制造制造一种的技术..在该实例中;引起T4溶菌酶空间结构改变的原因是组成该酶肽链的序列发生了改变..4材料丙属于胚胎工程的范畴..胚胎移植是指将获得的早期胚胎移植到种的、生理状况相同的另一个雌性动物体内;使之继续发育成新个体的技术..在资料丙的实例中;兔甲称为体;兔乙称为体..2、2013全国课标卷Ⅱ甲、乙是染色体数目相同的两种二倍体药用植物;甲含有效成分A;乙含有效成分B..某研究小组拟培育同时含有A和B的新型药用植物..回答下列问题:1为了培养该新型药用植物;可取甲和乙的叶片;先用____ __酶和__ __酶去除细胞壁;获得具有活力的____ ____;再用化学诱导剂诱导二者融合..形成的融合细胞进一步培养形成____ ___组织;然后经过___ ____形成完整的杂种植株..这种培养技术称为_____ ___..2上述杂种植株属于多倍体;多倍体是指_ ..假设甲和乙有性杂交的后代是不育的;而上述杂种植株是可育的;造成这种差异的原因是________ _ ..3这种杂种植株可通过制作人工种子的方法来大量繁殖..经植物组织培养得到的_______ ___ 等材料用人工薄膜包装后可得到人工种子..3、2013天津卷花椰菜易受黑腐病菌的危害而患黑腐病;野生黑芥具有黑腐病的抗性基因..用一定剂量的紫外线处理黑芥原生质体可使其染色体片段化;并丧失再生能力..再利用此原生质体作为部分遗传物质的供体与完整的花椰菜原生质体融合;以获得抗黑腐病杂种植株..流程如下图..据图回答下列问题:1过程①所需的酶是..2过程②后;在显微镜下观察融合的活细胞中有供体的存在;这一特征可作为初步筛选杂种细胞的标志..3原生质体培养液中需要加入适宜浓度的甘露醇以保持一定的渗透压;其作用是..原生质体经过再生;进而分裂和脱分化形成愈伤组织..4若分析再生植株的染色体变异类型;应剪取再生植株和植株的根尖;通过、、染色和制片等过程制成装片;然后在显微镜下观察比较染色体的形态和数目..5采用特异性引物对花椰菜和黑芥基因组DNA 进行PCR 扩增;得到两亲本的差异性条带;可用于杂种植株的鉴定..下图是用该引物对双亲及再生植株1—4 进行PCR 扩增的结果..据图判断;再生植株1—4 中一定是杂种植株的有..6对杂种植株进行接种实验;可筛选出具有高抗性的杂种植株..4、2013山东卷科学家通过诱导黑鼠体细胞去分化获得诱导性多能干细胞iPS;继而利用iPS细胞培育出与黑鼠遗传特性相同的克隆鼠;流程如下:1从黑鼠体内获得体细胞后;对其进行的初次培养称为;培养的细胞在贴壁成长至充链满培养皿底时停止分裂;这种现象称为2图中2—细胞胚胎可用人工方法从灰鼠输卵管内获得;该过程称为;也可从灰鼠体内取出卵子;通过后进行早期胚胎培养获得..3图中重组囊胚通过技术移入白鼠子宫内继续发育;暂不移入的胚胎可使用方法保存..4小鼠胚胎干细胞ES可由囊胚的分离培养获得;iPS与ES细胞同样具有发育全能性;有望在对人类iPS细胞进行定向后用于疾病的细胞治疗..5、2013福建卷克隆猪成功率较低;与早期胚胎细胞的异常凋亡有关..Bcl-2 基因是细胞凋亡抑制基因;用PCR 技术可以检测该基因转录水平;进而了解该基因与不同胚胎时期细胞凋亡的关系..克隆猪的培育及该基因转录水平检测流程如图..请回答:1图中重组细胞的细胞核来自细胞;早期胚胎移入受体子宫后继续发育;经桑椹胚、囊胚和胚最终发育为克隆猪..2在PCR 过程中可检测出cDNA 中Bcl-2 cDNA 的分子数;进而计算总mRNA 中Bcl-2 mRNA 的分子数;从而反映出Bcl-2 基因的转录水平..①图中X 表示过程..②从基因组数据库中查询Bcl-2 mRNA 的核苷酸序列;以便根据这一序列设计合成用于PCR 扩增;PCR 扩增过程第一轮循环的模板是..6、2013海南卷单纯疱疹病毒I型HSV-I可引起水泡性口唇炎..利用杂交瘤技术制备出抗HSV-1的单克隆抗体可快速检测HSV-1..回答下列问题:1在制备抗HSV-I的单克隆抗体的过程中;先给小鼠注射一种纯化的HSV-1蛋白;一段时间后;若小鼠血清中抗__ __的抗体检测呈阳性;说明小鼠体内产生了__ __反应;再从小鼠的_ ___中获取B淋巴细胞..将该B淋巴细胞与小鼠的___ _细胞融合;再经过筛选、检测;最终可获得所需的杂交瘤细胞;该细胞具有的特点是__ __ ..2若要大量制备抗该蛋白的单克隆抗体;可将该杂交瘤细胞注射到小鼠的____中使其增殖;再从___ _中提取、纯化获得..3通过上述方法得到的单克隆抗体可准确地识别这种HSV-I蛋白;其原因是该抗体具有___ _ 和___ _等特性..7、2014新课标Ⅰ卷某研究者用抗原A分别免疫3只同种小鼠X、Y和Z;每只小鼠免疫5次;每次免疫一周后测定各小鼠血清抗体的效价能检测出抗原抗体反应的血清最大稀释倍数;结果如下图所示..若要制备杂交瘤细胞;需取免疫后小鼠的B淋巴细胞染色体数目40条;并将该细胞与体外培养的小鼠骨髓瘤细胞染色体数目60条按一定比例加入试管中;再加入聚乙二醇诱导细胞融合;经筛选培养及抗体检测;得到不断分泌抗A抗体的杂交瘤细胞..回答下列问题:1制备融合所需的B淋巴细胞时;所用免疫小鼠的血清抗体效价需达到16000以上;则小鼠最少需要经过次免疫后才能有符合要求的..达到要求后的X、Y、Z这3只免疫小鼠中;最适合用于制备B淋巴细胞的是小鼠;理由是..2细胞融合实验完成后;融合体系中除含有未融合的细胞和杂交瘤细胞外;可能还有;体系中出现多种类型细胞的原因是..3杂交瘤细胞中有个细胞核;染色体数目最多是条..4未融合的B淋巴细胞经多次传代培养后都不能存活;原因是..8、2014海南卷下面是将某细菌的基因A导入大肠杆菌内;制备“工程菌”的示意图..请据图回答:1获得A有两条途径:一是以A的mRNA为模板;在酶的催化下;合成互补的单链DNA;然后在作用下合成双链DNA;从而获得所需基因;二是根据目标蛋白质的氨基酸序列;推测出相应的mRNA序列;然后按照碱基互补配对原则;推测其DNA的序列;再通过化学方法合成所需基因..2利用PCR技术扩增DNA时;需要在反应体系中添加的有机物质有、、4种脱氧核苷酸三磷酸和耐热性的DNA聚合酶;扩增过程可以在PCR扩增仪中完成..3由A和载体B拼接形成的C通常称为..4在基因工程中;常用Ca2+处理D;其目的是..9、2014山东卷人组织纤溶酶原激活物htPA是一种重要的药用蛋白;可在转htPA 基因母羊的羊乳中获得..流程如下:1htPA基因与载体用_________切割后;通过DNA连接酶连接;以构建重组表达载体..检测目的基因是否已插入受体细胞DNA;可采用_________技术..2为获取更多的卵母细胞;要对供体母羊注射促性腺激素;使其__________..采集的精子需要经过__________;才具备受精能力..3将重组表达载体导入受精卵常用的方法是__________..为了获得母羊;移植前需对已成功转入目的基因的胚胎进行__________..利用胚胎分割和胚胎移植技术可获得多个转基因个体;这体现了早期胚胎细胞的__________..4若在转ht-PA基因母羊的羊乳中检测到__________;说明目的基因成功表达.. 10、2014新课标Ⅱ卷植物甲具有极强的耐旱性;其耐旱性与某个基因有关..若从该植物中获得该耐旱基因;并将其转移到耐旱性低的植物乙中;有可能提高后者的耐旱性..回答下列问题:1理论上;基因组文库含有生物的基因;而cDNA文库中含有生物的基因..2若要从植物甲中获得耐旱基因;可首先建立该植物的基因组文库;再从中出所需的耐旱基因..3将耐旱基因导入农杆菌;并通过农杆菌转化法将其导入植物的体细胞中;经过一系列的过程得到再生植株..