语言学考试范围(带答案)

判断题（20道题，共计20分）Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the Answer Sheet.选择题（20道题，共计20分）Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.名词解释：(20选6)共计30分Use your own words to explain the following terms on the Answer Sheet.1. Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Metalanguage:certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.4. Articulatory phonetics: It is a branch of phonetics which is the study of the production of speech sounds.5. Allophone: The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment is called allophone.6. Distinctive features: They are phonological relevant properties which can distinguish one phoneme from another.7. IPA: It is abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources, such as Roman small letters, italics uprighted, obsolete letters, Greek letters, diacritics, etc. .8. Morpheme: It is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.9. Compound: It refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form.10. Blending: It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.11. Back-formation: It is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.12. Embedding: It refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.13. Recursiveness: It mainly means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within (i.e. be dominated by) another constituent having the same category.14. Cohesion: It is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.15. Reference: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it is concerned with the relation between a world and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unit and a non-linguistic entity it refers to.16. Sense: It is the semantic relations between one word or another. It is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations.17. Hyponymy(必考): It is a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word (the hyponym).18. Conversational implicature: It refers to the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, unders tandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.19. Illocutionary act: It is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.20. Deep structure: It is the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.讨论题（6选3）共计30分Read the following questions and write down your understanding on the Answer Sheet.1.Cite examples from English and Chinese to discuss the concept of the syllable.English: a unit of speech sounds consisting of a vowel or a vowel with one or more than one consonant.Chinese: word or part of word which contains a vowel sound or consonant acting as a vowel.In English we can divide a syllable into two parts: the phyme and the onset. As the vowel within the thyme is the nucleus, the consonant after it will be termed the coda, for example clasp .All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable, for example: bar, tie. While a syllable with coda is known as closed syllable, for example: hard, tied, dead.English syllable can be represented as (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) , However ,the Chinese syllable allows at most one consonant in the onset position and only nasals in the coda for the Putonghua .Thus the Chinese syllable is represented as (C)V(C) e.g. “split”, “sixths” and “prompts”. “您好，请问河南工业大学在哪里？”2.The sentence “John saw the police with binoculars” has two semantic interpretations. You arerequired to explain why the sentence is two-way ambiguous. Syntactic tree diagrams are necessary for your explanation.3. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show how the flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).(1) Quantity----Make your contribution as informative as required for the current purpose of the exchange. E.g. War is war.> War is cruel----Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. E.g. A: Where is Tom? B: He has gone to the library. He said so when he left.> I am not sure and I do not believe what he said.(2) Quality----Do not say what you believe to be false. E.g. He is made of iron ----Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. E.g. A:would you like to come to our party tonight? B: I’m afraid I’m not feeling so well tonight.(3) Relation----Be relevant. E.g. A: Prof. Wang is an old bag. B: Nice weather for the time of year. > I don’t want to talk about Prof. Wang.(4) Manner----Avoid obscurity of expression. E.g. A: Let’s get the kids something. B: Ok, butI veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.> don’t give them chocolate ----Avoid ambiguity. E.g. A: Name and title, please? B: John Smith, Associate Editor and professor. ----Be brief. E.g. A: Did you get my assignment? B: I received two pages clipped together and covered with rows of black squiggles.>not satisfied. ----Be orderly.4. Use structural approach and traditional approach to analyze the sentence “I bought a book yesterday”5. How do you understand the design features of language?1) Arbitrariness,According to Saussure, it refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we cannot explain why a book is calleda /buk/ and a pen a /pen/.2) Duality. It refers to the property of having two levels of structures: units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.3）Creativity. By creativity we mean language is resourceful owing to its duality and its recursiveness. Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. For example, “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”4) Displacement. Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. Displacement enables people to handle generalizations and abstractions. For example, a dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days. Our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.6. Why Saussure is hailed as the father of modern linguistics?1) the book “Course in General Linguistics”(1916),which is the most improtant source of Saussure’s ideas,marked t he beginning of modern linguistics.2) Seaussure was the first to notice the complexities of language which direct our attention to essential of language and make clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. He belived that language is a system of signs, called conventions. He heled this sign is the union of a form an an idea, which he called the signifier and the signified.3) Seassure’s idea on the arbitraty nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguisticunits, on the distiction of langue and parole and synchronic and diachronic linguistics,ect.pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.。