科技论文写作常用句型

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科技论文的常用句型与写作要点

科技论文的常用句型与写作要点科技论文是学术交流和研究成果发布的重要形式之一，对于科学研究人员而言，掌握科技论文的常用句型和写作要点是提高论文质量和影响力的关键。

本文将介绍一些常用的科技论文句型，并分享一些写作要点，帮助科研人员写出更加精彩和专业的科技论文。

一、常用句型1.表达引言和目的：–In recent years, there has been growing interest in…–The purpose of this study is to…–This paper aims to…–The intention of this research is to…这些句型常用于引出研究的背景和目的，为读者提供对研究主题的整体认识。

2.阐述问题：–One of the key research questions is…–The main problem addressed in this study is…– A major challenge in this field is…这些句型用于明确和阐述研究中需要解决的问题和挑战，引起读者的兴趣。

3.描述方法和实验过程：–The research was conducted using a quantitative/qualitative approach.–The experimental setup consisted of…–Data collection was performed through…在描述研究方法和实验过程时，可以使用这些句型来说明研究使用的方法和实验设计的细节。

4.呈现结果和数据分析：–The results of the study indicate…–The data analysis revealed that…–From the findings, it can be concluded that…通过使用这些句型，可以简明扼要地呈现研究的结果和对数据的分析。

科技论文写作常用句型大全

一．好的论文题目是成功的一半好的论文，每一个部分都需要精雕细琢。

我们先来看看Science, Nature 子刊上用的都是些什么题目，到底这些题目暗含哪些玄机？以下是从2016年发表的论文中随机挑选的一些题目，我将其做了一下简单的分类：1. Water splitting–biosynthetic system with CO2reductionefficiencies exceeding?photosynthesis. (Science, 2016, 352, 1210)类似: Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with asolar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency?exceeding1%(Nature Materials 2016,15,611-615)这种题目适合哪类文章？适合于那种性能极其显着的文章（可以创纪录的文章），比如说Nocera et al. 的Science, 2016, 352, 1210，直接与光合作用进行对比，给人的震撼是非常强的。

这种对比效果能够一下子抓住人们的眼球，吸引着读者进行阅读。

要点：使用这样的题目首先你的实验结果得够牛，你对于实验结果要足够自信，对于背景知识的了解得要足够深。

因为取这样的题目意味着你要真正达到了某一个高度。

如果明明有很多大海在那里，你个小池塘和小水坑进行比较，那么会闹笑话的。

2.1 Quantifying?the promotion of Cu catalysts by ZnO for methanol synthesis ( Science,2016, 352, 969-974.)2.2Exploring the origin of high optical absorption in conjugated polymers. (Nature Materials 2016,DOI:10.1038/nmat4645)2.3 Promoting?solution phase discharge in Li–O2 batteries containing weakly solvatingelectrolytesolutions (Nature Materials 2016, DOI: 10.1038/nmat4629)2.4 Reconstructing?solute-induced phase transformations within individual nanocrystals (NatureMaterials 2016,doi:10.1038/nmat4620)2.5 Tailoring the nature and strength of electron–phonon interactions in the SrTiO3(001) 2D electronliquid (Nature Material, 2016, doi:10.1038/nmat4623)我简单地检索了下Nature Materials上面的文章题目，发现这种类型的题目真的非常多。

英文科技论文写作常用句型

现在把科技英文写作的一些常用句型、套路用语、转折、强调用语甚至是一些搞定评阅人的一些技巧拿出来与大家分享，希望新虫门能从中受惠，顺利跨国发表SCI文章这道坎。

如果觉得有用，别忘了评价。

一些常见的英文文章语言技巧a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性，通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previus results areinconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。

如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarcerareless accuratethere is still dearth ofWe need toaim tohave toprovide more documentsdatarecordsstudiesincrease the datasetFurther studies are still necessary...essential...为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等比如：1)时间问题如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足2)物性及研究手段问题如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。