要确认该耐旱基因是否在再生植株中正确表达;应检测此再生植株中该基因的;如果检测结果呈阳性;再在田间试验中检测植株的是否得到提高..4假如用得到的二倍体转基因耐旱植株自交;子代中耐旱与不耐旱植株的数量比为3∶1时;则可推测该耐旱基因整合到了填“同源染色体的一条上”或“同源染色体的两条上”..11、2014天津卷嗜热土壤芽胞杆菌产生的β-葡萄糖苷酶BglB是一种耐热纤维素酶;为使其在工业生产中更好地应用;开展了以下试验:Ⅰ.利用大肠杆菌表达BglB酶(1)PCR扩增bglB基因时;选用基因组DNA作模板..(2)右图为质粒限制酶酶切图谱..bglB基因不含图中限制酶识别序列..为使PCR扩增的bglB基因重组进该质粒;扩增的bglB基因两端需分别引入和不同限制酶的识别序列..(3)大肠杆菌不能降解纤维素;但转入上述建构好的表达载体后则获得了降解纤维素的能力;这是因为..Ⅱ.温度对BglB酶活性的影响(4)据图1、2可知;80℃保温30分钟后;BglB酶会;为高效利用BglB酶降解纤维素;反应温度最好控制在单选..A.50℃B.60℃C.70℃D.80℃Ⅲ.利用分子育种技术提高BglB酶的热稳定性在PCR扩增bglB基因的过程中;加入诱变剂可提高bglB基因的突变率..经过筛选;可获得能表达出热稳定性高的BglB酶的基因..(5)与用诱变剂直接处理嗜热土壤芽胞杆菌相比;上述育种技术获得热稳定性高的BglB酶基因的效率更高;其原因是在PCR过程中多选..A.仅针对bglB基因进行诱变B.bglB基因产生了定向突变C.bglB基因可快速累积突变D.bglB基因突变不会导致酶的氨基酸数目改变12、2015新课标卷Ⅱ已知生物体内有一种蛋白质P;该蛋白质是一种转运蛋白;由305个氨基酸组成..如果将P分子中158位的丝氨酸变成亮氨酸;240位的谷氨酰胺变成苯丙氨酸;改变后的蛋白质P1不但保留P的功能;而且具有了酶的催化活性..回答下列问题:⑴从上述资料可知;若要改变蛋白质的功能;可以考虑对蛋白质的进行改造..⑵以P基因序列为基础;获得P1基因的途径有修饰基因或合成基因..所获得的基因表达时是遵循中心法则的;中心法则的全部内容包括的复制;以及遗传信息在不同分子之间的流动;即:..⑶蛋白质工程也被称为第二代基因工程;其基本途径是从预期蛋白质功能出发;通过和;进而确定相对应的脱氧核苷酸序列;据此获得基因;再经表达、纯化获得蛋白质;之后还需要对蛋白质的生物进行鉴定.. 13、2015新课标卷ⅠHIV属于逆转录病毒;是艾滋病的病原体..回答下列问题:1用基因工程方法制备HIV的某蛋白目的蛋白时;可先提取HIV中的;以其作为模板;在的作用下合成..获取该目的蛋白的基因;构建重组表达载体;随后导入受体细胞..2从受体细胞中分离纯化出目的蛋白;该蛋白作为抗原注入机体后;刺激机体产生的可与此蛋白结合的相应分泌蛋白是..该分泌蛋白可用于检测受试者血清中的HIV;检测的原理是..3已知某种菌导致的肺炎在健康人群中罕见;但是在艾滋病患者中却多发..引起这种现象的根本原因是HIV主要感染和破坏了患者的部分细胞;降低了患者免疫系统的防卫功能..4人的免疫系统有癌细胞的功能;艾滋病患者由于免疫功能缺陷;易发生恶性肿瘤..14、2015安徽卷科研人员采用转基因体细胞克隆技术获得转基因绵羊;以便通过乳腺生物反应器生产人凝血因子IX医用蛋白;其技术路线如图..(1)由过程①获得的A为_____________________..(2)在核移植之前;必须先去掉受体卵母细胞的核;目的是_______________________..受体应选用___________期卵母细胞..(3)进行胚胎移植时;代孕母羊对移入子宫的重组胚胎基本上不发生______________;这为重组胚胎在代孕母羊体内的存活提供了可能..4采用胎儿成纤维细胞进行转基因体细胞克隆;理论上可获得无限个转基因绵羊;这是因为__________________________________________________..15、2015福建卷GDNF是一种神经营养因子..对损伤的神经细胞具有营养和保护作用..研究人员构建了含GDNF基因的表达载体如图1所示;并导入到大鼠神经干细胞中;用于干细胞基因治疗的研究..请回答:1在分离和培养大鼠神经干细胞的过程中;使用胰蛋白酶的目的是..2构建含GDNF基因的表达载体时;需选择图1中的限制酶进行酶切..3经酶切后的载体和GDNF基因进行连接;连接产物经筛选得到的载体主要有三种:单个载体自连、GDNF基因与载体正向连接、GDNF基因与载体反向连接如图1所示..为鉴定这3种连接方式;选择HpaI酶和BamHI酶对筛选的载体进行双酶切;并对酶切后的DNA片段进行电泳分析;结果如图2所示..图中第泳道显示所鉴定的载体是正向连接的..4将正向连接的表达载体导入神经干细胞后;为了检测GDNF基因是否成功表达;可用相应的与提取的蛋白质杂交..当培养的神经干细胞达到一定的密度时;需进行培养以得到更多数量的细胞;用于神经干细胞移植治疗实验..16、2015重庆卷某课题组为解决本地奶牛产奶量低的问题;引进了具高产奶基因但对本地适应性差的纯种公牛..1拟进行如下杂交:♂A具高产奶基因的纯种×♀B具适宜本地生长基因的纯种→C 选择B作为母本;原因之一是胚胎能在母体内正常..若C中的母牛表现为适宜本地生长;但产奶量并不提高;说明高产奶是性状..为获得产奶量高且适宜本地生长的母牛;根据现有类型;最佳杂交组合是;后代中出现这种母牛的概率是假设两对基因分别位于不同对常染色体上.. 2用以上最佳组合;按以下流程可加速获得优良个体..精子要具有受精能力;需对其进行处理;卵子的成熟在过程中完成..在过程4的培养基中含有葡萄糖;其作用是..为筛选出具有优良性状的母牛;过程5前应鉴定胚胎的..子代母牛的优良性状与过程的基因重组有关..3为了提高已有胚胎的利用率;可采取技术..17、2016全国卷1某一质粒载体如图所示;外源DNA插入到Amp r或Tet r中会导致相应的基因失活Amp r表示氨苄青霉素抗性基因;Tet r表示四环素抗性基因..有人将此质粒载体用BamH I酶切后;与用BamH I酶切获得的目的基因混合;加入DNA连接酶进行连接反应;用得到的混合物直接转化大肠杆菌;结果大肠杆菌有的未被转化;有的被转化..被转化的大肠杆菌有三种;分别是含有环状目的基因、含有质粒载体、含有插入了目的基因的重组质粒的大肠杆菌..回答下列问题:1质粒载体作为基因工程的工具;应具备的基本条件有______________答出两点即可..而作为基因表达载体;除满足上述基本条件外;还需具有启动子和终止子..2如果用含有氨苄青霉素的培养基进行筛选;在上述四种大肠杆菌细胞中;未被转化的和仅含有环状目的基因的细胞是不能区分的;其原因是______________;并且______________和______________的细胞也是不能区分的;其原因是_____________..在上述筛选的基础上;若要筛选含有插入了目的基因的重组质粒的大肠杆菌的单菌落;还需使用含有原因是_____________的固体培养基..3基因工程中;某些噬菌体经改造后可以作为载体;其DNA复制所需的原料来自于_____________18、2016全国卷III图a中的三个DNA片段上以此表示出了EcoR I、BamH I 和Sau3A I三种限制性内切酶的识别序列与切割位点;图b为某种表达载体示意图载体上的EcoR I、Sau3A I的切点是唯一的..根据基因工程的有关知识;回答下列问题:1经BamH I酶切割得到的目的基因可以与上述表达载体被____________酶切后的产物连接;理由是____________..2若某人利用图b所示的表达载体获得了甲、乙、丙三种含有目的基因的重组子;如图c所示..