酒店管理系统中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

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酒店业服务质量管理研究-外文文献翻译

毕设附件外文文献翻译原文及译文(3500 字)原文Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel IndustryBorkar; SameerAbstractIt is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well.Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process.IntroductionIt has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques and methods of handling various processes. Awareness among the hoteliers and the guests has fuelled the inventions focused on operations. The increased sagacity of customer satisfaction led to the use of high standards of service in industry. The new service parameters made the hoteliers to implement quality management as an effective aid. It has significantly affected hotels' ability to control and adapt to changing environments. The use of new techniques began with the simple motive of sophistication and precise activities in the given field of operation which may result in high standards of service in global economy and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.Conceptual Framework This study of Service quality management in hospitality industry is an attempt to understand the presence of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations safer, focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations.As the hospitality industry becomes more competitive there is an obvious need to retain clientele as well as increasing profitability and hence management professionals strive to improve guest satisfaction and revenues. The management professionals whom are striving for these results however often have limited understanding of research surrounding the paradigms of guest satisfaction and loyalty and financial performance. This research paper shall enlighten some of the variables and important facts of service quality resulting into guest satisfaction.Review of LiteratureCustomers of hospitality often blame themselves when dissatisfied for their bad choice. Employees must be aware that dissatisfied customers may not complain and therefore the employees should seek out sources of dissatisfaction and resolve them. (Zeithaml V., 1981, p.186 -190)It is said that service quality is what differentiates hospitality sector, however there is not an agreed definition of what service quality is. There is however a few different suggestions of how to define service quality. Dividing it into technical, functional and image components; (Greenrooms C., 1982) another is that service quality is determined by its fitness for use by internal and external customers. It is accepted that service quality is depends upon guest's needs and expectations. A definition of service quality state that quality is simply conformance to specifications, which would mean that positive quality is when a product or service specific quality meet or exceed preset standards or promises. This however seems like an easy viewwithin the hospitality industry. The alternative definitions read as follows: 1) quality is excellence; 2) quality is value for money; 3) quality is meeting or exceeding expectations. This appears better aligned with ideas which exist within hospitality management than the first mentioned simplistic approach. Service quality and value is rather difficult to calculate, companies must therefore rely on guest's quality perceptions and expectations to get consistent results which is best achieved by asking guest's questions related to expectations and their perceptions of the service quality, which can effectively be achieved through carefully designed surveys.A major problem with service quality is variability and limited capability and robustness of the service production process. (Gummesson E., 1991) Hotels consumers have well-conceived ideas about service quality and quality attributes are considered important for most types of services, the absence of certain attributes may lead consumers to perceive service quality as poor. The presence of these attributes may not substantially improve the perceived quality of the service. Most customers would be willing to trade some convenience for a price break, and that the behavior, skill level and performance of service employees are key determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992)Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality. The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures.(Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest's evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments.Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts – the leverage synergies – between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)A key activity is to conduct regularly scheduled review of progress by quality council or working group and management must establish a system to identify areas for future improvement and to track performance with respect to internal and external customers. They must also track the changing preferences of customer. Continuous improvement means not only being satisfied with doing a good job or process. It is accomplished by incorporating process measurement and team problem solving an all work activities. Organization must continuously strive for excellence by reducing complexity, variation and out of control process. Plan-D-Study-Act (PDSA) developed by Shewhart and later on modified by Deming is an effective improvement technique. First Plan carefully, then carry out plan, study the results and check whether the plan worked exactly as intended and act on results by identifying what worked as planned and what didn't work.Continuous process improvement is the objective and these phases of PDSA are the framework to achieve those objectives. (Besterfield D. et al 2003) The 'servicescape' -is a general term to describe the physical surroundings of a service environment (Reimer 2005, p. 786) such as a hotel or cruise ship. Guests are sometimes unconsciously trying to obtain as much information as possible through experiences to decrease information asymmetries This causes guests to look for quality signals or cues which would provide them with information about the service, which leads us to 'cue utilization theory'. Cue utilization theory states that products or services consist of several arrays of cues that serve as surrogate indicators of product or service quality. There are both intrinsic and extrinsic cues to help guests determine quality. Consequentially, due to the limited tangibility of services, guests are often left to accept the price of the experience and the physical appearance or environment of the hotel or cruise ship itself as quality indicators. Though there are many trade and academic papers discussing guest satisfaction has been published, one can note that limited attention has been paid to the value perception and expectations guests have towards product delivery and influence price guests pay for an experience has on satisfaction and future spending. Furthermore it is also known that the role of pricing in relation to guest determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992) Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality.The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures. (Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest's evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments. Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts –the leverage synergies –between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)Telephonic conversation with peers and friends in hospitality industry worked a wonder giving lots of inputs in drafting this paper. Secondary data sources- For this study, data sources such as hospitality journals, Books on service quality management, organization behavior, URL on internet of various hospitality majors. Referring hospitality publications were helpful in knowing the current inventions in industry.Research Tools: Descriptive research design is used to know the attributes of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented in tables. The hypothesis is tested against the collected data.Hypotheses: The hypotheses framed for the subject areHypothesis 1: Implementing service quality management as a tool for improvement in Customer Satisfaction.Hypothesis 2: Practicing Continuous Improvement program has benefited hotel. Limitation & Scope of the Study: Though there was a specific questionnaire used for collecting information, the objective of the paper was well discussed with the every contributor and whatever the information was provided by these sources is arranged for further analysis. The analysis of the available data is done on the relevance to the topic. The effectiveness of the technology in conservation of resources was always a point of consideration. The data is sifted for making it as precise as possible.Analysis and DiscussionsThere is a significant relationship between service quality management and customer satisfaction. In hospitality industry, the customer satisfaction variables such as Availability, Access, Information, Time, delivery of service, availability of personal competence, Comfortable and safer atmosphere and pollution free environment are of prime concern to every hotelier. The industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction.The intangible nature of the service as a product means that it could be very difficult to place quantifiable terms on the features that contribute to the quality and measurement of the quality of the product is a problem for Service quality management.The customer is frequently directly involved in the delivery of the service and as such introduces an unknown and unpredictable influence on the process. The customer variability in the process makes it difficult to determine the exact requirements of the customer and what they regard as an acceptable standard of service.This problem is magnified as it is often judgmental, based on personal preferences or even mood, rather than on technical performance that can be measured. Every hotel has a target market to cater which has very specific requirement in terms of expected and perceived quality of service.The customers come with different perception of quality every time they come to hotel and this makes it quite difficult to define quality and set the level of it. It requires hotel to continuously compare their perception against customer perception in terms of satisfaction measurement with performance measurement. The study has shown that the effective tools which management of various hotels uses for continuous improvement process and how it is dissipated amongst all the stake holders.译文酒店业服务质量管理研究博卡;萨米尔摘要本文旨在研究酒店业中质量改进过程的作用以及如何有效地推动企业的可持续发展。

餐饮管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

餐饮管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:A Comparative Study of Web Application Design ModelsUsing the Java TechnologiesAbstract.The Servlet technology has been the most widely used technology for building scalable Web applications. In the events, there are four design models for developing Web applications using the Java technologies: Model 1, Model2, Struts, and JavaServer Faces (JSF). Model 1 employs a series of JSP pages; Model 2 adopts the Model-View-Controller pattern; Struts is a framework employing the Model 2 design model; and JSF is a new technology that supports ready-to-use components for rapid Web application development. Model 1 is not recommended for medium-sized and large applications as it introduces maintenance nightmare. This paper compares and evaluates the ease of application development and the performance of the three design models (Model 2, Struts, and JSF) by buildingthree versions of an online store application using each of the three design models, respectively.1 IntroductionToday, Web applications are the most common applications for presenting dynamic contents. There are a number of technologies for building Web applications, the most popular of which is the Servlet technology . This technology gains its popularity from its superiority over other technologies such as CGI and PHP .Servlets are cumbersome to develop, however, because sending HTML tags requires the programmer to compose them into a String object and send this object to the browser. Also, a minor change to the output requires the servlet to be recompiled. To address this issue, Sun Microsystems invented JavaServer Pages (JSP) . JSP allows HTML tags to be intertwined with Java code and each page is translated into a servlet. A JSP page is a servlet. However, compilation occurs automatically when the page is first requested. As a result, changing the output does not need recompilation. In addition, JSP enables the separation of presentation from the business logic through the use of JavaBeans and custom tag libraries. The norm now in developing Javabased Web applications is to use servlets along with JavaServer Pages.In the later development, there are a number of design models for building servlet/JSP applications: Model 1, Model 2, Struts , and JSF . Model 1 and Model 2 were first mentioned in the early specifications of JSP. Model 1 strictly uses JSP pages, with no servlets, and Model 2 uses the combination of both servlets and JSP pages. The terms of Model 1 and Model 2 have been used ever since. Model 1 is suitable for prototypes and very small applications, and Model 2 is the recommended design model for medium sized and large applications.As Model 2 gained more acceptances in the industry, an open source initiative to build the Struts Framework was initiated. Struts perfects Model 2 by providing the controller part of the Model-View-Controller of Model 2. In addition, Struts provides better page navigation management and several custom tag libraries for more rapid development. Despite its steep learning curve and the fact that it was never defined in any specification, Struts has been gaining popularity as thealternative to Model 2.JavaServer Faces is built under the Java Community Process under JSR-127.Sun Microsystems proposed this technology in the hope that JSF will be the ultimate model for building Java Web applications. The most important feature of JSF is the availability of ready-to-use components such as extensible UI components, easy page navigation, input validators, data converters and JavaBeans management.The problem facing servlet/JSP programmers are to choose the most appropriate design model. Clearly, JSF provides a better solution in regard to development time. However, some people are not sanguine to adopt this technology for fear of performance penalty due to the overhead of the JSF implementation.We build three versions of an online store application named BuyDirect using Model 2, Struts and JSF. The parameters compared are the number of lines of code, the number of classes, and the performance measurement results. We investigate which of the design models allows the most rapid development process. We evaluate the performances of the applications built upon these models. We provide some suggestions to perfect the existing design models to make development more rapid.The rest of the paper is organised as follows. Section 2 discusses the issues in Web development. Section 3 explains how the three design models address these development issues. Section 4 provides the details of the hardware and software used in these experiments. Section 5 presents the experiment results and analysis. Section 6 reviews the related work. Section 7 concludes by offering some suggestions to improve the existing design models.2 Java Web Development IssuesAll Java Web development uses the Servlet technology as the underlying technology. As such, all Java Web applications have certain issues that need to be addressed:User Interface. The user interface is what the client browser renders as HTML tags. Any server-side component used in the application must be encoded intothe corresponding HTML elements. Besides for displaying the content and data, the user interface is also responsible in receiving input from the user.●Input Validation. User input needs to be validated. There are two types of inputvalidation, server-side and client-side. As the name implies, the server-side input validation is performed on the server after the input reaches the server.Client-side input validation is done on the browser, usually by using JavaScript or other scripting languages. The advantages of using client-side input validation are prompt response and reducing the server workload. The server-side input validation should always be performed regardless the presence of client-side validation because there is no guarantee the user browser's scripting feature is being on and malicious users can easily work around client-side validation.●Model Objects. Model objects in Java-based Web applications are in the formsof JavaBeans. Model objects make up the Model part of the MVC based design model. A model object can be used to bind a component value to be used at a later stage. In addition, it can encapsulate business logic required for processing.●Page Navigation. Almost all Web applications have multiple pages that the usercan navigate from one to another. All MVC-based design models use a servlet as the Controller part. This servlet also acts as the sole entry point to the application. Which page to be displayed after the current request is determined by the value of a specified request parameter. Managing page navigation is critically important.3 Web Application Design ModelsThe Model 2 design model is based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern. As explained by Burbeck , there are three main modules in MVC, the Controller, the View, and the Model. The Controller acts as the central entry point to the application. All user interactions go through this controller. The View contains the presentation part of the application, and the Model stores data or encapsulates business logic of the application. In the later development, the Struts Framework provides a common framework to easily build Model 2 applications.Then, the last initiative is the JavaServer Faces, which also employs the MVC design pattern.In the following sections, we discuss these three design models and explain how each design model addresses the development issues specified in the previous section.3.1 Model 2A Java Web application that is based on the Model 2 design model has one servlet(called the Controller servlet) that serves as the Controller part. All requests are first handled by this servlet, which immediately dispatches the requests to the appropriate views using RequestDispatcher objects. Views in the Model 2 design model are represented by JSP pages. To store data, a Model 2 application uses JavaBeans, which are the Model part of the application. In addition to storing data, the JavaBeans also encapsulate business logic. Each HTTP request carries an action parameter that indicates which view to dispatch this request to. The programmer must code the HTML tags for user interface in all JSP pages in the application and write input validation code. In addition, the model objects are managed by individual JSP pages.3.2 StrutsThe Struts Framework is an improvement of the Model 2 design model. It provides a default Controller servlet so that the user does not have to write and compile one. Struts alleviates the task of page navigation by allowing navigation rules to be present in its application configuration file (an XML document). Changes to the navigation rules do not require recompilation of a Java servlet class. In addition to easier page navigation, Struts provides custom tag libraries that define tags representing HTML elements. One of these tags is used for error handling and Struts is therefore capable of displaying localized error messages in support for internationalization. Struts applications use JavaBeans as their models, just like the Model 2 design model. In addition, Struts programmers have to write their own input validation code.3.3 JSFJSF also employs a controller servlet that is called FacesServlet. This servlet is the only entry point to a JSF application. JSF also uses JSP pages as its views and JavaBeans as its model objects. Unlike Model 2 and Struts, however, JSF provides ready-to-use user interface components that can be written on JSP pages. Upon an invocation of a page of a JSF application, the FacesServlet constructs a component tree that represents the JSP page being requested. Some of the components can also trigger events, making JSF event-driven. For page navigation, JSF uses an approach similar to Struts, i.e., by allowing navigation rules to be defined in an application configuration file (again, an XML document).What distinguishes a JSF application from non-JSF servlet/JSP application is that JSF applications are event-driven. The user interface of a JSF application is one or many JSP pages that host Web components such as forms and input boxes. These components are represented by JSF custom tags and can hold data. A component can be nested inside another, and it is possible to draw a tree of components. Just as in normal servlet/JSP applications, you use JavaBeans to store the data the user entered.4 Function EnvironmentThe software and hardware details for our experiments are described below.4.1 The Servlet ContainerA Java Web application runs in a servlet container, which is the engine that processes the incoming HTTP requests for the resources in the application. For this research project, we use Tomcat, an open source servlet container from the Apache Software Foundation. The version we use is 6.0.Basically, a servlet container processes a servlet by performing the following tasks:- Creating the HttpRequest Object- Creating the HttpResponse Object- Calling the service method of the Servlet interface, passing the HttpRequest and HttpResponse objects.4.2 Testing ClientsFor performance testing, we emulate multiple users using JMeter 1.9 , also from the Apache Software Foundation. JMeter allows the user to choose the number of threads to perform testing. Each thread emulates a different user. JMeter also lets us choose how many times a test will be done. To test a Web application using JMeter, you direct requests to certain IP address, context path, and port number. You can also specify request parameters to be included in each HTTP request. As the output, JMeter notifies the response time of the server in milliseconds for a test. From the response time, we derive the number of hits/seconds the server is capable of serving.4.3 HardwareWe use different computers for running the applications and for testing, so as to obtain maximum performance measurement accuracy. The computer running the application is a XP machine having the following hardware specifications: Intel Core 1GHz CPU with 1G RAM. The computer running the testing clients is a Windows 2000 machine running JMeter. The computer has the following specifications: Intel Core 1GHz CPU with 1G RAM.5 ResultsWe obtain experimental results in two categories: the ease of development and performance. The ease of development category compares the number of classes and the number of lines of code. These numbers indicate how easy it is to develop an application by following a certain design model. An application with the fewer number of classes or the number of lines of code indicates that the application is relatively easier to build. The application with the more number of classes indicates that the application takes more time to develop.The performance measurement results are obtained by comparing two operations. The Search operation is the most common operation in such an application,and the Browse operation.5.1 Ease of Application DevelopmentAs Table 1 shows, it takes the most effort to implement the Model 2 design model. Using Struts alleviates the problem a bit, and the best saving in the development comes if one uses JSF.Table 1. The number of classes and the number of lines for the applications under studyThe Model 2 design model is characterised by the presence of a Controller servlet and a number of JavaBeans classes (as the Model) and JSP pages (as the Views). The Controller servlet is responsible for page navigation rules that employ a series of if statements. Model 2 application programmers must also code for the input validation that in this research is implemented inside a number of custom tag libraries. The other classes in the Model 2 design model are custom tag library and the tag library descriptors responsible for input validation and data display. In fact, input validation takes 590 lines of code, or almost 30% of the total amount of code.In the Struts application, the Controller servlet is provided by the framework, therefore a Struts programmer saves time for not having to write one. However, he/she still needs to write page navigation rules in the Application Configuration file, which is easier than writing a servlet because the Application Configuration file can be edited using a text editor and no compilation is necessary. Input validation must still be done manually, even though the Struts Framework provides an error handling mechanism. The number of classes and the number of lines of code for input validation are almost similar to the Model 2 application. In Struts, the other classes are Action classes to which the default Controller servlet dispatches requests.In JSF input validation comes free through the availability of validatorcomponent. As a result, a JSF application developer can skip this task. In addition, page navigation takes the same course as Struts, i.e. by utilising an Application Configuration file. The other classes in JSF are a ContextListener, an ActionListener, and a Database utility class.5.2 Performance MeasurementFor each operation, we measure the server response time (in milliseconds) for 1 to 10 concurrent users. The number of users is specified by setting the number of threads in Jmeter. Each test is conducted 10 times and the average is taken. Each operation is discussed further is the following sub-sections.5.2.1 Search OperationThe Search operation whose name or description matches the keyword. There is one SQL SELECT statement performed. Figure 2 compares the three versions of applications for the Search operation.Fig. 2. The performance comparison for the Search operation For the Model 2 application, the average server response time for one user is 173 ms and for 10 users is 919 ms. For the Struts application, these numbers are 189 ms and 900 ms, respectively. For the application built using JSF, the average server response time is 210 ms for one user and 932 ms for 10 users. The increase of the response time is proportional to the increase of the number of concurrent users, which means that the server is still able to cope with the load.The Model 2 application has the least overhead, therefore the averageperformance should be better than the Struts and JSF applications. However, the Struts application performs as well as the Model 2 application. This is because the server has enough memory to load all Struts libraries required to run Struts. Also, note that page navigation rules in Struts are loaded and stored in an object called ActionMapping. Therefore, given an action request parameter, the next page of navigation is obtained through a look-up. On the other hand, the Model 2 application uses a series of if statements to find the next page of navigation, given the action request parameter.The JSF application performs slightly worse than the other applications in almost all numbers of concurrent users. This could be due to the time taken by the JSF implementation to construct a component tree for each page requested. However, the difference in server response time between JSF and other applications is not that significant.5.2.2 Browse OperationThe Browse operation,like the Search operation, there is one SQL SELECT statement performed. Figure 3 gives the test results for this operation.Fig. 3. The performance comparison for the Browse operation On average, the Model 2 application performs the best because it has the least overhead. The average server response time is 111 ms for one user and 899 ms for 10 users. The Struts application has comparable performance, with one user average server response time of 180 ms and 10 user response time of 920 ms. The JSF lacks a bit behind the two applications with these numbers being 190 and 1009ms respectively. The increase of the server response time is proportional to the increase of the number of concurrent users, which means the server is able to serve those users well. The average performance measurement results of the Browse operation are very similar to the ones for the Search operation because the database operations of both operations are also similar.6 Related WorkCompare the performance of database-based Web applications using Java servlets, PHP version 3, and Common Gateway Interface (CGI). After a series of benchmark tests that performs data retrieval from a MySQL database, find that the solution of Java servlets with persistent database connection has the best performance. PHP3 using persistent database connections performs fairly well when compared to the CGI solution,also mention the advantages of using Java servlets. According to these authors. Java servlets are an excellent choice to meet the requirement of e-commerce (such as online shopping) applications and are able to handle client requests in a highly interactive mode.Comparing PHP 4, Java servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans. Measure the performance of these three architectures using two applications. Study reveals that PHP4 is more efficient than Java servlets, and the EJBs perform even worse than servlets. However, note that servlets, being part of the Java solution, provides the flexibility of being able to be ported to another system with a different operating system.7 ConclusionWe find that it is most rapid to build Web applications using JSF. Model 2 applications are the least rapid but give the best performance. Struts applications sit in the middle of the other two design models in both comparisons.We make some suggestions that could improve the Servlets technology in general and enhance the performance of applications based on both design models. Struts. Struts is not based on any specification and there is no documentation that discusses its internal working. Therefore, it is hard to know what have been implemented and what could be improved.●The Servlets Technology. The Servlet 2.3 Specification does not define anycaching mechanism. There is no mention of caching in the upcoming Servlet2.4 Specification either. Despite the dynamic nature of the content of a Webapplication, some contents do not change very often. For example, the categories of products that a user can browse in an online store application probably only change once in a month. If those semi-static contents must be generated from the database every time they are requested, a lot of programming resources will be wasted. Servlet programmers get around the absence of caching by writing an object that caches certain content. However, since there is no standard for caching, many programmers write the same piece of code again and again.●Model 2.The main drawback is that the page navigation rules are hard-coded inthe Controller servlet. This means any minor change to the program flow will require the Controller servlet to be re-compiled. The solution to this problem is to provide a mapper that reads the page navigation rules when the application starts. The code could be conveniently written in the init method of the Controller servlet. This method is only executed once, i.e. the first time the servlet is loaded into memory. If the properties file needs to be re-read every time it changes, the programmer can check the timestamp of the properties file for each request, and compares it with the previous read of this file. If the timestamp is more current than the previous read, the mapper can be re-constructed. This feature can be enabled and disabled by using an initial parameter in the Context object. At the development phase, this feature should be enabled. At deployment, this feature should be off. The use of the properties file to store the page navigation rules also makes it possible to avoid a series of if statements in the Controller Servlet, which can be time-consuming for every request. Instead, a HashMap can be used, with action request parameters as keys and the next JSP pages as values. The other disadvantage of this design model is the absence of standard components for input validation and user interface. However, this has been solved in JSF.●JSF. JSF provides solutions to common problems in Web development, such aspage navigation management, UI components and input validators. However, because this technology is still very young, there are not too many UIcomponents available, forcing programmers to combine JSF with non-JSF servlets/JSP pages. JSF is event-driven. JSF programmers determine the behavior of a JSF application by writing event listeners, just like those listeners in a Swing application. In JSF version 1.0, there are currently two types of events that can be triggered: ActionEvent and ValueChangedEvent. However, this is good enough to provide sufficient level of interactivity between the application and its users. Adding more types of events will definitely make JSF more appealing.References［1］．Cecchet, E., Chanda A., Elnikety S., Marguerite J., Zwaenepoel W.: Performance Comparison of Middleware Architectures for Generating Dynamic Web Content. Proceeding of the 4th International Middelware Conference, 2003.［2］．Cecchet, E., Marguerite, J., and Zwaenepoel, W.: Performance and Scalability of EJB Applications. Proceedings of OOPSLA’02, 2002.基于Java技术的Web应用设计模型的比较研究摘要Servlet技术在建立可扩展性Web应用中是被应用最广泛的技术。

