英语专业语言学考试试题

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英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编24

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编24(总分：94.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)1."Linguistic relativity" was proposed by 1and2. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Sapir）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：Whorf）解析：解析：萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说认为，一方面，语言可以决定我们的思维方式；另一方面，语言之间的相似性是相对的，结构性差异越大，反映出对于世界认识的越不同。

因此，这个假说也被称作“语言决定论”和“语言相对主义”。

2.Psycholinguistics is a branch of linguistics which is the study of psychological aspects of language. As an interdisciplinary academic field, it investigates the following major subjects; 1 , 2and3.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：acquisition）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：comprehension）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：production）解析：解析：心理语言学作为语言学的一个分支，是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要包括语言习得，语言理解和语言产生。

3.A 1language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：creole）解析：解析：当皮钦语得到发展不再是作为交易的语言，而成为一个社会群体的第一语言时，它就成为克里奥尔语。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编17

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编17(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：17，分数：44.00)1.In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The inflectional language is a term as opposed to the isolated language, in which the morpheme has no inflected form; such as in Chinese, there are only isolated characters, which can not be added to with an inflectional affix. English is regarded as an inflectional language in the sense that the inflectional affixer serves important grammatical function in the English vocabulary. In English, inflectional affixes indicating tense, numbers, case and so on usually manifestate the grammatical relationships between the elements of the sentences.)解析：2.Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：New words or expressions are created through the following processes excepted compound and derivation, which are called lexical change proper. (1)Initialism Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. Words of this kind such as VIP, WTO are called initialisms. (2)Abbreviation Many English words have come into being through abbreviation. This phenomenon is also called clipping; a new can be created by: i. cutting the final part, for example, ad for advertisement. ii. cutting the initial part, for example, plane for aeroplane. iii. cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly, for instance, fridge for refrigerator. (3)Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words, for example, emotion + icon→emoticon; car + hijacking→carjac king. (4)Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has heavily modified headword; an example is EU for European Union. This process is also widely used in shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields, for example, SARS is short for "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome". What"s more, people also use this process in internet chatting or e-mail communication, such as BTW for "by the way" , ASAP for "as soon as possible".) 解析：解析：(本题考查特有的词汇变化。

英语语言学测试题及答案

英语语言学测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A unit of soundC. A letter of the alphabetD. A combination of sounds答案：B2. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. Historical LinguisticsD. Syntax答案：C3. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words?A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. MorphologyD. Syntax答案：A4. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called:A. A wordB. A morphemeC. A syllableD. A phoneme答案：B5. The process of forming words by combining smaller units is known as:A. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：B6. The study of the rules governing the structure of sentences is called:A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the social context in which language is used is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：A8. The study of how language is processed in the brain is known as:A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is called:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The concept that language is arbitrary means that:A. It is randomB. It is meaninglessC. There is no necessary connection between the form of a word and its meaningD. It is always logical答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The branch of linguistics that examines how language is used in social contexts is ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics3. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as the ____________.答案：Morpheme4. The process of combining morphemes to form words is known as ____________.答案：Morphology5. The study of the way language is structured and organized is called ____________.答案：Linguistics6. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of words is ____________.答案：Morphology7. The study of the way meaning is conveyed in language is known as ____________.答案：Semantics8. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of sentences is ____________.答案：Syntax9. The study of the way language is used in everyday life is called ____________.答案：Pragmatics10. The study of the way language is processed in the brain is known as ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.答案：Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and theirproduction, while phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the rules governing the use of these sounds.2. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the language a person speaks influences the way they perceive the world and think.3. Describe the role of sociolinguistics in understanding language.答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how language varies with different social contexts, such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age, and how these variations influence language use.4. How does first language acquisition differ from second language acquisition?答案：First language acquisition is the process of learning a native language during early childhood, while second language acquisition is the process of learning a new language after the age of language development. The process of second language acquisition is influenced by the learner's first language and cognitive abilities.。

英语专业《语言学导论》平时测验试题

《语言学导论》平时测验1I. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words. (24 points)1. Competence refers to an ideal language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules; and ______ refers to the ideal language user’s actual use of language in concrete situations.2.The design features of language are _________, duality, creativity and ________.3. ___________ transcription is used for the purpose of transcribing the minute difference between variations of the same sound. Take [ă]for example, to indicate that a vowel has been nasalized, we simply add a curved line to the top of the symbol [a].4. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all _______ sounds.5. Name the sound segments which matche the following descriptipns respectively.a._______ vocieless postalveolar fricative;b._________high back tense rounded vowel.6. A(n) ___________ is the smallest unit of sound that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.7. _________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word8. Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute gammatical meaning to the stem, whereas ______ affixes often change the lexical meaning.9. According to structuralism, the ________ relation, or chain relation, is a relation beween one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.10. ((Poor) (John)) ((ran) (away)) is one representaion of ______________analysis, proposed by American linguist Bloomfield.II.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (24 points)1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2.The study of a language as it changes though time is called ______ linguistics.A. diachronicB.synchronicC.functionalD.generative3. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/4.______ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Halliday5. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones6. Which vowel is different from others according to the kind of opening made at the lips?A. [i:]B. [כ]C. [e]D. [i]7. Since [p h] and [p=] are the variants of the phoneme /p/ and they never occur in the the samecontext, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. free variantsD. a minimal pair8. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful unit of language in grammarby the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences9. The English word “modernizers” is com posed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five10. Based on the government and binding theory, the phrase “speak about the language” can be analysed as: “speak” is the head of this structure and __________“about the language”, and thus “speak” is the governor of “about thelanguage”.A. dominatesB. controlsC. c-commandsD. binds11. In Halliay’s view, the ______ function of language is realized in transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A. interpersonalB. textualC. socialD. ideational12. In the sentence “She was a small woman, old and wrinkled”, the percentage of the function words is (nearly)______.A. 50%B. 40%C. 60%D. 70%III. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write T for True and F for False in the bracket before each of them. (16 points)1. ( ) The sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” doesn’t mean the same as “As the wind rose, the night fell”. This indicates a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order.2. ( ) In modern linguistics, diachronic study seems to enjoy priority over synchronic study.3. ( ) A voiceless consonant is produced without the obstruction of the airstream in the vocal tract.4. ( ) Inflectional suffixes never change the word class of the word they attach to.5. ( ) Recerived Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most prople.6. ( ) All words contain a root morpheme.7. ( ) In terms of functional lingistics, Rheme is the element which serves as the starting point of the utterance, and the remainder of the utterance is called Residue.8. ( ) All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.IV. Define the following terms. (20 points)1. Parole---2. Coarticulation3. Inflection4. Deep structure5. Interpersonal functionV. Choose two from the following four questions and give your answers briefly. (16 points)1.Discuss about the distinctions between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics.2. How do you undertsatand the duality of language? Does the traffic lights have duality?3. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?4. What are the methods for the formation of words in the English language? List at least four of them, and explain each of them with examples.。