这三种重组子中;不能在宿主细胞中表达目的基因产物的有____________;不能表达的原因是____________..3DNA连接酶是将两个DNA片段连接起来的酶;常见的有____________和____________;其中既能连接黏性末端又能连接平末端的是____________..19、2016全国卷II下图表示通过核移植等技术获得某种克隆哺乳动物二倍体的流程..回答下列问题:1图中A表示正常细胞核;染色体数为2n;则其性染色体的组成可为____________..过程①表示去除细胞核;该过程一般要在卵母细胞培养至适当时期再进行;去核时常采用_______的方法..②代表的过程是__________..2经过多次传代后;供体细胞中______的稳定性会降低;因此;选材时必须关注传代次数..3若获得的克隆动物与供体动物性状不完全相同;从遗传物质的角度分析其原因是______..4与克隆羊“多莉”培养成功一样;其他克隆动物的成功获得也证明了__________..20、2017 海南卷甲、乙两名同学分别以某种植物的绿色叶片和白色花瓣为材料;利用植物组织培养技术繁殖该植物..回答下列问题:1以该植物的绿色叶片和白色花瓣作为外植体;在一定条件下进行组织培养;均能获得试管苗;其原理是__________..2甲、乙同学在诱导愈伤组织所用的培养基中;均加入一定量的蔗糖;蔗糖水解后可得到__________..若要用细胞作为材料进行培养获得幼苗;该细胞应具备的条件是____________填“具有完整的细胞核”“具有叶绿体”或“已转入抗性基因”..3图中A、B、C所示的是不同的培养结果;该不同结果的出现主要是由于培养基中两种激素用量的不同造成的;这两种激素是________..A中的愈伤组织是叶肉细胞经_______形成的..4若该种植物是一种杂合体的名贵花卉;要快速获得与原植株基因型和表现型都相同的该种花卉;可用组织培养方法繁殖;在培养时;___________填“能”或“不能”采用经减数分裂得到的花粉粒作为外植体;原因是____________..21、2017 新课标Ⅰ卷真核生物基因中通常有内含子;而原核生物基因中没有;原核生物没有真核生物所具有的切除内含子对应的RNA序列的机制..已知在人体中基因A有内含子可以表达出某种特定蛋白简称蛋白A..回答下列问题:1某同学从人的基因组文库中获得了基因A;以大肠杆菌作为受体细胞却未得到蛋白A;其原因是_____________________..2若用家蚕作为表达基因A的受体;在噬菌体和昆虫病毒两种载体中;不选用____________________作为载体;其原因是_____________________..3若要高效地获得蛋白A;可选用大肠杆菌作为受体..因为与家蚕相比;大肠杆菌具有_________________答出两点即可等优点..4若要检测基因A是否翻译出蛋白A;可用的检测物质是___________________填“蛋白A的基因”或“蛋白A的抗体”..5艾弗里等人的肺炎双球菌转化实验为证明DNA是遗传物质做出了重要贡献;也可以说是基因工程的先导;如果说他们的工作为基因工程理论的建立提供了启示;那么;这一启示是_________________________..22、2017 新课标Ⅱ卷几丁质是许多真菌细胞壁的重要成分;几丁质酶可催化几丁质水解..通过基因工程将几丁质酶基因转入植物体内;可增强其抗真菌病的能力..回答下列问题:1在进行基因工程操作时;若要从植物体中提取几丁质酶的mRNA;常选用嫩叶而不选用老叶作为实验材料;原因是__________________________..提取RNA时;提取液中需添加RNA酶抑制剂;其目的是__________________________..2以mRNA为材料可以获得cDNA;其原理是__________________________..3若要使目的基因在受体细胞中表达;需要通过质粒载体而不能直接将目的基因导入受体细胞;原因是__________________________答出两点即可..4当几丁质酶基因和质粒载体连接时;DNA连接酶催化形成的化学键是__________________________..5若获得的转基因植株几丁质酶基因已经整合到植物的基因组中抗真菌病的能力没有提高;根据中心法则分析;其可能的原因是__________________________..23、2017 新课标Ⅲ卷编码蛋白甲的DNA序列序列甲由A、B、C、D、E五个片段组成;编码蛋白乙和丙的序列由序列甲的部分片段组成;如图1所示..回答下列问题:1现要通过基因工程的方法获得蛋白乙;若在启动子的下游直接接上编码蛋白乙的DNA序列TTCGCTTCT……CAGGAAGGA;则所构建的表达载体转入宿主细胞后不能翻译出蛋白乙;原因是_________________________________..2某同学在用PCR技术获取DNA片段B或D的过程中;在PCR反应体系中加入了DNA聚合酶、引物等;还加入了序列甲作为_____________________;加入了________________作为合成DNA的原料..3现通过基因工程方法获得了甲、乙、丙三种蛋白;要鉴定这三种蛋白是否具有刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的作用;某同学做了如下实验:将一定量的含T淋巴细胞的培养液平均分成四组;其中三组分别加入等量的蛋白甲、乙、丙;另一组作为对照;培养并定期检测T淋巴细胞浓度;结果如图2..①由图2 可知;当细胞浓度达到a时;添加蛋白乙的培养液中T淋巴细胞浓度不再增加;此时若要使T淋巴细胞继续增殖;可采用的方法是__________________..细胞培养过程中;培养箱中通常要维持一定的CO2浓度;CO2的作用是__________________..②仅根据图、图2可知;上述甲、乙、丙三种蛋白中;若缺少______填“A”“B”“C”“D”或“E”片段所编码的肽段;则会降低其刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的效果..2018届现代生物科技专题参考答案1、1显微注射法限制性内切酶DNA连接酶农杆菌可感染植物;将目的基因转移到受体细胞中2蛋白质现有蛋白质新蛋白质氨基酸3同供受2、1纤维素酶果胶酶原生质体愈伤再分化或分化植物体细胞杂交2体细胞中含有三个或三个以上染色体组的个体在减数分裂过程中;前者染色体联会异常;而后者染色体联会正常3胚状体、不定芽、顶芽、腋芽3、1纤维素酶和果胶酶2叶绿体3保持原生质体完整性细胞壁4双亲或花椰菜和黑芥解离漂洗51、2、4 6黑腐病菌4、1原代培养接触抑制2冲卵体外受精3胚胎移植冷冻或低温4内细胞团细胞诱导分化5、1体原肠2①反转录②引物Bcl-2 cDNA6、1 HSV—1蛋白体液免疫脾脏骨髓瘤无限增值且产生专一抗体2腹腔腹水3纯度高特异性强7、1四Y Y小鼠的抗体效价最高2B淋巴细胞相互融合形成的细胞;骨髓瘤细胞相互融合形成的细胞细胞融合是随机的;且融合率达不到100%31 100 4不能无限增殖8、1逆转录酶DNA聚合酶氨基酸脱氧核苷酸2引物目的基因或A基因模板3基因表达载体4使其成为感受态细胞;使大肠杆菌更容易吸收重组DNA分子9、1同种限制性核酸内切酶或同种限制酶;DNA分子杂交或核酸探针2超数排卵;获能处理3显微注射法;性别鉴定;全能性4htPA或人组织纤溶酶原激活物10、1全部部分2筛选3乙表达产物耐旱性4同源染色体的一条上11、1嗜热土壤芽孢杆菌2NdeⅠBam HⅠ3转基因的大肠杆菌分泌出有活性的BglB酶4失活 B 5A、C12、1氨基酸序列或结构2P P1DNA和RNA或遗传物质DNA→RNA、RNA→DNA RNA→蛋白质或转录、逆转录、翻译3设计蛋白质的结构推测氨基酸序列功能13、1RNA 逆转录酶cDNA或DNA2抗体抗原抗体特异性结合3T或T淋巴4监控和清除14、1含目的基因的表达载体..2保证核遗传物质来自含目的基因的成纤维细胞MⅡ3免疫排斥反应4整合有目的基因的成纤维细胞可进行传代培养15、1使细胞分散开2XhoⅠ3②4抗体传代16、1生长发育或胚胎发育隐性♂A×♀C 1/82获能或增强活力③供能性别、高产奶和适宜生长的基因②3胚胎分割17、1 能自主复制能稳定遗传含有标记基因具有多个酶切位点或其他合理答案..2 都不具有氨苄青霉素抗性基因;无法在含有氨苄青霉素的培养基上生长;含有质粒载体;含有插入了目的基因的重组质粒;都具有氨苄青霉素抗性基因;能在含有氨苄青霉素的培养基上生长;四环素..3 受体细胞18、1Sau3AⅠ限制酶Sau3AⅠ与BamHⅠ切割后形成的黏性末端相同2甲、丙在基因表达载体中;启动子应位于目的基因的首端;终止子应位于目的基因的尾端;这样目的基因才能表达..