微观经济习题第九章
微观经济学英文版9-14章自测题及答案
微观经济学英⽂版9-14章⾃测题及答案第九章⾃测题：1. If the world price of a product is higher than a country’s domestic price we know that countrya. should import that product.b. should no longer produce that product.c. has a comparative advantage in that product.d. could benefit by imposing a tariff on that product.2. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of trade?a. an increased variety of goodsb. lower costs through economies of scalec. increased competitiond. an ability to control domestic and world prices3. When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, domestic producersa. gain and domestic consumers lose.b. lose and domestic consumers gain.c. and domestic consumers both gain.d. and domestic consumers both lose.4. The world price of yo-yo’s is $4.00 each. The pre-trade price of yo-yo’s in Taiwan is $3.50 each. If Taiwan allows trade in yo-yo’s we know that Taiwan willa. import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.b. import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.c. export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.d. export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.5. When a country moves from a free trade position and imposes a tariff on imports, this causesa. a decrease in total surplus in the market.b. a decrease in producer surplus in the market.c. an increase in consumer surplus in the market.d. a decrease in revenue to the government.6. A tariff and an import quota will botha. increase the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.b. increase the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.c. reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.d. reduce the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.7. The major difference between tariffs and import quotas is thata. tariffs create deadweight losses, but import quotas do not.b. tariffs help domestic consumers, and import quotas help domestic producers.c. tariffs raise revenue for the government, but import quotas create a surplus for import license holders.d. All of the above are correct.8. According to the graph, consumer surplusin this market before trade would bea. A.b. B + C.c. A + B + D.d. C.9. According to the graph, consumer surplusin this market after trade would bea. A.b. C + B.c. A + B + D.d. B + C + D.10. According to the graph, the change in total surplus in this market because of trade isa. Ab.Bc. Cd. D参考答案：1.c2.d3.a4.c5.a6.c7.c8.a9.c 10.d第⼗章⾃测题：1. An externality is the impact ofa. society’s decisions on the well-being of society.b. a person’s actions on that person’s well-being.c. one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.d. society’s decisions on the well-being of one person in the society2. If education produces positive externalities we would expecta. government to tax education.b. government to subsidize education.c. people to realize the benefits and therefore cause demand for education to increase.d. colleges to relax admission requirements.3. When a negative externality exists in a market the cost to producersa. is greater than the cost to society.b. will be the same as the cost to society.c. will be less than the cost to society.d. and society will be different regardless of whether an externality is present.4. Internalizing an externality refers to makinga. buyers and sellers take into account the external effects of their actions.b. certain that all market transaction benefits go to only buyers and sellers.c. certain government does not disrupt the internal workings of the market.d. buyers pay the full price for the products they purchase.5. Technology spillover is one type ofa. negative externality.b. positive externality.c. subsidy.d. producer surplus.6. According to the Coase theorem, private markets will solve externality problems and allocate resources efficiently as long asa. private parties can bargain without cost.b. government assigns property rights to the harmed party.c. the externalities that are present are positive and not negative.d. businesses determine an appropriate level of production.7. Pigovian taxes are typically advocated to correct for the effects ofa. positive externalities.b. negative externalities.c. regulatory burden.d. All of the above are correct.8. If the government were to limit the release of air-pollution produced by a steel mill to 10,000 units, this policy would be considered aa. regulation.b. Pigovian tax.c. subsidy.d. market-based policy.9. When one firm sells its pollution permit to another firm, which of the following does NOT occur?a. Both firms benefit.b. The total amount of pollution remains the same.c. Social welfare is enhanced.d. Over time, pollution will be eliminated.10. Which of the following policies is government most inclined to use when faced with a positive externality?a. taxationb. permitsc. subsidiesd. usage fees参考答案：1.c2.b3.c4.a5.b6.a7.b8.a9.d 10.c第⼗⼀章⾃测题1. Goods that are excludable include botha. natural monopolies and public goods.b. public goods and common resources.c. common resources and private goods.d. private goods and natural monopolies.2. Which of the following would be considered a private good?a. national defenseb. a public beachc. local cable television serviced. a bottle of natural mineral water3. The government provides public goods becausea. private markets are incapable of producing public goods.b. free-riders make it difficult for private markets to supply the socially optimal quantity.c. markets are always better off with some government oversight.d. external benefits will occur to private producers.4. The difference between technological knowledge and general knowledge is thata. general knowledge creation is usually more profitable for the creator.b. technological knowledge is excludable and general knowledge is not.c. general knowledge is excludable and technological knowledge is not.d. general knowledge is rival and technological knowledge is not.5. A lighthouse is typically considered a good example of a public good becausea. the owner of the lighthouse is able to exclude beneficiaries from enjoying the lighthouse.b. there is rarely another lighthouse nearby to provide competition.c. a nearby port authority cannot avoid paying fees to the lighthouse owner.d. all passing ships are able to enjoy the benefits of the lighthouse without paying.6. The Tragedy of the Commons results when a good isa. rival and not excludable.b. excludable and not rival.c. both rival and excludable.d. neither rival nor excludable.7. If the use of a common resource is not regulated,a. it cannot be used by anyone.b. the economy will end up with too much of a good thing.c. it becomes a private good.d. it will be overused.8. Government may be able to solve the problem of overuse of a common resource by doing each of the following EXCEPTa. regulating the use or consumption of the common resource.b. taxing the use or consumption of the common resource.c. selling the common resource to a private entity.d. allowing individuals to voluntarily reduce their use of the resource.9. Why do elephants face the threat of extinction while cows do not?a. Cattle are a valuable source of income for many people and elephants have no market value.b. There is a high demand for products that come only from the cow.c. There are still lots of cattle that roam free, while most elephants are in zoos.d. Cattle are owned by ranchers, while elephants are owned by no one.10. Excessive fishing occurs becausea. each individual fisherman has little incentive to maintain the species for the next year.b. fishermen rely on government managers to worry about fish populations.c. fishermen are concerned about the population dynamics of fish biomass, not current harvest rates.d. fishermen have other marketable skills and do not fear exploitation of fish reserves.