英语专业考研语言学试题

英语专业考研语言学试题 11. Peter ________come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.A. mustB. canC. mayD. will2. — Could you borrow your dictionary?— Yes, of course you ________.A. mightB. willC. canD. should3. A computer ________think for itself, it must be told what to do.A. can’tB. couldn’tC. may notD. might not4. I didn’t hear the phone, I ________asleep.A. must beB. must have beenC. should beD. should have been5. There was plenty of time, she ________.A. mustn’t have hurriedB. couldn’t have hurriedC. must not hurryD. needn’t have hurried6. The plant is dead. I ________it more water.A. will giveB. would have givenC. must giveD. should have given7. Very loud noises ________make people ill, hurt their ears, or even drive them mad.A. mustB. needC. canD. should8. He asked me for the dictionary many times; please tell him that he________have it tomorrow.A. mustB. needC. mayD. dare9. — Why is she still standing there?— She ________be waiting for her boyfriend.A. canB. mustC. dareD. need10. Two eyes________ see more than one.A. canB. mustC. mightD. shall11. What ________he mean? ________you tell me?A. can; MayB. can; CanC. may; MayD. must; Should12. How ________he say that his teacher was unfair?A. mustB. mightC. couldD. need13. It ________be very cold in this part.A. canB. oughtC. shallD. dare14. I’d like to ask a question if I ________.A. mustB. willC. mayD. might15. Even in summer the temperature ________suddenly drop below freezing.A. mightB. oughtC. mustD. need16. He decided to join the army so that he ________defend the country.A. may helpB. might helpC. helpsD. helped17. You ________always be talking like that.A. mightn’tB. mayn’tC. can’tD. mustn’t18. The car ________have broke down just when we were about to start off.A. mustB. couldC. mightD. should19. You ________see him while he is in hospital.A. have betterB. had betterC. would ratherD. had to20. There is a fine sunset; it ________to be a fine day tomorrow.A. oughtB. shouldC. has toD. has better21. You are his father, you ________take care of him.A. mightB. oughtC. ought toD. are able to22. That’s all. It ________be talked about any more.A. needn’tB. mightn’tC. darn’t toD. needn’t to23. The question ________discussing.A. needsB. needC. can beD. must be24. He ________even look out of the window.A. daren’tB. daresn’tC. dared not toD. dares not25. I’m so hungry that I ________find something to eat.A. have toB. wouldC. mayD. can26. All the students ________do their best for the modernization of our country.A. canB. shouldC. mayD. might27. You ________be careful with your homework.A. mustB. have toC. mayD. are used to28. It is getting darker. You ________not go home.A. had betterB. have betterC. would ratherD. would like29. I ________what happened to our school.A. would like knowB. would like to knowC. would like knowingD. would like that I know30. — Would you mind my changing the plan?— ________.A. Oh, no, pleaseB. Yes, I mind notC. No, I wouldD. Yes, I will31. — It ________ be Jack who is in the library.—I’m sure it ________be him, I saw him off at the railway station just two days ago.A. can’t; can’t eB. must; mustn’tC. must; can’tD. can’t; mustn’t32. I ________tell her the truth about his marriage.A. can’t helpB. can’t butC. may not helpD. mustn’t but33. Since she is angry, we ________.A. had better to leave her alongB. should leave her aloneC. would rather to leave her aloneD. must leave her alone34. Look! What you’ve done to me. You ________more careful.A. maybeB. had toC. should have beenD. would be35. ________read the letter for you?A. Would you like meB. Do you want meC. Will you mind meD. Shall I36. He promised he ________not make such silly mistakes.A. wouldB. shouldC. mightD. could37. ________it be true that his father will go abroad?A. CanB. MayC. NeedD. Should38. Those streams are so small that they ________be shown in the maps.A. mustn’tB. may notC. can’tD. may39. — May I use your bike?— ________.A. No, you may notB. No, you mustn’tC. No, you won’tD. Sorry, I’m afraid not40. — Must I write to her?— No, you ________.A. mustn’tB. shouldn’tC. can’tD. don’t have to41. — Need I start tonight?— Yes, you ________.A. doB. needC. mustD. may42. The old man ________sit for hours watching the ships.A. wouldB. shouldC. was used toD. would rather to43. If the telephone ________ring, please wake me up.A. wouldB. shouldC. willD. might44. I wish they ________stop making remarks about me.A. wouldB. willC. shouldD. shall45. You’re thirsty, aren’t you? ________he get some coffee?A. DoesB. ShallC. WouldD. Let46. Which of the following is wrong?A. That may be true.B. That might be true.C. That can be true.D. That could be true.47. — Would you lend me some money?— Yes, I ________.A. wouldB. willC. canD. may48. He ________ swimming when he was young.A. was used to goB. got used to goC. used to goingD. used to go49. You say you ________ not do it, but I say you ________do it.A. will; shallB. shall; shallC. shall; willD. will; will50. You ________out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.A. should have goneB. shouldn’t have goneC. could not have goneD. might have gone51. He ________the 8:30 train because he didn’t leave home until 9:00.A. can’t catchB. couldn’t catchC. may notD. can’t have caught52. You ________us this because we had more than enough.A. needn’t bringB. needn’t have broughtC. mustn’t bringD. couldn’t have brought53. — He learnt the language in three months.— He ________very hard.A. must workB. might have workedC. must have workedD. might work54. — Who told you my telephone number?—I don’t remember. It ________Mary.—It can’t be Mary, she doesn’t know it.A. may have beenB. can have beenC. must beD. can be55. You ________him, why didn’t you?A. ought to thankB. ought have thankedC. ought to have thankedD. ought thank56. I ________have arrived a little earlier, but my car broke down.A. shouldB. couldC. canD. can’t57. — ________we go out for a walk?—Great. Let’s goA. ShallB. WillC. MayD. Should58. Though she was seriously ill, she ________ complete the work in time.A. wouldB. was able toC. was possible toD. might59. — Would you like to play chess with me?— Yes, ________.A. I’dB. I wouldC. I’d likeD. I’d like to60. Tom is late. He ________the wrong bus.A. must takeB. must have takenC. might takeD. could take英语专业考研语言学试题 21. Charles Babbage is generally considered ________the first computer.A. to have inventedB. inventingC. to inventD. having invented2. Little Jim should love ________to the theatre this evening.A. to be takenB. to takeC. being takenD. taking3. — I usually go there by train.