图中甲、丙均不符合;所以不能表达目的基因的产物3E·coliDNA连接酶T4DNA连接酶T4DNA连接酶19、1XX或XY 显微操作去核法胚胎移植2遗传物质3卵母细胞的细胞质中的遗传物质会对克隆动物的形状产生影响4已经分化的动物体细胞核具有全能性..20、1绿色叶片和白色花瓣的细胞具有全能性;在一定条件下能发育成完整的植。
【英语】高二英语阅读理解真题汇编(含答案)及解析
【英语】高二英语阅读理解真题汇编(含答案)及解析一、高中英语阅读理解1.阅读理解Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separation. When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate food reward for a slightly later (and better) one. Healthy hens may aid friends, and mourn when those friend die.Pigs respond meaningful to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O's. Then the team switched from real-life objects to T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs walked only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not inconsiderable feat of reasoning.I've been guilty of prejudiced expectations, myself. At the start of my career almost four decades ago, I was firmly convinced that monkeys and apes out-think and out-feel other animals. They're other primates(灵长目动物), after all, animals from our own mammalian(灵长目动物) class. Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, whales too are masters of cultural learning, and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term studies in the wild on these mammals helped to fuel a viewpoint shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedure in laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chickens, pigs, goats, and cows, 1 started to wonder: Will the new science of "food animals" bring an ethical (伦理的) revolution in terms of who we eat? In other words, will our ethics start to catch up with the development of our science?Animal activists are already there, of course, committed to not eating these animals. But what about the rest of us? Can paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals lead us to make changes in who we eat?(1)According to Annie Potts, hens have the ability of .A. interactionB. analysisC. creationD. abstraction(2)The research into pigs shows that pigs .A. learn letters quicklyB. have a good eyesightC. can build up a good relationshipD. can apply knowledge to new situations(3)Paragraph 4 is mainly about .A. the similarities between mammals and humansB. the necessity of long-term studies on mammalsC. a change in people's attitudes towards animalsD. a discovery of how animals expressthemselves(4)What might be the best title for the passage?A. The Inner Lives of Food AnimalsB. The Lifestyles of Food AnimalsC. Science Reports on Food AnimalsD. A Revolution in Food Animals【答案】(1)B(2)D(3)C(4)A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文,论述了动物也有情感有思想,有一定的分析推理能力。
高考英语真题科技说明文阅读理解精选训练(含答案)
高考真题阅读理解科技说明文汇编(科技类说明文是阅读中的难点,学生容易失分,有很大的区分度。