酒店业英文文献及翻译

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increased service and facilities. In fact, many turn away from such modern conveniences as in-room television, radios, and telephones. Instead, they offer the attraction of old world charm and coziness in a scenic or historic setting. Guests might expect to find working fireplaces in their rooms, handmade quilts on their beds, and antique furniture throughout the inn. Many of the inns are direct descendants of the old inns and taverns that flourished along stagecoach routes 200 years ago. The smaller country inns, sometimes with as few as three or four rooms, are usually run by friendly couples who pride themselves on the comfort and cleanliness of their accommodations and the quality of the food that they serve. Some of the larger chain hotels (e.g. Holiday Inns) use the name inn. Motor inns, however, should not be confused with country inns. The chains use the name to suggest a feeling of warmth and friendliness, though their properties quite different from the more intimate country inns. For centuries, the hotel business could well business could well be described as a cottage industry, because each hotel was a privately-owned, independent enterprise. Occasionally, a well-know hotel would successfully produce a few namesakes under the same management, but such examples were few. The first notable exception was the Caesar Ritz group. E. M. Statler was the first to point out the economic and financial advantages of operating several large hotels under a single management. Despite Statler’s success, the chain concept was slow to catch on in the period between the two world wars. Later on, Conrad Hilton, in particular, became the originator contributing to the growth of the hotel management company. Kemmons Welson and Wallace Johnson, founders of Holiday Inn, fully enriched the chain concept by franchising the Holiday Inn name and establishing a national reservation network. The chains have expanded in a number of ways. One is through direct investment. It means that the headquarters corporation itself puts up the necessary fund to build and operate a new hotel or to buy and renovate an old one. Another is by establishing management contracts with the actual owner of the hotel, whereby the chain actually takes over an empty building and operates it according to its own operating procedures for a fee or for a percentage of the profits. This method is frequently used when the chain expends into a foreign country. A somewhat similar method is the joint venture, a partnership in which both the chain and local