— Why not ________by boat for a change?A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going4. John was made ________the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to washB. washingC. washD. to be washing5. She reached the top of the hill and stopped ________on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest6. She pretended________ me when I passed by.A. not to seeB. not seeingC. to not seeD. having not seen7. Though he had often made his sister ________, today he was made________by his sister.A. cry; to cryB. crying; cryingC. cry; cryingD. to cry; cry8. Tell him ________the window.A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. don’t’ shut9. ________her sick to think of the matter.A. That madeB. That causedC. It madeD. It caused10. The woman’s job is ________after the disable children.A. lookB. looksC. lookedD. to look11. She ________to ________everything.A. demanded; tellB. demanded; be toldC. required; tellD. required; be told12. It’s time ________our league meeting.A. to beginB. beginningC. that we beginD. that we’ll begin13. That day I was the last one ________the experiment.A. madeB. makingC. to makeD. having made14. I’m hungry. Get me something ________.A. to be eatenB. to eatC. eatingD. to be eating15. Would you ________me to show you around the place?A. letB. likeC. mindD. care16. She is said ________the necklace.A. that she lostB. that she has lostC. to loseD. to have lost17. What do you think is the best way ________the problem?A. to settlingB. in which settlingC. to settleD. settling18. You are ________retell the story.A. oughtB. ought toC. expectingD. expected to19. I didn’t want the problem ________again.A. to raiseB. to be raisedC. being raisedD. be raised20. Have you had the nurse ________your son’s temperature?A. to takeB. takingC. takeD. taken21. First we should find a hotel ________for the night.A. to put up at itB. in order to put up atC. at where to put upD. at which to put up22. ________wake me up when you come in.A. You’d better not toB. You’d better notC. You hadn’t better toD. You hadn’t better23. I don’t think you need ________ today.A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. leavingD. being left24. We have been looking for the girl all the morning, but she is no where________.A. to seeB. to be seenC. being seenD. seen25. He should ________for what he has done.A. praiseB. be praisedC. have praisedD. to be praised26. He felt a stone ________his back.A. hittingB. to hitC. hittedD. hit27. I hurried to school, only ________out it was Sunday.A. findB. to findC. foundD. would find28. Here are some exercises that need________ after class.A. doneB. to be doneC. being doneD. to do29. I’ve been waiting for half an hour ________me the phone call.A. to giveB. for you givingC. of you to giveD. for you to give30. Everything ________smoothly.A. seems goingB. seems to be goingC. is seeming to goD. is seeming to be going31. It was thoughtful ________us the map of the city.A. of you to sendB. for you to sendC. of you sendingD. for you sending32. You are fortunate ________as a member of the club.A. being acceptedB. to acceptC. To have acceptedD. to have been accepted33. ________wasn’t pleasant ________up so early.A. He; to wakeB. He; to be wakenC. It; of him to wakeD. It; to be woken34. I find these problems are easy________.A. to work outB. to be worked outC. in working outD. to be worked them out35. How rude ________him ________a child like that.A. of; to treatB. for; to treatC. of; is to treatD. for; is to treat36. It was stupid ________him ________attend the lecture.A. of; to notB. of; not toC. for; to notD. for; not to37. It was impossible ________lost time to ________.A. for; make upB. of; make upC. for; be made upD. of; be made up38. The shoes are too large ________.A. to me to wearB. for me to wearC. to me to be wornD. for me to be worn39. ________was sorry________ made such a silly mistake.A. It; to haveB. It; havingC. I ; to haveD. I; having40. I’ll be delighted ________.A. when I’ll see you againB. to see you againC. that I see you againD. to have seen you again41. He was ________tired ________any further.A. too; walkingB. too; to walkC. so; walkingD. so; to walk42. Will you be ________kind ________make tea for me?A. so; toB. fairly; toC. so; as toD. fairly; as to43. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ________.A. sitB. sit onC. be satD. be sat on44. I ________how to answer the question.A. puzzleB. am puzzlingC. have puzzledD. am puzzled45. Have you decided ________the party?A. whether you holdB. why to holdC. whether to holdD. if to hold46. He doesn’t know ________to stay or not.A. ifB. eitherC. neitherD. whether he ought47. Last summer I took a course on ________.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made48. He hesitated ________ the medicine.A. takingB. about to takeC. whether he takeD. whether to take49. How do the birds know exactly ________ direction ________?A. which, flyingB. which; to fly toC. in which; to flyD. X; flying to50. —I don’t know ________with the problem.— Why not ________your teacher for advise?A. what to do; to askB. how to do; to askC. what to do; askD. how to do; ask51. I think he should get a job, but you can’t force him ________ if he’s not ready ________.A. to get; toB. to get; XC. to; X D; to; to do52. — Would you like to go to the ball?— Yes, ________.A. I’dB. I’d likeC. I’d like toD. I’d like to go53. —Aren’t you in charge of this?— No, and I ________.A. don’t wantB. don’t want toC. don’t want to be D am not54. ________the truth, I don’t want to go.A. To tellB. TellC. TellingD. In order to tell55. I’d rather read something at home than ________to the park in such weather.A. goB. to goC. goingD. went56. We could do nothing but ________Father for help.A. askB. askingC. to askD. asked57. He wanted nothing but ________in the corner.A. seatB. be seatedC. be seatD. to be seated58. It ________about two years________ such a big dam.A. takes; in buildingB. takes; to buildC. needs; in buildingD. needs; to build59. How much did ________cost ________the house?A. it; in rebuildingB. he; in rebuildingC. it; to rebuildD. he; to rebuild60. ________requires patience ________a good nurse.A. She; to beB. she; if she isC. It; to beD. It; if she is。