因此,开展有针对性的训练很有必要,本汇编精选近年高考真题,以求把握难度,总结规律,达到事半功倍的效果,)(2020全国卷I )话题:植物新科技DThe connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another,employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show whe n they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,"explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off"switch"where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants’ lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?(2019全国卷I )话题:利用生物信息进行身份识别CAs data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard couldoffer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to —regardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word "touch"four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?A. Computers are much easier to operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?A. It’ll be environment-friendly.B. It’ll reach consumers soon.C. It’ll be made of plastics.D. It’ll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary.B. A guidebookC. A novel.D. A magazine.(2018全国卷I)话题:不同电器设备耗电研究DWe may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what’s the solution (解决方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.(2020全国卷II) 话题:海狸鼠毛皮的利用问题CWhen you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are tryingto bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”,says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us." says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.The fur trade kept nutria check for decades,but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He s ays it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says,“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?A. To promote guilt-free fur.B. To expand the fashion market.C. To introduce a new brand.D. To celebrate a winter holiday.29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.B. Nutria are an endangered species.C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.D. Nutria are illegally hunted.30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?A. Boomed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.31. What can we infer abouf wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?A. It’s formal.B. It’s risky.C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditional.(2017全国卷I)话题:户外自制蒸馏器DA buld-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器)is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5' 5'sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup —to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up —and out —the side of the hole.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment zxxk out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A. It’s delicate.B. It’s expensive.C. It’s complex.D. It’s portable.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube.B. The still.C. The hole.D. The cup.34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?A. Dig a hole of a certain size.B. Put the cup in place.C. Weight the sheet’s center down.D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form .A. the plastic tubeB. outside the holeC. the open airD. beneath the sheet(2016全国卷I)话题: 不同文化背景下的沉默内涵The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry. Silen ce may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gapwith conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and vie w it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of co mmunicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is spea king and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person inauthority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.32.What does the author say about silence in conversations?A.It implies anger.B.It promotes friendship.C.It is culture-specific.D.It is content-based.33.