酒店管理质量中英文对照外文翻译文献

《酒店管理质量中英文对照外文翻译文献》摘要：hotels, previous studies have examined the effects of QM on performance (e.g. Alonso-Almeida et al. 2012; Nicolau and Sellers 2010; Wang et al. 2012) although the hotel industry has been examined to a lesser extent than manufacturing organizations (Rubio-Andrada et al. 2011; Wilkins et al. 2007). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on selection effects in the hotel industry. Therefore, new studies about these topics will be interesting to extend the knowledge about a taxonomy of QM and the selection effect to the hotel context. This paper has several aims: (a) to identify an empirical taxonomy of QM in the hotel industry, (b) to assess whether more advanced QM hotels achieve better performance levels and (c) to analyse whether hotels with better performance levels have more advanced QM levels. The contribution of this paper is, first, that it identifies a taxonomy of QM in hotels showing the association between a particular level of QM and different performance dimensions. Few studies have identified an empirical taxonomy of QM mainly in the hotel industry. Second, the paper sheds light on the possible selection effect in the hotel industry.，population for this study was 3 to 5-star individual hotel establishments, including independent and chain-affiliated hotels, located in Spain. Spain ranks second in the world in terms of international tourism revenue and fourth in volume (UNWTO 2013). The census was achieved from the Hostelmarket Database. The size of the population is 4770 hotels (2417 3-star hotels; 2063 4-star; and 290 5-star). A structured questionnaire with closed questions was sent by post in two waves to the whole population between October 2011 and February 2012. A pretest was carried out with seven hotel managers, four representatives of hoteliers associations, one representative of an institute linked to quality issues in the tourism sector and one manager of a consulting firm specializing in hotel management and quality. In the introduction letter of the questionnaire, we indicated that QM questions should be answered by the person responsible for the QM of the hotel, while business performance questions should be answered by the hotel manager. This arrangement was proposed to avoid the common method variance caused by having only one respondent for all questions. 350 hotel managers answered, a 7.34 % response rate. The sampling error is 5.0 % for a confidence level of 95 %, and the least favourable situation of p = q = 0.5. 45.07 %，conclusions 4.1.Theoretical implications First, the study has identified a taxonomy of QM using four managerial systems (operative, information, strategic and technical) that could be used to measure QM levels in hotels or other tourism organizations in future studies. Second, the results show that QM levels may have positive effects on performance. This idea suggests that QM practices are one factor among others that explain better performance levels in some hotels. Third, the results also demonstrate that a selection effect is also possible in the hotel industry. This results increase our knowledge about the association between QM and performance showing that a higher performance can be a factor that facilitates the adoption of different management practices such as those related to QM. In this context, as very few studies have examined the selection effect, researchers could continue investigating the ways in which better levels of performance in organizations facilitate the implementation of QM practices. In this respect, this study reinforces previous research about the importance of QM in improving performance and complements these previous works showing that better performing hotels can more easily adopt QM practices. 4.2.Managerial implications文献信息：文献标题：Does quality management improve performance or vice versa? Evidence from the hotel industry（质量管理能否提高绩效，或反之亦然？来自酒店业的证据）国外作者：Tar J J,Pereira-Moliner J,et al文献出处：《Service Business》,2017,11(1):23-43.字数统计：英文 2283 单词，12593 字符；中文 4193 汉字外文文献：Does quality management improve performance or vice versa? Evidence from the hotel industry Abstract This paper has several aims: (a) to identify an empirical taxonomy of quality management (QM), (b) to assess whether more advanced QM hotels achieve better performance levels and (c) to analyse whether hotels with better performance levels have more advanced QM levels. This paper contributes to identify a taxonomy of QM in hotels showing the association between a particular level of QM and different performance dimensions. In addition, the paper sheds light on the possible selection effect in the hotel industry. The study finds that hotels with higher QM levels have better hotel guest satisfaction and employee satisfaction, efficiency and better business performance. It also shows that hotels with better performance levels develop QM to a greater extent. Accordingly, QM level is one factor among others that explain better performance levels in hotels. Also, good performance can facilitate the implementation of QM practices.Keywords: Quality management; Performance; Cluster analysis; Selection effec; Hotel industry1.IntroductionQuality management (QM) is a management system that includes a set of practices (leadership, people management, stakeholder focus, planning, information and analysis, process management and supplier management) for managing an organization (Dale 1999; Tari et al. 2007) that may have positive effects on performance in manufacturing and service companies. The effects of QM on firm performance and competitiveness have been extensively examined in the literature, but results are inconclusive. Although most scholars have found positive effects of QM implementation (Duh et al. 2012; Lee 2012; Lee et al. 2009; Molina-Azorin et al. 2009; Tari et al. 2014; Yunis et al. 2013), others have shown that organizations do not achieve any benefits from QM (Lo et al. 2011; Yeung and Chan 1998; Yeung et al. 2006). These mixed results suggest that more empirical studies about this relationship are needed. Most studies have examined this relationship using regression analysis, structural equation modelling or similar techniques in order to identify direct and indirect relationships between QM practices and performance in manufacturing and service organizations (Alonso-Almeida et al. 2015; Kaynak 2003; Prajogo 2005; Sila 2007; Tari et al. 2007; Yang 2006). A few studies have identified an empirical taxonomy of QM in the manufacturing and service industries and then examined its association with performance (Lee et al. 2009; Yeung et al. 2003) as a way of supplementing previous studies on direct and indirect relationship between QM practices and performance. In addition, although most previous studies have examined the effects of QM on performance, very few studies indicate a relationship in the reverse direction, namely as a selection effect, whereby firms with better performance levels are those companies that implement QM (Dick et al. 2008).In the case of hotels, previous studies have examined the effects of QM on performance (e.g. Alonso-Almeida et al. 2012; Nicolau and Sellers 2010; Wang et al. 2012) although the hotel industry has been examined to a lesser extent than manufacturing organizations (Rubio-Andrada et al. 2011; Wilkins et al. 2007). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on selection effects in the hotel industry. Therefore, new studies about these topics will beinteresting to extend the knowledge about a taxonomy of QM and the selection effect to the hotel context. This paper has several aims: (a) to identify an empirical taxonomy of QM in the hotel industry, (b) to assess whether more advanced QM hotels achieve better performance levels and (c) to analyse whether hotels with better performance levels have more advanced QM levels. The contribution of this paper is, first, that it identifies a taxonomy of QM in hotels showing the association between a particular level of QM and different performance dimensions. Few studies have identified an empirical taxonomy of QM mainly in the hotel industry. Second, the paper sheds light on the possible selection effect in the hotel industry.2.Literature review2.1.Taxonomies of quality management and performanceThe literature offers a number of classifications of levels of QM (e.g. Claver and Tari 2003; Lee et al. 2009; Yeung et al. 2003; Zhao et al. 2004). These studies examining an empirical taxonomy of QM have analysed manufacturing and service organizations, and they have shown that performance levels are enhanced at the different development levels of QM practices. In addition, some scholars have suggested the need for further studies analysing the association with business performance, especially in service industries. For example, Lee et al. (2003) showed that manufacturing and service organizations withbetter QM system implementation have significantly better outcomes in customer and people performance. Yeung et al. (2003) identified four types of QM systems in manufacturing firms: undeveloped quality system, framed quality system, accommodating quality system and strategic quality system. The authors indicated that different aspects of organizational performance (efficiency, customer satisfaction and business performance) are improved at different stages of development of QM practices. Organizations develop their QM first by establishing a framed quality system which improves operations and reduces mistakes. This can lead to some operational benefits but not lifting up the organizational performance as a whole. When they further develop their QM systems, they accommodate their QM systemand achieves slight improvement [] but the overall organizational performance, especially marketing growth and financial gains, cannot be achieved until a strategic quality system is established (Yeung et al. 2003). These studies on empirical taxonomies of QM have shown that organizations with a higher level of adoption of QM practices outperformed those with a relatively lower level of implementation of QM practices in customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, efficiency and business performance. In relation to customer satisfaction, the positive effect of QM on customers can be due to the fact that QM practices reduce complaints, encourage repeat purchasing and improve service quality (Alonso- Almeida et al. 2015; Casadesus and Karapetrovic 2005; Doeleman et al. 2014; Gustafsson et. al 2003; Lai and Cheng 2003; Lee et al. 2009; Sila 2007; Singh 2008). The literature has also found that QM in hotels may increase hotel guest satisfaction (Alonso-Almeida et al. 2012; Nield and Kozak 1999; Wang et al. 2012). Based on this previous literature review, the following hypothesis is suggested for the hotel industry: H1 The higher the QM level, the better the hotel guest satisfaction. H2 The higher the QM level, the better the employee satisfaction. H3 The higher the QM level, the better the efficiency.H4 The higher the QM level, the better the business performance.2.2.Selection effectThe previous review suggests that higher quality implies lower costs and increased productivity, which in turn gives the firm a greater market share and better competitive levels (Deming 1982; Evans and Lindsay 2002). Firms with a higherlevel of QM may achieve customer and people satisfaction, process improvement and better supplier management (Alonso-Almeida et al. 2015; Kim et al. 2012; Lee et al. 2009). This facilitates an improvement of performance levels. In spite of this general idea about the benefits of QM practices, some scholars have also suggested that those firms with better performance levels are those implementing QM systems. Those studies have shown that the propensity to implement QM is higher in firms with better financial performance. For example, Heras et al. (2002) showed that firms with a better financial performance have a higher propensity to seek qualitycertification. Dick et al. (2008) also found a reverse attribution between quality certification and performance. This could be due to the fact that it is easier for more profitable firms to seek certification because they findthe cost easier to absorb than less profitable firms. The authors then indicated that better performance preceded quality certification. Prajogo and McDermott (2011) tested the difference between highand low-performing firms and found that high- performing firms show higher scores in quality performance. Prester (2013) also examined different practices in lower and higher performers and found the biggest differences in the adoption of QM practices, statistical process control, supplier certification and ISO 9001. High performers develop QM practices to a greater extent than lower performers, and then if lower performers want to catch up with the best performers, QM practices could be one way to help them to improve their performance. These ideas suggest that organizations with good financial performance can allocate more resources to develop QM practices. In other words, financial performance may influence QM (Dick et al. 2008).This may be explained by a selection effect, that is, an ex-ante selection mechanism where better performing firms have a greater propensity to carry out quality practices. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on the selection effect in the hotel industry, and based on the previous reasoning, we propose the following hypothesis: H5 The better the business performance, the higher the level of quality management.3.MethodsThe target population for this study was 3 to 5-star individual hotel establishments, including independent and chain-affiliated hotels, located in Spain. Spain ranks second in the world in terms of international tourism revenue and fourth in volume (UNWTO 2013). The census was achieved from the Hostelmarket Database. The size of the population is 4770 hotels (2417 3-star hotels; 2063 4-star; and 290 5-star). A structured questionnaire with closed questions was sent by post in two waves to the whole population between October 2011 and February 2012. A pretest was carriedout with seven hotel managers, four representatives of hoteliers associations, one representative of an institute linked to quality issues in the tourism sector and one manager of a consulting firm specializing in hotel management and quality. In the introduction letter of the questionnaire, we indicated that QM questions should be answered by the person responsible for the QM of the hotel, while business performance questions should be answered by the hotel manager. This arrangement was proposed to avoid the common method variance caused by having only one respondent for all questions. 350 hotel managers answered, a 7.34 % response rate. The sampling error is 5.0 % for a confidence level of 95 %, and the least favourable situation of p = q = 0.5. 45.07 %of the respondents were 3-star hotels; 47.61 % 4-star establishments and 7.33 % were 5-star hotels. The average size was 128 rooms and 260 beds. 41.6 % were chain affiliated and 58.4 % were independent.4.Discussion and conclusions 4.1.Theoretical implications First, the study has identified a taxonomy of QM using four managerial systems (operative, information, strategic and technical) that could be used to measure QM levels in hotels or other tourism organizations in future studies. Second, the results show that QM levels may have positive effects on performance. This idea suggests that QM practices are one factor among others that explain better performance levels in some hotels. Third, the results also demonstrate that a selection effect is also possible in the hotel industry. This results increase our knowledge about the association between QM and performance showing that a higher performance can be a factor that facilitates the adoption of different management practices such as those related to QM. In this context, as very few studies have examined the selection effect, researchers could continue investigating the ways in which better levels of performance in organizations facilitate the implementation of QM practices. In this respect, this study reinforces previous research about the importance of QM in improving performance and complements these previous works showing that better performing hotels can more easily adopt QM practices. 4.2.Managerial implicationsThis paper also has implications for hotel managers. First, QM is more developed in hotels with a higher category and more rooms. This result could be due to the fact that this kind of hotel has more resources to invest in improving QM capabilities. Second, the QM scale employed in this study could be used as a check-list to identify strengths and weaknesses regarding the development of QM practices. This may helpmanagers to identify the areas where their implementation has been less effective, so that they would then invest their efforts in those areas in order to increase the QM level in their organizations. In addition, cluster analysis can be used as a guide to identify where the hotel is situated along the improvement spectrum in order toinform decisions about which practices should be reinforced to improve its QM level. Third, managers should also understand that although good performance facilitates the development of several management practices such as those related to QM, when hotels go beyond the control and management of key activities and consider quality as a strategic tool and use more quality tools, they can achieve even better QM levels. This higher commitment to the quality practices may produce positive results related to efficiency (e.g. they can reduce errors and increase productivity), hotel guest and employee satisfaction (e.g. they can reduce customer and employee complaints, increase hotel guest and employee satisfaction, service quality will be more valued by hotel guests) and business performance (e.g. they can have positive effects on RevPAR). 4.3.Limitations and future researchFirst, the study has examined the association between QM and performance using a snapshot across a number of hotels. A longitudinal study could extend these results, making it possible to test whether or not hotels with a higher degree of QM achieve significantly better performance levels. In this context, qualitative studies of each QM level, supporting the current quantitative studies, could help in the development of understanding of each level and its association with performance. Second, the research has asked managers if they implement QM practices using perceptual data. Future research could include objective data about QM tools and techniques. Finally,the study has focused on the hotel industry and future studies could be extended to other service industries.中文译文：质量管理能否提高绩效，或反之亦然？来自酒店业的证据摘要本文有以下几个目标：（a）确定质量管理（QM）的实证分类法，（b）评估拥有更先进的质量管理的酒店是否实现更好的绩效水平；（c）分析绩效水平较高的酒店是否拥有更先进的质量管理水平。

酒店管理外文翻译

原文In today's world competition is the talent competition, high-quality human capital is the hotel industry continued to be healthy and stable development of the fundamental guarantee. With the hotel employees in the quality of ideas and sense ofself-development and growing the concept of democracy, the hotel that thepeople-oriented service sector in terms of human resource management staff revealed low awareness of service with low staff turnover rate increased the title and so on. This paper analyzes the status quo, therefore, material incentives, moral incentives, as well as the incentive system and a combination of four-star hotel human resources management of the actual situation of the modern hotel management incentive mechanism has done a preliminary study. In addition, some hotels in human capital development to improve the human capital level of the hotel's strategy and measures.Chapter 1 Analysis of the hotel industryHotel industry, in the final analysis is the talent competition. Management of the core issue is the question. In hotel management in the use of human resources management to obtain a competitive advantage more and more cases.Case: newspapers and magazines continue to publish articles reporting the adverse conditions of the service sector, front-line staff error continuously, the attitude of the poor is ignored customers home. Lack of skilled staff, in the face of the high rate of loss of the services sector is suffering to those who come into contact with customers to inject new vitality enterprises. Analysis showed that: when a person was a high degree of motivation, he will take the initiative to work hard to provide the customers with the best possible service; and have not been inspired, he will save energy as much as possible. The primary task of modern managers is to kindle the enthusiasm of staff working inside the fire, to drive the staff work to show the outstanding organizations in order to achieve the best performance expectations. In the enterprise has been an excellent leader in recognition of this point, only the "people-oriented" corporate governance can be in today's fierce competition for survival, development, and prosperity. Management is an art, staff motivation is the art of art, the soul of the enterprise employees. Staff to design effective incentive mechanism to increase the enthusiasm of the staff. So that it can be in various different corporate culture and organizational structure of the enterprise environment to play their maximum potential in order to achieve the expectations of the target organizations. Let us first of all, let me incentive divided into three categories: material incentives, moral incentives and the design of incentive mechanisms, through these three types of analysis and understanding, so that we understand the role of incentive mechanism and significance of the enterprise so as to establish an effective incentive system. We are encouraged by the following methods to fall into two categories: material and spiritual encouragement and incentives; incentives of thesemethods of understanding and knowledge in order to let us realize that the role of incentives.Chapter 2 material incentivesMaterial incentives is the way to the adoption of incentives to encourage trade union work.Its main manifestations of positive incentives, such as wages, bonuses, allowances, benefits, etc.; negative incentives such as fines. Material needs is the first of human needs, is engaged in social activities of all the basic motive, therefore, the material incentives to encourage the main mode is the internal use of Chinese enterprises are very common mode of an incentive.Excitation method is 2.1Hotel reward is the good organization of the behavior of employees or work performance and in recognition of the positive. Incentives as a means of staff motivation, incentives designed to induce employees by their exemplary acts to maintain and carry forward and set an example for all staff, for staff morale Fen play a positive role in promoting. Make good use of this means we must pay attention to the following: (a) awards to be timely, and an incentive to innovation. (B) the attention of other employees of the psychological. Constantly set new goals, to play down the past focus on the future, to establish a correct view of the fair. (C). Emphasis on incentive groups, activities in a modern hotel in the achievement of organizational goals, personal dignity and achievements, both need to go through the joint efforts of groups can be achieved, the emphasis on incentive groups, is conducive to the formation of a unified staff the ideological understanding, and enhance the cohesion of staff to enhance their competitiveness.2.2 negative excitation methodPunishment is a negative incentive is a modern hotel staff in order to correct the bad behavior, and to obtain a compulsory measure. Applied correctly, can be made to the wrong acts of a very good deterrent. However, employees must not be punished mainly as a supplementary means only, otherwise it will backfire. In the use of the means to pay attention to the following points: (a) those that can not teach and to punish. Give education top priority should be on the incorrigible or those who have serious consequences for the implementation of punishment, and punishment can not be hosted attention. (B) select a reasonable and effective punishment, and the scope can not be too large, but not a total negation of the attention to small or large, the psychological harm to employees. (C) will be a matter of principle to the combination of flexibility and principles, adhered to more stringent enforcement. In strictaccordance with the provisions of the system under the premise of a certain degree of flexibility is absolutely necessary, so in a reasonable incentive to be strict, strict fair, a large number so as to achieve the purpose of education, although, material incentives is not a panacea, but we have to reasonable use of material incentives that adouble-edged sword. For example: in the Jeju Island Group has a management program such that when the staff came to the company the first day of work, the company will staff the case of some families, such as economic conditions in a multifaceted understanding of the understanding on the establishment of a staff personal data, in the day-to-day work of the staff analysis of data, work in the future, managers will be on the previous analysis of the implementation of effective employee incentive program. Comprehensive understanding of the needs of employees and the quality of work is good or bad, according to the situation of constant incentive to develop accurate, thereby mobilizing the hotel staff to achieve each and every performance should be.Inspire the spirit of Chapter 3Management experts point out that Pitt had "side-effects will be rewarded, because of the high prize money would blockade the news to each other and affect the normal development, the social atmosphere will be errors." Enterprise alone, therefore the material may not be able to play the role of incentives, so they have another incentive - the spirit of encouragement. On this incentive, I roughly divided into the following categories: goals motivation and participation in competitive incentives and other incentives.译文：当今世界竞争是人才的竞争，高素质的人力资本是酒店业得以健康持续稳定发展的根本保证。

1.外文文献翻译--针对国际市场的电子智能酒店管理系统

针对国际市场的电子智能酒店管理系统硕士Noor-A-Rahim1，硕士Kamal Hosain2，硕士Saiful Islam3，硕士Nashid Anjum4，硕士Masud Rana51，3，4，5电子与通信工程，库尔纳工程技术大学（KUET），库尔纳，孟加拉2工程学院，肯迪大学，基朗，维多利亚3217，澳大利亚电子邮箱：mash_0409@1，mhosain@.au2，sirajonece@3，nashidzone@4，mamaraece28@5摘要：为了与国际市场竞争，酒店行业能够不断为旅游业改善其服务是至关重要的。

为了构建一个电子交易市场（电子市场），建立一个正确的架构并用合适的方法在其中嵌入智能系统是内在要求。

本文介绍了一种智能网络，有助于减少直接参与维持一家酒店的人力。

酒店的接待政策，房间设施和智能个性化促销是本文的主要焦点。

对现有住宿者和可用房间的智能搜索被包含在系统中。

对于每一个设施都会画一个流程图，确定系统中所使用的技术和相关设备。

通过研究多个方案，本文列出了一些技术来实现智能酒店管理系统。

安全以及电和水的浪费需要引起特别的注意。

在这种节电的场景中，采取图像处理的方法可以检测到任何人的存在和特定房间的黑暗。

此外，本文提出的这种自动计算机化方案也将计入成本优势。

考虑到一些国家人力缺乏的问题，本文的目的是要发起关于使本文提到的系统更商业化的讨论和研究。

关键词：电子市场，酒店管理系统，智能搜索，智能系统，图像处理算法，网页应用程序1.介绍为了在酒店服务业激烈的竞争中取得胜利，酒店管理的主要目标和方向，是如何为客户提供高品质、人性化的服务。

为了与国际电子市场竞争，需要极大关注的是，根据用户需要产生推荐的酒店以供选择的优化[1]。

在一般意义上，酒店管理就是维持酒店不同的活动，而完成这些工作需要许多工作人员。

首先，让我们看一下某个普通的酒店。

在这种酒店租用一个房间，客户需要与接待员见面以收集酒店设施的信息[2]。

精品IT文档完整的酒店信息综合管理系统需求分析说明(中英文版)40页word文档

酒店管理系统需求分析说明书The Requirements Analysis of Hotel Management System二零一零年十月二十九日目录1 引言(INTRODUCTIONS) (1)1.1编写目的(P URPOSES) (1)1.2定义(D EFINITIONS) (1)1.3参考资料(R EFERENCES) (2)2 系统的综合要求 (2)2.1系统功能分析(R ESEARCH S YSTEM F UNCTIONS) (2)2.2.1 系统操作的灵活性(The flexibility of system operation) (3)2.2.2 系统的可扩展性(System scalability) (3)2.2.3 系统的安全性(System security) (3)2.3.1 硬件要求(Hardware Requirement)： (4)2.3.2 软件要求(Software Requirements)： (4)3 系统数据要求分析(DATA REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS) (4)3.1餐饮管理子系统(R ESTAURANTS M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (4)3.1.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (4)3.1.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (7)3.1.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (8)3.1.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (9)3.2客房管理子系统(R OOMS M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (9)3.2.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (10)3.2.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (12)3.2.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (15)3.2.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (15)3.3人事管理子系统(P ERSONNEL M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (17)3.3.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (17)3.3.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (18)3.3.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (19)3.3.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (21)3.4财务管理子系统 (21)3.4.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (21)3.4.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (23)3.4.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (25)3.4.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (26)3.5查询管理子系统(I NQUIRES THE M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (27)3.5.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (27)3.5.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (28)3.5.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (31)3.5.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (34)3.6网上预订子系统(I NTERNET B OOKING S UBSYSTEM) (34)3.6.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (34)3.6.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (35)3.6.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (36)3.6.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (36)1 引言(Introductions)随着计算机技术的日益成熟、普及，现代的企业管理的实际运作在很多方面，很大程度上都必须借助于计算机来完成，相应软件的开发也就显得尤为重要。