参考答案：1.d2.d3.b4.b5.d6.a7.d8.d9.d 10.a第⼗⼆章⾃测题1. Which of the following is an implicit cost?(i) the owner of a firm forgoing an opportunity to earn a large salary working for a Wall Street brokerage firm(ii) interest paid on th e firm’s debt(iii) rent paid by the firm to lease office spacea. (ii) and (iii)b. (i) and (iii)c. (i) onlyd. All of the above are correct.2. John owns a shoe-shine business. His accountant most likely includes which of the following costs on his financial statements?a. wages John could earn washing windowsb. dividends John’s money was earning in the stock market before John sold his stock and bought a shoe-shine boothc. the cost of shoe polishd. All of the above are correct.3. Economic profita. will never exceed accounting profit.b. is most often equal to accounting profit.c. is always at least as large as accounting profit.d. is a less complete measure of profitability than accounting profit.4. Zach took $500,000 out of the bank and used it to start his new cookie business. The bankaccount pays 4 percent interest per year. During the first year of his business, Zach sold 12,000 boxes of cookies for $3 per box. Also, during the first year, the cookie business incurred costs that required outl ays of money amounting to$14,000.Zach’s economic profit for the year wasa. $–478,000.b. $–56,000.c. $2,000.d. $22,000.5. The marginal product of labor is equal to thea. incremental cost associated with a one unit increase in labor.b. incremental profit associated with a one unit increase in labor.c. increase in labor necessary to generate a one unit increase in output.d. increase in output obtained from a one unit increase in labor.6. Suppose Jan is starting up a small lemonade stand business. Va riable costs for Jan’s lemonade stand would include the cost ofa. building the lemonade stand.b. hiring an artist to design a logo for her sign.c. lemonade mix.d. All of the above are correct.7. Variable cost divided by quantity produced isa. average total cost.b. marginal cost.c. profit.d. None of the above are correct.8. The average fixed cost curvea. always declines with increased levels of output.b. always rises with increased levels of output.c. declines as long as it is above marginal cost.d. declines as long as it is below marginal cost.9. The efficient scale of the firm is the quantity of output thata. maximizes marginal product.b. maximizes profit.c. minimizes average total cost.d. minimizes average variable cost.10. Average total cost is increasing whenevera. total cost is increasing.b. marginal cost is increasing.c. marginal cost is less than average total cost.d. marginal cost is greater than average total cost.11. Which of the following expressions is correct?a. marginal cost = (change in quantity of output)/(change in total cost).b. average total cost = total cost/quantity of output.c. total cost = variable cost + marginal cost.d. All of the above are correct.12. Which of the following must always be true as the quantity of output increases?a. Marginal cost must rise.b. Average total cost must rise.c. Average variable cost must rise.d. Average fixed cost must fall.13. In the long run,a. inputs that were fixed in the short run remain fixed.b. inputs that were fixed in the short run become variable.c. inputs that were variable in the short run become fixed.d. variable inputs are rarely used.14. The length of the short runa. is different for different types of firms.b. can never exceed 3 years.c. can never exceed 1 year.d. is always less than 6 months.15. Economies of scale occur whena. long-run average total costs rise as output increases.b. long-run average total costs fall as output increases.c. average fixed costs are falling.d. average fixed costs are constant.16. Long-run average total cost curves are often U-shapeda. for the same reasons that average total cost curves are often U-shaped.b. because of constant returns to scale.c. because of increasing coordination problems at low levels of production and increasing specialization of workers at high levels of production.d. because of increasing specialization of workers at low levels of production and increasing coordination problems at high levels of production.参考答案：1.c2.c3.a4.c5.d6.c7.d8.a9.c 10.d 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.b 16.d第⼗三章⾃测题：1. For a firm in a perfectly competitive market, the price of the good is alwaysa. equal to marginal revenue.b. equal to total revenue.c. greater than average revenue.d. All of the above are correct.2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?a. Firms are price takers.b. Firms have difficulty entering the market.c. There are many sellers in the market.d. Goods offered for sale are largely the same.3. When a competitive firm triples the amount of output it sells,a. its total revenue triples.b. its average revenue triples.c. its marginal revenue triples.d. All of the above are correct.4. When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market has zero economic profit, accounting profita. is negative (accounting losses).b. is positive.c. is also zero.d. could be positive, negative or zero.5. For a competitive firm,a. Total revenue = Average revenue.b. Total revenue = Marginal revenue.c. Total cost = Marginal revenue.d. Average revenue = Marginal revenue.6. If marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, the firma. is most likely to be at a profit-maximizing level of output.b. should increase the level of production to maximize its profit.c. must be experiencing losses.d. may still be earning a profit.7. When price is greater than marginal cost for a firm in a competitive market,a. marginal cost must be falling.b. the firm must be minimizing its losses.c. there are opportunities to increase profit by increasing production.d. the firm should decrease output to maximize profit.8. When fixed costs are ignored because they are irrelevant to a business’s production decision, they are calleda. explicit costs.b. implicit costs.c. sunk costs.d. opportunity costs.9. When a firm makes a short-run decision not to produce anything during a specified period of time because of current market conditions, the firm is said toa. shut down.b. exit.c. withdraw.d. leave the industry.10. Profit-maximizing firms enter a competitive market when, for existing firms in that market,a. total revenue exceeds fixed costs.b. total revenue exceeds total variable costs.c. average total cost exceeds average revenue.d. price exceeds average total cost.11. A firm’s short-run supply curve is part of which of the following curves?a. marginal revenueb. average variable costc. average total costd. marginal cost12. Suppose you bought a ticket to a football game for $30, and that you place a $35 value on seeing the game. If you lose the ticket, then what is the maximum price you should pay for another ticket?a. $30b. $35c. $60d. $6513. When new firms have an incentive to enter a competitive market, their entry willa. increase the price of the product.b. drive down profits of existing firms in the market.c. shift the market supply curve to the left.d. All of the above are correct.14. In a perfectly competitive market, the process of entry and exit will end when, for firms in the market,a. price is equal to average variable cost.b. marginal revenue is equal to average variable cost.c. economic profits are zero.d. All of the above are correct.15. In a competitive market that is characterized by free entry and exit,a. all firms will operate at efficient scale in the short run.b. all firms will operate at efficient scale in the long run.c. the price of the product will differ across firms.d. the number of sellers in the market will steadily decrease over time.16. The assumption of a fixed number of firms is appropriate for analysis ofa. the short run, but not the long run.b. the long run, but not the short run.c. both the short run and the long run.d. neither the short run nor the long run.