英文科技写作句型和词汇表达总结

以前的研究：过去时，自己研究中做过的事：过去时，其他都用：现在时态。

研究发现的可能解释理由用助动词：can, may, might, it seems that, could,研究结果的评论不确定语气：appear, seem, it is likely that,二.词汇和常用表达结构1.图表所示、发现、揭示等as illustrated(seen, shown, observed) in Fig.1, as is evident fromfrom Fig.2, from the results,by observing Fig.2, based on the above analysis,Fig shows that, the results show,It is (can be) revealed (proved, suggested, observed, found, concluded, noticed, seen, believed) that, it is clear to see/observe that, it indicates(shows, imply) that, find out，it is evident that , it is assumed that ,As described below, as seen from, as explained above, as evident from, exhibitit follows that 由此断定…，由此得出结论…point outcast doubt on：对产生疑心2.得到、获得、obtain, get, attain, capture, acquire, achieve, gain,完成，实现: complete, accomplish, realize,通过什么方式去做，利用/使用through/via/by/with doing sth, using sth,by use of, by means of, make use of, with the aid ofuse, employ, utilize, adopt, put to use, put into use, apply,影响Affect, influence, impact on, have an effect on,发生，开始，occur, take place, happen, commence, begin, start, to start with, to begin with, at the beginning,显然、明显，Obviously, distinctly, clearly, significantly, apparently, remarkable, as seen, conspicuous,striking, dramatically解释，说明，考虑Explain, account for, allow for，take account for/of, be indicative of (说明，说明)Considering, take into account, with/without/in consideration of, regarding, concerning,描述、提出、说明：Illustrate, manifest, present, show, indicate, cite, describe, summarize, depict, annotate, appear, take on, plot, demonstrate, propose, put forward, put forth,比拟大小、多少Less than, greater, more, larger, comparable(可比拟的，相当的)经验的Empirical, experimental,做，执行等，Carry out, conduct, perform, do, implement,Have a good agreement, in good agreement with, match very well with, agree well with, show good agreement, in full agreement with, in line withcorresponding to/with, consistent with, in good accordance with, coincide with, concord with, fit well with研究，调查Study, investigate, explore, exploratory examine, make an investigation on/of/into, carry out a research到达，To reach this objectiveReach, approach, up to, add up to, come to, arrive, beyond, out of reach,验证，假设Validate, verify, justify，hypothesizeAssume, suppose, assumption, hypothesis,assume to be, it is assumed that… postulate 公设增加、上升、减少、下降Increase, decrease, reduce, reduce to, increase by(增加了多少), increase up to(增加到), rise to, give rise to, sth arise, increase with (随…增长/增加)完全地，根本地，详细地，具体地，深入的,类似地，Completely, entirely, adequately, mostly, extremely, truly, indeed, really, actually, mainly, primarily, detailed, in detail, in great detail, in more detail, for more details,Deeper, deeply, better, in depth,similarly, inadequately, notably, overly(过度地、极度地),Experimentally,改善、提高：improve, promote, boost, enhance, facilitate,相关，包括，大约大概：concerned with, relate to, with regard to,Be involved in/with, with respect to, be concerned with, as for,Around, about, approximately,决定：determine, decide, depend on ,rely on目的、试图：an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to, the objective is, in order to, the aim of is tothe aim of this research is to do the purpose is , be aimed at,经历，保持: hold, keep, undergo, experience, remain, retain,导致：cause, induce, lead to, result in, originate from, arise from,根据，基于：according to, in terms of, in the light of, judge by, on the basis of, in view of, based on,On behalf of, in the form of, referring to, with reference to, in reference to除了：other than, apart from, with the exception of, except for/that, besides, in addition, additionally,理论上，事实上：in principle, in practice, in fact, in reality, in theory, theoretically,从某种程度上：To some extent, to a large/certain extent, in a way, in a sense, to some degree, in some sense,from the viewpoints of , from the perspective of,得出结论：draw a conclusion, come to/reach a conclusion,推断,猜想：Infer，derive from, deduce, speculate,认为，当作Consider as, regard as, refer to as,建立模型establish, create，build，run/do the simulationin the case of : 在…情况下遵循趋势：obey, follow trend, tendency，组成consist of , contain, be composed of, include,强调：highlight, emphasize, lay emphasis on , the emphasis is layed on集中：focus on, concentrate on , be centered on设定为to set to be区分、区分：discern，differentiate，identify as,其他专业词汇表达small batch production, small quantity production, high volume production, mass production,metal-formed product, micro-formed part,reproducibility: 再现性、重复性experimental determination,in particular, especially,评估，评价：evaluate, assess,扮作：act as,别离，隔绝，separate from, isolate, set apart from缺少：in the absence ofby convention：按照传统，惯例，使成为：make sth sthno longer〔不再〕but rather(相反的)be typical of (典型的)成反比：inversely scale with涉及，牵涉到：involve, cover,拓展：extend into最近，新近more recently，到目前为止，迄今to date,解释、提示原因或结果的转接词：attribute to, because, as a result of, therefore, thereby, in general, consequently, as predicted, in conclusion, since, as for, finally, hence, thus, as, for, due to, in summary, because of, when, cause, on account of, result in, owing to, contribute to, thanks to, lead to, the reason is, that is because, devoted to, accordingly, as a consequence of, arise from起逻辑演进作用的转接词：递进关系，不但…而且…等Furthermore, in addition, besides, first, second, third, finally, lastly, moreover, incidentally, in fact, in truth, as a matter of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for instance, take an instance of , likewise/as such(同样), again〔此外〕, at root, as well as, as follows, in the following, below, based on, above, above-mentioned, aforementioned, as with(正如，与一样，就来说)，as noted(正如前面所提到的)，additionally, in parallel,as stated( 如上所述)meanwhile：同时比照词，表示逻辑演进方向即将改变如但是等But, however, instead, nevertheless, despite, surprisingly, in spite of, nonetheless, in/by contrast to/with , for comparison, whereas, while, even though, although, compared with, regardless of, as compared to, with regard to, in relation to, by contrast, irrespective of, in comparison to与联系，联合：in association with同时，同样的，at the same time, in the same way, in the same time对应关系A vs.B versus三.英文研究论文中的表达句子substitute equation (1) into equation (2)把代入等式The scale in Fig (a) runs from black for low values to white for the highest Schmid factors.offers more insight into,holds for all three materials，四.英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看a)如何指出当前研究的缺乏以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在表达了前人成果之后，用However来引导缺乏，比方However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previous results areinconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。