餐厅管理系统外文翻译文献

餐厅管理系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：JSP APPLICATION FRAMEWORKS1 WHAT ARE APPLICATION FRAMEWORKSA framework is a reusable, semi-complete application that can be specialized to produce custom applications [Johnson]. Like people, software applications are more alike than they are different. They run on the same computers, expect input from the same devices, output to the same displays, and save data to the same hard disks. Developers working on conventional desktop applications are accustomed to toolkits and development environments that leverage the sameness between applications. Application frameworks build on this common ground to provide developers with a reusable structure that can serve as the foundation for their own products.A framework provides developers with a set of backbone components that have the following characteristics:Frameworks are the classic build-versus-buy proposition. If you build it, you will understand it when you are done—but how long will it be before you can roll your own? Ifyou buy it, you will have to climb the learning curve—and how long is that going to take? There is no right answer here, but most observers would agree that frameworks such as Struts provide a significant return on investment compared to starting from scratch, especially for larger projects.2 OTHER TYPES OF FRAMEWORKSThe idea of a framework applies not only to applications but to application components as well. Throughout this article, we introduce other types of frameworks that you can use with Struts. These include the Lucene search engine, the Scaffold toolkit, the Struts validator, and the Tiles tag library. Like application frameworks, these tools provide semi-complete versions of a subsystem that can be specialized to provide a custom component.Some frameworks have been linked to a proprietary development environment. This is not the case with Struts or any of the other frameworks shown in this book. You can use any development environment with Struts: Visual Age for Java, JBuilder, Eclipse, Emacs, and Textpad are all popular choices among Struts developers. If you can use it with Java, you can use it with Struts.3 ENABLING TECHNOLPGIESApplications developed with Struts are based on a number of enabling technologies. These components are not specific to Struts and underlie every Java web application. A reason that developers use frameworks like Struts is to hide the nasty details behind acronyms like HTTP, CGI, and JSP. As a Struts developer, you don’t need to be an alphabet soup guru, but a working knowledge of these base technologies can help you devise creative solutions to tricky problems.4 HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)When mediating talks between nations, diplomats often follow a formal protocol.Diplomatic protocols are designed to avoid misunderstandings and to keep negotiations from breaking down. In a similar vein, when computers need to talk, they also follow a formal protocol. The protocol defines how data is transmitted and how to decode it once it arrives. Web applications use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to move data between the browser running on your computer and the application running on the server.Many server applications communicate using protocols other than HTTP. Some of thesemaintain an ongoing connection between the computers. The application server knows exactly who is connected at all times and can tell when a connection is dropped. Because they know the state of each connection and the identity of each person using it, these are known as stateful protocols.By contrast, HTTP is known as a stateless protocol. An HTTP server will accept any request from any client and will always provide some type of response, even if the response is just to say no. Without the overhead of negotiating and retaining a connection, stateless protocols can handle a large volume of requests. This is one reason why the Internet has been able to scale to millions of computers.Another reason HTTP has become the universal standard is its simplicity. An HTTP request looks like an ordinary text document. This has made it easy for applications to make HTTP requests. You can even send an HTTP request by hand using a standard utility such as Telnet. When the HTTP response comes back, it is also in plain text that developers can read.The first line in the HTTP request contains the method, followed by the location of the requested resource and the version of HTTP. Zero or more HTTP request headers follow the initial line. The HTTP headers provide additional information to the server. This can include the browser type and version, acceptable document types, and the browser’s cookies, just to name a few. Of the seven request methods, GET and POST are by far the most popular.Once the server has received and serviced the request, it will issue an HTTP response. The first line in the response is called the status line and carries the HTTP protocol version, a numeric status, and a brief description of the status. Following the status line, the server will return a set of HTTP response headers that work in a way similar to the request headers.As we mentioned, HTTP does not preserve state information between requests. The server logs the request, sends the response, and goes blissfully on to the next request. While simple and efficient, a stateless protocol is problematic for dynamic applications that need to keep track of their users.Cookies and URL rewriting are two common ways to keep track of users between requests. A cookie is a special packet of information on the user’s computer. URL rewriting stores a special reference in the page address that a Java server can use to track users. Both approaches are seamless, and using either means extra work when developing a web application. On its own, a standard HTTP web server does not traffic in dynamic content. It mainly uses the request to locate a file and then returns that file in the response. The file is typically formatted using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) [W3C, HTML] that the web browser can format and display. The HTML page often includes hypertext links to other web pages and may display any number of other goodies, such as images and videos. The userclicks a link to make another request, and the process begins a new.Standard web servers handle static content and images quite well but need a helping hand to provide users with a customized, dynamic response.DEFINITION: Static content on the Web comes directly from text or data files, like HTML or JPEG files. These files might be changed from time to time, but they are not altered automatically when requested by a web browser. Dynamic content, on the other hand, is generated on the fly, typically in response to an individualized request from a browser.5 COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE (CGI)The first widely used standard for producing dynamic content was the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI uses standard operating system features, such as environment variables and standard input and output, to create a bridge, or gateway, between the web server and other applications on the host machine. The other applications can look at the request sent to them by the web server and create a customized response.When a web server receives a request that’s intended for a CGI program, it runs that program and provides the program with information from the incoming request. The CGI program runs and sends its output back to the server. The web server then relays the response to the browser.CGI defines a set of conventions regarding what information it will pass as environment variables and how it expects standard input and output to be used. Like HTTP, CGI is flexible and easy to implement, and a great number of CGI-aware programs have been written.The main drawback to CGI is that it must run a new copy of the CGI-aware program for each request. This is a relatively expensive process that can bog down high-volume sites where thousands of requests are serviced per minute. Another drawback is that CGI programs tend to be platform dependent. A CGI program written for one operating system may not run on another.6 JA V A SERVLETSSun’s Java Servlet platform directly addresses the two main drawbacks of CGI programs. First, servlets offer better performance and utilization of resources than conventional CGI programs. Second, the write-once, run-anywhere nature of Java means that servlets are portable between operating systems that have a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).A Servlet looks and feels like a miniature web server. It receives a request and renders aresponse. But, unlike conventional web servers, the Servlet application programming interface (API) is specifically designed to help Java developers create dynamic applications.The Servlet itself is simply a Java class that has been compiled into byte code, like any other Java object. The Servlet has access to a rich API of HTTP-specific services, but it is still just another Java object running in an application and can leverage all your other Java assets.To give conventional web servers access to servlets, the servlets are plugged into containers. The Servlet container is attached to the web server. Each Servlet can declare what URL patterns it would like to handle. When a request matching a registered pattern arrives, the web server passes the request to the container, and the container invokes the Servlet.But unlike CGI programs, a new Servlet is not created for each request. Once the container instantiates the Servlet, it will just create a new thread for each request. Java threads are much less expensive than the server processes used by CGI programs. Once the Servlet has been created, using it for additional requests incurs very little overhead. Servlet developers can use the init () method to hold references to expensive resources, such as database connections or EJB Home Interfaces, so that they can be shared between requests. Acquiring resources like these can take several seconds—which is longer than many surfers are willing to wait.The other edge of the sword is that, since servlets are multithreaded, Servlet developers must take special care to be sure their servlets are thread-safe.7 JA V ASERVER PAGESWhile Java servlets are a big step up from CGI programs, they are not a panacea. To generate the response, developers are still stuck with using println statements to render the HTML. Code that looks like:out.println("<P>One line of HTML.</P>");out.println("<P>Another line of HTML.</P>");It is all too common in servlets that generate the HTTP response. There are libraries that can help you generate HTML, but as applications grow more complex, Java developers end up being cast into the role of HTML page designers. Meanwhile, given the choice, most project managers prefer to divide development teams into specialized groups. They like HTML designers to be working on the presentation while Java engineers sweat the business logic. Using servlets alone encourages mixing markup with business logic, making it difficult for team members to specialize.To solve this problem, Sun turned to the idea of using server pages to combine scriptingand templating technologies into a single component. To build Java Server Pages, developers start by creating HTML pages in the same old way, using the same old HTML syntax. To bring dynamic content into the page, the developer can also place JSP scripting elements on the page. Scripting elements are tags that encapsulate logic that is recognized by the JSP. You can easily pick out scripting elements on JSP pages by looking for code that begins with <% and ends with %>.To be seen as a JSP page, the file just needs to be saved with an extension of jsp.When a client requests the JSP page, the container translates the page into a source code file for a Java Servlet and compiles the source into a Java class file—just as you would do if you were writing a Servlet from scratch. At runtime, the container can also check the last modified date of the JSP file against the class file. If the JSP file has changed since it was last compiled, the container will retranslate and rebuild the page all over again.Project managers can now assign the presentation layer to HTML developers, who then pass on their work to Java developers to complete the business-logic portion. The important thing to remember is that a JSP page is really just a Servlet. Anything you can do with a Servlet, you can do with a JSP.8 JA V ABEANSJavaBeans are Java classes which conform to a set of design patterns that make them easier to use with development tools and other components.DEFINITION: A JavaBean is a reusable software component written in Java. To qualify as a JavaBean, the class must be concrete and public, and have a non-argument constructor. JavaBeans expose internal fields as properties by providing public methods that follow a consistent design pattern. Knowing that the property names follow this pattern, other Java classes are able to use introspection to discover and manipulate JavaBean properties.The JavaBean design patterns provide access to the bean’s internal state through two flavors of methods: accessors are used to read a JavaBean’s state; mutators are used to cha nge a JavaBean’s state.Mutators are always prefixed with lowercase token set followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value is always void—mutators only change property values, they do not retrieve them. The mutator for a simple property takes only one parameter in its signature, which can be of any type. Mutators are often nicknamed setters after their prefix.The mutator method signature for a weight property of the type Double would be:public void setWeight(Double weight);A similar design pattern is used to create the accessor method signature. Accessor methods are always prefixed with the lowercase token get, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will match the method parameter in the corresponding mutator. Accessors for simple properties cannot accept parameters in their method signature. Not surprisingly, accessors are often called getters.The accessor method signature for our weight property is：public Double getWeight();If the accessor returns a logical value, there is a variant pattern. Instead of using the lowercase token get, a logical property can use the prefix is, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will always be a logical value—either boolean or Boolean. Logical accessors cannot accept parameters in their method signature.The boolean accessor method signature for an on property would be:public boolean isOn();The canonical method signatures play an important role when working with Java- Beans. Other components are able to use the Java Reflection API to discover a JavaBean’s properties by looking for methods prefixed by set, is, or get. If a component finds such a signature on a JavaBean, it knows that the method can be used to access or change the bean’s properties.Sun introduced JavaBeans to work with GUI components, but they are now used with every aspect of Java development, including web applications. When Sun engineers developed the JSP tag extension classes, they designed them to work with JavaBeans. The dynamic data for a page can be passed as a JavaBean, and the JSP tag can then use the bean’s properties to customize the output.JSP应用框架1 什么是应用框架框架（framework）是可以被重用的一种半成品的应用程序，我们可以用它来制作专门的定制程序。