参考答案：1.a2.b3.a4.b5.d6.d7.c8.c9.a 10.d 11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.b 16.a第⼗四章⾃测题：1. Which of the following statements is correct?a. A competitive firm is a price maker and a monopoly is a price taker.b. A competitive firm is a price taker and a monopoly is a price maker.c. Both competitive firms and monopolies are price takers.d. Both competitive firms and monopolies are price makers.2. Which of the following is an example of a barrier to entry?(i) A key resource is owned by a single firm.(ii) The costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers. (iii) The government has given the existing monopoly the exclusive right to produce the good.a. (i) and (ii)b. (ii) and (iii)c. (i) onlyd. All of the above are correct.3. The defining characteristic of a natural monopoly isa. constant marginal cost over the relevant range of output.b. economies of scale over the relevant range of output.c. constant returns to scale over the relevant range of output.d. diseconomies of scale over the relevant range of output.4. Patent and copyright laws are major sources ofa. natural monopolies.b. government-created monopolies.c. resource monopolies.d. None of the above are correct.5. The De Beers diamond monopoly is a classic example of a monopoly thata. is government-created.b. arises from the ownership of a key resource.c. results in very little advertising of the product that the monopolist produces.d. was broken up by the government a long time ago.6. In order to sell more of its product, a monopolist musta. sell to the government.b. sell in international markets.c. lower its price.d. use its market power to force up the price of complementary products.7. For a profit-maximizing monopolist,a. P＞MR = MC.b. P = MR = MC.c. P ＞MR ＞MC.d. MR ＜MC ＜P.8. For a monopoly, the supply curve is a portion of itsa. marginal revenue curve.b. marginal cost curve.c. average total cost curve.d. none of the above; a monopoly does not have a supply curve.9. What is the monopolist’s profit under the following conditions? The profit-maximizing price charged for goods produced is $16. The intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves occurs where output is 10 units and marginal cost is $8. Average total cost for 10 units of output is $6.a. $20b. $80c. $100d. $16010. Antitrust laws allow the government toa. prevent mergers.b. break up companies.c. promote competition.d. All of the above are correct.参考答案：1.b2.d3.b4.b5.b6.c7.a8.d9.c 10.d。
微观经济学习题第8-9章
第八章8.1名词解释税收楔子无谓损失拉弗曲线8.2判断正误T 1．一般来说，税收提高了买者支付的价格，降低了卖者得到的价格，并减少了销售量。
T 2．如果对一种物品征税，并减少了销售量，税收就必定有无谓损失。
F 3．无谓损失是由税收引起的消费者剩余减少。
F 4．对一种物品征税时，政府得到的收入正好等于税收引起的消费者和生产者剩余的损失。
F 5．如果约翰对他理发的评价为20美元，玛丽提供理发的成本是10美元，任何一种大于10美元的理发税都会消除贸易的好处，并引起总剩余20美元的损失。
T 6．如果对供给完全无弹性的市场上的一种物品征税，就没有无谓损失。
F 7．香烟税引起的无谓损失可能大于豪华游艇税。
F 8．如果供给和需求都缺乏弹性，税收引起的无谓损失就大。
T 9．税收引起无谓损失是因为它消除了一些潜在的贸易好处。
F 10．较大的税收总引起更多的税收收入。
T 11．较大的税收总引起较大的无谓损失。
T 12．如果所得税率相当高．降低税率可以增加税收收入。
F 13．向买者收税引起的无谓损失小于向卖者收税。
T 14．如果税收增加两倍，税收的无谓损失大于两倍。
8.3单项选择1、如果不对这个市场上的产品收税，消费者剩余的面积是：a. A+B+Cb. B+C+Bc. A+B+Ed. C+D+Fe. A2、如果不对这个市场上的产品收税，生产者剩余的面积是：a. A+B+C+Db. C+D+Fc. Dd. C+Fe. A+B+E3、如果对这个产品市场上的产品收税，消费者剩余的面积是：a. Ab. A+Bc. A+B+Ed. A+B+C+De. D4、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，生产者剩余的面积是：a. Ab. A+B+Ec. C+D+Fd. De. A+B+C+D5、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，买者支付的税收收入的面积是：a. Ab. Bc. Cd. B+Ce. B+C+E+F6、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，卖者支付的税收收入的面积是：a. Ab. Bc. Cd. C+Fe. B+C+E+F7、如果不对这个市场上的产品征税，总剩余的面积是：a. A+B+C+Db. A +B+C+D+E+Fc. B+C+E+Fd. E+Fe. A+D+E+F8、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，总剩余的面积是：a. A+B+C+Db. A+B+C+D+E+Fc. B+C+E+Fd. E+Fe. A+D9、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，无谓损失的面积是：a. B+Cb. B+C+E+Fc. A+B+C+Dd. E+Fe. A+D10、关于图中的税收负担，以下哪一种说法是正确的？a.买者支付了大部分税收，因为需求比供给缺乏弹性；b.买者支付了大部分税收，因为需求比供给富有弹性；c.卖者支付了大部分税收，因为供给比需求富有弹性；d.卖者支付了大部分税收，因为供给比需求缺乏弹性。
微观第九章习题及答案
微观第九章习题及答案一、名词解释要素供给原则租金准租金经济租金资本的服务价格基尼系数洛伦兹曲线欧拉定理二、选择题1、边际生产力理论认为（）A总产值等于所有要素的报酬之和B要素报酬取决于所生产的边际产量C如果所有市场都有的完全竞争的，那么，资源配置就是有效率的D 上述结论都准确2、既想要提高工资，又想避免失业的增加，这样的希望在（D）时，比较容易实现。
A劳动的需求富有弹性；B劳动的供给富有弹性；C劳动产品的需求富有弹性；D劳动产品的需求缺乏弹性。
PS：同步辅导P187选择题第4题3、准租金与厂商的总利润相比（）A.相等；B.前者大；C.后者大；D.均有可能。
4、假设某京剧演员的年薪为10万元，但若他从事其他职业，最多只能收入3万元，则该京剧演员所获得的经济租金是（）A.10万元；B.3万元；C.7万元；D.均有可能。
5、工资率上升所导致的替代效应是指（）。
A、工作同样长的时间可以得到更多的收入；B、工作较短的时间也可以得到同样的收入；C、工人愿意用更长的工作时间来替代闲暇；D、工人愿意用更长的闲暇时间来替代工作。
6、某工人在工资率为100元/天时，每月挣2000元，工资率为110元/天时，每月挣2800元，由此可以判断（）A、收入效应起着主要作用；B、替代效应起着主要作用；C、收入效应和替代效应都没有发生作用；D、无法判断两种效应作用的大小。
7、当科技迅速发展，人们越来越倾向于采用资本密集型生产方式，则会导致（）A.劳动的供给曲线向左移动；B.劳动的供给曲线向右移动；C.劳动的需求曲线向左移动；D.劳动的需求曲线向右移动。
8、下列关于经济租与准租金的论述正确的是（A）A．经济租无论短期还是长期都存在，而准租金只在短期才存在B．经济租是对某些特定要素而言，而准租金存在于所有要素C．经济租是指对供给暂时固定的生产要素的支付D．经济租与租金没什么区别9、如果收入分配是平均分配的，则洛伦兹曲线将会（）A.与纵轴重合；B.与横轴重合；C.与45度线重合；D.无法判断其位置。
高鸿业微观经济学第五版第九章_习题答案_9
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微观经济习题集第九章
第九章 生产要素价格决定的供给方面一、单项选择题1.假设某歌唱演员的年薪为10万元，但假若她从事其他职业，最多只能得到3万元，那么该歌唱演员所获的经济租金为( )。
①10万元 ② 7万元 ③3万元 ④不可确知。
2.正常利润是( )。
①经济利润的一部分 ②经济成本的一部分③隐含成本的一部分 ④B和C都对。
3.洛仑兹曲线是检验( )的方法。
①利润最大化 ②厂商垄断程度③工资率的高低 ④社会收入分配的平等程度。
4.准租金与厂商的总利润相比( )。
①相等 ②前者大 ③后者大 ④均有可能5.某工人在工资率为每小时2美元的时候每周挣80美元，每小时3美元的时候每周挣105美元，由此可以断定( )。
①收入效应起着主要作用②替代效应起着主要作用；③收入效应和替代效应都没有发生作用④无法确定6.工资率提高的收入效应是指( )。
①以劳动来替代闲暇②以闲暇来替代劳动③闲暇时间减少④劳动供给增加7.人们工资的上升会引起的替代效应是指（）①用较短的时间得到同样多的收入②用较长的时间得到同样多的收入③要求用收入替代闲暇④上述说法都有道理8.既要提高工资又要避免失业增加的希望在下面哪一情况下比较容易实现（）①劳动的需求富有弹性②劳动的供给富有弹性③劳动产品的需求富有弹性④劳动产品的需求缺乏弹性9.经济租金是指（）①因垄断而产生的收益②因竞争而生的收益③仅指土地的租金④以上都错10.准经济租金的是指（）①一时垄断所造成的收益②中等土地的租金③政府征收的土地税④以上都有错11．土地的供给曲线是一条（ ）①向右上方倾斜的曲线②向右下方倾斜的曲线③平行于价格轴的直线④垂直于价格轴的直线；12．如果人们对闲暇的需求增加，那么（ ）①工资率下降，劳动的供给量会增加②工资率下降，劳动的供给量会减少③工资率上升，劳动的供给量会增加④工资率上升，劳动的供给量会减少13．生产要素所有者所得到的收入有劳动的工资（ ）①资本的红利和货币的利息②资本的利息和土地的地租③资本的利息和土地的准租金④货币的利息和土地的经济租金14.影响居民的现期收入和预期未来收入之间大小关系的主要因素是（ ）①利率的大小②储蓄的多少③居民的富裕或贫困④居民所处的生命周期阶段15．在短期内，厂商所面临的资本供给曲线是（ ）①向右上方倾斜 ②向右下方倾斜③完全无弹性 ④完全有弹性16．如果（ ），居民将增加他们的储蓄量。
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第9章 不完全竞争和垄断)
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》（第19版）第9章不完全竞争和垄断课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．完全竞争与不完全竞争（perfect vs．imperfect competition）答：（1）完全竞争又称为纯粹竞争，是指不存在任何阻碍和干扰因素的市场情况，亦即没有任何垄断因素的市场结构。
完全竞争的条件是：①对单个厂商而言，价格既定。
市场上有大量互相独立的买者和卖者，他们是既定价格的接受者而不是决定者；②产品同质。
所有卖者向市场提供的产品都是同质的、无差异的产品，对买者来说没有任何差别；③要素自由流动。
所有要素都可以自由流动，进入或退出市场；④信息充分。
卖者和买者都可以获得完备的信息，双方不存在相互的欺骗。
除此之外，还有完全竞争者都具有理性的假设。
事实上，这种理想的完全竞争市场很难在现实中存在。
但是，完全竞争市场的资源利用最优、经济效率最高，可以作为经济政策的理想目标，所以，经济学家总是把完全竞争市场的分析当作市场理论的主要内容，并把它作为一个理想情况，以便和现实比较。
（2）不完全竞争是相对于理想化的完全竞争而言的一类市场结构，市场中的企业或个人不像在完全竞争市场中都是价格接受者，而是对产品市场价格有一定程度的控制力。
如果一个企业能够明显地影响其产品的市场价格，那么，该企业就属于“不完全竞争者”；当个别出售者具有一定程度控制某一行业的产品价格的能力时，该行业就处于不完全竞争之中。
（注：一定程度控制力并不意味他们具有全部的价格决定权，决定价格的自由度在不同行业中存在差异，不完全竞争的存在并不排除市场上的激烈竞争，因为厂商之间常会相互竞争以增加自己的市场力量。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第9章 应用：国际贸易)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第9章应用：国际贸易课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．世界价格（world price）答：世界价格也称世界市场价格，指一种物品在世界市场上交易的价格。
世界价格是由商品的国际价值决定的。
国际价值是世界市场商品交换的惟一依据，各国商品的国别价值都必须还原为国际价值，以便在国际市场上交换。
而各国商品的国别价值在多大程度上表现为国际价值，是与各国的经济技术水平、劳动强度和劳动生产率密切相关的。
一般来说，一国的经济技术水平和劳动生产率越高，其商品价值就越低于国际商品价值，若按照国际商品价值出售，就能获得较好的经济效益；相反则会在竞争中处于不利的地位。
2．关税（tariff）答：关税是指对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税。
与其他税收相比，关税有两个主要特点：第一，关税的征收对象是进出境的货物和物品；第二，关税具有涉外性，是对外贸易政策的重要手段。
征收关税的作用主要有两个方面：一是增加本国财政收入；二是保护本国的产业和国内市场。
其中以前者为目的而征收的关税称为财政关税，以后者为目的而征收的关税称为保护关税。
与任何一种物品销售税一样，关税会扭曲激励，使得稀缺资源的配置背离最优水平，使市场接近于没有贸易时的均衡，因此，减少了贸易的好处。
关税虽然使国内生产者的状况变好，而且政府增加了收入，但造成消费者的损失大于获得的这些好处。
关税造成的无谓损失具体表现为：第一，关税使国内生产者能收取的价格高于世界价格，结果，鼓励他们增加低效率地生产。
西方经济学第9章（微观第9章）一、问答题试述消费者的要素供给原则...