英文科技论文特点及常用句式

1、研究目的的表示方法The purpose of this investigation was to ...It was the purpose of the studies reported here to ...The main focus of this study was ...The objective of the present work is to ...The aim of the present study was to ...The present study was aimed at ...The present study was designed to ...The present study is an attempt to ...It was the intent of this study to determine if ...We have embarked on research attempting to ...This study was undertaken with the intent of ...The present investigation was conducted to ...This study was undertaken to ...To gain a better understanding of ...The investigation concentrated on efforts to ...The present study was performed in an effort to ...2、研究动机的表示方法Since the early literature contained a few reports of ...Because of the potential importance of ..., we have investigaed ...Because of the economic potential of ..., we decided to study ...Current work in this laboratory ..., stimulated interest in determining some of ... Prompted by ..., we initiated an examination of ...In view of ..., this study was conducted to examine ...The finding of ..., led us to reinvestigate ...A recent report ..., encouraged us to ...Little attention/effort has been given to ...... are poorly understood ...... have been poorly characterized ...The question have been raised as to whether or not ...... the question arose...3、研究内容的表示方法This article examines ...This research assessed ...This study documents ...The present work has shown ...This report describes ...The paper presents ...Work presented here introduces ...Our forthcoming studies will establish ...In this report, we report ...Here we describe ...In this report we examine ...In this reprot we describe ...... this is the first report of ...This is the first report ...This report contains the first ...Our results are the first report on ...We report here for the first time ...This ..., is the first to ..., reported for ...,This report documents the first ...... this is the first time that ,,,The novelty of this research lies in ...Of particular interest and novelty is ...The evidence presented in this communication demonstrtes ... The data presented in this report represent ...The major idea addressed in this studies ...The emphasis of this study is ...This study is an attempt to ...4、研究报告的数量表示方法..., much efforts has gone into the study of ...Many research groups have recently been involved with ... ... have received fairly intensive study... have done a considerable amount of work on ...Many studies have addressed ...There have been many investigations into ...There have been numerous studies ...A substantial amount of ... information is available on ... There are only a few reprots of ...Only a few studies have dealt with ...Only a few studies have bean performed on...... there are very few studies ...Few studies have involved ...Few studies have centered on ...Investigations ... are extremely few ...A surprisingly limited amount of information exists on ... Reports on ... are extremely scarce.... has been the subject of only a limited number of studies. Information ... is limited.We found no reprots of ...We know of no report concerning ......, no studies ... have been reported ...There are no reports on ...no ... have been documented ...... no information is available concerning ...No data have been published ...To date, no reports have appeared concerning ...None have been reported for ...... information ... is ... lacking ...Virtually nothing is known about ...Little is known of ...very little actually is known about ...There is little known about ...5、注意、兴趣的表示方法... has not received as much attention ...Less attention has been paid ...Relatively little attention has been directed ...... have received very little attention ...Little attention has been given to ...Attention was focused on ...... has recently received increased attention.There is currently great interest in ...... has been the focus of intense research interest. ... has been become a subject of considerable interest.6、研究正在进行的表示方法Studies are under way to ...... are currently under study.Further work is in progress ...Further experiments are in progress to ...Further investigations are in progress to ...Attempts to ... are currently in progress.Efforts continue ...We are presently attempting to determine ...Further studies ... are being conducted ...Our laboratory presently is involved with ...... is being investigated.7、将来工作的建议的表示方法Further work is needed ...Further work is required ...... is worthy of further study.Much more research is needed ...... has to be elucidated.... have to be determined.... requires further testing ...... makes ... worthy of further study.Further studies are contemplated to ...Further research is planned to ...continuing studies will yield further insight into ... Further research ... may yield...Further research should explore ...Further studies should clarify ...... remains to be determined.... remain to be investigated, and ... remains to be tested.... remains to be established.What remains to be resolved ...... remains to be shown.... remains unexplained...., it remains unknown.... remain unanswered ...8、结论的表示方法In conclusion, ...This conclusion is supported ... by ... finding that ...... leads to the conclusion that ...一．科学技术论文的含义科学技术论文简称科技论文。