酒店业旅馆业中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文外文翻译外文文献Hotel industryPeople have been making a living by providing rooms for travelers ever since the first lodging houses were built to accommodate travelers in ancient times. Today, hotels offer far more than just a room for travel increased. Motels, resort hotels, and convention hotels have been developed to cater to the varied needs of today’s traveling public. At the same time, hotel chains have established themselves as the dominant force in the industry.Motels in the United States evolved from the roadside tourist cabins and tourist courts that were first introduced in the early 1990s in response to the increase in travel. As the automobile began to replace the train as the primary means of travel in the United States, there was an increased demand for roadside accommodations. The first motels began to appear in the 1920s and were usually one-storey buildings, with an average of twenty-five units or rooms.Motels really came of age during the 1950s. Two main factors contributed to the boom in motel construction. One was the development of the interstate highway system, beginning in 1956. The other was the first time, added a number of services. Restaurant swimming pools, and in-room television became standard features.The next step in the development of the motel industry was the move away from highway locations into the downtown sections of large cities. With the increase in air travel, motor hotels also began to move out to the airports.A resort hotel is one that people visit for relaxation, recreation, and entertainment. The idea of the resort hotel was born in the 18th and 19th century Europe. Splendid hotels were built along the French Riviera in the Swiss Alps, and at various mineral springs throughout the continent. The resort hotel in the United States developed with the expansion of the railroads in the second half of thenineteenth century. All catered exclusively to the rich and to the upper middle class. Families stayed for two or three months and returned to the same hotels year after year.With the rise in mass tourism, resort hotels have been established in greet numbers at destinations throughout the world. Some of these luxury resort hotels have survived, but today they are heavily outnumbered by resort hotels that cater to ordinary people who stay from days to weeks. With increased leisure time and higher wages, many people now take at least one vacation away from home each year. The jet airport has opened up areas of the world that were previously inaccessible to the vacationer. Resort hotel construction boomed in tropical area such as the Caribbean and Hawaii.A convention hotel is one that caters to large group gatherings. The rise of convention hotels has been one of the developments in the hotel industry, and conventioneers now account for almost 20 percent of all hotel guests. Many downtown hotels saw occupancy levels drop during the 1950s and early 1960s as motels captured a larger segment of the market. In response, some hotels began to add facilities for conventions or other group gatherings as a means of survival. At first, conventions were scheduled for off-peak periods, but as the volume of convention business increased, they began to be scheduled year-round.The business of large hotels that cater exclusively to convention groups began going up in the major cities in the later 1960s. They all feature a wide variety of restaurants, banquet rooms, meeting rooms, and convention and exhibition halls. Resort hotels, motels and airport hotels have also begun to offer convention facilities.The arrival of the jet age led to the second major hotel building period of the twentieth century, lasting from 1958 to 1974. In the early part of this period, the hotel chains’ major goals in planning new properties were economy, efficiency, and standardization of design. A Sheraton hotel in Miami, for example, might be almost identical to one nearly 3,000 miles away in Los Angeles. By the late 1960s, however, there was a reaction against this uniformity of design and new hotel architecture was born. The opening of the Hyatt marked a return to the grandeur of the old luxury hotels. Scenic elevators, fountains, waterfalls, trees, huge sculptures, and bars and cafes are included in the lobby so that it was no longer just a place forregistration and checkout; it also became the main eating, drinking, and meeting area. The success of the Atlanta Hyatt Regency led to the building of similar atrium hotels in cities and combine commercial, office, and hotel facilities with sports and recreational facilities.The small country inn is a type of lodging place that has survived by offering increased service and facilities. In fact, many turn away from such modern conveniences as in-room television, radios, and telephones. Instead, they offer the attraction of old world charm and coziness in a scenic or historic setting. Guests might expect to find working fireplaces in their rooms, handmade quilts on their beds, and antique furniture throughout the inn. Many of the inns are direct descendants of the old inns and taverns that flourished along stagecoach routes 200 years ago. The smaller country inns, sometimes with as few as three or four rooms, are usually run by friendly couples who pride themselves on the comfort and cleanliness of their accommodations and the quality of the food that they serve.Some of the larger chain hotels (e.g. Holiday Inns) use the name inn. Motor inns, however, should not be confused with country inns. The chains use the name to suggest a feeling of warmth and friendliness, though their properties quite different from the more intimate country inns.For centuries, the hotel business could well business could well be described as a cottage industry, because each hotel was a privately-owned, independent enterprise. Occasionally, a well-know hotel would successfully produce a few namesakes under the same management, but such examples were few. The first notable exception was the Caesar Ritz group. E. M. Statler was the first to point out the economic and financial advantages of operating several large hotels under a single management. Despite Statler’s success, the chain concept was slow to catch on in the period between the two world wars. Later on, Conrad Hilton, in particular, became the originator contributing to the growth of the hotel management company. Kemmons Welson and Wallace Johnson, founders of Holiday Inn, fully enriched the chain concept by franchising the Holiday Inn name and establishing a national reservation network.The chains have expanded in a number of ways. One is through direct investment. It means that the headquarters corporation itself puts up the necessary fund to build and operate a new hotel or to buy and renovate an old one. Another isby establishing management contracts with the actual owner of the hotel, whereby the chain actually takes over an empty building and operates it according to its own operating procedures for a fee or for a percentage of the profits. This method is frequently used when the chain expends into a foreign country. A somewhat similar method is the joint venture, a partnership in which both the chain and local investors put up part of the capital that is necessary for new construction or the purchase of an existing building. Yet another way widely used is franchising. It is a leasing arrangement that requires the hotel operator to pay a fee for the use of the plans, manuals of procedure and advertising materials. In return, the hotel operator is granted a license to operate a business under the name of the parent corporation. The franchise operator puts up the capital, but he gets a standardized product with a predictable sales potential. He can of course also get a lot of help from the licensing corporation in establishing his operation and then in solving problems that arise after it has opened. Some franchise operations are also joint ventures, with both the corporation and the individual owner supplying part of the initial capital.There are many important competitive advantages that the hotel chains have over the individually operated hotels. The first is the resources and money on advertising and public-relations professionals at chains’ headquarters, who prepare publicity campaigns for the chain as a whole.A second advantage comes from the standardization of equipment and operating procedures. The chains publish detailed manuals that specify standardized procedures to be followed even in such tasks as making beds and setting tables. Even when the different hotels in the chain are not tightly controlled by a central office, it is customary to have an inspection system in order to guarantee the overall standards.The most important and most obvious advantage is the increased efficiency in making and controlling reservations. A guest at one hotel, for instance, can receive confirmation of a room at another within a few minutes. When a chain is owned by an airline, the traveler can make his reservations for flights and for hotel rooms at the same time and place. Hotel chains also make it easy to reserve a room by telephone in key market cities. Many of the chains are, in fact, referral systems rather than corporate owned groups. In a referral system, the operators ofindividual hotels or motels pay a fee to a group that has joined together in a reservation system. In most cases, the establishment is inspected by the headquarters staff of the chain to ensure that it meets the chain’s standards, it can use the name and advertising symbol, the logo for the group. In that case, the individual operation has become a chain member.Still another advantage for the chains is in increased sales potential for convention.As it is now a commonly accepted idea that conventions should combine business and pleasure, the practice of changing locations every year is very attractive to many sponsoring groups. In this way, the sponsoring group can hold its meeting in one location one year and another the next, while at the time with the assurance of very similar service and costs.Another strong point of the chain system comes from the superior planning and design of hotels. The benefits begin here even before the location is selected, because the chains have access to expensive market research data on site selection and size of the hotel. The large chains hire architects and interior decorators who specialize in hotel work. Many chains often hire consultants to advise them. The chains can either use their expert knowledge directly to build their own hotels or pass it along to others when they participate in a joint venture, a management leasing arrangement, or a franchising operation.Chains management also increases the efficiency of the total organization in other ways. For example, it permits very large bulk purchases for many kinds of equipment and supplies. The accounting and auditing systems of the chains can be centralized. A centralized personnel office for managerial and technical positions throughout the chain also provides an advantage in securing competent people. In the different hotels, management trainees can obtain experience in all the wide variety of skills that go into the operation of a hotel. Later, when they have gained the necessary expertise in several areas, these same people may return to the headquarters to direct and train others.Today, there comes very intensified competition in the hotel industry. After decades of mixed fortunes they would now face a decade when there is slow expansion, or even no growth, but with growing competition. The increased competition could rise from up-market self catering, time sharing, homeentertainment and other areas, as well as from producers of a whole variety of consumer products and services. Hoteliers must ensure that they obtain their share of market. In order to do so, they should listen to the market more intense competition.As market keep on changing, it is wise to redefine markets accordingly. Unless customers’ points of view are constantly considered and their demands are best satisfied, there is a danger that present guests and customers may-drift away to competitor and new customers will not be attracted. Furthermore, it is essential to decide the advantages and weakness of one’s products, and at the same time bear in mind the different sources of business and the strength and weakness of one’s competitors. The last point on competitors is that time and money should be spent in selecting the source of business that they are best suited for and where they have the least competition.How to choose the best suitable market and sources of business? First, one should try to get as much information as possible on the hotel. Then, a series of objectively prepared league tables that grade the hotels advantages and limitations should be made. The information required may include the following: broad background information, facilities of the hotel, details of competitive hotels, guests information, activity levels, employees and their selling abilities, specific information on local communities, industry, event, communications and catchment area, and advantage and limitation list of both one’s hotel and competitors.After gathering the information, another series of league tables is required to show the hotel’s position relative to its competitors. The aim of league tables is to put the competition into visible and to show for some sources of business where is more competition and for others less. By linking these finding to the respective advantages and disadvantages of both sides, answers are provided on where to focus one’s sales and market effort.Specifically, the relevant information and league tables may include:1.Make a list of one’s hotel about its competitive advantages. The list willvary depending on the source of business.2.Calculate one’s market share of total competitive capacity and its maincompetitors’ share.3.Consider various tariffs and charges that may occur in the hotel.rmation about the facilities, sales and market capabilities, receivingcapability, location, etc. of the hotel and the competitors.5.Score the grades dependent on the demands of different sources ofbusiness, i.e., businessmen, individual tourists, conference delegates.6.Consider the various potential markets from a number of points of view.If one takes the above-mentioned information and examine one’s own business experience and judgment should help to define more clearly the main sources of business on which one’s hotel should exercise efforts. Never neglect established markets and the business parts of the week, month of year. However, many hotels have natural busy periods, such as Monday and Thursday nights in a week, or the summer season, or the festivals. So it is important to define markets, which will ensure a better profit in one’s off-season periods.Besides the above suggestions or market defining, some special market demands require attention.One is the menu fatigue. Many business executives who eat out often or stay in hotels regularly could suffer from a severe “menu fatigue”. That is when they eat in hotel restaurant or out, they can always tell you every item on the menu without even a glimpse at it. So if a hotelier can regularly try to original and fresh menus, dishes and ideas and promote them in every possible place, this mass market of people will be sure to “beat a path to his/her door”.The second is the active leisure. People are becoming much more health conscious, and many hotels begin to recognize this trend. As the result, facilities such as gym rooms with exercise machines are provided as part of their essential future marketing. Some hotels put a series of maps in the bedroom with directions to nearby parks. They also have a supply of track suits and shoes in case guests have forgotten to bring their own. Even if a hotel is not adjacent to a golf course or a tennis court, they can still do a lot to provide exercise opportunities for the guests and it does not have to be expensive.The third is the female guests. In the past few years, the biggest market growth is perhaps women staying in hotels, or eating in hotel restaurants. Many of the research on women travelers have found that the average woman executive is six years younger than her male counterpart. She tends to be in sales, marketing, public and press relations, or personnel work. Nearly 40% of the trips are toconventions. She is more likely to be single than the typical male travelers. Many women concern much about personal safety and hotel security. They would prefer to eat in the hotel rather than eating out and use room service a great deal when there is available. They want a room which is very clean, attractive and specious with good lighting. They prefer good lights for make-up and the closets high enough to keep her floor length dresses and a good supply of hangers.Hoteliers should be well alert to notice the changes and demands of the markets; otherwise they will be overtaken by the competitors.外文文献译文酒店业自从古时候人们首次建造住宿房屋来招待旅客以来，有些人就以为旅客提供客房为生。

酒店客房管理系统外文文献翻译精品

（学校代码： XXX 学号：XXX本科毕业外文文献翻译学生姓名：X X X学院：信息工程学院系别：计算机系专业：软件工程班级：软件06指导教师：X X X讲师二○一○年六月To connect SQL Server databaseFirst we introduce the basic knowledge of the database, be regarded as the warm-up exercise that study database weave distance front!1.warm-up exerciseNeeding first avowal is relation database that database knowledge that we here introduce all point. The so-called relation database is to mean data as that the form gather, passing to establish simple form an a kind of database for of relation to defining construction.I ignore the watch at how saving way in physics in the document in database is, it can see to make an a line for with row, with electronics form is similar with the row. In relation database, the line were called the record, but the row then is called word segment.This form inside each an all in formations for is a record, it including particular customer, but each record then included the same type with the word segment of the quantity: Customer's number, name etc.Form is logic set that a kind of related information that press a line of arranging with row, similar in single form in work.Each row of the word a database form inside calls a word segment. Watch is from every kind of word a definition of its containment of, each word a data for describing its implying. While creating to set up a database, the beard assign for each word segment a the piece belongs to the sex with the other according to the type, biggest length. The word segment can include every kind of word sign, arithmetic figure even sketch.An information of relevant customer deposits in the line of the form, is called record. By any large, arbitrarily two records for database form to create set up can't be same.Key be a certain word segment( or several words segment) of the form inside, it() for fast inspect but drive index. The key can be unique, and also can then the right and wrong is unique, being decided by it() whether admission repetition. Unique key can specify for main key, using each one that come to unique marking form.The norm turns the database design of mission be method that the data of buildup, but the data of buildup, should can dissolve otiose repetition, and for have the necessary information offering to check to seek the path quickly. For attaining this kind of target but separate information to the process gone to in every kind of independent form, be called the norm turn.It is complicated process to use many appointed rules to proceed the norm with the type of the different Class that norm turn. That process studies and discuss already beyond the reach of textual scope. But, the norm of the simple database in majority turn and can use the simple experience in underneath rule completes: include the form of the information of repetition must be divided into independent a few forms dissolve repetition.If we have chosen to learn 12 curricular 1000 students, the each curricular elucidation will show with the teacher 100 many- to choose that curricular and eachstudent repeat once. To avoid this kind of low efficiency, should to turn the dichotomous and independent form in form to the norm,an is used to mean the student, the another uses mean the course.Now the form was turned by the norm, so, to changes the particular and curricular course describe or" data", as long as change a record all right.Is a basic knowledge concerning database above, this is what study database plait distance must. Although the database technique is used as a course, its depth is not this space and can describe with the wide degree of, be used as the primer with simple database plait the distance should be all right already.Like, underneath we can start practicing. We usually meet the database system is to registers the system, ignoring you are in the unit, or attend what buildup, the register is to cans not help of, and it of the construction is more simple, we take a register system as an example. The analysis is once a data for involving.2. understanding the elementsFor the register, want the on the trail of information include:name 、sex、native place、age、date of birth、unit、address、postal service codes、telephone、FAX. Certainly, can create to set up a form in brief, make above each piece according to item to should a word segment.Need to point the form the main key in parties now, in order to unique marking each a record, increase register number conduct and actions unique key respectively in register form, guarantee a two records like this all different.To the database after making an above analysis, we can start establishing the database.3.set up the firm in campHere we study to establish the database how, needing to make sure the type that to establish the database first. Pass in Visual Basic the data interview control piece or data interview object ( DAO) can visit the following database:1)The database of JET, namely Microsoft Access2)The database of ISAM, such as: DBase, etc. of FoxPro3)The database of ODBC, every follow the standard of ODBC customer/ server database. Such as: Microsoft SQL Server, OracleBy any large, if develop the personal small scaled database system, use Access database comparison accommodation, to develop the big and medium-sized database system uses the database of ODBC fester. But dBase with the database of FoxPro because of already dated, unless special circumstance, do not use otherwise. In our example, chose to use the database of Access certainly. Establish the database of Access contain two kinds of methods: While establishing the database in Microsoft Access. Click" new set up" button can establish the new form. Here we main introduction the second method: The usage can see to turn the data management machine, do not need to weave the distance and then can create to set up the database. Can see to turn the data management machine is the applied procedure of a great use, it is a VB business enterprise version is supplementary with the profession version, in the catalogue\..\ Devastation\ vb\ samples\ the Visdata is next, its interface is as follows the diagram.Click the menu" document" item is next" new set up" son item" Microsoft ACCESS" son item of" edition 7.0 MDB" item. Input the new setting upthe name of the database in flick window way open" register", appear the underneath show the window way:Want the born and new form, the single shot in right key database window way flicks the menu open, then the choice" new form" ordinaries, establishing in" watch construction" dialog box appeared later on a word for wanting segment. The every time faces to join in the form new word segment, single shot" increment word segment" button, will appear of" increment word segment" dialog box."Increment word a type for" options in the dialog box, according to word segment. In our the register database that establish, the type of the each word segment.Want to notice of is, because the word segment registers the number be used unique marking record of, therefore, it can't be inputted by customer. So while defining the word's segment need to be defined for Long data type, the " automatic born word segment" item is valid, and picks out this item. Be the customer like this to input to record with other the different value every input a new record, system would on the word's segment automatically.In ACCESS database, the key word realizes with the index of, conduct and actions plait distance personnel at gather to weave the distance to the record of the form type, needs to adjust to use index. While searching, the technique of Rushmore uses the index information the excellent turning the search automatically. After completing the form definition, click" increment index" button, flick such aspen figure 5 show the window way.In window way the right side contain three optioned, its meaning, such as table,12.Increase the index dialog box options.After completing such as figure 6.Certainly, the academic association database establishes too not a dynasty the business of the one night, the reader no harm much practices once.Visit databases design and the development of the application procedures of MS Visual Basics of the databases of the SQL Server. When design a system, the customer still needs to comprehend to use to come to visit the plait distance of ask the data of SQL Server to connect. The origin was detailed to elaborate that the usage open type database conjunction (the Open Database Connectivity, ODBC) adjusts to connect the objects to connect with the class, still having the data interviews object (the Data Access Objects, the DAO) and the long-range data objects.Design and weave to write large and complicated and applied procedure's database design for the software developer is a challenge, need to choose to weave the distance language and tools, do an accommodation for the SQL Server, choose the calculate way and the data structures, still need to design the sketch customer interface and the application procedures to connect. The decision within the most important software design is applied fixed position of the procedure. In other words, design must specify the system of which parts are data, business rule, and the data entrance procedure and used for circulating the code of other part. The MS Visual Basic supports the plait distance that some databases manage the systems connect, especially SQL Server. Adjust to connect to include the ODBC and DB-Libraries to connect the, object to connect to include the data interview object (DAO), long range data object (the RDO), the OLE DB and the ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) with the class, the SQL that returns the capable SQL Server to manage the mission distributes to manage the object (the SQL Distributed management Objects, SQL-DMO) toconnect. Connect the oculars right choice can improve the whole function of system and the development speed biggest. Design the large data warehouse system needs to choose the applied model properly. Traditional customer/ service's model depends on to join in the center layer but get the improvement to become three layer models. These three layers divide the line system as three parts: each layer is responsible for providing the service:(1) Data service( the Data Service) contain the maintenance data and the operation date such as the increment, modification, deletion and backups. These services maintenance data relation and contact, support backup and instauration operation. Usually the data service is managed the system usage by the database.(2) business service( the Business Service) is handled the logic by the business rule and data to constitute, such as the data legitimacy rule, the business processing support and the record backup logics. The main purpose of these services provides the data maintenance toward the application procedure Logic.(3) expression service( the Presentation Service)( or the customer service) support customer interface, control the customer data to input to express with data.(Output) Notice in customer/ service's technical term, sometimes express the service definition as customer's machine (or head), the data service definition for server (or after carry), but the business service is in the center the layer (the middle layer). But important comprehend any two layers .The data service business service expresses the logic support GUI that the service maintenance database business rule and the processing data need, data importation and manifestation the correspondences can think to carry on between customer's machine and servers. For example, in the center the layer can think is a head.Server The physics realization of the system can carry on through many different paths. The underneath wills discuss three layer logic models three kinds of to carry out the method:1.Fat customer machine realizationMany layer (the multi tier) realizations of fat customer the machine realization three layer models of a kind of carry out the options is in the customer's on board movement business and expression services. This probably writes the most common path in the Visual Basic application procedure for the SQL Server. This kind of carries out the physics up only two layers:The server provides the data service only, this kind of method contain 2:00 shortage. First, was the applied procedure to compute the on board increment at the customer, customer's calculators need to be stronger, this will increase the system expense, because the system usually takes several customer's machines. When the system takes to have the number with thousand million of customer's machine, this kind of method will become too expensive. Another 1:00 shortage is a possible increment maintenance expenses. Move to the change of legitimacy logic and the business rule of the system and will cause upgrade customer's machine procedure each time. If the system contain customer's machine of the equal quantity, this is a problem. The biggest advantage of the machine realization in fat customer is to reduce the network discharge, if the legitimacy and the business rules need not be decide bythe database. Under this kind of circumstance, only pass the data of the legitimacy logic and can spread toward server. Be the example of the importation data legitimacy, suppose the reader to have a small form (for example national form of name) to put in customer's machine. If the data entrance mold piece checks the native watch but is not a more national name in main database, then will reduce the network discharge obviously. Another an important use is in the development process of the system. If the head developer was limited to the interview carry behind, for example, can't pass the data in the database to verify to input the legitimacy, so, this kind of method can make it right processing data.2. Thin customer machine realizationIn thin customer the machine realization, business the service locates the server, the business logic usually expresses for saving process.The Server, the saving process usages T-The SQL plait write. This kind of realization is like fat customer's machine to carry out the similar physics up only two layers.The advantage of this kind of method is to reduce the system expense, because thin customer's machine needs the less system resources, this have very important many systems of customer's machines to take. And, support the expenses to also compare the fat customer the machine system is a little less, because the code carries the concentrated control in the server.If the business rule is depend on in the data of the database, thin customer the machine realization reduces the network discharge. The main shortage of this kind of method is a saving process to lack the vivid. The Visual Basic provide stronger than the T-SQL the plait distance ability that have to have another. Notice three the thin customer of the layer model the machine physics realization sometimes is called the fat server (the fat Server) model to confuse with thin customer's machine/ server calculation model by avoid, the latter points a kind of thin customer the machine hardware equipments and techniques are for example the Citric.3. Many layer realizationMost in brief many layer realizations are three layer realizations, many possible three a kinds of the layer model physics realizations. In this kind of realization, Link the SQL Server usage data service business to serve the " thin" customer of the machine expression service data service business service of fat customer from the Visual Basic the machine expression service data business the service be an alone the progress circulate. That progress can install for serve in the data same set server of the place or at another one server of the dissimilarity. The key characteristics of this kind of realization is the data service, business to serve the different from expression serve to can do for separation of progress movement in calculator. Three layer realizations.连接SQL Server数据库我们先介绍一下数据库的基本知识，算是学习数据库编程前的热身运动吧！1. 热身运动首先需要声明是，我们这里介绍的数据库知识都是指的关系数据库。