西方经济学第9章(微观第9章)一、问答题1.试述消费者的要素供给原则。
答：（1）要素供给者（消费者）遵循的是效用最大原则，即作为“要素供给的资源的边际效用要与作为”保留自用“的资源的边际效用相等。
（2）要素供给的边际效用是间接的等于要素供给的边际收入与收入的边际效用的乘积。
（3）自用资源的边际效用是直接边际效用增量与自用资源增量之比的极限值，即增加一单位自用资源带来的效用增量。
2.如何从要素供给原则推导要素供给曲线？答（1）根据要素供给原则dU/dL\dL/dY=W,给定一个要素价格W，可以得到一个最优的自用资源数量L。
（2）在资源总量为既定的条件下，给定一个最优的自用资源数量L,又可以得到一个最优的要素供给量L。
（3）要素价格W与要素供给量L的关系即代表了要素的供给曲线。
3.劳动供给曲线为什么向后弯曲？答：（1）劳动供给曲线表明的是劳动供给量与价格之间的关系，而劳动供给可看成成本是闲暇需求的反面；劳动的价格即工资是闲暇的价格。
于是，劳动供给量随工资的变化的关系即劳动供给曲线可以用闲暇需求量随闲暇价格变化的关系即闲暇需求的曲线来说明：解释劳动供给曲线向后弯曲（劳动供给量随工资上升而下降）等于解释闲暇需求曲线向前上斜（闲暇需求量随闲暇价格上升而上升）。
（2）闲暇价格变化造成闲暇需求量变化有两个原因，即替代效应和收入效应。
由于替代效应，闲暇需求量与闲暇价格变化方向相反。
由于收入效应，闲暇需求量与闲暇价格变化方向相同。
（3）当工资即闲暇价格较低时，闲暇价格变化的收入效应较小，而当工资即闲暇价格越高时，闲暇价格变化的收入效应就越大，甚至可能超过替代效应。
如果收入效应超过了替代效应，则闲暇需求量随闲暇价格上升而上升，即劳动供给量随工资上升而下降，这就使得劳动供给曲线向后弯曲。
4.土地的供给曲线为什么垂直？答：土地供给曲线垂直并非因为自然赋予的土地数量为（或假定为）固定不变。
而是因为假定土地只有一种用途即生产性用途，而没有自用用途。
《宏微观经济学》第九章习题答案
《宏微观经济学》第九章习题答案2002年10月22日(国民经济的流转与均衡)一、填空题1.生产消费2.物价水平3.低水平均衡高水平均衡超能力的均衡二、选择题1.C2.B3.B4.A5.D三、判断题1.×2.×3.×4.√5.×6.×7.×四、名词解释1.漏出：是指退出或者减少对企业生产的商品和服务的即期消费，即减少总需求，从而增加国民经济总的产出水平。
2.注入：是指进入或者增加对企业生产的商品和服务的即期消费，即增加总需求，从而减少国民经济总的产出水平。
3.低水平均衡：是指一种由于生产力不发达而造成社会产出水平低、生产能力利用不足时出现的均衡。
在这种均衡状态下，失业人数众多，国民经济很不景气。
4.高水平均衡：是指一种在国民经济结构比较合理，经济繁荣但不过度的情况下出现的均衡状态。
在这种均衡状态下，失业问题基本解决、生产能力得到充分利用、产出水平高。
这种均衡也叫做充分就业的均衡。
5.超能力均衡：是指一种在社会货币过多、社会供应的物资相对太少、通货膨胀严重的情况下出现的均衡状态。
在这种均衡状态下，社会商品的短缺，实际上只是货币的均衡。
五、问答题1.国民经济均衡的条件是什么？答：国民经济均衡是指三对漏出和注入因素总和的平衡，而不一定同时要求做到预算平衡（政府税收=政府购买）、存贷平衡（储蓄＝投资）和外汇收支平衡（进口=出口）。
2.国民经济均衡的形式有哪几种？哪一种形式最佳？为什么？答：国民经济均衡的形式有以下三种：（1）低水平的均衡。
这种均衡状态表现为社会产出水平低、生产能力利用不足，失业人数众多，国民经济很不景气，这种不均衡状态为总需求不足所造成。
（2）高水平的均衡。
高水平均衡状态表现为产出水平高、生产能力得到充分利用，失业问题基本解决，国民经济结构比较合理，呈现经济繁荣但不过度的局面。
（3）超能力的均衡。
这种均衡状态仅仅表现为货币的均衡，实际上是货币供给过多，可供物资太少，此时总需求与总供给的均衡是通过物价的上涨来实现的，所以通货膨胀严重。
平狄克《微观经济学》课后习题-第9章 竞争性市场分析【圣才出品】
第9章 竞争性市场分析9.1 课后复习题详解1．无谓损失的含义是什么？为什么价格上限通常导致无谓损失？答：（1）无谓损失的含义无谓损失是指市场在非效率条件下运作时，生产者与（或）消费者的福利净损失，任何一方都无法获得的利益。
（2）价格上限通常导致无谓损失的原因政府的价格上限管制所导致的消费者和生产者剩余的变化如图9－1所示。
由于存在价格管制，生产和销售量从降为。
那些仍能买到商品的消费者现在支付的价格降低，获得的剩余增加，如图中的矩形区域。
然而，有些消费者不再能买到商品，他们的消费者剩余损失为深色阴影三角形区域。
因此，消费者剩余的净变化为。
图9－1 无谓损失那些仍留在市场上生产数量商品的生产者，现在只得接受较低的价格，他们失去了矩形代表的生产者剩余。
同时，总产量也下降了，导致生产者剩余的额外损失为三角形。
因此，生产者剩余的总变化为。
显然，价格控制使生产者遭受损失。
所以，剩余的总变化为，从图9－1中看，即两个三角形区域和。
2．假设某商品的供给曲线完全无弹性。
如果政府规定的最高价格低于市场出清价格，这会导致无谓损失吗？请加以解释。
答：不会导致无谓损失。
原因如下：（1）供给曲线完全无弹性，即，意味着该供给曲线是纵向供给曲线，不管价格如何改变，供给量都不变。
最高价格管制即政府对某一产品设定市场最高价格，显然这一设定的最高价格要小于市场出清的价格。
最高价格管制是否会导致无谓损失取决于供求曲线的弹性。
（2）如果供给曲线完全无弹性，实行低于市场出清价格的最高限价政策后，生产者剩余的减少量与消费者剩余的增加量相等，因此，将不会有无谓损失。
如图9－2所示，当实行最高限价后，价格由降低到，需求量由增加到，供给量保持不变。
消费者剩余增加为矩形A ，生产者剩余的减少也为A ，因此无谓损失是0。
图9－2 供给无弹性时最高限价的影响3．价格上限怎样改善消费者境况？在什么条件下它可能使消费者的处境变糟？答：（1）“价格上限”也称为“最高限价”，指政府在保持低收入阶层的人可以购买的限度内，规定某些特殊商品或服务的价格不准超越的价格。
朱善利《微观经济学》(第3版)课后习题详解(完全竞争市场下的价格与产量)
第九章完全竞争市场下的价格与产量问题一1．完全竞争的条件是什么？答：完全竞争市场是指不包含有任何垄断因素的市场，它需要有以下四个条件，如果缺少任何一个，则是不完全竞争市场。
（1）市场上有大量的买者和卖者。
由于市场上有无数的买者和卖者，所以，相对于整个市场的总需求量和总供给量而言，每一个买者的需求量和每一个卖者的供给量都是微不足道的，任何一个买者买与不买，或买多与买少，以及任何一个卖者卖与不卖，或卖多与卖少，都不会对市场的价格水平产生任何的影响。
于是，在这样的市场中，每一个消费者或每一个厂商对市场价格没有任何的控制力量，每一个人都只能被动地接受既定的市场价格，称为价格接受者。
（2）市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是完全同质的。
商品同质指厂商之间提供的商品是完全无差别的，它不仅指商品的质量、规格、商标等完全相同，还包括购物环境、售后服务等方面也完全相同。
对于消费者来说，无法区分产品是由哪一家厂商生产的，或者说，购买任何一家厂商的产品都是一样的。
在这种情况下，如果有一个厂商单独提价，那么，他的产品就会完全卖不出去。
当然，单个厂商也没有必要单独降价。
因为，在一般情况下，单个厂商总是可以按照既定的市场价格实现属于自己的那一份相对来说很小的销售份额。
（3）所有的资源具有完全的流动性。
这意味着厂商进入或退出一个行业是完全自由和毫无困难的。
所有资源都可以在各厂商之间和各行业之间完全自由地流动，不存在任何障碍。
任何一种资源都可以及时地投向能获得最大利润的生产，并及时地从亏损的生产中退出。
在这样的过程中，缺乏效率的企业将被市场淘汰，取而代之的是具有效率的企业。
（4）信息是完全的。
即市场上的每一个买者和卖者都掌握与自己的经济决策有关的一切信息。
这样，每一个消费者和每一个厂商可以根据自己所掌握的完全的信息，作出自己的最优的经济决策，从而获得最大的经济利益。
而且，由于每一个买者和卖者都知道既定的市场价格，都按照这一既定的市场价格进行交易，这也就排除了由于信息不通畅而可能导致的一个市场同时按照不同的价格进行交易的情况。
《微观经济学》课后练习题参考答案9
第九章一般均衡与福利经济学一.选择题二.名词解释1.交换契约线：把艾奇沃斯交换盒形图中的像E1、E2和E3 这样的双方无差异曲线的切点连接起来构成一条从OA到OB的曲线，称之为交易的契约曲线。
2.生产契约线：把艾奇沃斯生产盒形图中的像E1、E2和E3 这样的双方等产量曲线的切点连接起来构成一条从OX到OY的曲线，称为生产的契约曲线。
3.边际转换率（marginal rate of product transformation，MRPT）：生产可能性曲线的切线斜率称为边际转换率。
MRPT XY =－dY/dX ，即为增加一单位X必须放弃的Y的产量，也就是生产单位X的机会成本。
4.帕累托最优：假如任何重新改变资源配置的方法已经不能在无损于任何一个人的前提下使任何一个人的处境较前变好，这就意味着一个社会在既定的生产技术和既定的每个消费者偏好函数条件下，生产资源配置情况已达于最适度状态，即帕累托最优。
5.效用可能性曲线：交易契约线上的每一点代表A、B两个消费者的各个不同的效用组合，把这些不同的效用组合在效用坐标图上表示出来得到的一条曲线就叫做效用可能性曲线。
6.社会福利界限（social welfare frontier）：效用可能性曲线的外包络线，就是效用可能性边界，或者称为社会福利界限。
7.社会无差异曲线：在效用坐标图中，一定福利水平的不同组合点的轨迹构成的曲线就是社会无差异曲线，也叫社会福利等高线。
8.洛仑兹曲线：画一个矩形，矩形的高衡量社会财富的百分比，将之分为5等份，每一等份为20的社会总财富。
在矩形的长上，将100的家庭从最穷者到最富者至左向右排列，也分为五等份，第一个等份代表收入最低的20的家庭，最右边的那个等份则代表收入最高的20的家庭。
在这个矩形中，将每一百分比的家庭所拥有的财富的百分比累计起来，并将相应的点画在图中，便得到了一条曲线就是洛伦茨曲线。
9.基尼系数：绝对平等线和实际洛伦茨曲线围成的半月形面积，与由绝对不平等线围成的三角形OEF的面积的比例。
西方经济学(微观部分)第九章 生产要素价格决定的需求方面 习题参考答案(微观部分) - 副本
第九章生产要素价格决定的需求方面.复习思考题一、名词解释生产要素市场要素价格引致需求边际收益产品边际产品价值边际要素成本二、简答题1．简述厂商的生产要素使用原则。
2．为什么在买方垄断条件下，要素的需求曲线不存在？3．对于完全竞争厂商而言，单可变要素下的厂商需求曲线有哪些特点？4．简述完全竞争条件下生产要素价格的均衡。
5．为什么厂商利润最大化的条件MC=MR可以重新表述为MFC=MRP或者MFC=VMP？6．简述在微观经济学中产品市场理论和要素市场理论的异同点。
三、计算题1．在完全竞争的市场上．某厂商的生产函数为Q=10L-0.5L2。
假定产品市场上的价格为5，劳动的工资率为10，求厂商利润最大化的劳动使用量。
2．设某厂商的生产函数为Q=100K0.5L0.5在本生产期内，资本投入量为100单位，劳动投入量为25单位。
求：(1)计算这时各要素的边际产量。
(2)若资本价格为每单位20元，计算其工资(率)。
(3)如果产品的价格为50元．求厂商对劳动的需求曲线。
3．假定厂商在劳动市场上是垄断的，而在产品市场上是完全竞争的，其对劳动的需求函数为L D=10-0.5W，劳动的供给函数为L S=W+4。
试求：(1)厂商将雇用多少工人?(2)工资率是多少?4．设某厂商只把劳动作为可变生产要素，Q=-0.01L3+L2+36L，Q为厂商每天产量，L为工人的日劳动小时数。
所有市场均为完全竞争，单位产品价格为0.1元，小时工资率为4.8元，求利润最大化时厂商每天投入的劳动小时数。
假设厂商每天文付的固定成本为50元，厂商每天的纯利润为多少?四、论述题1．完全竞争市场与不完全竞争市场上，厂商对生产要素的需求有什么不同？2．试述厂商的要素使用原则。
阅读推荐与网络链接1. 高鸿业：《西方经济学第五版(微观部分)》，中国人民大学出版社，20112. 于刃刚：《生产要素论》，中国物价出版社，19993. 陈春根：《经济学原理》，浙江大学出版社，20104. 保罗·克鲁格曼，罗宾·威尔斯：《微观经济学》，中国人民大学出版社，20095. （美）平狄克，鲁宾费尔德：《微观经济学》，中国人民大学出版社，2004 6．/7. 8. /第九章生产要素价格决定的需求方面复习思考题一、名词解释生产要素市场：是指生产要素作为商品所进行的一切交换和买卖活动,以及用商品交易方式把生产要素的需求和供给联系起来的一种经济关系。
平狄克微观经济学课后习题答案 第9章
第九章复习题一1 当价格偏离均衡价格时，所造成生产者或者消费者损失2 价格上限通常使生产者及消费者剩余减少二不会，生产者剩余减少等于消费者剩余增加三1 价格上限使商品市场价格低于均衡价格2 当商品市场价格高于均衡价格四不一定当最低价格高于均衡价格，生产者情况改善，当最低价格低于均衡价格生产者情况变坏五1 出租车（拥有执照）2 餐馆和酒吧（许可证）3 小麦和玉米（政府补贴配额）六有福利损失七关税好，关税提高本国政府的收入，配额支付给国外企业八1 当需求弹性较小时，消费者支付大部分税额，当供给曲线弹性较小时，生产者支付大部分税额2 需求曲线弹性九征税不利于效率的提高，它的损失是由供给需求曲线相对的弹性大小所决定的练习题一1 Ls=Ld，得到 80—10W=10W W=4美元/小时 Ls=40千万人/年2 Ls=10Ws Ld=80—10Wd Ws—Ws=1，得到Ws=4.5美元/小时，Wd=3.5美元/小时L=45二1 均衡价格为P为3 均衡数量Q=72 Qs=10—Pb，Qd=4+Ps Pb—Ps=1 得到Q=7.5，Ps=2.5 Pb=3.5其中Ps表示卖方支付的价格，Pb表示买方支付的价格3 Qs=10—Pb，Qd=4+Ps Ps—Pb=1 得到 Q=7.5，Pb=2.5 Ps=3.5三当政府发放补贴的时候，国内的产量为Q2，国内政府收入为负的（Ps—Pb）*Q2，无谓损失为C+F，当政府征收进口税的时候，国内的最大产量为Q2，国内政府收入为（Q1—Q0）*（P0—Pw），无谓损失为A+B。
结论：日本偏爱征收进口税，日本农民偏爱政府发放补贴。
四书上有答案。
五1 当市场的需求弹性较小，而供给弹性较大的时候，即Ed/Es相对较小时，政府支付小于0.5亿美元，相反，则大于0.5亿美元2 当消费者的需求弹性较小的时候，而供给弹性较大的时候，即Ed/Es相对较小时，消费者支付大于0.5亿美元，相反，则小于0.5亿美元六1 设需求方程为：Qd=a—bP，根据图表，求得需求曲线的方程为Q=40—2P，同理，供给方程为Qs=c+dP ，得到，Q=2/3P，2 P=9 Ed=-9/11；P=12 Ed=-3/23 P=9 Es=3/11；P=12 Es=1/24 美国进口为9美元/镑，进口数量为Q=40—2*9=225 征收9美元/镑的关税，则进口纤维的价格为18美元大于15美元，进口数量为零，政府没有收入，政府无谓损失为0.5*16*6=48百万镑6 国内价格为12美元/镑，配额成本为消费者的损失，（12—9）*16+1/2（12—9）（22—16）=57百万美元，生产者剩余为（12—9）*6+1/2（8—6）（12—9）=2.1百万美元七Q=2/3P Q=40—2批，、求得P=15美元，Q=10百万盎司，1 国内价格为15美元时候，进口价格为9+9=18大于15，2 国内合金价格（40—2P）—2/3P=8 求得P=12美元八1 由消费者承担，|Ed|小于|Ed|，2 税收不队啤酒的销量造成多大的影响，因为Ed（交叉需求弹性）为0.1九设：Qs=14+2Pg+0.25Po Qd=—5Pg+3.75Po 当Po为12美元/桶，则上述曲线变形为Qs=17+2Pg Qd=45—5Pg，求得Pg=4，Q=25当最高限价为1美元时，需求数量为19，无谓损失为1/2（5.2—1）（25—19）=12.6十由Qd=25.68—0.25P Qs=—8.19+1.07P可得23.86—0.25P—（-8.19+1.07P）=4，当P=21.25 Qd=18.5 当P=22，Qd=18.35消费者剩余（18.5+18.35）*（22—21.25）*1/2*0.75=13.82当P=22，生产者剩余（15.35+14.5）*0.75*0.5=11.2十一1 由Qs=-5.19+1.07P Qd=23.86—0.25P 求得P=22，Q=18.36又由23.86—0.25P—15.94=2.52 由生产者剩余：15.9*（22—12）—13=127.43消费者剩余：（20.9+18.4）*（22—12）*1/2=196.5国外生产者剩余：（22—12）*2.5=25无谓损失：（20.9—18.4）*（22—12）*1/2+（15.9—7.7）（19.7—12）*1/2=44.07十二由P=50+Q，P=200—2Q，求得国内均衡价格P=100，Q=50，当市价为60，国内的价格Qd=70，Qs =10，当征收40美分/镑，税收进口为零，国内价格为P=100，国内生产者的剩余为（50+10）*（100—60）*1/2=1200国内消费者的剩余为（50+70）*（100—90）*1/2=2400政府的税收为零，没有进口。
微观经济学第九章应用-国际贸易
第九章应用：国际贸易问题与应用1．墨西哥橘子市场只是世界橘子市场的一小部分。
A．画出表示没有国际贸易时墨西哥橘子市场均衡的图形。
确定均衡价格、均衡数量、消费者剩余和生产者剩余。
答：图9－2 没有国际贸易时墨西哥橘子市场均衡图B．假设在贸易之前世界橘子价格低于墨西哥橘子价格，而且，现在墨西哥橘子市场开放贸易。
确定新的均衡价格、消费量、国内生产量以及进口量。
说明国内消费者和生产者剩余的变化。
国内总剩余增加了还是减少了?答：如图9－3，墨西哥橘子市场开放后，新的均衡价格等于世界价格P 。
进口量＝Q1 －Q2 。