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?A.The Chinese.B.The French.C.The Mexicans.D.The Russians.34.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.B.Break it while treating patients.C.Evaluate its harm to patients.D.Make use of its healing effects.35.What may be the best title for the text?A.Sound and SilenceB.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native AmericansD.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold参考答案:DACCDCBAADBAAADBDBCDCADB。
2020——2024年全国高考作文题目汇编
2020—2024年全国高考作文题目汇编2020年全国Ⅰ卷阅读下面的材料,根据要求写作。
春秋时期,齐国的公子纠与公子小白争夺君位,管仲和鲍叔分别辅佐他们。
管仲带兵阻击小白,用箭射中他的衣带钩,小白装死逃脱。
后来小白即位为君,史称齐桓公。
鲍叔对桓公说,要想成就霸王之业,非管仲不可。
于是桓公重用管仲,鲍叔甘居其下,终成一代霸业。
后人称颂齐桓公九合诸侯、一匡天下,为“春秋五霸”之首。
孔子说:“桓公九合诸侯,不以兵车,管仲之力也。
”司马迁说:“天下不多(称赞)管仲之贤而多鲍叔能知人也。
”班级计划举行读书会,围绕上述材料展开讨论。
齐桓公、管仲和鲍叔三人,你对哪个感触最深?请结合你的感受和思考写一篇发言稿。
要求:结合材料,选好角度,确定立意,明确文体,自拟标题;不要套作,不得抄袭;不得泄露个人信息;不少于800字。
全国Ⅱ卷阅读下面的材料,根据要求写作。
墨子说:“视人之国,若视其国;视人之家,若视其家;视人之身,若视其身。
”英国诗人约翰多恩说:“没有人是自成一体、与世隔绝的孤岛,每一个人都是广袤大陆的一部分。
”“青山一道同云雨,明月何曾是两乡。
”“同气连枝,共盼春来。
”……2020年的春天,这些寄言印在国际社会援助中国的物资上,表达了世界人民对中国的支持。
“山和山不相遇,人和人要相逢。
”“消失吧,黑夜!黎明时我们将获胜!”……这些话语印在中国援助其他国家的物资上,寄托着中国人民对世界的祝福。
“世界青年与社会发展论坛”邀请你作为中国青年代表参会,发表以“携手同一世界,青年共创未来”为主题的中文演讲。
请完成一篇演讲稿。
要求:结合材料内容及含义完成写作任务;选好角度,确定立意,明确文体,自拟标题;不要套作,不得抄袭;不得泄露个人信息;不少于800字。
全国III卷阅读下面的材料,根据要求写作。
人们用眼睛看他人、看世界,却无法直接看到完整的自己。
所以,在人生的旅程中,我们需要寻找各种“镜子”、不断绘制“自画像”来审视自我,尝试回答“我是怎样的人”“我想过怎样的生活”“我能做些什么”“如何生活得更有意义”等重要的问题。
2019年高考语文《关于“人工智能”》现代文阅读试题及答案汇编
《关于“人工智能”》高中语文现代文阅读试题及答案汇编学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、现代文阅读阅读以下文段,完成小题。
人工智能安全性问题的根本,并不在于它能否真正超越人类,而在于它是否是一种安全可靠的工具和人类是否对其拥有充分的控制权。
就像高铁、飞机等交通工具那样,虽然它们的速度远远超过了人类,但人类拥有绝对控制权,所以人们相信它们是安全的。
为了实现对其控制的目标,首先需要对人工智能的自主程度进行限定。
虽然人工智能发展迅速,但人类智能也有自己的优势,比如目前人工智能的认知能力还远不如人类智能。
我们可以充分发挥人工智能在信息存储、处理等方面的优势,让它在一些重大事件上做人类的高级智囊,但最终的决定权仍在人类。
比如,当我们把人工智能应用于军事领域时,我们可以利用人工智能来评估危险程度,以及可以采取的措施,但是否应该发动战争、如何作战等重大决策,还是需要掌握在人类自己手里。
正如霍金斯所说的那样:“对于智能机器我们也要谨慎,不要太过于依赖它们。
”与限定人工智能的自主程度类似,我们也需要对人工智能的智能水平进行某种程度的限定。
从长远来看,人工智能是有可能全面超越人类智能的。
从人工智能的发展历程来看,尽管它的发展并非一帆风顺,但短短六十年取得的巨大进步让我们完全有理由相信将来它会取得更大的突破。
从世界各国对人工智能高度重视的现实情况来看,想要阻止人工智能的发展步伐是不现实的,但为了安全起见,限定人工智能的智能程度却是完全可以做到的。
我们应当还需要成立“人工智能安全工程”学科,建立人工智能安全标准与规范,确保人工智能不能自我复制,以及在人工智能出现错误时能够有相应的保护措施以保证安全。
人们对人工智能安全问题的担忧的另一主要根源在于,人工智能的复制能力远胜于人类的繁衍速度,如果人工智能不断地复制自身,人类根本无法与其抗衡。
因此,在人工智能的安全标准中,对人工智能的复制权必须掌握在人类手中。
2019年高考语文《关于“新能源汽车”》现代文阅读试题及答案汇编
2019年高考语文《关于“新能源汽车”》现代文阅读试题及答案汇编学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、现代文阅读阅读下面的文字,完成各题材料一新能源汽车是指采用新型动力系统,完全或主要依靠新型能源驱动的汽车。
主要包括纯电动汽车、插电式混合动力汽车及燃料电池汽车。
发展新能源汽车是降低汽车燃料消耗量,缓解燃油供求矛盾,减少尾气排放,改善大气环境,促进汽车产业技术进步和优化升级的重要举措。
(摘编自《国务院印发节能与新能源汽车产业发展规划(2012-2020 年)》材料二我国新能源汽车经过十余年的研究开发和示范运行,基本具备产业化发展基础。
电池、电机、电子控制和系统集成等关键技术取得重大进步,纯电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车开始投放市场。
为了推动新能源汽车产业发展,我国接连出台了一系列配套补贴优惠政策,对新能源汽车行业进行全方位扶持。
2016 年,我国新增公共充电桩 10 万个,全国公共充电桩运营数量累计超过 15 万个,我国已成为充电基础设施建设发展最快的国家。
居民专用充电桩同步增长。
“随车配桩”的安装比例达到 80%。
新能源汽车产业是我国从汽车大国到汽车强国转型的突破口,政策与市场双因素推动产业成长,近年来,我国的新能源汽车快速发展,产销两旺。
(摘编自《新能源汽车行业发展现状及未来5年发展趋势》)材料三面对全球范围日益严峻的能源形势和环保压力,近年来,世界主要汽车生产国都把发展新能源汽车作为提高产业竞争能力、保持经济可持续发展的重大战略举措,这促使新能源汽车成为经济发展新的增长点。