酒店管理系统外文翻译

外文翻译1:Chapte r1Introduction1。

1 BackgroundAs computer technology develops，computer management system has gonedeep inomany differentareas。

At the same time，hotels arealso seeking anewwayofcomputermanagement，whic hcan suit their business well。

Sothat the ycanmake themanagement more centralized,responsefaster,e conomicefficiencyimproved and decrease the cost of running and management. However,c urrent hotelmanagement softwareisusually developed for large h o t e l s,w h i c h c o s t s too much andiscomplicate d for medium orsmall hotels a ndmulti-functiona l hot els。

So it seems quiteimportantto develop a management system that canwidely suit medium and small hotels.D eveloping a hotel management system with thecomplexofcomputeran d network technology notonlycanimprove the management efficiency,b utalsoincrease the e conomicefficiency, decreasethecostofrunning and management ，andrealize thesharingof resources 。

酒店管理系统外文翻译

酒店管理系统外文翻译摘要本文将介绍一种酒店管理系统，该系统使用先进的技术来提高酒店管理效率，方便客人预订和入住，提供更好的客户体验。

本文将从系统优势、功能及应用场景等方面进行详细介绍。

简介酒店管理系统是一种全面管理酒店业务的软件，主要用于提高酒店的经营效率、管理效率和客户服务水平。

该系统拥有强大的功能和易于使用的界面，可以帮助酒店实现快速而准确的业务处理，提高酒店管理的精度和效率。

系统优势系统易于操作酒店管理系统具有用户友好的界面和易于理解的操作方式。

员工可以轻松地利用这个系统进行各种操作，从而提高酒店管理效率。

自动化管理该系统可以自动化处理一些操作，比如客户预订、结账等流程，大大减少了工作量和出错率，提高了酒店管理效率。

数据分析酒店管理系统拥有强大的数据分析功能，能够帮助员工快速地了解酒店业务的运营状况和客户需求，以便及时作出调整和改进。

安全可靠酒店管理系统具有有效的安全保护机制，可以确保客户神秘和酒店管理信息不被透露或损坏。

功能预订管理酒店管理系统可以协助酒店管理预订流程，包括客户信息录入、预订确认和支付等流程。

同时，该系统还支持多种预订方式，如在线预订和电话预订等。

客户管理该系统可以帮助酒店管理客户信息，并记录客户历史订单记录、偏好等。

这些信息可以帮助酒店更好地满足客户需求，提供更优质的客户服务。

房间分配酒店管理系统可以快速、准确地进行房间分配，并对客房进行实时管理和监控。

财务管理该系统可以管理酒店财务，包括收入、支出以及成本等。

同时还可以生成各种报表，帮助酒店了解业务情况和管理费用。

数据分析酒店管理系统拥有强大的数据分析功能，能够帮助员工快速地了解酒店业务的运营状况和客户需求，以便及时作出调整和改进。

应用场景酒店管理系统适用于各种类型的酒店，包括商务酒店、度假村、快捷酒店等。

该系统可以帮助酒店提高工作效率，更好地管理客户和业务，并提供更好的客户体验。

酒店管理系统是一种先进的管理工具，它将帮助酒店提高管理效率，提高客户满意度，增加酒店的客户群。

酒店业英文文献及翻译

外文文献Hotel industryPeople have been making a living by providing rooms for travelers ever since the first lodging houses were built to accommodate travelers in ancient times. Today, hotels offer far more than just a room for travel increased. Motels, resort hotels, and convention hotels have been developed to cater to the varied needs of today’s traveling public. At the same time, hotel chains have established themselves as the dominant force in the industry.Motels in the United States evolved from the roadside tourist cabins and tourist courts that were first introduced in the early 1990s in response to the increase in travel. As the automobile began to replace the train as the primary means of travel in the United States, there was an increased demand for roadside accommodations. The first motels began to appear in the 1920s and were usually one-storey buildings, with an average of twenty-five units or rooms.Motels really came of age during the 1950s. Two main factors contributed to the boom in motel construction. One was the development of the interstate highway system, beginning in 1956. The other was the first time, added a number of services. Restaurant swimming pools, and in-room television became standard features.The next step in the development of the motel industry was the move away from highway locations into the downtown sections of large cities. With the increase in air travel, motor hotels also began to move out to the airports.A resort hotel is one that people visit for relaxation, recreation, and entertainment. The idea of the resort hotel was born in the 18th and 19th century Europe. Splendid hotels were built along the French Riviera in the Swiss Alps, and at various mineral springs throughout the continent. The resort hotel in the United States developed with the expansion of the railroads in the second half of the nineteenth century. All catered exclusively to the rich and to the upper middle class. Families stayed for two or three months and returned to the same hotels year after year.With the rise in mass tourism, resort hotels have been established in greet numbers at destinations throughout the world. Some of these luxury resort hotelshave survived, but today they are heavily outnumbered by resort hotels that cater to ordinary people who stay from days to weeks. With increased leisure time and higher wages, many people now take at least one vacation away from home each year. The jet airport has opened up areas of the world that were previously inaccessible to the vacationer. Resort hotel construction boomed in tropical area such as the Caribbean and Hawaii.A convention hotel is one that caters to large group gatherings. The rise of convention hotels has been one of the developments in the hotel industry, and conventioneers now account for almost 20 percent of all hotel guests. Many downtown hotels saw occupancy levels drop during the 1950s and early 1960s as motels captured a larger segment of the market. In response, some hotels began to add facilities for conventions or other group gatherings as a means of survival. At first, conventions were scheduled for off-peak periods, but as the volume of convention business increased, they began to be scheduled year-round.The business of large hotels that cater exclusively to convention groups began going up in the major cities in the later 1960s. They all feature a wide variety of restaurants, banquet rooms, meeting rooms, and convention and exhibition halls. Resort hotels, motels and airport hotels have also begun to offer convention facilities.The arrival of the jet age led to the second major hotel building period of the twentieth century, lasting from 1958 to 1974. In the early part of this period, the hotel chains’ major goals in planning new properties were economy, efficiency, and standardization of design. A Sheraton hotel in Miami, for example, might be almost identical to one nearly 3,000 miles away in Los Angeles. By the late 1960s, however, there was a reaction against this uniformity of design and new hotel architecture was born. The opening of the Hyatt marked a return to the grandeur of the old luxury hotels. Scenic elevators, fountains, waterfalls, trees, huge sculptures, and bars and cafes are included in the lobby so that it was no longer just a place for registration and checkout; it also became the main eating, drinking, and meeting area. The success of the Atlanta Hyatt Regency led to the building of similar atrium hotels in cities and combine commercial, office, and hotel facilities with sports and recreational facilities.The small country inn is a type of lodging place that has survived by offeringincreased service and facilities. In fact, many turn away from such modern conveniences as in-room television, radios, and telephones. Instead, they offer the attraction of old world charm and coziness in a scenic or historic setting. Guests might expect to find working fireplaces in their rooms, handmade quilts on their beds, and antique furniture throughout the inn. Many of the inns are direct descendants of the old inns and taverns that flourished along stagecoach routes 200 years ago. The smaller country inns, sometimes with as few as three or four rooms, are usually run by friendly couples who pride themselves on the comfort and cleanliness of their accommodations and the quality of the food that they serve.Some of the larger chain hotels (e.g. Holiday Inns) use the name inn. Motor inns, however, should not be confused with country inns. The chains use the name to suggest a feeling of warmth and friendliness, though their properties quite different from the more intimate country inns.For centuries, the hotel business could well business could well be described as a cottage industry, because each hotel was a privately-owned, independent enterprise. Occasionally, a well-know hotel would successfully produce a few namesakes under the same management, but such examples were few. The first notable exception was the Caesar Ritz group. E. M. Statler was the first to point out the economic and financial advantages of operating several large hotels under a single management. Despite Statler’s success, the chain concept was slow to catch on in the period between the two world wars. Later on, Conrad Hilton, in particular, became the originator contributing to the growth of the hotel management company. Kemmons Welson and Wallace Johnson, founders of Holiday Inn, fully enriched the chain concept by franchising the Holiday Inn name and establishing a national reservation network.The chains have expanded in a number of ways. One is through direct investment. It means that the headquarters corporation itself puts up the necessary fund to build and operate a new hotel or to buy and renovate an old one. Another is by establishing management contracts with the actual owner of the hotel, whereby the chain actually takes over an empty building and operates it according to its own operating procedures for a fee or for a percentage of the profits. This method is frequently used when the chain expends into a foreign country. A somewhat similar method is the joint venture, a partnership in which both the chain and localinvestors put up part of the capital that is necessary for new construction or the purchase of an existing building. Yet another way widely used is franchising. It is a leasing arrangement that requires the hotel operator to pay a fee for the use of the plans, manuals of procedure and advertising materials. In return, the hotel operator is granted a license to operate a business under the name of the parent corporation. The franchise operator puts up the capital, but he gets a standardized product with a predictable sales potential. He can of course also get a lot of help from the licensing corporation in establishing his operation and then in solving problems that arise after it has opened. Some franchise operations are also joint ventures, with both the corporation and the individual owner supplying part of the initial capital.There are many important competitive advantages that the hotel chains have over the individually operated hotels. The first is the resources and money on advertising and public-relations professionals at chains’ headquarters, who prepare publicity campaigns for the chain as a whole.A second advantage comes from the standardization of equipment and operating procedures. The chains publish detailed manuals that specify standardized procedures to be followed even in such tasks as making beds and setting tables. Even when the different hotels in the chain are not tightly controlled by a central office, it is customary to have an inspection system in order to guarantee the overall standards.The most important and most obvious advantage is the increased efficiency in making and controlling reservations. A guest at one hotel, for instance, can receive confirmation of a room at another within a few minutes. When a chain is owned by an airline, the traveler can make his reservations for flights and for hotel rooms at the same time and place. Hotel chains also make it easy to reserve a room by telephone in key market cities. Many of the chains are, in fact, referral systems rather than corporate owned groups. In a referral system, the operators of individual hotels or motels pay a fee to a group that has joined together in a reservation system. In most cases, the establishment is inspected by the headquarters staff of the chain to ensure that it meets the chain’s standards, it can use the name and advertising symbol, the logo for the group. In that case, the individual operation has become a chain member.Still another advantage for the chains is in increased sales potential for convention.As it is now a commonly accepted idea that conventions should combine business and pleasure, the practice of changing locations every year is very attractive to many sponsoring groups. In this way, the sponsoring group can hold its meeting in one location one year and another the next, while at the time with the assurance of very similar service and costs.Another strong point of the chain system comes from the superior planning and design of hotels. The benefits begin here even before the location is selected, because the chains have access to expensive market research data on site selection and size of the hotel. The large chains hire architects and interior decorators who specialize in hotel work. Many chains often hire consultants to advise them. The chains can either use their expert knowledge directly to build their own hotels or pass it along to others when they participate in a joint venture, a management leasing arrangement, or a franchising operation.Chains management also increases the efficiency of the total organization in other ways. For example, it permits very large bulk purchases for many kinds of equipment and supplies. The accounting and auditing systems of the chains can be centralized. A centralized personnel office for managerial and technical positions throughout the chain also provides an advantage in securing competent people. In the different hotels, management trainees can obtain experience in all the wide variety of skills that go into the operation of a hotel. Later, when they have gained the necessary expertise in several areas, these same people may return to the headquarters to direct and train others.Today, there comes very intensified competition in the hotel industry. After decades of mixed fortunes they would now face a decade when there is slow expansion, or even no growth, but with growing competition. The increased competition could rise from up-market self catering, time sharing, home entertainment and other areas, as well as from producers of a whole variety of consumer products and services. Hoteliers must ensure that they obtain their share of market. In order to do so, they should listen to the market more intense competition.As market keep on changing, it is wise to redefine markets accordingly.Unless customers’ points of view are constantly considered and their demands are best satisfied, there is a danger that present guests and customers may-drift away to competitor and new customers will not be attracted. Furthermore, it is essential to decide the advantages and weakness of one’s products, and at the same time bear in mind the different sources of business and the strength and weakness of one’s competitors. The last point on competitors is that time and money should be spent in selecting the source of business that they are best suited for and where they have the least competition.How to choose the best suitable market and sources of business? First, one should try to get as much information as possible on the hotel. Then, a series of objectively prepared league tables that grade the hotels advantages and limitations should be made. The information required may include the following: broad background information, facilities of the hotel, details of competitive hotels, guests information, activity levels, employees and their selling abilities, specific information on local communities, industry, event, communications and catchment area, and advantage and limitation list of both one’s hotel and competitors.After gathering the information, another series of league tables is required to show the hotel’s position relative to its competitors. The aim of league tables is to put the competition into visible and to show for some sources of business where is more competition and for others less. By linking these finding to the respective advantages and disadvantages of both sides, answers are provided on where to focus one’s sales and market effort.Specifically, the relevant information and league tables may include:1.Make a list of one’s hotel about its competitive advantages. The list willvary depending on the source of business.2.Calculate one’s market share of total competitive capacity and its maincompetitors’ share.3.Consider various tariffs and charges that may occur in the hotel.rmation about the facilities, sales and market capabilities, receivingcapability, location, etc. of the hotel and the competitors.5.Score the grades dependent on the demands of different sources ofbusiness, i.e., businessmen, individual tourists, conference delegates.6.Consider the various potential markets from a number of points of view.If one takes the above-mentioned information and examine one’s own business experience and judgment should help to define more clearly the main sources of business on which one’s hotel should exercise efforts. Never neglect established markets and the business parts of the week, month of year. However, many hotels have natural busy periods, such as Monday and Thursday nights in a week, or the summer season, or the festivals. So it is important to define markets, which will ensure a better profit in one’s off-season periods.Besides the above suggestions or market defining, some special market demands require attention.One is the menu fatigue. Many business executives who eat out often or stay in hotels regularly could suffer from a severe “menu fatigue”. That is when they eat in hotel restaurant or out, they can always tell you every item on the menu without even a glimpse at it. So if a hotelier can regularly try to original and fresh menus, dishes and ideas and promote them in every possible place, this mass market of people will be sure to “beat a path to his/her door”.The second is the active leisure. People are becoming much more health conscious, and many hotels begin to recognize this trend. As the result, facilities such as gym rooms with exercise machines are provided as part of their essential future marketing. Some hotels put a series of maps in the bedroom with directions to nearby parks. They also have a supply of track suits and shoes in case guests have forgotten to bring their own. Even if a hotel is not adjacent to a golf course or a tennis court, they can still do a lot to provide exercise opportunities for the guests and it does not have to be expensive.The third is the female guests. In the past few years, the biggest market growth is perhaps women staying in hotels, or eating in hotel restaurants. Many of the research on women travelers have found that the average woman executive is six years younger than her male counterpart. She tends to be in sales, marketing, public and press relations, or personnel work. Nearly 40% of the trips are to conventions. She is more likely to be single than the typical male travelers. Many women concern much about personal safety and hotel security. They would prefer to eat in the hotel rather than eating out and use room service a great deal when there is available. They want a room which is very clean, attractive and specious with good lighting. They prefer good lights for make-up and the closets highenough to keep her floor length dresses and a good supply of hangers.Hoteliers should be well alert to notice the changes and demands of the markets; otherwise they will be overtaken by the competitors.外文文献译文酒店业自从古时候人们首次建造住宿房屋来招待旅客以来，有些人就以为旅客提供客房为生。