没有贸易时，生产者剩余是面积B+E，消费者剩余是面积A，总剩余是面积A+B+E。
进行国际贸易后，消费者剩余是面积A+B+C+D，生产者剩余是面积正总剩余是A+B+C+D+E，增加了面积C+D。
图9－3 墨西哥橘子市场开放后的均衡图2．没有贸易时，世界红酒的价格低于加拿大的现行价格。
A．假设加拿大的红酒进口只是世界红酒总产量的一小部分，画出自由贸易下加拿大红酒市场的图形。
在一个适当的表中，列出消费者剩余、生产者剩余和总剩余。
答：见下表图9－4 自由贸易下加拿大红酒市场B．现在假设墨西哥湾流的异常移动使欧洲的夏天气候异常冷，破坏了葡萄收成。
这种冲击对世界红酒价格有什么影响？用你在问题AA中的图和表说明对加拿大消费者剩余、生产者剩余和总剩余的影响。
谁是赢家？谁是输家? 加拿大作为一个整体，状况变好了还是变坏了? 9—5答：这种冲击使世界红酒供给下降，价格上升。
图9－5 葡萄减产时的加拿大红酒市场表9－1 加拿大红酒市场福利表这一事件，使加拿大红酒市场上的消费者剩余减少，生产者剩余增加，总剩余减少。
加拿大红酒生产者是赢家，消费者是输家。
加拿大作为一个整体，状况变坏了。
3．假设国会对进口汽车征收关税，以保护美国汽车工业免受外国竞争。
假设美国在世界汽车市场上是一个价格接受者，用图形说明：进口量的变化、美国消费者的损失、美国制造商的收益、政府收入，以及与关税相关的无谓损失。
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详细讲解(含考研真题)(第9章_不完全竞争和垄断)
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》（第19版）第9章不完全竞争和垄断课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．完全竞争与不完全竞争（perfect vs．imperfect competition）答：（1）完全竞争又称为纯粹竞争，是指不存在任何阻碍和干扰因素的市场情况，亦即没有任何垄断因素的市场结构。
完全竞争的条件是：①对单个厂商而言，价格既定。
市场上有大量互相独立的买者和卖者，他们是既定价格的接受者而不是决定者；②产品同质。
所有卖者向市场提供的产品都是同质的、无差异的产品，对买者来说没有任何差别；③要素自由流动。
所有要素都可以自由流动，进入或退出市场；④信息充分。
卖者和买者都可以获得完备的信息，双方不存在相互的欺骗。
除此之外，还有完全竞争者都具有理性的假设。
事实上，这种理想的完全竞争市场很难在现实中存在。
但是，完全竞争市场的资源利用最优、经济效率最高，可以作为经济政策的理想目标，所以，经济学家总是把完全竞争市场的分析当作市场理论的主要内容，并把它作为一个理想情况，以便和现实比较。
（2）不完全竞争是相对于理想化的完全竞争而言的一类市场结构，市场中的企业或个人不像在完全竞争市场中都是价格接受者，而是对产品市场价格有一定程度的控制力。
如果一个企业能够明显地影响其产品的市场价格，那么，该企业就属于“不完全竞争者”；当个别出售者具有一定程度控制某一行业的产品价格的能力时，该行业就处于不完全竞争之中。
（注：一定程度控制力并不意味他们具有全部的价格决定权，决定价格的自由度在不同行业中存在差异，不完全竞争的存在并不排除市场上的激烈竞争，因为厂商之间常会相互竞争以增加自己的市场力量。
微观经济学第八版课后习题答案第九章
Chapter 9The Analysis of Competitive MarketsReview Questions1. What is meant by deadweight loss? Why does a price ceiling usually result in a deadweight loss?Deadweight loss refers to the benefits lost by consumers and/or producers when markets do not operate efficiently. The term deadweight denotes that these are benefits unavailable to any party. A price ceiling set below the equilibrium price in a perfectly competitive market will result in a deadweight loss because it reduces the quantity supplied by producers. Both producers and consumers lose surplus because less of the good is produced and consumed. The reduced (ceiling) price benefits consumers but hurts producers, so there is a transfer from one group to the other. The real culprit, then, and the primary source of the deadweight loss, is the reduction in the amount of the good in the market.2. Suppose the supply curve for a good is completely inelastic. If the government imposed a priceceiling below the market-clearing level, would a deadweight loss result? Explain.When the supply curve is completely inelastic, it is vertical. In this case there is no deadweight loss because there is no reduction in the amount of the good produced. The imposition of the price ceiling transfers all lost producer surplus to consumers. Consumer surplus increases by the differencebetween the market-clearing price and the price ceiling times the market-clearing quantity.Consumers capture all decreases in total revenue, and no deadweight loss occurs.3. How can a price ceiling make consumers better off? Under what conditions might it make themworse off?If the supply curve is highly inelastic a price ceiling will usually increase consumer surplus because the quantity available will not decline much, but consumers get to purchase the product at a reduced price. If the demand curve is inelastic, on the other hand, price controls may result in a net loss of consumer surplus because consumers who value the good highly are unable to purchase as much as they would like. (See Figure 9.3 on page 321 in the text.) The loss of consumer surplus is greater than the transfer of producer surplus to consumers. So consumers are made better off when demand is relatively elastic and supply is relatively inelastic, and they are made worse off when the opposite is true.4. Suppose the government regulates the price of a good to be no lower than some minimum level.Can such a minimum price make producers as a whole worse off? Explain.With a minimum price set above the market-clearing price, some consumer surplus is transferred to producers because of the higher price, but some producer surplus is lost because consumerspurchase less. If demand is highly elastic, the reduction in purchases can offset the higher priceproducers receive, making producers worse off. In the diagram below, the market-clearing price and quantity are P0 and Q0. The minimum price is set at P', and at this price consumers demand Q'.Assuming that suppliers produce Q' (and not the larger quantity indicated by the supply curve),producer surplus increases by area A due to the higher price, but decreases by the much larger area B because the quantity demanded drops sharply. The result is a reduction in producer surplus. Note thatChapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets141 if suppliers produce more than Q , the loss in producer surplus is even greater because they will have unsold units.5. How are production limits used in practice to raise the prices of the following goods or services:(a) taxi rides, (b) drinks in a restaurant or bar, (c) wheat or corn?Municipal authorities usually regulate the number of taxis through the issuance of licenses ormedallions. When the number of taxis is less than it would be without regulation, those taxis in the market may charge a higher-than-competitive price.State authorities usually regulate the number of liquor licenses. By requiring that any bar or restaurant that serves alcohol have a liquor license and then limiting the number of licenses available, the state limits entry by new bars and restaurants. This limitation allows those establishments that have a license to charge a higher-than-competitive price for alcoholic beverages.Federal authorities usually regulate the number of acres of wheat or corn in production by creating acreage limitation programs that give farmers financial incentives to leave some of their acreage idle.This reduces supply, driving up the price of wheat or corn.6. Suppose the government wants to increase farmers’ incomes. Why do price supports oracreage-limitation programs cost society more than simply giving farmers money?Price supports and acreage limitations cost society more than the dollar cost of these programsbecause the higher price that results in either case will reduce quantity demanded and hence consumer surplus, leading to a deadweight loss because farmers are not able to capture the lost surplus. Giving farmers money does not result in any deadweight loss but is merely a redistribution of surplus from one group to the other.7. Suppose the government wants to limit imports of a certain good. Is it preferable to use animport quota or a tariff? Why?Changes in domestic consumer and producer surpluses are the same under import quotas and tariffs.There will be a loss in (domestic) total surplus in either case. However, with a tariff, the government can collect revenue equal to the tariff times the quantity of imports, and these revenues can beredistributed in the domestic economy to offset some of the domestic deadweight loss. Thus there is less of a loss to the domestic society as a whole with a tariff. With an import quota, foreign producers can capture the difference between the domestic and world price times the quantity of imports.Therefore, with an import quota, there is a loss to the domestic society as a whole. If the national government is trying to minimize domestic welfare loss, it should use a tariff.142Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Edition8. The burden of a tax is shared by producers and consumers. Under what conditions willconsumers pay most of the tax? Under what conditions will producers pay most of it? What determines the share of a subsidy that benefits consumers?The burden of a tax