语言学导论考试题目英语专业

一、D: language acquisition device 语言习得机制2. Displacement: Displacement is that language can refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 移位法3、cultural transmission：文化传递性Animals call systems are genetically transmitted. Human languages are culturally transmitted.4. Interpersonal function: 人际关系Interpersonal function is the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. In addition, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various types of interpersonal relations. Finally, language marks our identity.5.Linguistics: Linguistics is defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language 语言学6、Applied linguistics: Applied linguistics is a branch of study which apply linguistics to the research of other areas. 应用语言学7、Syntax: Syntax studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. 句法学8. morphology: Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. 形态学二、1. Language acquisition and language learningLanguage acquisition is to get a language subconsciously and naturally with no great effort. Language learning is to get a language consciously with great efforts and usually under the teachers’ instruction.For instance, for most Chinese, their knowledge about their mother tongue-Chinese, is language acquisition, while their knowledge about English is language learning.2. Foreign language and second languageA language has gained official status in certain region or country is called second language, while foreign language has not.For example, for most Indians, English is their second language since English has gained official status in their country while English is regarded as foreign language in China.3. Expressive function and Evocative functionExpressive function is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. In this function, language is used to evaluate, appraise and assert the speaker’s attitudes, etc.Evocative function is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. It aims to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please.4. Phonetics and Phonology.Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, thedescription and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.5. Semantics and PragmaticsSemantics studies the meaning of languagePragmatics is the study of meaning in context.6. Synchronic and DiachronicSynchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.7. Langue and paroleLangue is the linguistic competence of the speaker. It refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole is the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. It refers to the actualized language.Langue is abstract, stable, systematic and not actually spoken by anyone. Parole is specific, personal, subject to personal and situational constraints and always a naturally occurring event.petence and performance(语言能力和语言运用）A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules iscalled his linguistic competence.Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.简答题:1. What are the design features of language?Arbitrariness任意性Duality二元性Creativity创造性Displacement移位性Culture transmission文化传递性Interchangeability互换性2. What is morpheme? Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. For example，“purify”consist of “pur” and“ify”，and the noun“disappearance” consist of three morphemes: appear, dis and ance. They all have meanings, and cannot be divided any more.3. What is phoneme? Example. Phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. E.g.：/b/ /p/ /k/ /g/.4. What is the performative function of human language? Supply example s to illustrate.The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons .It can also extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religions occasion .For example ,language is always used in the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children and the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony.5. What are the basic three branches of phonetics?Articulatory phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Auditory phonetics.6. Giving four branches of macrolinguistics.Psycholinguistics心理语言学sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics 计算语言学.7. What are the seven function of language.Informative信息功能interpersonal function人际功能performative 施为功能Emotive function感情功能phatic communion寒暄功能recreational function娱乐功能metalingual function元语言功能。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编13

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编13(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Such errors as "teached" and "womans" are caused by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：second language learners）解析：解析：（这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。

)2. 1is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grammar-translation Method）解析：解析：（语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。

)3. 1 is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Situational language teaching）解析：解析：（情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。

) 4.There are three principles of language testing: 1, 2and 3.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Validity：reliability；practicality）解析：解析：（语言测试的三个原则：效度原则、信度原则及实用性原则。