酒店客房管理系统设计英文翻译

英文翻译Development opens which along with the our country foreign economy, people's material level gradually enhances, people's spiritual life also starts to tend to richly colorful. In the family and the periphery life circle has not been able to satisfy them to the life the pursue, in order to rich cultural life and own entertainment, the people more and more tend to egress the traveling using the vacation. This enable the tourism to obtain the rapid development, also obtained the swift and violent development as the traveling service important constituent - hotel industry. But the market like battlefield, the hotel must meet this challenge, must sharpen the whole competitive ability, but must sharpen the whole competitive ability to have to transform the hotel the management pattern, must raise the management level, implements the information construction is without doubt realizes this goal way that must be taken and the unwise action. At present, our country hotel service industry information management advancement is slow, compares the management with the overseas hotel still to fall behind. In the intense hotel industry competition, how can grasp the opportunity day by day, maintains own superiority ,stands to the invincible position? This needs to provide the best service, provides the most perfect facility and the most advanced technology. A successful hotel, its operator not only must raise the service level and the grade of service, enhances guest room and customer turning head rate by this, but also must have the good working efficiency to control the cost. In the information time, more importantly also must have to have a perfect management information system, realizes the hotel management automation, the standard izationin the overall and the human nature, causes the hotel management to manage by the experience transfers the scientific management. In order to follow modernized the rhythm, satisfies the tourism the demand, the hotel management information imperative, in the guest room management, took in particular a traveling city, facing which increases day by day, comfortably provides for them, the warm lodgings environment, propagandizes the hotel by this, promotes the hotel-1-well-known ness, is the strategic target which the hotel superintendent must implement. Therefore I chose have taken my graduation project topic in view of the guest room management hotel management system management system.Now travels in the city hotel operation situation take Hangzhou as the example, separately from the star class distribution, the hiring rate two aspects briefly analyzes the current hotel industry present situation. According to the Hangzhou traveling committee statistics, to December 31, 2005, the Hangzhou urban district (including BinJiang, Xiaoshan and the Yuhang area) altogether has star class hotel203, five star classes hotel 4, four star classes 25, three star classes 66, two star classes 103, star class 5.Looked from the hiring rate that, Hang zhou four, five star classes hotel whole year the hiring rate maintains at 70% above level, five star classes whole year average hiring rate 75.24%; Four star classes whole year average hiring rate 72.05%. Pale, the busy season is obvious, five star classes hotels in March, in April, in June and in October hiring rate can achieve above 80%, in January and in December is in the off season, but the hiring rate can maintain above 60%. How four, can five star classes hotel hiring rate be such high? The most main reason is these hotel attention information management, the hotel management and computer in close integration with, carries on through the computer information management system to the hotel daily business modernized the scientific management, enhances the hotel image, the scale and the service level by this. This not only causes staff 'slabor intensity to reduce, the working efficiency increases, more over can fast dispatch the hotel various departments the work, real-time dynamic grasps the hotel the management condition, thus brings the good economic efficiency and the social efficiency for the enterprise.The management information system (Management Information System is called MIS) is an information science branch, is by the person, the computer and the database is composed can carry on the information the collection, the transmission, the storage, the processing, the maintenance and the use system. The hotel computer-2-management system is in a MIS important branch, it realizes is the computer management system in hotel concrete application.In recent years, along with our country reform and open policy development, domestic hotel service industry obtained the development which changes with each new day. The modern hotel took integrated there caption place, is a traveling city window, also may say is a small society. Take travels the profession speaking of as the pillar industry city, the hotel industry also played the pivotal role. Serves the primarily tourism as one kind, the various countries profession value degree certainly is not inferior to other industries regarding this.Hotel in its operation period, the service level height, directly affects the hotel image and the prestige, for example: The service arrangement, dispatches whether thoroughly; Whether visitor's request can be rapid, obtains well satisfies; The market forecast an alyzes quickly, is whether accurate and so on. This core is to every day the massive information (visitor, expense, room and so on) correct processing and preservation. Uses the computer this modernization tool to take the management the auxiliary method is must. The computer application including OA (office automation), MIS (management information system), CAD (computer-aided design) and so on, the hotel computer system is precisely the typical MIS application. This hotel management information system, is aims at, the business management which the hotel the concrete service develops take the hotel guest room management as a core, provides, the highly effective service rapidly for the user, reduces manual processing tediously with the error, is prompt, accurately reflects the hotel the working condition, the operating condition, thus enhances the hotel the grade of service, and the coordinate modernization hotel management, obtains the better economic efficiency. Speaking of the economic efficiency, the hotel computer application is: (1) is indirect: Its economic efficiency is not directly produces, is through, may stop up many loopholes which to the manpower, the physical resource saves brings. (2) long term: The computer investment is bigger, is gradually obtains the repayment in the long-term application. (3) social efficiency: The hotel is a high level service industry,-3-uses the computer to be possible to improve the grade of service, has the good social image.The overseas hotel management system management system most early is develops to the beginning of the age, to 80's, overseas hotel management system management system, like EECO (Electronic Engineering CO.) HIS (Hotel Information System), CLS, Lodgistix and so on, the entire pattern has basically finalized, technology maturer, the function is also more complete. Now, the overseas hotel is developing to the individuality direction, the hotel according to its management way may divide into commerce hotel, long living hotel, vacation hotel and so on; May divide into the independent management hotel, the group according to its management form manages the hotel and so on. More over has produced large quantities of international levels hotel, like Hylton (Hilton Hotels Corp), Sheraton (Sheraton Corp)triumphantly, the holiday (Holiday Corp), is pleased (Hyatt Hotel Corp) and so on the group company's world hotel.The domestic hotel computer management system most early is starts in the beginning of the 80's, is engaged in Professor Jin Guo fen, Xi'an Jiao tong University and Zhejiang Province institute of computer technology which this aspect works has Tsinghua University automation department. To the 80's in the later period, along with the overseas hotel computer system and the advanced management technology large-scale introduction, further promoted our country hotel management technology development. The domestic hotel management system management system is precisely in the full absorption overseas management system management system essence, in the union domestic actual situation gradually develops maturely, has formed several maturer software systems to the 90's initial period, simultaneously had many specialties to be engaged in the hotel computer management system the company. Quite influential has in the Hangzhou Western Europe Foxhis hotel management system management system, Beijing the soft good peaceful CSHIS management system management system, north the national capital meter hotel-4-management system management system and the Guangzhou ten thousand rapid splendid steeds hotel management system management system.To the 90's intermediate stages, along with the computer in hotel popularization application, as well as the computer technology unceasing development, a hotel computer system development new time, the new system platform, the new software function, the new system characteristic and the development direction unceasingly emerged.The 1980s, the reform and open policy flood tide is attacking the motherland. Along with Chinese foreign window opening, comes the Chinese traveling, to do business, the investment, the official business foreign friend grows day by day, China's hotel industry for adapts this new change, changes the sole state-owned economy form for the diversified economies form. The chinese-foreign joint venture hotel (hereafter refers to as joint capital hotel) is one of main forms.The chinese-foreign joint venture management hotel, beyond the border the investor pours into the new fund to the hotel, the purchase international standard facility equipment, has introduced the international hotel industry advanced management science, has attacked the Chinese old hotel management management pattern, the hotel industry has brought the fresh vigor for China. In the specific historical environment, the chinese-foreign joint venture management hotel, "software" (namely management and service) the difference condition got up the indelible positive role regarding the Chinese hotel industry change. Just like emancipates the mind not to be able to do the indiscriminate westernization to be same, the international hotel industry modernization managerial experience is not performs overall to imitate can do one’s better. Along with date and time passing, originally covered to pools capital the successful under insufficiency gradually to be revealed. Said regarding the modernized advanced management science that, must bloom the bright flower on Chinese this soil, its process can be similar to the introduction fund and equipment such in no way" gets quick results". But said regarding China's hotel industry, the needs to have an absorption, the digestion-5-"develops the good and discard the bad" the process. In brief, is the chinese-foreign joint venture hotel management must have the Chinese characteristic. This is the unique environment decision which locates by the hotel industry management characteristic and the joint capital hotel.The hotel sale mainly is not a material object, but is the invisible product - service, namely the service personnel completes some work or the duty behavior for the passenger. This is one kind "serves the form existence consumable" ("Marx the Engels Complete works" 26th volume I,160th page) the service person relies on "helps sells" the material object, gives the consumer in on in physiological, the sense organ and psychological satisfying with is comfortable. Serves this kind of consumable is cannot be stored, the disposable expense special product, in addition its invisible characteristic, thus has caused the difficulty which sells, the hotel carries on with difficulty the product the mathematical quantification the description. The hotel sufficiently attracts the passenger to visit the expense is not its visible property, but is the intangible asset - hotel good public image and the social prestige. The sales promotion serves this kind of immaterial product salesman is the hotel service person, the creation good image and the prestige this kind of intangible asset main body also is the service person, traveler expends the service the process also is the service person produces serves and sells the service at the same time, the service person is shouldering the service and the sales promotion dual function.The joint capital hotel are many for the suitable scale touches on foreign affairs the star class hotel, take beyond the border traveler as main reception object. Beyond the border traveler mostly comes from to the tourism developed country, there traveling standard is high, they to our country tourist facility, specially to serve, all weighs it by the international standard. The hotel management finally all must carry out the grade of service to come up. Joint capital hotel, no matter pools capital concrete form how, no matter the scale size, the general first lines service person generally speaking all is the Chinese citizens. Suspends in front of the joint capital hotel superintendent's duty, how carries on the manpower management under the new-6-situation, how arouses the staff enthusiasm, how optimizes service person's working conditions and the psychological environment, enables it to deliver the high quality service product. Said regarding the outside superintendent and Chinese superintendents, the question proposed the angle different.The joint capital hotel in present stage China, its management pattern mostly is by the outside primarily under, the implementation board of directors leads general manager responsibility system this kind of straight line management pattern. Each kind of position presses the vertical system establishment in this kind of management pattern, hotel general manager, the main department until the complete department's regular duty superintendents basically holds the post by the outside, Chinese superintendent are many no matter what deputy. Hotel overall situation (various departments also so) the direction and the management function basically undertakes by general manager, about the hotel complies with the single command. The outside emphasized the hotel management the standardization, the sequencing, emphasize superintendent's duty, the responsibility, the power three unifications. This kind of pattern has everywhere manifested west "the government by law" management thought Serious and the scientific nature. In the joint capital initial period, the management backwardness which the system brings facing long-term "the mess", the attitude is lax, this kind "cuts the go rdian knot" the management pattern is effective quickly, caused the hotel to change the mental outlook, has obtained the economic efficiency. But, crossed soon, this all at once procedure if said it causes the staff which has the complex point of view to adapt with difficulty, was inferior to said it could not adapt China's national condition. In at present social economy still in not the developed history cultural context, the social phenomenon which the west imagined with difficulty actually was objectively exists in China, it take people's wish as the shift, was affecting the hotel management and the management. Therefore, the joint capital hotel summons both to have the scientific nature and to suit the Chinese national condition the management pattern. China's hotel management must enter the-7-international advanced level ranks, must have to have the bright Chinese characteristic.The service production and the sales promotion main force certainly is the young service person, how correctly understands them, transfers their work enthusiasm and the creativity, this is the hotel management crucial question, namely manpower management. At the beginning of the reform and open policy, the opening young people felt "the secured job" it "the iron" meant loses "the gold". They in order to pursue each kind of happy second level of goal, flushed the joint capital hotel income high first level of goal to come. In the joint capital hotel has the outside superintendent thought that, "Under the generous recompense must have the brave husband", so long as with the bonus, the high salary and fines this kind "the big stick adds the carrot" the policy, so long as had the human nature supposition X theory on sufficiently to manage the good joint capital hotel the human resources. Has never realized, "the generous recompense" under everywhere has "the brave husband" by no means, has "the brave husband" at times, the theory only is only then has its validity in the specific space and time. The time tidal current no doubt enable the young staff to have the demand which the high-quality matter enjoys, but the low level demand quite is after all easy to obtain satisfies. After the low level demand meets the public relations need, the respect demand, the self-realization demand which produces (horse Edgar Snow "human basic need level" theory) the pursue, is they completes the service work the powerful power. These high levels demands Satisfies receive the time the influence, also inevitably is bringing the China traditional culture profound trace. The new tidal current and the old tradition mutually interweave to the young staff's influence, also has positively, also has negatively. Also needs to have to the young staff's effective management and the effective drive develops Positive, the suppression, the elimination Positive Chinese characteristic.Joint capital hotel outside superintendent, process practice, also knew its joint capital hotel China melts the importance, explores the way which its China melts. For several years, as a result of our country and other some developing nations and the-8-hotel industry developed country joint capital hotel sharp increase, the outside sent out the massive administrative personnel, the person which including regarding to be far away the familiar life and the working conditions for a long time come China to work extremely are glad by no means. Moreover sends out the person have been many, the outside hotel management group also has too many problems to tackle, the talented person short worry. In this kind of situation, they hoped China administrative personnel can its be advanced, the science management learns the hand, can hold the post of the main duty, divides selects the group in the Chinese joint capital hotel shoulder pole. After Chinese and foreign both sides superintendents' endeavor, also indeed had many China administrative personnel already to substitute for the outside personnel to carry on manages. These Chinese superintendents unify the Chinese national condition, with learns the hand advanced management technology to carry on the management; Perhaps the attempt handles matters according to the veteran, puts on the new shoes to walk the old route; Perhaps Cannot learn the west, copies mechanically and applies slavishly. This has the significant practical significance to the joint capital hotel management Chinese characteristic.Thus, in the joint capital hotel manpower management question, is interweaving the outside superintendent and Chinese service people, the outside superintendent and Chinese superintendent, Chinese superintendent and Chinese service person, the hotel and the society mutually between synthesis wrong relations.Using the labor aspect, the initial period joint capital hotel aims at "the mess" the system, in view of the management administration and the service boarding house, by "the hard face, the hard skill, the hard feelings" copes with "the secured job, the hard wages, the iron armchair". Once the staff offends the rules and regulations discipline, the outside superintendent advocated strictly carries out the system, from each kind of weight fine, punishes removes a name, "cuts" the blood drippings. Once, the aspect started to have the change, boss has fired the staff "the squid" to evolve the staff fired boss "the squid" the retaliation. Because, along with the reform deepening, the competition has also given in the colleague industry and the society other professions-9-has provided the equal opportunity, has also provided the equal opportunity for the service person. The two-way job choice result is some person of quilts "digs" walks, strongly shoulders the person which the quick rhythm the work enable to be too tied to do that more , the administrative personnel excessive authority consciousness and the improper management way expels some people. The joint capital hotel staff's basic troop constituted has had the change. Because skilled service person's draining, the hotel can not but let the novice which only passes through not regularly trains go against the post, they with difficulty effectively guaranteed to the grade of service. The staff fluidity is not greatly perfect with the work legal system, the social welfare system waits for the consummation, between the colleague industry lacks the information exchange related department. For example, the hotel and service person's work contract lacks the true restriction strength. Also like the service person which has them is deeds in a hotel, another did not know the details also hired. This kind of social objective reality, is not pools capital the hotel to be allowed to change, also is not may for a while the radical change. The joint capital hotel must base the present situation, seeks the stable service person troop the brilliant plan.-10-。