and the benefits of a subsidy depend on the elasticities of demand and supply.If the absolute value of the ratio of the elasticity of demand to the elasticity of supply is small, the burden of the tax falls mainly on consumers. If the ratio is large, the burden of the tax falls mainly on producers. Similarly, the benefit of a subsidy accrues mostly to consumers (producers) if the ratio of the elasticity of demand to the elasticity of supply is small (large) in absolute value.9. Why does a tax create a deadweight loss? What determines the size of this loss?A tax creates deadweight loss by artificially increasing price above the free market level, thusreducing the equilibrium quantity. This reduction in quantity reduces consumer as well as producer surplus. The size of the deadweight loss depends on the elasticities of supply and demand and on the size of the tax. The more elastic supply and demand are, the larger will be the deadweight loss. Also, the larger the tax, the greater the deadweight loss.Exercises1. From time to time, Congress has raised the minimum wage. Some people suggested that agovernment subsidy could help employers finance the higher wage. This exercise examines the economics of a minimum wage and wage subsidies. Suppose the supply of low-skilled labor is given by L S= 10w, where L S is the quantity of low-skilled labor (in millions of persons employed each year), and w is the wage rate (in dollars per hour). The demand for labor is given by L D=80 - 10w.a. What will be the free-market wage rate and employment level? Suppose the governmentsets a minimum wage of $5 per hour. How many people would then be employed?In a free-market equilibrium, L S=L D. Solving yields w= $4 and L S=L D= 40. If the minimumwage is $5, then L S= 50 and L D= 30. The number of people employed will be given by the labor demand, so employers will hire only 30 million workers.Chapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets143b. Suppose that instead of a minimum wage, the government pays a subsidy of $1 per hour foreach employee. What will the total level of employment be now? What will the equilibrium wage rate be?Let w s denote the wage received by the sellers (i.e., the employees), and w b the wage paid by the buyers (the firms). The new equilibrium occurs where the vertical difference between the supply and demand curves is $1 (the amount of the subsidy). This point can be found whereL D(w b) =L S(w s), andw s-w b= 1.Write the second equation as w b= w s- 1. This reflects the fact that firms pay $1 less than thewage received by workers because of the subsidy. Substitute for w b in the demand equation:L D(w b) = 80 - 10(w s- 1), soL D(w b) = 90 - 10w s.Note that this is equivalent to an upward shift in demand by the amount of the $1 subsidy. Now set the new demand equal to supply: 90 - 10w s= 10w s. Therefore, w s= $4.50, and L D= 90 -10(4.50) = 45. Employment increases to 45 (compared to 30 with the minimum wage), but wage drops to $4.50 (compared to $5.00 with the minimum wage). The net wage the firm pays falls to $3.50 due to the subsidy.2. Suppose the market for widgets can be described by the following equations:Demand: P= 10 -Q Supply: P=Q- 4where P is the price in dollars per unit and Q is the quantity in thousands of units. Then:a. What is the equilibrium price and quantity?Equate supply and demand and solve for Q: 10 -Q = Q– 4. Therefore Q = 7 thousand widgets.Substitute Q into either the demand or the supply equation to obtain P.P= 10 - 7 = $3.00,orP= 7 - 4 = $3.00.144Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Editionb. Suppose the government imposes a tax of $1 per unit to reduce widget consumption andraise government revenues. What will the new equilibrium quantity be? What price will the buyer pay? What amount per unit will the seller receive?With the imposition of a $1.00 tax per unit, the price buyers pay is $1 more than the pricesuppliers receive. Also, at the new equilibrium, the quantity bought must equal the quantitysupplied. We can write these two conditions asP b-P s= 1Q b=Q s.Let Q with no subscript stand for the common value of Q b and Q s. Then substitute the demandand supply equations for the two values of P:(10 -Q) - (Q- 4) = 1Therefore, Q= 6.5 thousand widgets. Plug this value into the demand equation, which is theequation for P b, to find P b= 10 - 6.5 = $3.50. Also substitute Q= 6.5 into the supply equationto get P s=6.5 - 4 = $2.50.The tax raises the price in the market from $3.00 (as found in part a) to $3.50. Sellers, however,receive only $2.50 after the tax is imposed. Therefore the tax is shared equally between buyersand sellers, each paying $0.50.c. Suppose the government has a change of heart about the importance of widgets to thehappiness of the American public. The tax is removed and a subsidy of $1 per unit granted to widget producers. What will the equilibrium quantity be? What price will the buyer pay?What amount per unit (including the subsidy) will the seller receive? What will be the total cost to the government?Now the two conditions that must be satisfied areP s-P b= 1Q b=Q s.As in part b, let Q stand for the common value of quantity. Substitute the supply and demandcurves into the first condition, which yields(Q- 4) - (10 -Q) = 1.Therefore, Q = 7.5 thousand widgets. Using this quantity in the supply and demand equations,suppliers will receive P s= 7.5 - 4 = $3.50, and buyers will pay P b= 10 - 7.5 = $2.50. The totalcost to the government is the subsidy per unit multiplied by the number of units. Thus the cost is ($1)(7.5) = $7.5 thousand, or $7500.3. Japanese rice producers have extremely high production costs, due in part to the highopportunity cost of land and to their inability to take advantage of economies of large-scale production. Analyze two policies intended to maintain Japanese rice production: (1) a per-pound subsidy to farmers for each pound of rice produced, or (2) a per-pound tariff on imported rice.Illustrate with supply-and-demand diagrams the equilibrium price and quantity, domestic rice production, government revenue or deficit, and deadweight loss from each policy. Which policy is the Japanese government likely to prefer? Which policy are Japanese farmers likely to prefer?We have to make some assumptions to answer this question. If you make different assumptions, you may get different answers. Assume that initially the Japanese rice market is open, meaning thatforeign producers and domestic (Japanese) producers both sell rice to Japanese consumers. The worldChapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets145 price of rice is P W. This price is below P0, which is the equilibrium price that would occur in the Japanese market if no imports were allowed. In the diagram below, S is the domestic supply, D is the domestic demand, and Q0 is the equilibrium quantity that would prevail if no imports were allowed. The horizontal line at P W is the world supply of rice, which is assumed to be perfectly elastic. Initially Japanese consumers purchase Q D rice at the world price. Japanese farmers supply Q S at that price, and Q D- Q S is imported from foreign producers.Now suppose the Japanese government pays a subsidy to Japanese farmers equal to the difference between P0 and P W. Then Japanese farmers would sell rice on the open market for P W plus receive the subsidy of P0-P W. Adding these together, the total amount Japanese farmers would receive is P0 per pound of rice. At this price they would supply Q0 pounds of rice. Consumers would still pay P W and buy Q D. Foreign suppliers would import Q D- Q0 pounds of rice. This policy would cost the government (P0-P W)Q0, which is the subsidy per pound times the number of pounds supplied by Japanese farmers. It is