科技英语写作句型

科技英语写作句型科技英语写作句型科技类英语作文一般针对他的现状和未来影响描写，下面是店铺分享的科技英语写作句型，希望能帮到大家!句型1)对……产生很大影响: have a great effect on(2)起很大作用：make a great difference(3)改变人们的生活：change one’s life(4)得益于、从……获益benefit from(5)与……有关联：relate to/ be linked to(6)能使用：have access to/ be accessible to(7)代替：take the place of(8)致力于：devote oneself to(9)实现：come true(10)赶上：keep/catch up with(11)与……不同：be different from/differ from(12)使某人能做：enable sb to do sth(13)把……考虑进去：take something into consideration(14)引起某人的注意：catch/attract the attention of sb(15)导致：lead to/contribute to/result in/ bring about(16)在某方面起重要的作用：play an important role in(17)提高人类的生活质量：improve the quality of life for humans(18)为治疗疾病而进行一项研究：carry out a research in the hope of curing the illnesses(19)科学技术是第一生产力。

Science and technology are a primary productive force.(20)随着互联网、个人电脑、3G手机的日益普及，我们的生活发生了巨大的变化或我们的生活精彩无限。

科技论文写作常用句型

科技论文写作常用句型1.摘要（1）文章内容与作者观点•常用词：deal with ,describe ,explain ,illustrate(vt) ,introduce ,present ,report等。

•例句：The basic concepts and data collected are presented.给出了基本概念和所采集的数据。

（2）文章研究课题：•常用词: analyze(vt),consider ,develop ,discuss ,investigate(调查研究) ,state ,study等。

•例句:The relationship between mass(质量) and energy in nature is discussed briefly.简要地讨论自然界中质量与能量的关系。

（3）文章涉及范围•常用词：consist of ,contain ,cover ,include 等。

•例句：This article consists of four parts : introduction，theory ,experimental method ,and conclusion.本文由引言、理论、实践方法与结论四部分组成。

（4）综述某一个领域的研究课题。

•常用词：abstract ,outline ,review ,summarize 等。

•例句: The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly.简单概述了基于材料科学的理论。

（5）文章重点：•常用句型： Attention i s concentrated on …T here is a focus on …A ttention is paid to …T he emphasis is on …•例句：Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory.重点在掌握量子理论上。

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。

学术论文写作中的常见句型与表达方式

学术论文写作中的常见句型与表达方式学术论文写作是大学生活中不可避免的一部分。

无论是撰写学术论文还是进行文献综述，学生们都需要掌握一些常见的句型和表达方式，以提升自己的写作水平和论述能力。

本文将介绍一些常见的学术论文写作句型和表达方式，帮助读者更好地应对学术写作的挑战。

首先，引言部分是学术论文的重要组成部分，它需要引起读者的兴趣并提出研究问题。

在引言中，可以使用一些常见的句型和表达方式。

例如，可以使用“近年来，越来越多的研究表明…”、“随着社会的不断发展…”等句型来引出研究的背景和意义。

此外，还可以使用“本文旨在探讨…”、“本研究旨在解决…”等表达方式来明确研究的目的和研究问题。

其次，论文的正文部分需要进行详细的论述和分析。

在正文中，可以运用一些常见的句型和表达方式来展开论述。

例如，可以使用“首先，我们需要明确…”、“其次，我们可以通过…”等句型来进行逻辑推理和分析。

此外，还可以使用“另一方面，我们可以考虑…”、“与此同时，我们还需要关注…”等表达方式来引出不同观点和对比分析。

除了使用句型和表达方式，学术论文写作还需要注意一些常见的表达方式。

例如，可以使用“据统计数据显示…”、“研究结果表明…”等方式来引用相关研究和数据，以支持自己的论述。

此外，还可以使用“值得注意的是…”、“需要强调的是…”等方式来强调某个重要观点或结论。

另外，还可以使用“总而言之…”、“因此，我们可以得出结论…”等方式来总结自己的研究和论述。

除了以上提到的句型和表达方式，学术论文写作中还需要注意一些写作技巧和注意事项。

首先，要注意语言的准确性和严谨性。

学术论文需要使用准确的词汇和专业术语，避免使用口语化的表达方式。

其次，要注意逻辑的清晰性和连贯性。

论文的论证过程应该有条理，各个部分之间要有明确的逻辑关系。

此外，还要注意文献引用的规范性和准确性。

学术论文需要引用相关的文献来支持自己的观点，引用格式应符合学术规范。

总之，学术论文写作中的常见句型和表达方式对于提升写作水平和论述能力具有重要意义。

有关科技论文的经典句型（2）

19. Bottom retail prices—anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia—have attracted some 47 million visitors， who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994.[参考译⽂]⽐欧洲和亚洲低30%~70%的零售价价格吸引了约四千七百万的游客于1994年涌⼊美国，⽽这些游客为美国留下了79亿美元的收⼊。