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。

英语专业语言学

nguage is unique to humans. But animals also communicate with one another.2.Arbitrariness：There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Eg. differentsounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. (tree, arbre, shu) But language is not entirely arbitrary, eg. Onomatopoeic words, compound words (rumble, crash, bang; glitter, photocopy,…)The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.3.Duality of structure：Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or twolevels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless; at the higher level these sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as words.4.significance of duality feature：A communication system with duality is considerably flexiblethan one without it, because a far greater number of messages can be sent. This feature enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.5.Productivity / Creativity：Humans have the ability to construct and understand an indefinitelylarge number of sentences in our native language, including sentences we have never heard before. This creativity is rule-bound.6.Displacement：Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, realor imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far away places. It can be used to talk about language itself. This feature provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation, i.e., in contact of food, in presence of danger, or in pain. Once the danger or pain is gone, calls stop.7.Cultural transmission：Language is not genetically transmitted from generation to generation.The details of the language system must be learned anew by each speaker (though human capacity for language has a genetic basis). Animal call systems are genetically transmitted,i.e. animals are born with the ability to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.8.Saussure and Modern Linguistics：Humans have been interested in language and grammarsince ancient times. Modern linguistics started in the 1920s. Ferdinand Saussure is regarded as one of the most influential figures in modern linguistics9.Scope of Linguistics：Phonetics (语音学）-the study of human speech soundsPhonology（音位学）-the study of the system of speech sounds of a languageMorphology（形态学）-the formation of wordsSyntax（句法学）-the arrangements of words in sentencesSemantics（语义学）-the study of the meaning of languagePsycholinguistics（心理语言学）-the relationship between language and the mindSociolinguistics（社会语言学）-the relationship between language and society10.Prescriptive vs descriptive 规定与描写：Descriptive linguistics aims to describe and analysethe language people actually use. Prescriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ―correct and standard‖ behavior in using language.11.Synchronic vs diachronic 共时与历时：Synchronic linguistics studies a language at somepoint of time in history. Diachronic linguistics describes a language as it changes through time.12.Speech and writing 口语与书面语Speech: spoken language Writing: written language13.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium ofhuman language.ngue and parole 语言与言语：Langue—the abstract linguistic system shared by allmembers of a speech community. Parole—the realization of langue in actual use.15.Important Distinctions in Linguistics 重要的概念区分Prescriptive vs descriptive 规定与描写Synchronic vs diachronic 共时与历时Speech and writing 口语与书面语Langue and parole 语言与言语16.Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive (语言学是描写性的，不是规定性的）A linguist isinterested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of ―correctness‖.17.Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written 语言学认为口语是第一性的，书面语是第二性的18.Spoken language is primary. Spoken language precedes the writtenlanguage everywhere in the world. Most writing systems are derived from vocal sounds. 19.Why was written language overemphasized: The permanence of written language; Classicaleducation; Difficulty in studying spoken language.20.Linguistics does not force language into a Latin-based framework.（不是所有的语言都可以纳入拉丁语法的框架）Modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework: Every language has a system of its own and should have its own system of grammar. e.g. word order in Chinese is very important while Latin has inflection. Some languages have complex gender rules while other languages don‘t.21.Process of speech production and perception: Articulatory phonetics 发音语言学Acoustic phonectics 声学语音学Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学22.Speech Organs:Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔--Glottis 声门,V ocal cords 声带Oral cavity 口腔--Lips, teeth, palate颚, tongueNasal cavity 鼻腔23.Narrow and broad transcriptions: The phonetic transcription with diacritics（变音符号）iscalled narrow transcription.（严式标音) The phonetic transcription without diacritics is called broad transcription, which is used generally in dictionaries and language textbooks. (宽式标音)24.Difference between vowels and consonants: V owels: in the production of vowels, theairstream meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth; Consonants: in the production of consonants, the airstream is somehow obstructed.25.Classification of English consonants:Place of articulation 发音部位Manner of articulation发音方法V oicing 是否浊音26.Manner of Articulation 发音方法Stops/plosives （塞音/爆破音）Fricatives （擦音）Affricates （塞擦音）Liquids （流音）Nasals （鼻音）Glides （音渡）27.Classification of vowels•The tongue position front; central; back (前，中，后）•The shape of the lips rounded; unrounded（圆唇，非圆唇）•The openness of the mouth （开，闭）open; close; semi-open and semi-close •The length of the vowels long; short （长，短）28.Diphthongs (双元音）Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another.[ei] [әu] [ai] [au] [ɔi] [iә] [εә] [uә]29.A minimal pair is two words that differ in only one sound in the same position.（cot-cat,sap-tap, seat-seed）30.Do we count /p/ and/ph/ as one consonant or two consonants in the language? We count themas the same consonant, because the replacement of one for the other does not make any difference in meaning.31.What is a phoneme (音位)? A phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is ofdistinctive value (有区别意义的功能）. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone(音素) in a certain phonetic context.The phoneme /p/ is represented differently in /pit/, /tip/ and /spit/.32.Allophone (音位变体）The phones that can represent a phoneme are called its allophones. So[p], [ph], [pﾌ] are the allophones of the same phoneme /p/. How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard. In most cases, it is rule-governed.33.Phone (音素) A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produceduring linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning. Phones include phonemes and allophones.34.Phone, phoneme and allophone 音素，音位与音位变体A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning.A phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value (有区别意义的功能）The phones that represent a phoneme are called its allophones.35.Determining phonemes of a language : A basic way to determine the phonemes of a languageis to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds represent different phonemes.36.Phonemic contrast and complementary distribution音位对立互补分布Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways:–If they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast,e.g. /p/ and /b/ in [pit], [bit]–If they are allophones of the same phoneme, they do not distinguish meaning but occur in different phonetic environment. They are in complementary distribution.– e.g. clear [l] and dark[l]; [p] and [ph]37.Phonetics and Phonology 语音学与音位学Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech sounds.But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is general, descriptive, classificatory. It studies speech sounds as they are.Phonology is interested in the sound system of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.38.Some rules of PhonologySequential rules (序列规则))—in what way the phonemes in a language can be combined.Assimilation rule (同化规则)—one segment assimilates another by ‗copying‘ a fe ature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones more similar.Deletion rule (省略规则)—when a sound should be deleted although it is orthographically represented.39.Suprasegmental features (超音段特征)-—features that run over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments (the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment)--Stress, including word and sentence stress, distinguishes meaning in English.-- Tone, Three frequently used tones in English: Fall tone(降调)—affirmative Rise tone(升调)—interrogative, uncertain Fall-rise tone(降升调)—an implied message--Intonation When pitch(音高), stress(重音) and sound length(音长) are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.40.Tone language （声调语言）In some languages the pitches of words make a difference intheir meaning. Such languages are called tone languages. Chinese is a tone language, and English is not a tone language.41.Morphemes((词素,语素) —the minimal units of meaning. Some words are formed bycombining a number of distinct units of meaning. The basic element of meaning is called morpheme.42.Free morphemes and Bound morphemes自由语素与黏着语素Free morphemes(自由语素)—morphemes that are also independent words.Bound morphemes(黏着语素)—morphemes that have to attach to other morpheme(s) to form words.43.Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes 派生语素和屈折语素Derivational morphemes—when they are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is derived.Inflectional morphemes—morphemes which do not add any lexical meaning, but which represent the concept of tense and aspect.(P.36)44.Open Classes and Closed Classes开放性词类与封闭词类Open classes-- Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives Adverbs: new words are regularly added to them.Closed classes—all the rest: hardly any new words are added in recent times.45.Word formationCompounds (复合词) are words formed by combining two or sometimes more than two words.Derivatives(派生词) are words formed by adding affixes to roots.46.Views of language meaning：--The naming theory命名论Plato (427-347, Greek philosopher) thinks that the meaning of a word is the object in the world that it ‗stands for‘ or ‗refers to‘.（Only some of the nouns can be explained this way.(nouns that refer to actual things in the world) Even with nouns that refer to actual objects, this theory comes with problems.--Conceptualist view 概念主义The relationship between word and the referent is not direct, they are linked through ‗concept‘— what people think it is.--Contextualism语境论Context—meaning is based on context--Behaviorism 行为主义‗language shoul d be treated as a mode of action, not an instrumentof reflection‘47.Sense and reference 涵义与指称义Sense and reference refer to two related but verydifferent aspects of meaning:Sense—system of relationships between the linguistic elements themselves; intra-linguistic relationsReference—relationships between the linguistic elements and the non-linguistic world of experience; ultra-linguistic relations48.Sense relations between wordsSynonymy 同义关系Polysemy and homonymy 多义词同音(或同形)异意Hyponymy 上下义关系Antonymy 反义关系。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编8

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编8(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Minimal pairs）解析：解析：（如果有两个词，它们除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都一样，那么这两个词就构成了一个最小的对立体，所以fail一veil是最小对立体。

)2.In English there are a number of 1, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Diphthongs）解析：解析：（如果在发音时通过舌头的一次运动，由第一个单元音滑向第二个单元音，这样产生的音的组合就叫做双元音。

)3.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Allophones）解析：解析：（同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.fricativesteralC.affricatesD.bilabial √解析：解析：（bilabial是根据发音部位划分的。

)2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（分数：2.00）ageB.grammarC.pronunciation √D.structure解析：解析：（英音和美音最大的区别就是发音和词汇，比如发音方面，美音有儿化音。