represented on the diagram as areas B+E. Producer surplus increases from area C to C+B, so ∆PS=B. Consumer surplus is not affected and remains as area A+B+E+F. Deadweight loss is area E, which is the cost of the subsidy minus the gain in producer surplus.Instead, suppose the government imposes a tariff rather than paying a subsidy. Let the tariff be the same size as the subsidy, P0-P W. Now foreign firms importing rice into Japan will have to sell at the world price plus the tariff: P W+ (P0-P W) =P0. But at this price, Japanese farmers will supply Q0, which is exactly the amount Japanese consumers wish to purchase. Therefore there will be no imports, and the government will not collect any revenue from the tariff. The increase in producer surplus equals area B, as it is in the case of the subsidy. Consumer surplus is area A, which is less than it is under the subsidy because consumers pay more (P0) and consume less (Q0). Consumer surplus decreases by B+E+F. Deadweight loss is E+F: the difference between the decrease in consumer surplus and the increase in producer surplus.Under the assumptions made here, it seems likely that producers would not have a strong preference for either the subsidy or the tariff, because the increase in producer surplus is the same under both policies. The government might prefer the tariff because it does not require any government expenditure. On the other hand, the tariff causes a decrease in consumer surplus, and government officials who are elected by consumers might want to avoid that. Note that if the subsidy and tariff amounts were smaller than assumed above, some tariffs would be collected, but we would still get the same basic results.146Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Edition4. In 1983, the Reagan Administration introduced a new agricultural program called thePayment-in-Kind Program. To see how the program worked, let’s consider the wheat market.a. Suppose the demand function is Q D= 28 - 2P and the supply function is Q S= 4 + 4P, whereP is the price of wheat in dollars per bushel, and Q is the quantity in billions of bushels.Find the free-market equilibrium price and quantity.Equating demand and supply, Q D= Q S,28 - 2P= 4 + 4P, or P= $4.00 per bushel.To determine the equilibrium quantity, substitute P= 4 into either the supply equation or thedemand equation:Q S= 4 + 4(4) = 20 billion bushelsandQ D= 28 - 2(4)= 20 billion bushels.b. Now suppose the government wants to lower the supply of wheat by 25% from the free-market equilibrium by paying farmers to withdraw land from production. However, thepayment is made in wheat rather than in dollars—hence the name of the program. Thewheat comes from vast government reserves accumulated from previous price supportprograms. The amount of wheat paid is equal to the amount that could have been harvested on the land withdrawn from production. Farmers are free to sell this wheat on the market.How much is now produced by farmers? How much is indirectly supplied to the market by the government? What is the new market price? How much do farmers gain? Do consumers gain or lose?Because the free-market supply by farmers is 20 billion bushels, the 25% reduction required by the new Payment-In-Kind (PIK) Program means that the farmers now produce 15 billion bushels.To encourage farmers to withdraw their land from cultivation, the government must give them5 billion bushels of wheat, which they sell on the market, so 5 billion bushels are indirectlysupplied by the government.Because the total quantity supplied to the market is still 20 billion bushels, the market price does not change; it remains at $4 per bushel. Farmers gain because they incur no costs for the 5 billion bushels received from the government. We can calculate these cost savings by taking the areaunder the supply curve between 15 and 20 billion bushels. These are the variable costs of producing the last 5 billion bushels that are no longer grown under the PIK Program. To find this area, first determine the prices when Q=15 and when Q = 20. These values are P= $2.75 and P= $4.00.The total cost of producing the last 5 billion bushels is therefore the area of a trapezoid with a base of 20 -15 = 5 billion and an average height of (2.75 + 4.00)/2 = 3.375. The area is 5(3.375) =$16.875 billion, which is the amount farmers gain under the program.The PIK program does not affect consumers in the wheat market because they purchase the same amount at the same price as they did in the free-market case.c. Had the government not given the wheat back to the farmers, it would have stored ordestroyed it. Do taxpayers gain from the program? What potential problems does theprogram create?Taxpayers gain because the government does not incur costs to store or destroy the wheat.Although everyone seems to gain from the PIK program, it can only last while there aregovernment wheat reserves. The program assumes that land removed from production may berestored to production when stockpiles of wheat are exhausted. If this cannot be done, consumersChapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets147 may eventually pay more for wheat-based products. Another potential problem is verifying thatthe land taken out of production is in fact capable of producing the amount of wheat paid tofarmers under the PIK program. Farmers may try to game the system by removing lessproductive land.5. About 100 million pounds of jelly beans are consumed in the United States each year, and theprice has been about 50 cents per pound. However, jelly bean producers feel that their incomes are too low and have convinced the government that price supports are in order. The government will therefore buy up as many jelly beans as necessary to keep the price at $1 per pound.However, government economists are worried about the impact of this program because they have no estimates of the elasticities of jelly bean demand or supply.a. Could this program cost the government more than $50 million per year? Under whatconditions? Could it cost less than $50 million per year? Under what conditions? Illustrate with a diagram.If the quantities demanded and supplied are very responsive to price changes, then a government program that doubles the price of jelly beans could easily cost more than $50 million. In this case, the change in price will cause a large change in quantity supplied, and a large change in quantity demanded. In Figure 9.5.a.i, the cost of the program is ($1)(Q S- Q D). If Q S-Q D is larger than 50 million, then the government will pay more than $50 million. If instead supply and demand arerelatively inelastic, then the increase in price would result in small changes in quantity suppliedand quantity demanded, and (Q S-Q D) would be less than $50 million as illustrated in Figure9.5.a.ii.Figure 9.5.a.iWe can determine the combinations of supply and demand elasticities that yield either result. The elasticity of supply is E S= (%∆Q S)/(%∆P), so the percentage change in quantity supplied is %∆Q S=E S(%∆P). Since the price increase is 100% (from $0.50 to $1.00), %∆Q S= 100E S. Likewise, thepercentage change in quantity demanded is %∆Q D= 100E D. The gap between Q D and Q S inpercentage terms is %∆Q S- %∆Q D= 100E S- 100E D= 100(E S-E D). If this gap is exactly 50% of the current 100 million pounds of jelly beans, the gap will be 50 million pounds, and the cost of the price support program will be exactly $50 million. So the program will cost $50 million if 100(E S-E D) = 50, or148Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Edition(E S-E D) = 0.5. If the difference between the elasticities is greater than one half, the program willcost more than $50 million, and if the difference is less than one half, the program will cost less than $50 million. So the supply and demand can each be fairly inelastic (for example, 0.3 and -0.4) and still trigger a cost greater than $50 million.Figure 9.5.a.iib. Could this program cost consumers (in terms of lost consumer surplus) more than $50million per year? Under what conditions? Could it cost consumers less than $50 million per year? Under what conditions? Again, use a diagram to illustrate.When the demand curve is perfectly inelastic, the loss in consumer surplus is $50 million, equal to ($0.50)(100 million pounds). This represents the highest possible loss in consumer surplus, so the loss cannot be more than $50 million per year. If the demand curve has any elasticity at all,the loss in consumer surplus will be less than $50 million. In Figure 9.5.b, the loss in consumersurplus is area A plus area B if the demand curve is the completely inelastic D and only area A if the demand curve is D'.Figure 9.5.bChapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets 1496. In Exercise 4 in Chapter 2 (page 62), we examined a vegetable fiber traded in a competitiveworld market and imported into the United States at a world price of $9 per pound. U.S. domestic supply and demand for various price levels are shown in the following table.PriceU.S. Supply (million pounds) U.S. Demand (million pounds) 32 34 64 28 96 22 128 16 1510 10 18 12 4Answer the following questions about the U.S. market:a. Confirm that the demand curve is given by 402D Q P =-, and that the supply curve is given by 23S Q P =. To find the equation for demand, we need to find a linear function Q D = a + bP so that the line it represents passes through two of the points in the table such as (15, 10) and (12, 16). First, the slope, b , is equal to the “rise” divided by the “run,”10162.1512Q b P ∆-==-=∆- Second, substitute for b and one point, e.g., (15, 10), into the linear function to solve for theconstant, a :102(15),or 40.a a =-=Therefore, Q D = 40 - 2P .Similarly, solve for the supply equation Q S = c + dP passing through two points such as (6, 4) and (3, 2). The slope, d , is422.633Q P ∆-==∆- Solving for c :24(6),or 0.3c c ⎛⎫=+= ⎪⎝⎭Therefore, 2.3S Q P ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭b. Confirm that if there were no restrictions on trade, the United States would import16 million pounds.If there were no trade restrictions, the world price of $9.00 would prevail in the United States. From the table, we see that at $9.00 domestic supply would be 6 million pounds. Similarly,domestic demand would be 22 million pounds. Imports provide the difference between domestic demand and domestic supply, so imports would be 22 - 6 = 16 million pounds.c. If the United States imposes a tariff of $3 per pound, what will be the U.S. price and level ofimports? How much revenue will the government earn from the tariff? How large is thedeadweight loss?With a $3.00 tariff, the U.S. price will be $12 (the world price plus the tariff). At this price,demand is 16 million pounds and U.S. supply is 8 million pounds, so imports are 8 millionpounds (16 - 8). The government will collect $3(8) = $24 million, which is area C in thediagram below. To find deadweight loss, we must determine the changes in consumer andproducer surpluses. Consumers lose area A + B + C + D because they pay the higher price of $12 and purchase fewer pounds of the fiber. U.S. producers gain area A because of the higher priceand the greater quantity they sell. So the deadweight loss is the loss in consumer surplus minus the gain in producer surplus and the tariff revenue. Therefore, DWL = B + D = 0.5(12 - 9)(8 - 6) +0.5(12 - 9)(22 - 16) = $12 million.d. If the United States has no tariff but imposes an import quota of 8 million pounds, what willbe the U.S. domestic price? What is the cost of this quota for U.S. consumers of the fiber?What is the gain for U.S. producers?With an import quota of 8 million pounds, the domestic price will be $12. At $12, the differencebetween domestic demand and domestic supply is 8 million pounds, i.e., 16 million poundsminus 8 million pounds. Note you can also find the equilibrium price by setting demand equal to supply plus the quota so that24028.3P P -=+ The cost of the quota to consumers is equal to area A + B + C + D in the figure above, which isthe reduction in consumer surplus. This equals(12 - 9)(16) + (0.5)(12 - 9)(22 - 16) = $57 million.The gain to domestic producers (increase in producer surplus) is equal to area A , which is(12 - 9)(6) + (0.5)(8 - 6)(12 - 9) = $21 million.7. The United States currently imports all of its coffee. The annual demand for coffee by U.S.consumers is given by the demand curve Q = 250 – 10P , where Q is quantity (in millions ofpounds) and P is the market price per pound of coffee. World producers can harvest and ship coffee to U.S. distributors at a constant marginal (= average) cost of $8 per pound. U.S.distributors can in turn distribute coffee for a constant $2 per pound. The U.S. coffee market is competitive. Congress is considering a tariff on coffee imports of $2 per pound.a. If there is no tariff, how much do consumers pay for a pound of coffee? What is thequantity demanded?If there is no tariff then consumers will pay $10 per pound of coffee, which is found by addingthe $8 that it costs to import the coffee plus the $2 that it costs to distribute the coffee in theUnited States. In a competitive market, price is equal to marginal cost. At a price of $10, thequantity demanded is 150 million pounds.b. If the tariff is imposed, how much will consumers pay for a pound of coffee? What is thequantity demanded?Now add $2 per pound tariff to marginal cost, so price will be $12 per pound, and quantitydemanded is Q = 250 - 10(12) = 130 million pounds.c. Calculate the lost consumer surplus.Lost consumer surplus is (12 - 10)(130) + 0.5(12 - 10)(150 - 130) = $280 million.d. Calculate the tax revenue collected by the government.The tax revenue is equal to the tariff of $2 per pound times the 130 million pounds imported.Tax revenue is therefore $260 million.e. Does the tariff result in a net gain or a net loss to society as a whole?There is a net loss to society because the gain ($260 million) is less than the loss ($280 million).8. A particular metal is traded in a highly competitive world market at a world price of $9 perounce. Unlimited quantities are available for import into the United States at this price. The supply of this metal from domestic U.S. mines and mills can be represented by the equation Q S = 2/3P , where Q S is U.S. output in million ounces and P is the domestic price. The demand for the metal in the United States is Q D = 40 - 2P , where Q D is the domestic demand in million ounces.In recent years the U.S. industry has been protected by a tariff of $9 per ounce. Under pressurefrom other foreign governments, the United States plans to reduce this tariff to zero. Threatened by this change, the U.S. industry is seeking a voluntary restraint agreement that would limit imports into the United States to 8 million ounces per year.a. Under the $9 tariff, what was the U.S. domestic price of the metal?With a $9 tariff, the price of the imported metal in the U.S. market would be $18; the $9 tariffplus the world price of $9. The $18 price, however, is above the domestic equilibrium price. To determine the domestic equilibrium price, equate domestic supply and domestic demand:2402,or $15.3P P P =-=。
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第九章
A、地租
B、租金
C、准租金
D、经济租
A、土地的供给、需求共同增加
B、土地供给不断减少，而需求不变
C
、土地的需求日益增加，而供给不变 D
、以上全不对
A、平行于横轴的直线
B、垂直于横轴的直线
C、供给弹性
=0
D
、向右下方倾斜的线
A、总利润大于准租金
B、总利润等于准租金
C 、总利润小于准租金
D 、上述情况均可发生
A 、基尼系数就越大，收入就越不平等
B 、基尼系数就越大，收入就越平等
C 、基尼系数就越小，收入就越不平等
D 、基尼系数就越小，收入就越平等
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确。