20. It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive（欺骗性的）packaging rumpus（喧嚣）started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him， Mrs. Hart， and their children were becoming higher and narrower， with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10 1/2 ounces， without any reduction in price. [参考译⽂]参议员哈特⼀家在购买合装麦⽚时发现，包装盒变⾼了，变窄了，⾷品的分量也减少了，然⽽价格却分⽂未降。

据说，由此在公众和议会中引发了⼀场关于欺骗性商品包装的轩然⼤波。

21. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes， but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes，materials， shape， art work， and net weights that are used for improving a product‘s market position.[参考译⽂]⽣产包装产品的商家极⼒反对在改变了包装上原有分量的商品，但他们却丝毫不反对为了扩⼤产品的市场优势，⽤于不断改变包装的⼤⼩、⽤料、形状、制作⼯艺以及商品的净重的⼤笔花费。

科技英语写作中的常用句式

⑥ Experiments on…are made to answer the question whether…
二、“限定范围”的句式
限定主题范围的句式用语，在英文科学论文中常出现在“引言”和“讨论”中。
限定主题范围时的常用表达有：“该问题是关于……的研究”，“该问题在……范围之内（外）”，“该问题涉及到……范围”， “该问题可进一步推广到……范围”等等。
aspects of the following…
（3）该项工作的主要目的是…
① The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of …
② The main purpose of our recent work was to examine the properties of…
③ The major object of their further work will be research into the nature of…
④ Our work in this direction has been intended to provide some information about…
reveal…
（5）该项实验主要是为了
① We made these experiments in order to show a correlation between…
② The author attempted the set of experiment with a view to demonstrate certain phenomena…
掌握分类句式用语有利于比较地道、规范的英语表达。