)3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n] √B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]解析：解析：（[m]，[b]，[p]都是双唇音，[n]是齿龈音。

)4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（分数：2.00）A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics. √C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.解析：解析：（发音语言学研究语音的发生。

)5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研) （分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic words √B.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes解析：解析：（多语素词可被分为词根和词缀，：而合成词是不可以被这样分的。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

英语专业语言学导论考试试题

英语专业语言学导论考试试题一、选择题1、以下哪个选项不属于语言学的范畴？A.语音学B.句法学C.语义学D.政治学2、下列哪一项不是语言学的研究对象？A.语言的发音机制B.语言的语法结构C.语言的社交功能D.语言的生物属性3、哪种语言学理论认为语言是自然现象？A.行为主义理论B.先天语言能力理论C.进化语言学理论D.交际语言学理论二、简答题1、请简述语言学中的索绪尔假设是什么？并解释其对语言学研究的影响。

2、请阐述结构主义语言学的基本观点及其主要贡献。

3、请说明语言学中的“能指”和“所指”概念，并举例说明。

三、论述题1、请结合实例论述语言学中的“语境”概念，以及它在语言使用中的作用。

2、请阐述语言学中的“言语行为理论”，并说明其对语言习得和语言交际的指导意义。

四、分析题请分析以下这段话，并说明其中涉及了哪些语言学概念？“在这个句子中，主语是‘我’，谓语是‘喜欢’，宾语是‘巧克力’，这是一个简单的陈述句。

”（提示：句子结构、主谓宾、句法等）以下哪个不是教育技术学的主要研究对象？（）教育技术学中的“技术”一词通常指的是（）。

以下哪一项不是教育技术学的发展历程？（）以下哪个理论是教育技术学中的基础理论？（）请从技术角度说明教育技术学对教育的推动作用。

请论述教育技术学对教育改革的影响。

专业英语八级考试是针对英语专业学生的高难度语言考试，旨在测试学生的英语综合能力，包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译等方面的技能。

以下是一份专业英语八级考试试题的样例，供大家参考。

听一段录音材料，根据问题选择答案。

录音材料涉及一些学术领域的讨论，包括社会科学、自然科学等。

问题类型包括选择题和填空题。

阅读一篇文章，回答问题。

文章可能涉及一些学术领域的内容，包括社会科学、自然科学等。

问题类型包括选择题和问答题。

根据给定的主题写一篇文章，字数要求在500字左右。

文章主题可能涉及一些学术领域的内容，例如文化、历史、经济等。

文章需要结构清晰，语法正确，表达准确。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编19

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编19(总分：158.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：17，分数：34.00)1.The sound /p/can be described with " 1, bilabial, stop". (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：voiceless）解析：解析：／p／是双唇音，爆破音，清音。

2.The sound /b/can be described with " 1, bilabial, stop". (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：voiced）解析：解析：／b／是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。

3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel. And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of 1and manner of articulation. (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：place）解析：解析：辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。

4. 1are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Consonants）解析：解析：发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编29

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编29(总分：88.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)1.The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist 1 in the beginning of the twentieth century. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Saussure）解析：解析：对语言的结构性分析方法是在20世纪初，由瑞士语言学家索绪尔开启的，他被称为“现代语言学之父”和一位“使语言学走向现代的大师”。

2.Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) is a theory of linguistic analysis which describes how 1is distributed in sentences. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：information）解析：解析：功能句子观是一套语言学分析理论，它是指用信息论的原理来分析话语或文本。

3.Systemic-Functional Grammar, unlike traditional grammar which takes sentence as the largest unit, takes 1as the basic unit. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：clause）解析：解析：与传统语法不同，系统功能语法把句子作为最大单位，把分句作为最小单位。

4.In Halliday's Systemic Grammar, a system is a list of things between which it is possible to choose. So they are meanings, which the grammar can distinguish. The items in a system are called 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：options）解析：解析：系统就是存在于语法中的一系列选择。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编14

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编14(总分：54.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：27，分数：54.00)1.The phatic function refers to language function for establishing or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.(清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（寒暄功能是指建立与保持社交联络而不是交换信息。

)2.Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（句法学研究词汇构成句子的规则。

)3."Competence" and "performance" are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure.（北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（语言能力与语言表现的区别是由乔姆斯基提出的。

)4.The concept competence originally refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situation.(南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（语言能力与语言在具体情况下的应用无关，语言表现是语言在具体情况下的表现。

