语言学考试范围(带答案)

判断题（20道题，共计20分）Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the Answer Sheet.

选择题（20道题，共计20分）Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.

名词解释：(20选6)共计30分Use your own words to explain the following terms on the Answer Sheet.

1. Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

3. Metalanguage:certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.

4. Articulatory phonetics: It is a branch of phonetics which is the study of the production of speech sounds.

5. Allophone: The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment is called allophone.

6. Distinctive features: They are phonological relevant properties which can distinguish one phoneme from another.

7. IPA: It is abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources, such as Roman small letters, italics uprighted, obsolete letters, Greek letters, diacritics, etc. .

8. Morpheme: It is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

9. Compound: It refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form.

10. Blending: It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

11. Back-formation: It is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.

12. Embedding: It refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.

13. Recursiveness: It mainly means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within (i.e. be dominated by) another constituent having the same category.

14. Cohesion: It is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.

15. Reference: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it is concerned with the relation between a world and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unit and a non-linguistic entity it refers to.

16. Sense: It is the semantic relations between one word or another. It is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations.

17. Hyponymy(必考): It is a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word (the hyponym).