科技论文常用英语句型葵花宝典

Part One 科技论文写作英语句型库一、摘要This paper derives the…This paper puts forward a new method to …二、引文研究目的（（purpose of the study）1．研究目的This problem concerned (deals, bears)(briefly, meanly, largely) with …This is a problem relating to …Our work is devoted to…The Primery goal of the present research is..The work presented in this paper focuses in…The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of …The chief aim of study is …The laboratory study demonstrates (suggestes, indicates, reveals, establishes) …Doing this work, we intend (hope, expect, attempt) to…Carry out (undertaking, performing, initiating) this study, we hope to …The principal purpose (objective, task) of the present (preliminery, further) work is to investage the features of (mechanisms involved in, effects prodused by) …背景和历史（（background and history）2．背景和历史This problem was (first) advanced by …The Problem under discussion was formulated ( raised, posed, brought up, put forward) by …Since then the problem has attracted (fascinated) many scientists (workers in this field) .. This problem has been clarified (e;usidated, solved) …The problem as can be seen (is to know) is (still) poorly (inadequately) understood. Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection with …The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in …The new findings from the experiment agree well with the results obtained in …Several (numerous, many, few) studies are made (carried out, performed) to elucidate the nature (understand the behavior, reveal the cause) of …Astudy of the the kind has (never) been made (until now, until a few years ago)3．问题的难易程度问题的难易程度（（difficulty of the problem）It seems (exceedingly, enormously) difficulty to obtain knowledge of the problem …It proves (totally, quite) impossible (unrealistic) to try …It is rather difficulte to solve the problem …The problem is rather involved …The problem involves (cetain, tremendous) difficulties.It is easy to present (reveal, analyze, discuss) the problem in all its complexity (in every detail).It is no easy task to gain a insight into the intricate detail of …4．问题的范围问题的范围（（scope of the problem）The main aspect (core, essence) of problem is …Studies of these effects cover various aspects of …Our studies with this technique confine to …The problem is within the scope of …Our problem lies beyond the range of …二、正文理论说明（（theoretical explanations）1．理论说明Our theory is based on the assumption that …This theory proceeds from the idea (principle) of …The underlying concept of the theory is as follows.There is a similar (alternative, tentative) theory that …The basic (essential, fundamental) feature of this theory is …The object of this theory is to …The newly advanced theory has some advantages (assets, strong points, positive features, deficiencies, drawback, inadequacies, flaws, shortcomings) .The validity of the theory has become obvious in the light of recent findings.This newly-developed theory finds experimental support ..The theory received universal recognition (general acceptance).公式推导（（formulas derivation）2．公式推导… is given by:… as follows:… as in the following:… the following equation is obtained.… this becomestherefore, we have… can be expressed as… can be derived:… can be written:… can be described by …… can be represented as方法介绍（（method introduction）3．方法介绍the method of … was first developed by …the method of …came into use as long ago asthe original proposal of this method was first published in …the method we used differs from the conventional one.The newly-elaborated technique is different from the one previously used.The method is now greatly improved. …The procedure we followed has certain advantages over the existing method.One of the assets of the technique is its simplicity (reliability, sensitivity).Another good feature of this method is …This method allows us to demonstrate …The above procedure makes it possible to evaluate …This method is capable of providing …实验描述（（experiment description）4．实验描述We made (carried out, performed, initiated ) this experiment to show (demonstrate, elucidate, evaluate) a correlation between (certain phenomena, the mechanism of, the hypothesis of, some features of )…Experiments on … are made (underway) to …Earlier (previous) experiments with this technique were intended (designed, designated) to …The experiments reported here demonstrate a variety of changes in (a correlation between, a much resistance to) …Our experiment support our assumption (hypothesis, evidence) that …Recent experiments with … furnish some new information (for the data, new evidence) about the mechanism (the influence) of …Further experiments in this area lead us to conclude (believe, suggest) that …From these experiments we can conclude that …三、结论结果的意义（（meaning of the results）1．结果的意义The results presented in this paper are (seem) …The findings reported here is (quite) striking (remarkable, fascinating).These preliminary findings are very reliable (encouraging, promising. Convincing, ambiguous)The results reported here prove (confirm, suport, bear out) the hypothesis (assumption, observation) that …The above findings can be viewed (approached) as follows (in terms of.., from other standpoint).We can consider (interpret, look at) these results as fully reliable (consistent with) …This fruitful work gives explanation to …导致结论（（Conclusion deduced）2．导致结论Our findings suggests that …These findings lead the auther to a conclusion that …Our data leave open the question of whether …In the future, we will extend the persent studies to …Our work has contributed to the understanding of …The research work has brought about a discovery of …Further progress can be provided by this experiment.四常用语句1．It has been generally accepted that … could be …As mentioned above, ….It is emphasized that …2．时间In recent years, there are …Part Two PaperBeginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and toconstruct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achievinga hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient andeffective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have,therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex Part Three Others1、对……作一分析/研究/比较make an analysis of …make a study of …make a comparison of A with/and Bmake a comparison between A and B2、对……作一介绍/描述/解释give an introduction to …give a description of …give an explanation of …3、对……的研究/分析/比较表明……A study of … shows that…An analysis of … shows that…4、我们必须……It is necessary for us to do…We must do…5、我们能够……It is possible for us to do…We can do…We are able to do…We are capable of doing…We are in a position to do…6、值得注意的是……It is worth noting that…What is worth noting is that…7、必须解这个方程把未知数求出来。

英语科技论文常用句型结构 new

英语科技论文常用句型结构1. Introduction(引言):引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。

1）研究目的（1）论文导向使用paper, thesis或dissertation这样的特征名词，直接提及研究论文本身，而且此类句子通常采用一般现在时态。

常用的句型有：The purpose of this paper is…/The aim of this report is…/The objective of the paper is to obtain quantitative about the particles size distribution/to model the dynamic behavior in the super-or near-critical CO2 extraction.（2）研究导向study, research, investigation或experiment等特征名词被用来强调研究活动本身。

这类句子是表达已经过去的事情，所以使用一般过去时态。

The purpose of the experiment reported here was…/The aim of this study was…/The objective of this research was to determine the preferred viewing distance for work at a visual display unit./to examine the apparent osmotic behavior of some contemporary commercial reverse osmosis membranes.或用被动结构：In the research described here, /In this study, /In the present investigation, /In this research, /In the experimentsreported here, vertical nutrient mixing in late summer in a test area 20 kilometers off the coast was examined.描述研究目的时，最简单的句型是用this paper, this study, this project, this research等词做主语，后面用实意动词作谓语，如investigate, discuss, examine, test等，宾语为研究内容。

论文写作常用句型

论文写作常用句型在论文写作中，使用一些常用句型可以帮助提升文章的表达能力和逻辑结构。

下面将介绍一些常用的论文写作句型，并提供实例来说明其用法和适用场景。

1. 引言句型引言部分是论文开篇的重要部分，可以使用以下句型引入话题和背景：- "In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in..."- "With the rapid development of technology, ..."例如："In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the effects of social media on teenagers' mental health."2. 提出观点句型在论文中，我们需要明确提出自己的观点或假设。