英语专业语言学考试

Chapter 11．What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication2. Design features of language ？a) Arbitrariness:It refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.b) Duality:the property of having two levels of structures. Such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organizationc) Productivity/creativity:Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. Language has its potential to create endless sentences.d) Displacement:Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.3. Functions of language1) Informative: The speakers use language to talk about their thoughts, ideas, beliefs or what they believe, they see, they hear.e.g. Water boils at 212 degree Fahrenheit.2) Interpersonal function: people use language to establish and maintain theirstatus in society.e.g. It includes forms of address, speech function, modality, etc.3) Performative: Language is used to “do things”, to perform actions.4) Emotive function: It is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.5) Phatic communion: The speaker will use seemingly meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content.6) Recreational function: The language is used for the sheer joy.7) Metalingual function: Language can be used to talk about language. Language is self-reflexive.E.g. paraphrase: (order change, similar expressions)definition: (/a:/ is a vowel and /b/ is a consonant.)4. Main branches of linguistics1) Phonetics----speech soundsIt studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how the speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, etc.2) Phonology ---phonemeIt studies the rules governing of the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. Simply put it, it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.3) Morphology---morphemeIt is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning---morphemes and word-formation process.4) SyntaxIt studies the rules in the formation, organization of a sentence. Or specifically, it studies the word order of a sentence.5) SemanticsIt concerns the study of meaning in a language.6) PragmaticsIt is the study of meaning in a context, in a particular situation.5.Macrolinguistics:Linguistics is a discipline. It has relationships with other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, computer science and so on.1)Psycholinguistics: It investigates the interrelation of language and mind.2) Sociolinguistics:It concerns the relationship between language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users.3) Anthropological linguistics:It uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.6. Important distinctions in linguistics1)Descriptive vs. prescriptiveThe distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Descriptive linguistics describes and analyzes the facts observed. Prescriptive linguist ics tries to lay down rules for “correct” behavior.2) Synchronic and DiachronicA synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.That is, if we study language at some point in time, it is synchronic study.Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history. That is, if we study language as it exists in different historical periods, it is diachronic study.3) Langue and paroleLangue is the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, including rules, conventions; It is stable and systemic.Parole is the concrete use of rules. Parole is subject to personal and situational constraints4) Competence and performanceCompetence refers to the language user’s underlying know ledge about the system of rules.Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.Chapter 21.Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, andperceived.Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.2.Consonants and vowelsConsonants are produced with some form of obstruction of the air passage, with or without the vibration of the vocal cords.A vowel is produced without any obstruction of the air stream in the mouth,The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.Place of articulation(1).Bilabial (双唇音): [p], [b], [m], [w](2). Labial-dental（唇齿音: [f], [v](3). Dental（齿音）: [ð], [θ](4). Alveolar（齿龈音）: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l](5). Post-alveolar（后齿龈音）:[ſ], [3](7). Palatal（硬腭音）: [j](8). Velar（软腭音）: [k], [g], [η](11). Glottal（声门音）: [h]3.What is minimal pair?two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place.4.Allophones[p, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.complementary distribution: they never occur in the same context: Phonetic similarity: the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.5.Assimilation:Nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are allinstances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.6.Suprasegmentals features are those aspects of speech that involvemore than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmentals arestress, tone, and intonation.7.The syllable structure: All syllables must have a nucleus but allsyllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable that has no coda iscalled an open syllable while a syllable with coda is a closed syllable.8.Tone: languages like Chinese are known as tone languages.Chapter 31. Morpheme（词素）: the smallest meaningful unit in composition of words.Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure ofwords, and the rules by which words are formed from smaller components --- morphemes.1.types of morphemes1)free morpheme and bound morpheme（自由词素和粘附词素）Free morphemes ---morphemes which may occur alone or mayconstitute words by themselves, e.g. dog, nation, desk, close.Bound morphemes --- morphemes which can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme, e.g. dis-, un-, -ed, -ment.2)root, affix and stem(词根、词缀和词干)Root--- the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. It is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. All words contain a root.Affix--- the morphemes that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). There are three subtypes: Prefixes, Suffixes & Infixes. Stem--- any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. Or it is the part of word form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3).inflectional affix and derivational affix（屈折词缀和派生词缀）Inflectional affix--- affixes which often only add a grammaticalmeaning to the stem.Derivational affix--- affixes which change the lexical meaning.•Two fields of Morphology:Inflectional morphology- the study of inflections.•Derivational morphology (派生形态学): the study of word-formation.2.what is word1)stability2)relative uninterruptbility3)a minimum free form(A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.)3.classification of words1) Variable & invariable wordsVariable: words with ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms. Part of the word remains relatively constant.Invariable: words without inflective endings.e.g. since, when, seldom, through, etc.2) Grammatical words and Lexical wordsGrammatical / Function words: words which express grammatical meaning; to link different parts together.Lexical / Content words: words which have lexical meaning, or which carry the main content of a language3) Closed-class & open-class wordsClosed-class: whose membership is fixed or limited, i.e., new members cannot normally be added, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries.Open-class: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, i.e., new members can be added, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs4)Word class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar, which establishes nine word classes, such as noun, verb, adjectives, adverbs, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection and article.Pro-form: substitutes for other terms.●Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his.●Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he does.●Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too.●Pro-locative: He went there, under the tree.4.Lexical Change1) Invention/Coinage 发明法2) Blending混成法:3) Back-formation逆构词法4) Clipping /Abbreviations缩写词5) Acronym缩略语6) Analogical creation类推构词7) Borrowing借词pound refers to a word that is composed of more than one morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. Derivation shows a relationship between roots and affixes. New derivational words are created by attaching prefixes or suffixes to already existing words.Chapter 41.Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language, or (a relation between one item and others in a sequence or between elements which are all present). Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure.2.The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of wordssubstitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure, (or relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, between one element present and the others absent).3.The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by makingsuccessive binary cutting is called Immediate Constituent (IC) Analysis.4.Immediate constituents: constituents immediately, directly, below thelevel of construction, or, the two parts that are yielded after each cut. An immediate constituent can be further segmented until we obtain thesmallest grammatical unitAdvantage of IC analysis⏹On one hand, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstratedclearly in IC analysis.⏹On the other hand, if some ambiguities exist, they will also be revealed.5.Endocentric: Endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., aword or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.6.Exocentric: Exocentric construction refers to a group of syntacticallyrelated words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable “Centre”or “Head”inside the group,7.Category: It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun,verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of these general units:Categories of the noun: number, gender, case and countabilityCategories of the verb: tense, aspect, voice8.Agreement: Agreement (or Concord) may be defined as the requirementthat the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also, becharacterized by the same paradigmaticlly marked category (orcategories).Chapter51.Semantics:It refers to the study of meaning in language. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentencesin particular2.The word “meaning” itself has different meanings. In this lecture The Meaning of Meaning written in 1923, C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards presented a “representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of mea ning have favored”.3.Seven types of meaning:*Conceptual/denotative meaning Connotative meaningSocial meaningAffective meaning Reflected meaning Collocative meaning Thematic meaning4.“Semantic triangle” theory （语义三角理论）⏹a) Proposed by Ogden and Richards in the book The Meaning ofMeaning.⏹b) They argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refersto is not direct. It is mediated by concept, mental image. In other words, the link between words and things can be made only through the use of mind.For every word, there is an associated concept.⏹Concept--- is the mental image, the abstraction or generalization ofobjects of the same kind. It is abstracted from the object which is referred to.5. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualised.Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.6.Sense relations:a)Synonymy:1)Dialectal synonymy: regional dialects2)Stylistic synonymy (Register)3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonymy:5)Semantically different synonymsUsage of Synonymy:1. Paraphrase2. Cohesion in textual analysisb)Antonymy1)Gradable antonymy2)Complementary antonymy3)Converse antonymyc)Hyponymy⏹Superordinate/hypernym: the more general term⏹Hyponym: the more specific term⏹Co-hyponyms: members of the same classponential analysis: It is an approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its semantic features.Chapter61.Six subjects of research⏹Language acquisition (L1 / L2) ⏹Language comprehension⏹Language production ⏹Language disorders⏹Language and Thought ⏹Neurocognitionnguage Acquisition1)Holophrastic stage (独词句阶段)2)Two-word stage: around 18m3)Three-word-utterance stage4)Fluent grammatical conversation stageChapter61.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis1)Two points in his theory:⏹Language determines our thinking patterns⏹Similarity between languages is relative. The greater their structuraldifferentiations, the more diverse their conceptualization of theworld will be.2)Linguistic determinism(语言决定论):语言决定思维Linguistic relativity (语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式随着语言的不同而不同。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编21