随着技术的不断创新和发展,2008 年以来,以美国、日本、欧盟为代表的国家和地区相继发布实施了新能源汽车发展战略,进一步明确了产业发展方向,明显加大了研发投入与政策扶持力度。
日本以产业竞争为主要目标,全面发展混合动力、纯电动、燃料电池三种电动汽车,研发和产业化均走在世界前列;美国以能源安全为首要任务,强调插电式电动汽车发展;欧盟以二氧化碳排放法规为主驱动力,重视发展纯电驱动汽车。
2022-2024全国高考真题语文汇编:病句辨析修改
2022-2024全国高考真题语文汇编病句辨析修改一、病句辨析修改(2024·全国·高考真题)阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
众所周知,运动可以帮助放松肌肉、减轻身体紧张感、改善血液循环,让我们身体更健康,但是,可能很多人都不知道,运动更是让我们心情愉悦、大脑强健的“灵丹妙药”。
多年以前,运动就已被列入情绪障碍的治疗方法之一,疗效不但立竿见影,令人信服,而且适用范围很广。
喜欢运动,经常运动的人,相信..都体验过“跑者欣快”,即连续高强度运动一段时间后,① ,但心情很好,有一种酣畅淋漓的感觉,这是因为,运动可以促使大脑分泌许多与愉悦感相关的“快乐物质”,如多巴胺、内啡肽等。
而运动后的大脑,还会分泌一种名叫脑源性神经营养因子的蛋白质,有助于强健大脑。
因此,运动不仅会让你轻松快乐,还会让你头脑更清晰,更有活力。
当然,不是每个人② ,但即使做一些轻微运动,也是有助于身心健康的。
1.文中画波浪线的句子有语病。
请进行修改,使语言表达准确流畅,逻辑严密,可少量增删词语,不得改变原意。
2.请在文中横线处补写恰当的语句,使整段文字语意完整连贯,内容贴切,逻辑严密,每处不超过10个字。
3.下列句子中的“相信”与文中加点的“相信”,意义和用法相同的一项是()A.身处困境他却并不消沉,相信自己能拼出一个光明的未来。
B.我满心欢喜地迎接他回来,相信现在的他一定和从前不同。
C.看到气势磅礴的壶口瀑布,相信每一位游客都会激动不已。
D.翠翠还是不离开码头,相信祖父会来找她,同她一起回家。
(2024·全国·高考真题)阅读文字,完成下面小题。
当你觉得劳累而懒得说话,情绪、胃口不佳且脑子不转时,往往是身体在提醒你:“电量已经触底,需要立即充电。
”常用的充电方式,包括合理睡眠、适度运动、调整饮食等多种,其中睡眠最为重要。
①如果睡眠不足和睡眠过度都会加重人的疲惫感,②引发多种疾病,③所以,④通过睡眠如何快速让自己精力充沛,⑤才是问题的关键。
高考真题汇编(20192021)补写语句
高考真题汇编(2019-2021)补写语句2021年一、(2021·全国甲卷)阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
新疆是我国较早大量种植和使用棉花的地区之一。
新疆光照充足,热量丰富,空气干燥,昼夜温差大,拥有①________,适宜棉花的种植和生长,新疆棉尤其是长绒棉品质优良,深受消费者喜爱。
除了上述自然条件,现代科技的应用也是新疆棉②________。
近年来,新疆棉品质不断提升,同时③________,但仍然供不应求。
新疆属于绿洲农业区,干旱少雨,为了让棉花吃好喝好长得好,就要进行科学的水肥管理。
膜下滴灌、水肥一体化灌溉等栽培技术的应用,为新疆棉生产的提质增效奠定了坚实的基础。
20. 请在文中横线处补写恰当的语句,使整段文字语意完整连贯,内容贴切,逻辑严密,每处不超过10个字。
21. 文中画波浪线处使用了拟人的修辞手法,请简要分析其表达效果。
【答案】20. 示例:①得天独厚的自然条件;②品质优良的原因;③产量也不断增加。
21. ①文中把棉花吸收足重的水分和肥料才能长得好,比拟成人吃好饭喝好水才能健康成长,投射了作者对棉花的感情;②使表达比较活泼。
【解析】20.本题考查学生语言表达之情境补写的能力。
从整体上把握,第一段主要有三层句意,第一句是领起句,领起新疆棉花的总体情况;中间两句阐释新疆适合棉花生长的自然条件和人为条件(新疆适合棉花生长的原因);第三层句意阐释新疆棉花品质和质量不断提升。
然后依据所要填写文句的位置填写具体的内容。
第一处,所要填写的文句位置居中,内容和棉花生长的自然条件有关,可采用“瞻前顾后”的方法,依据前后文句的内容填写,先依据前面文句“新疆光照充足,热量丰富,空气干燥,昼夜温差大”分析可知,内容上从“光照、热量、空气和温差”谈新疆拥有得天独厚的自然条件,依据后面的文句“适宜棉花的种植和生长”分析可知,新疆的这些自然气候适合棉花生长,故所要填写的文句可为“得天独厚的自然条件”。
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2011年高考科技文阅读真题汇编(湖南卷)阅读下面的文字,完成12~14题。
培育一位电影明星,无论从经济成本还是从时间成本看都是昂贵的,一个明星的成长有漫长的过程,还要有天赋和种种机缘。
当然还有更为紧要的前提,即明星必须扮演某个角色,借角色而成名,如扮演埃及艳后、扮演安娜·卡列尼娜或特工“007”等。
只有作为成功的角色的明星,才能成为生活中的明星。
自从有了电视,情形有了难以料想的变化,明星的概念也大大泛化。
一方面从明星生产的角度看,周期更短,速度更快,一部电视连续剧,可以使演员每天晚上出镜,抵得上十来部电影。
另一方面,即更关键之点是有了电视和网络,明星不一定需要借助角色成名,明星可以是扮演自身,就像电视主持人。
再例如,姚明扮演姚明,刘翔扮演刘翔。
亦即当明星不一定需要借助于外在的角色,可以直接登场,以明星自身的名义登场。
由此,电视不仅生产了演艺明星,还生产体育明星、演讲明星,还有大众明星。
到了大众明星秀这一步,明星已经不是遥不可及,他们早已脱下神秘的面纱,成为邻家男孩和女孩。
当看电视成为日常生活的一个部分,明星就是日常生活的一个部分。
既然明星不一定要扮演某一个角色,明星的门槛就大大降低,明星的大门洞然敞开。
明星是社会流行趣味的代表,这种流行趣味不是由哪一位才趣卓著的人物独自创造出来的,而是由商业文明和大众传媒合谋并通过明星自觉和不自觉的配合,共同创造的。
这就是当代电子文化的特征。
当代文化的辉煌是工业文明的辉煌、是物质生产技术文明的辉煌,而这些辉煌的替身或者说集合点就是明星。
明星是流行趣味的代表,大众仰望明星,大众在此岸,而明星在彼岸。
从此岸到彼岸应该有一段漫长的距离,跨越这一距离,需要付出很大的努力,还要机缘凑巧。
但是陡然间,随着电子媒介技术进一步发展和电视娱乐节目,大众能直接参与明星生产,自己当明星,他们参加各类选秀节目,哪怕是只当15分钟的明星。
明星秀成为一种社会风潮,不但是青年人跃跃欲试,连成年人和儿童也加入到这一浪潮中,势头汹涌。
一旦明星不需要以扮演什么角色为条件,那就星途坦荡,而且是条条大道通明星。
特别是有了网络视频,人们不一定要上电视节目才能当明星,也用不着任何资格审查才能踏上明星之路,只需将自己制作的视频制品拿到网络上传播,就有成功的可能,这大大增加了当明星的概率。
也难怪,当年麦克卢汉在对比电影和电视时会说:“看电影时,你坐在那儿看银幕,你就是摄影机的镜头;看电视时,你则是电视屏幕。
……看电影的时候,你向外进入世界;看电视的时候,你向内进入自己。
”正是电视和网络的出现,使影像电子文化成为日常生活最主要的组成部分,并和日常生活场景紧紧地交织在一起,深深地镶嵌在我们的情感和记忆中。
就像今天的孩子在若干年后会发现,自己的童年生活早已被细心的父母记录在各类摄像和视频中,自己早就充当了家庭生活的小明星,潇洒地生活在大人们的摄像镜头和屏幕里。