下面是一些常用的提出观点的句型：- "It can be argued that..."- "One possible explanation for this phenomenon is..."- "It is widely believed that..."例如："It can be argued that the implementation of stricter gun control laws can help reduce gun-related crimes."3. 支持观点句型在论文中，我们需要提供证据或理由来支持我们的观点。

以下是一些常用的支持观点的句型：- "Research has shown that..."- "According to a survey conducted by..."- "Numerous studies have demonstrated that..."例如："Research has shown that regular exercise can improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease."4. 引用他人观点句型在论文中，引用他人观点可以增强论证的力度，以下是一些常用的引用他人观点的句型：- "According to (author's name),..."- "(Author's name) argues that..."- "In the words of (author's name),..."例如："According to John Smith, a renowned economist, the implementation of sustainable development practices is crucial for long-term economic growth."5. 举例句型在论文中，举例可以帮助读者更好地理解和接受论点。

科技论文中常用的句式

一、提出观点：一、提出观点：主观角度：1) we confirm （确认、证实）（确认、证实） that ：表示不是本文最新提出的：表示不是本文最新提出的2) we believe that ：自信的观点：自信的观点不是本文最新提出的一般不用以上两种不是本文最新提出的一般不用以上两种3) results + indicate that Infer that Suggest that Imply that 4) we + put forword Discover Observe 千万不要加for the first time 5）表示不太肯定，倾向于）表示不太肯定，倾向于we tentatively （暂时地；试验性地）put forward that The results may be due to This is probably a consequence of It seems that *** can account for （对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因）this It is possible that it stems from （起源于，比较地道）（起源于，比较地道）其中possible 不建议使用不建议使用以上：文中全用1）没创新；全用5）不确定；全用2）则会被拒）则会被拒二、逻辑性二、逻辑性连接词：however ，提出其他观点：also ，in addition 表结果：consequently ，递进：afterwards （后来）, moreover, further/furthermore 转折：although 、 in contrast 、 similarly 、 alternatively 因此：therefore 除此之外：despite 时间顺序：如：AA AA advocated advocated advocated it it it for for for the the the first first first time, time, time, then then then BB BB BB furthermore furthermore furthermore demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate that that that……., afterwords, CC …..More recent studies by DD …. AA 提出，BB 提出：AA put forward that …. In contrast, BB believe that …. unlike AA/on the contrary. AA put forward that … similarly, BB believe that …alternatively also 句子间用：firstly,firstly,……secondly secondly……. 三、其他三、其他1. 第一次缩写，必须要写说明：如CSP for short …，或者we present a new mobility model, called Selfsimilar Least-Action Walk (SLAW),不要全盘否定前人成果（即使认为不对），不要说their results are wrong 或者或者very questionable 或has no commonsense 可以说可以说 their studies may be more reasonable if they had…. Considered this situation …. their results could better convinced that …their conclusion may remain some uncertains …2. 不是综述不写future work 提别人的错误，用在讨论中比较提别人的错误，用在讨论中比较提自己的不足：1) it should be noted that this study has research/focus on only… 2)Some limitation of this study are …We have pointed that .. 上述两种说法指出文章的片面性上述两种说法指出文章的片面性提出不足后，要能转回来，否则不提：提出不足后，要能转回来，否则不提：1) the results do not imply …2) the results can not be used to determine …3) unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data 4) our results are lack of …转回来：转回来：Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest….(解决不了) Not withstanding ：虽然：虽然However ，these problems can be solved if …. 3. 参考文献尽量新，写审稿人、权威作者的文献参考文献尽量新，写审稿人、权威作者的文献尽量不写尽量不写 et al. 两个作者一定都要写，写页数，加上自己的论文。

科技英语写作中的常用写作句型归纳与总结

科技英语写作常用写作句型归纳与总结1、对……作一分析/研究/比较make an analysis of …make a study of …make a comparison of A with/and Bmake a comparison between A and B2、对……作一介绍/描述/解释give an introduction to …give a description of …give an explanation of …3、对……的研究/分析/比较表明……A study of … shows that…An analysis of … shows that…4、我们必须……It is necessary for us to do…We must do…5、我们能够……It is possible for us to do…We can do…We are able to do…We are capable of doing…We are in a position to do…6、值得注意的是……It is worth noting that…What is worth noting is that…7、必须解这个方程把未知数求出来。

It is necessary to solve the equation for the unknown.8、直接应用这个定律我们就可以得到……Direct application of this law yields/gives/produces/results in/leads to…By direct application of this law we obtain/have/get…9、可取的/恰当的做法是……It is well/proper/appropriate to do…10、我们想要……We wish to do…One wishes to do…It is desired to do…11、本书已经出版三年了。