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编21(总分：90.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)1.IC is the short form of immediate 1used in the study of syntax. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：constituent）解析：解析：随接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。

它指先把句子分析为直接成分一词组(或短语)，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。

2. 1refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cohesion）解析：解析：衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之问存在的一种形式上的联系。

3.Coordination and subordination belong to 1construction.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：endocentric）解析：解析：向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。

从结构上可以划分为两类：主从结构和并列结构。

4.A 1sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but" , or . （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：coordinate）解析：解析：并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如hut，and，or这些并列连渊来连接的。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编18

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编18(总分：162.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：33，分数：66.00)1.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and 1 of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Conventionality）解析：解析：语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。

2.In Saussure's view, the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is 1(北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Arbitrary）解析：解析：索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

3.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Meaning）解析：解析：索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

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英语专业语言学考试试题Information for the examinees:This examination consists of Four sections. They are:Section I: Content Awareness of the Course (30 points, 20 minutes)Section II: General Principles of Language and Linguistics (30 points, 25 minutes)Section III: Some Specific Aspects of Language and Linguistics (20 points, 35 minutes)Section IV: Analysis and Application (20 points, 40 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing thisexamination is 2 hours.You must write all your answers on the Answer Sheet.Section I: Content Awareness of the Course 30 pointsI. Choose the best answer to complete the following statements. Write your answers on theAnswer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each item)1. "Historical linguistics" seeks to provide scientific evidence ( )A. of the reasons for human speechB. of human habitation in AfricaC. why there are many world languagesD. concerning the origins of speech2. Which of the following does NOT have something to do with the production of speechsounds? ( )A. Organic analysisB. Linguistic analysisC. Acoustic analysisD. Phonetic analysis3. In determining the symbolic nature of language humans( )A. examine Braille and signsB. examine the media and signsC. examine the language of the mediaD. examine the language itself4. The aims of Unit 4 are to understand that language functions in the world ( )A. through the use of naming devices and educationB. by people experiencing abstractions in educationC. based on experience, abstraction and symbolismD. through symbolic and abstract experiences5. The aim of Unit 5 is for students to understand that speech acts( )A. need to be defined precisely through oral actionsB. need to be terminated under appropriate circumstancesC. need to be defined, analysed and comprehendedD. need to be analysed by definition and example:6. Generally speaking, 脸and 面子is: ( )A. more important for teenage girls than boysB. something teenagers don"t worry aboutC. not the same for adults as for teenagersD. the same for adults as for teenagers7. In face to face talk people"s interactive behaviour is based upon( )A. Principles of Desire and DecisionsB. The Principle of Mutual DesirabilityC. Principles of Decision MakingD. The Principle of Mutuality8. If an 9verseas Chinese is called monolingual this means ( )A. the person speaks primarily English but also speaks Chinese at homeB. the person has had to choose between speaking another language or ChineseC. the choice of speaking a language has been limited to one of two languagesD. the person has chosen to speak Chinese in public and at home9. According to the course our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions aremainly located in the ( )A. left hemisphereB. lower hemisphereC. right hemisphereD. upper hemisphere10. The story of Genie in Unit 9 seems to highlight the language hypothesis of~ ( )A. Eric LennehergB. Antonio FrancsC. Jean-Marc-Gaspard ItarD. Sigmund Freud11. Choose those words or phrases that best complete the following sentences. Write youranswers on the Answer Sheet. Note that there are more words or phrases than necessary.of 11 ~ by12 bas contributed to civilized and meaningful living.B. The British manual alphabet and 13 are mediums of language representation .C. Chinese writing is 14 , rather than 15D. When we name things it involves an act of 16 . This act is not neutral thereforethere are social as well as 17 repercussions.E. When asking the names of people, Chinese people appear to be more18compared to British people who seem to be very 19F. When words enter into sequential relation, it is called 20 relation.Section II: General Principles of Language and Linguistics 30 pointsIII. Decide if the following statements are True or False according to what you"ve learned from the course book. (10 points, 1 point for each item)21. The linguistic theory called " transformational-generative grammar" focuses on therelationship between the language and the brain.22. The lips are a part of the vocal tract.23. Signs and icons are, in reality, the same thing.24. Humans are not good at abstraction.25. Ill0cutionary acts can be performed both directly and indirectly.26. Some dialects or accents are related to social or economic status in China.27. The Chinese characters 1--~-,:~ and i are examples of written norms.28. Non-verbal signals are, generally, easily interpreted.29. Status and regional identity can be linked to dialect.30. The "classical" view of the terms ,~,~, and .1~,~, was that because the radical ,I~" was usedit connected the heart to the concept of thinking.IV. Read the questions in Column A and choose the right one from Column B to answer each of them. Write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. There is ONLY one answer for each question. (20 points, 2 points for请将答案按标题序号写在横线上:1.____2._____3.____4._____5.____6.____7.____8.____9._____ 10.____ 11._____ 12.____ 13.____ 14.____ 15.____ 16._____ 17____ 18._____ 19.____ 20.____ 21.____ 22.____ 23._____ 24.____ 25._____ 26.____ 27.____ 28.____ 29.____ 30._____ 31.____ 32._____ 33.____ 34.____ 35.____ 36.____ 37._____ 38.____ 39._____ 40.____英语专业语言学试题答案I. (Questions 1--10:10 points, 1 point for each item)1. C2. B3. D4. C5. C6. D7. D8. B9. A 10. AII. (Questions 11--20:20 points, 2 points for each item)11. D 12. E 13. B 14. H 15. L 16. K 17. G 18. I 19. C 20. AIII. (Questions 21-30:10 points, 1 point for each item)21. F 22. T 23. F 24. F 25. T 26. T 27. F 28. F 29. T 30. TIV. (Questions 31-40:20 points, 2 points for each item) 31. P 32. D 33. M 34. O 35. C 36. H 37. S 38. G 39. L 40. F。