(节选自蒋原伦《今夜星光灿烂》,《读书》2011年第2期)12.下列有关明星概念“泛化”的说法,不正确...的一项是A.有了电视和网络,明星的生产,变得周期更短,速度更快。
B.电视上的明星,只需扮演自身,不要借助于外在的角色。
C.电视娱乐节目使明星大众化,明星秀成为一种社会风潮。
D.影像电子文化进入家庭日常生活,人人都可以充当明星。
答案【B】13.下列对文章内容的理解,正确的一项是A.成功的电影明星凭借天赋和种种机缘,可以缩短其成长的过程,而不一定要借角色成名。
B.明星的门槛降低,与明星培育的成本无关,主要原因在于上电视不一定要扮演某个角色。
C.创造流行趣味要商业文明和大众传媒合谋并要明星配合,明星则可成为这种趣味的代表。
D.有了网络视频,明星变得不再神秘,人们只要将视频制品在网上传播,就必定成为明星。
答案【C】14.综观全文,请谈谈你对麦克卢汉所说“看电视的时候,你向内进入自己”的理解。
(6分)答:有了电视,明星生产的条件大大改变,明星的门槛大大降低,大众也直接参与明星的生产,自己当明星,并且影像电子文化与日常生活场景紧紧交织在一起,深深地镶嵌在我们的情感和记忆中。
(重庆卷)阅读下文。
完成第5~7题。
在前不久举行的世界报业和出版业展览会上,德国一份堪称“革命性”的个性化报纸——“niiu”吸引了大家的眼球。
这份报纸的内容可以在网上根据读者的个性化要求量身定做,并以最符合读者阅读习惯的纸张形式印刷出来,还能像传统报纸一样投递到户。
一切很简单:订户只需在第一天下午两点钟前登录“niiu”的网站,从其合作伙伴(包括德国国内外部分报纸和网站)中选择感兴趣的内容,提交后系统将自动排版,由专门的公司负责处理印刷,连夜生成一份独一无二的l6页彩版日报。
这无疑就像素来只供应固定套餐的食堂开始提供菜式丰富的自助餐一样令人兴奋。
翌日8时许,订户就可以一边翻阅自己“主编”的报纸,一边享用早餐了。
仅仅30天,“niiu”就吸引了超过1000人上网订阅,远超预期。
“niiu”作为一个跨越两种媒介形态的互动产物,既可被视为纸质媒体转型的有益尝试,也可被视为网络媒体的大胆试水。
“niiu”的成功说明,网络媒体和纸质媒体之间可以超越竞争与对抗,做到互补共赢。
“niiu”的模式有两个主要特点。
第一,充分利用了纸质媒体的优势,并对纸质媒体具有积极的促进作用。
网络媒体提供的新闻时常被人批评缺乏公信力,而“niiu”的合作伙伴多是具有广泛影响力的优秀报纸,使其内容得到保障。
“niiu”的内容供应商依据其被选择的内容数量获取利润,从而增加了额外收入,提高了“隐形”发行量。
这种网上发行还促使传统媒体在提升新闻品质上更下功夫,增强竞争力。
此外,传统媒体还可以通过分析“n iiu”订户选择文章的偏好,辅助调整报纸的内容定位。
第二,这种新的形式开拓了纸媒的潜在阅读群,使广告投放更加精准,并带动了“网际”印刷。
“niiu”的目标读者群主要是学生,因为他们更愿意尝试和接受新生事物,这种新形式为重构报纸与年轻人之间的关系做出了有益的尝试。
对广告商而言,个性化报纸使他们有可能实现更具有针对性、更有效的广告投放,使广告效益最大化。
“niiu”还实现了网络媒体与印刷行业之间的新合作,推动“网际”印刷技术的发展。
利用新科技、新理念,赋予读者更大权利,让读者参与到报纸定制中来,既旧又新的“niiu”给了我们一个网络时代报纸生存的全新答案。
5.下列有关“niiu”报纸的表述,不符合...原意的一项是A.根据读者从网上选择的不同内容编成的报纸B.根据读者不同阅读习惯而选择不同纸张形式的报纸C.由订户自己主编内容、网站排版和印刷的报纸D.利用了新科技、新理念,既旧又新的报纸答案:C解析:应该是用户提交后系统将自动排版,由专门的公司负责处理印刷。
6.下列对“niiu”模式可能产生的效果的表述,不准确...的一项是A.它让网络媒体和纸质媒体在竞争与对抗中实现了互动、互补和共赢。
B.它让内容合作伙伴可以依据其被选择内容的数量而获取额外收入,也提高了其报纸的发行量。
C.它让传统媒体调整了内容定位,也吸引了广告商更有针对性、更为有效的广告投放。
D.它充分利用了纸质媒体的优势,让读者参与到报纸定制中来,开拓了纸质媒体的潜在阅读群。
答案:B解析:提高的是报纸的“隐形”发行量。
7.下列推断,符合原文内容的一项是A.“niiu”让报纸从固定套餐变成了菜式丰富的自助餐,能改变读者阅读习惯,养成鲜明个性。
B. “niiu”在短短的30天时间就吸引了超过l000人上网订阅,远超预期,说明世界报业和出版业“革命”的成功.C. “niiu”要求合作伙伴要有内容的保障和广泛的影响力,这将使网络媒体提供的新闻缺乏公信力的现状得到改变。
D. “niiu”进行的有益尝试和大胆试水,将会逐渐获得更多愿意接受新生事物的订户的喜爱。
答案:D解析:A不是改变读者阅读习惯,是以最符合读者阅读习惯的纸张形式印刷出来。
B这是有益尝试,大胆试水,还不能说是革命的成功。
C“这将使网络媒体提供的新闻缺乏公信力的现状得到改变”夸大了“niiu”的作用。
(四川卷)阅读下面的文字,完成5—7题古气候研究敲响气候变暖警钟过去5亿年里,地球高温期一般与大气中二氧化碳浓度较高的时期相吻合,反之亦然。
目前,科学家正研究地球历史上的气候变迁,以预测今后大气中二氧化碳浓度上升时地球气候会发生怎样的变化,而不仅仅依靠计算机模型的预测。
研究地球历史上的气候变迁可利用各种各样的线索。
岩石可以揭示它们形成时期的环境信息,如许多岩石只能在有液态水的地方才会形成。
测量南极冰盖中微气泡里的二氧化碳含量,能了解过去大气中二氧化碳的浓度,但可回溯的时间并不长。
要了解更久远时期大气中二氧化碳浓度,必须用间接方法,如建立模型来研究各种长期影响大气中二氧化碳水平的因素。
这些模型能显示数千万年来大气中二氧化碳平均含量的变化,但是无法提供短期波动的信息。
测量植物叶片化石的气孔密度,也可以了解过去大气中二氧化碳的浓度。
另外,还可以测量浅海贝类化石中硼、钙的比例,因为这个比例和这些贝类生长时的海洋酸度有关,而海洋酸度又与大气中二氧化碳水平相关联。
研究过去的气候变化能够更好地了解地球的气候敏感性。
气候敏感性,是指当大气中二氧化碳浓度增加一倍时的辐射强迫所产生的全球平均温度变化。
根据相关研究,如果其他条件保持不变,大气中二氧化碳含量每增加一倍,地球平均气温将上升1摄氏度。
但是,当地球气候变暖时,很多因素都会跟着一起变化。
倒如,气候变暖使大气中包含更多水蒸气,而水蒸气是一种强力的大气保温气体;气候变暖还会减少积雪和缩小海洋的覆盖范围,这将导致被反射回太空的太阳辐射减少,从而导致气温进一步升高。
联合国有关机构最近预测:在考虑了这些反馈效应之后。
计算机模型得出的气候敏感性在2~4.5摄氏度之间,最佳估计值为3撮氏度。
其实,计算机模型只考虑了对变暖效应的快速反馈,而那些几十年或几百年之后才会显现的反馈,例如陆地冰原范围的变化则被忽略了。
因此,真正的气候敏感性可能比计算机模型预测的更高。
由于现有的气候模型无法考虑长期反馈的影响,要获得更确切的气候敏感性.唯一的途径是研究过去大气中二氧化碳浓度增加对地球气候的影响。
为了使结果更准确,科学家研究了和现在相似的上新世早期(约450万年前),当时大气中二氧化碳浓度约为400ppm(1ppm=百万分之一),仅比现在高一点,但当时的地球平均气温却比现在高3摄氏度,海平面比现在高25米。
而永久冰盖面积也比现在小。
对上新世的研究发现,当时的气候敏感性为二氧化碳浓度每增加一倍,平均气温升高4.5摄氏度。
如果现在大气中二氧化碳浓度增加一倍,那么可以预见,短期内地球平均气温会升高3摄氏度左右,而且在接下去的几百年里,气温还将持续攀升,被全球气候变暖困扰的人类将面临更大的危机。