科技论文英文的规范表达-句法

While the transistor is off，the ac load line is horizontal．当晶体管截止时，交流负载线是水平的。
25
（ 3） as：它引导的从句中的动作一般与主句的动作均表示持续一段时间，它们同时发生。 As radio waves travel along the surface of the earth，part of its energy will be lost. 当无线电波沿地球表面传播时，要损失掉一部分能量。
一、插入语、否定、时态、语态、形容词和副词的比较级具有主谓结构的插入语位于主句中一般处于主语或连系动词之后，有逗号分开。
This book is, we hope, a concise introduction to communications systems.
1
The rules must be few, and, what is more important, simple.
2．用现在完成进行时来强调“一直在进行某项工作”的含义这些年来他们一直在研制一种新型飞机。 In recent years，they have been developing a new type of aircraft．
8
3．句中有具体的过去时间时只能用一般过去时，而不能用过去(或现在)完成时在20世纪40年代他们设计出了第一代电子计算机。 In the 1940's，they designed the first generation of electronic computers．
2.All these x values can not satisfy this equation.
7

科技论文常用句型

英文科技论文写作常用句型Beginning1.In this paper,we focus on the need for2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper,we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section,after a statement of the basic problem,various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated:first,an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section2.3.In the next section,a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section,a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section2reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section1.1briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action,while1.2looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1.Section1defines the notion of robustness,and argues for its importance.2.Section1devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section2gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4.Section2discusses some problems with and approaches to,natural language understanding.5.Section2explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6.Section3discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section3describes the system itself in a general way,including the…..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section3describes a new measure of xx.9.Section3demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section3is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section3,is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section3while Section4describes the xx strategies.13.Section3and4show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section4discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section4gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section4is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section4contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section2and3.18.Section4applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section5presents the primary results of the paper:a fuzzy set model..20.Section5contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section6illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section2.23.In Section2are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24.In Section2we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section2of this paper,we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section3,we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27.In Section5is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1.In this section,the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However,it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section,and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section5.2.Section5summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section5gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section7provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally,conclusions and future work are summarized6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section7is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter0.Abstract1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of:xx,xx22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost,and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter1.IntroductionTime1.Over the course of the past30years,..has emerged form intuitive2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the4.The development of...is explored5.During the past decade,the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing,there is still no standard way of xx11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses,the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx[1965].13.To date,none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective/Goal/Purpose1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads,and to provide intelligent,computer aidedinstruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx4.The scope of this research lies in5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10.The main objective of such a...system is to11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives,an xx must meet the following requirements:13.In order to take advantage of their similarity14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed15.In this trial,the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose,four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data:xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods20.This illustration points out the need to specify21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter2.Literature Review23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature,for example,regarding xx24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning27.However,these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then,the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32.Many complex processes unfortunately,do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore,not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and/or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators,however,these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to37.Characterized the...system as38.Developed an algorithm to39.Developed a system called...whiches an iterative algorithm to deduce41.Emphasized the need to42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown/showed/Address/ Highlights46.Point out that the problem of47.A study on...was done/developed by[]48.Previous work,such as[]and[],deal only with49.The approach taken by[]is50.The system developed by[]consists51.A paper relevant to this research was published by[]52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]'model draws attention to evolution in human development54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that58.Their work is based on the principle of59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established61.The...studies indicated that62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years,effort in analyzing xx,especially xx,is lacking.Problem/Issue/Question63.Unfortunately,real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy/solve/alleviate these problems67....is a difficult problem,yet to be adequately resolved68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed69.An unanswered question70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed73.The three prime issues can be summarized:74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to76.It is expected to be serious barrier to77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。

小论文(SCI科技文)Results写作常用句型(入门)

Results一、表示不同组之间比较存在显著性差异的句型和句式1 、…is higher/lower/increase/decrease…in/by/with or after the administration of A than/compared with B；2、Significantly increased/decreased…was observed in A compared with B。

3、Significant differences in…were observed/witnessed between A and B；4、Enhanced/Decreased…in response to A/B was observed…;5、A showed significant/better effect on…than/compared with B;6、A significantly decreased/increase/improve…二、表示不同组之间存在某种趋势，可以使用如下的句型或句式：1、A similar trend was observed in…;2、A compared toC additionally trended to…；3、…tend to…in A compared with B；4、A tendency towards higher/lower…was seen in…三、用来表示组之间结果相似或者差异性不显著的句型和句式：1、No impact of A/B/(A and B)on…was demonstrated in the presented experiment；2、No effect on…occurred with or after the administration of A/B/(A and B)；3、No difference in…was observed/witnessed between A and B；4、There was no difference in…；5、…in A and B did not differ；6、…was not significantly altered by …treatment…；7、…was simila in all (between) groups and ranged from…to…。