语言学简明教程Chapter 2

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2. Branches of phonetics:
There are three different branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)--- “how speakers produce speech sounds”
from the speakers’ point of view
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Three important areas (resonating cavities):
Oral cavity ---- the mouth (1) Most of the sounds in Chinese and English are oral sounds. E.g.: [b] [p] [t]… Nasal cavity ---- the nose(2) In English, the three sounds [m], [n] and [ ], are nasal. All the other sounds are oral. Pharyngeal cavity (Pharynx) ---- the throat(3) vocal cords closed: voiced. E.g.， [b], [d] ， vocal cords open: voiceless E.g.， [p], [t] ， air→ lung→ glottis → pharynx (pharyngeal cavity) →uvular→ nasal cavity oral cavity
Auditory phonetics(听觉语音学)---- “how sounds are perceived” from the hearers’ point of view Acoustic phonetics(声学语音学)--- It deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another.
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4. Manners of Articulation (degrees of obstruction)
Could you describe and tell the difference of /z/ wenku.baidu.comnd /d/?
completely blocked for a period of time, and then released suddenly. It cannot be prolonged or maintained.
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approximants: [
], [w], [l], [r], [h].
The Description of English consonants
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Consonants [p] poor [b] best [t] take [d] dog [k] kite [g] goat [s] say [z] zoo 临时搭配: [ts] students
(24) [f] five [v] visit [w] way [ ] cash [ ] measure [h] hate [j] you [l] love; little [dz] beds [ r] red [m] money; fame [n] skin; no [ ] link; doing [ ] thank [ ] this [ ] China [ ] joke [tr] tree [dr] dream
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Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.
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What’s the properties of every speech sound? What state is the speech organ when a particular sound is produced? How many organs are concerned? How do speech sounds differ from each other? Properties of Consonants 1. The state of the vocal cords (voicing: voiced/voiceless): voiced: [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [ ] [ ] [ ] etc. voiceless: [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [ ] [ ] [ ] etc. They are the only voiceless consonants in English (8), and vowels are all voiced. 2. The position of the velum (nasality: nasal/oral) In English, the three sounds [ ], [n], and [ ] are nasal. All the other sounds are oral.
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The nasal cavity is connected with the oral cavity. The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum, can be drawn back to close the passage so that all air exiting from the lungs can only go through the mouth. The sounds produced in this condition are not nasalized. If the passage is left open to allow air to exit through the nose, the sounds produced are nasalized sounds.
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The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity. The main places involved are the back, the front and the blade of the tongue, and also its extreme front—the tip, the uvula, the velum, the hard palate, the alveolar ridge, the teeth and the lips.
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stops/plosives: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]; fricatives: [ ], [v], [s], [z], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ Forcing aair through a narrow passage,ofbut and ②. slowly ]; narrow passage. A combination ① release through
Chapter 2 Phonetics: Speech Sounds
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Speech Organs (articulators) 2.3 The Phonetic Properties of Speech Sounds 2.4. Vowels
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2.1 Introduction Q: Are languages primarily spoken or written? 1. What is phonetics? A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.
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2.2 Speech Organs (articulators)
1.Lips 2.Teeth 3.Teeth ridge (alveolar ridge) 4.Hard palate 5.Soft palate (velum) 6.Uvula 7.Tip of tongue 8.Blade of tongue 9.Back of tongue 10.Vocal cords 11.Pharyngeal cavity (pharynx) 12.Nasal cavity 13. Oral cavity 14. Glottis(声门） 15. trachea( wind pipe)（气管）
Two articulators come close affricates:friction or ], [ together, but not enough to [ ]; cause stoppage. Weak obstruction.
Forcing air through a narrow passage so that a hissing sound is created. It is possible to maintain a fricative sound as long as your breath holds out.
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3. Places of articulation
(Different speech organs may have different shapes and positions)
bilabial: [p], [b], [ ]; labiodental: [ ], [v]; interdental(dental): [ ], [ ]; alveolar: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r]; palatal: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]; velar: [k], [g], [ ], [w]; glottal: [h].
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2.3 The Phonetic Properties of Speech Sounds Classification of English speech sounds
---- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: Vowels Consonants Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former， the air stream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.