精品IT文档完整的酒店信息综合管理系统需求分析说明书中英文版

酒店管理系统需求分析说明书The Requirements Analysis of Hotel Management System二零一零年十月二十九日目录1 引言(INTRODUCTIONS) (1)1.1编写目的(P URPOSES) (1)1.2定义(D EFINITIONS) (1)1.3参考资料(R EFERENCES) (2)2 系统的综合要求 (2)2.1系统功能分析(R ESEARCH S YSTEM F UNCTIONS) (3)2.2.1 系统操作的灵活性(The flexibility of system operation) (3)2.2.2 系统的可扩展性(System scalability) (4)2.2.3 系统的安全性(System security) (4)2.3.1 硬件要求(Hardware Requirement)： (4)2.3.2 软件要求(Software Requirements)： (4)3 系统数据要求分析(DATA REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS) (5)3.1餐饮管理子系统(R ESTAURANTS M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (5)3.1.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (5)3.1.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (7)3.1.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (9)3.1.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (10)3.2客房管理子系统(R OOMS M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (10)3.2.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (10)3.2.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (13)3.2.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (15)3.2.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (16)3.3人事管理子系统(P ERSONNEL M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (17)3.3.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (17)3.3.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (19)3.3.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (19)3.3.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (22)3.4财务管理子系统 (22)3.4.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (22)3.4.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (24)3.4.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (26)3.4.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (27)3.5查询管理子系统(I NQUIRES THE M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (27)3.5.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (27)3.5.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (28)3.5.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (32)3.5.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (35)3.6网上预订子系统(I NTERNET B OOKING S UBSYSTEM) (35)3.6.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (35)3.6.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (36)3.6.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (37)3.6.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (37)1 引言(Introductions)随着计算机技术的日益成熟、普及，现代的企业管理的实际运作在很多方面，很大程度上都必须借助于计算机来完成，相应软件的开发也就显得尤为重要。

酒店管理信息系统英文

Syllabus for undergraduate of OUCCourse name： Hotel Management Information SystemsCourse time: 48 class hoursCourse teacher: Li-ping Wuchun-ming1 .Course OverviewHotel management information system is cross-course belonging to the hotel management and information management, it has a strong application・As tourism management students, must have a systematic knowledge of information management, master the methods of information management, skilling of full computer information management knowledge・ To master IT technologies from a management perspective, Managing tourism enteiprises from the point of view of information management. The purpose of this course is to enable students to learn about knowledge of hotel management information system, applying hotels management methods to guide the students to master the skills of the management information system of hotel: including the reception system, accounting auditing system, integrated cashier system, such as housekeeping・ Allow students to quickly adapt to the requirements of the modern hotel management.2.Student Learning Outcomes(l)Knowledge objectives一1 一Students learn about the knowledge of hotel management information system, apply Hotelshotel management methods to guide the students to master skills in information systems management: including the reception system, accounting auditing system, system, integrated cashier system, such as housekeeping. Allow students to quickly adapt to the requirements of the modern hotel management.(2)Ability to targetThrough this course students master computer skills in the management of the hotel: booking capacity, accounting auditing capabilities, housekeeping system query capabilities, comprehensive collection of silver, and so on.(3)Quality goalsTo equip students with a strong sense of service and a high work ethic, good service quality and physical and mental qualities.3.Course ExpectationsThe students enable to master the knowledge of hotel management information system, information management technology has a clear framework for comprehensive concepts, from the point of view of information systems to examine, consider and address the problems of hotel management, understanding knowledge of information systems and information management application in hotel management. On the premise of familiar objects, mastering the basic information management technology theory and application concepts, principles and methods of operation, understanding and knowledge of hotel management information system integrated system.4.AssignmentsHotel management course for a total of 34 hours, theoretical teaching 10 hours, 24hours of practice teaching. Different according to the students ' level of knowledge of computers and software development, according to from easy to difficult, step by step method to design a theory of five modules and five development practice teaching system of training modules.5.Books To PurchaseThe course in hotel management information system-Opera system (Second Edition) Author: Chen Publisher: China Tourism press Release date: 2016-02-016.Grading Policy(A)excellent(1)the training syllabus, training all the requirements provided for in the plan;(2)Practical teaching process very seriously;(3)Training report to the training content is comprehensive and systematic summary text neatly, can use the theory to analyse the problems;(B)good(l)Meet the training syllabus, training all the requirements provided for in the plan;(2)Practical teaching process seriously;(3)Training report training content can be more comprehensive and systematic summary text neatly, can basically use the theory to analyse the problems;(C)medium(1)Meet the training syllabus, training all the requirements provided for in theplan;(2)Practical teaching process more seriously;(3)Practical teaching content correctly;(Iv) pass(1)Basically the training syllabus and training requirements set out in the plan;(2)Participating in training activities;(3)Practical teaching content right;(E) failing(1)Does not meet the training syllabus, training teaching basic requirements set forth in the plan;(2)Training reports of sloppy and obvious mistakes;(3)Practical teaching process is not serious, attitude is not correct, practical training report copy by others.7.Course Calendar。

酒店收益管理外文文献翻译中英文2019

外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：酒店收益管理中动态客房分配的解决方法中英文2019文献出处：N. Aydin, S. I. Birbil[J]European Journal of Operational Research, Volume 271, Issue 116 , November 2018, Pages 179-192译文字数：4700 多字原文Decomposition methods for dynamic room allocation in hotel revenue managementN.Aydin，S.I.BirbilAbstractLong-term stays are quite common in the hotel business. Consequently, it is crucial for the hotel managements to consider the allocation of available rooms to a stream of customers requesting to stay multiple days. This requirement leads to the solving of dynamic network revenue management problems that are computationally challenging. A remedy is to apply decomposition approaches so that an approximate solution can be obtained by solving many simpler problems. In this study, we investigate several room allocation policies in hotel revenue management. We work on various decomposition methods to find reservation policies for advance bookings and stay-over customers. We also devise solution algorithms to solve the resulting problems efficiently.Keywords：Revenue management，Hotel，Capacity control，Decomposition methodsIntroductionHistorically, the airline industry played the steering role in revenue management (RM). Today, however, there is a wide range of applications in different industries with volatile demand, requesting fixed and perishable capacity (Kimes, 1989). Although the hotel industry is one of the typical application areas of revenue management, the research in this particular area lags behind the work produced for other service industries. In their recent work, Ivanov and Zhechev (2012) and Ivanov (2014) present a review of the methods proposed in the hotel RM literature and point out the gaps.In general, well-known airline RM techniques, such as booking control and pricing, can be applied to hotel RM problems. However, it is important to consider several constraints that are unique to hotel reservation systems. First, multi-day stays in hotels are quite common. While a flight itinerary includes, on average fewer than three legs, the number of nights a typical customer spends in a hotel can be a week oreven more (Zhang & Weatherford, 2017). Second, the demand process is different. Hotel customers may decide to stay longer and extend their reservation while they are staying in the hotel (Kimes, 1989). Third, airline customers generally make advance bookings but a number of hotel customers consist of walk-ins. Moreover, the early reservations in the booking interval are even allowed to cancel their bookings at no extra cost.In this paper, we focus on the room allocation decisions for a hotel. The optimal policy to accept or reject an arriving customer can be obtained by analyzing the stochastic nature of the customer arrival process. In hotel reservation systems, the customers are classified as the advance bookings, the stay-overs and the walk-ins. While the advance bookings make room reservations before they arrive at the hotel, the walk-ins show up without any reservation. The stay-overs are the customers who ask for an extension for their reservations during their stay in the hotel. Recently, hotel reservation systems have started offering extended stay as an option due to high customer demand (Tepper, 2015). For instance, Priceline (2017) and Hotwire (2017)present “add-a-night” and “add to your stay” options to their existing customers. The arrival process of the advance bookings and walk-ins are similar. The only difference is that the walk-in customers arrive after the reservation period ends. However, the stay-over requests depend on the accepted advance bookings. To simplify our notation, we ignore the walk-in customers and formulate our problem by considering the advance bookings and the stay-overs. Then, we explain how one can easily incorporate the walk-in customers to our proposed models. To the best of our knowledge, the dynamic model of stay-over customers in a network setting has not been previously studied in the literature.The research contributions in this paper come from the application and the analysis of two decomposition approaches. These are the day-based and the period- based decompositions. Our day-based decomposition is similar to the one proposed by Kunnumkal and Topaloglu (2010). We simplify their decomposition method and show that our proposed model provides a lower bound to their model. We set forth a dynamic model for the advance bookings and formulate a linear program for theproblem. The resulting model is then solved with the constraint generation method. We also propose alternate approximate models, which provide upper and lower bounds on the optimal expected revenue of the original model. To manage the stay- over requests, one needs to keep track of the number of reservations in each booking type. A day-based method, however, decomposes the network problem into independent days, and this decomposition approach causes loss of information on the number of customers in each booking type. Our solution to this hindrance is a period- based decomposition method, which is an extension of another approach recently proposed by Birbil, Frenk, Gromicho, and Zhang (2014). First, we focus on the single-day stay-over problem, as the request for an additional night is the most frequently realized stay-over case in real-life (Talya, 2016). Though our model is different than the one set forth by Birbil et al. (2014), we successfully build on their decomposition idea. Second, we consider the multi-day stay-over problem and present a two-period approximation, which combines the pair-based decomposition with the deterministic linear programming approach. In period one, we observe the reservation activity of the advance booking customers. In period two, we take into account the stay-over requests of the customers whose bookings have been accepted. To test the performances of the proposed decomposition approaches, we conduct simulation experiments and compare our results with those obtained by several well-known models from the literature. Our computational study indicates that the proposed decomposition approaches are apt to effective room allocation in hotel RM.Review of related literatureWe begin by reviewing the related work on hotel RM. Then, we summarize the decomposition approaches frequently applied to the network RM problems.Ladany (1976) works on a single-day stay model for a hotel with two types of resources. The aim of the model is to find an allocation policy to maximize the daily expected revenue. He develops a dynamic programming formulation and obtains the decision policy for each resource. Williams (1977) works on the single-day stay model during the peak demand period. In this model, he assumes that demand arrives from three different sources: the stay-overs, the reservations and the walk-ins. Hecomputes the reservation policy for each customer type by comparing the costs of underbooking and overbooking. Bitran and Leong (1989) focus on the multi-day problem by considering the walk-in and stay-over requests. They model the multi-day reservations as a series of independent, single-day reservations. Bitran and Mondschein (1995) develop a dynamic programming model for a single-day stay problem with multiple products. Since the resulting model is computationally intractable for the real size problems, they utilize several heuristics when searching for the optimal allocation policy. Weatherford (1995) focuses on the effect of the length of stay. He proposes a heuristic method based on a static model and compares this method with the other booking policies developed for the single-day stay problems. Bitran and Gilbert (1996) work on a single-day stay and single-room problem. They assume that during the service day, three types of customers show-up: the customers with guaranteed reservations, the customers with reservations and the walk-ins. They develop a dynamic model and propose a heuristic method to obtain the room allocation policy. Baker and Collier (1999) extend the study of Weatherford (1995) as well as the work of Bitran and Mondschein (1995) by allowing cancellations, overbooking and stay-overs. They develop two heuristics that integrate overbooking with the capacity allocation decisions. They compare the performances of these heuristics against the other booking control policies in the literature. Through this comparison, Baker and Collier (1999) discuss the advantages of each policy under different operating environments.Later studies focus on multi-product and multi-day stay problems. Chen (1998)presents a general formulation for a deterministic problem and discusses that it can be transferred to a network flow problem. Moreover, he shows that the optimal solution of the linear program is always integral. Goldman, Freling, Pak, and Piersma (2002) propose deterministic and stochastic linear programming models to find the nested booking limits and the bid prices for the multi-day stay problem. They follow the work of Weatherford (1995) to develop the deterministic model. For the stochastic model, they extend the work of De Boer, Freling, and Piersma (2002)on the airline revenue management problem. However, unlike the models proposed by Weatherford(1995) and De Boer et al. (2002), they use the booking control policies over a rolling horizon of decision periods. Lai and Ng (2005) work on a stochastic programming formulation for a multi-day stay problem. They apply robust optimization techniques to solve the problem on a scenario basis. They also consider the risk aversion of the decision maker and use the mean absolute value to measure the revenue deviation risk. Koide and Ishii (2005) work on the optimal room allocation policies for a single- day stay by considering the early discounts, the cancellations and the overbookings. They examine the properties of the expected revenue function and show that it is unimodal on the number of allocated rooms for early discount and overbooking. As with Lai and Ng (2005), Liu, Lai, and Wang (2008) present revenue optimization models for a multi-day stay problem by considering the revenue risk. They propose a stochastic programming model with semi-absolute deviations to measure the risk. Guadix, Cortes, Onieva, and Munuzuri (2010) present a decision support system for forecasting and room allocation decisions. They work on the deterministic and stochastic programming models by considering group arrivals. The proposed decision support system integrates these models for room allocation and pricing decisions. Nadarajah, Lim, and Ding (2015) study dynamic pricing policy for a single type of room by considering the multiple day stays. Since the resulting model is computationally intractable, they propose pricing heuristics based on fluid approximation and approximate linear programming. They analyze the properties of the pricing policy under the peak demand.The solution approaches considered in this study build on the literature on decomposition methods in network revenue management. The output of a decomposition method is used to construct various capacity controls, such as bid- prices and nested booking limits. Adelman (2007) develops an approximation method to compute the dynamic bid prices. He first formulates the network problem as a dynamic model, which suffers from the curse of dimensionality. Thus, he derives a standard linear program by approximating the dynamic programming value functions. This approach provides an upper bound on the optimal expected revenue. Zhang (2011) proposes a nonlinear, non-separable approximation to the dynamicprogramming model that leads to a tighter upper bound. Topaloglu (2009)focuses on a Lagrangian relaxation method to decompose the network problem into many single capacity problems. Erdelyi and Topaloglu (2009) work on the overbooking problem in an airline network and develop separable approximations to decompose the problem by individual flights (legs). This approach constructs capacity dependent bid prices. However, it becomes quite difficult to compute the value functions for each leg as the size of the problem increases. To reduce the computational burden, Kunnumkal and Topaloglu (2011) develop a stochastic approximation algorithm that provides a set of capacity independent bid prices. In this approach, they formulate the total expected profit as a function of the bid prices and use stochastic gradients to obtain a good bid price policy. Recently, Kunnumkal and Topaloglu (2010) propose a new leg- based decomposition method for the airline revenue management problems that involve the customer choices. In this method, they first allocate the revenue of each itinerary among the legs covered by the itinerary. Then, they define a penalty term to incorporate the network effect. They view the revenue allocations and the penalty terms as decision variables, and use subgradient search to find the optimal solution. Although this solution approach is manageable in small size networks, it can be impractical for the problems of substantial size networks. Hotel network revenue management problems are also tackled with the decomposition methods. Zhang and Weatherford (2017) work on a dynamic pricing problem. They generalize the approximation method of Zhang (2011) and decompose the problem into independent single-day problems by approximating the value functions with nonlinear non- separable functions. They test the proposed approach by using the data from a hotel. Aslani et al. (2013) also propose a decomposition method for a pricing problem in hotel revenue management. They develop an approach to estimate the effective arrival rate for each day by considering the stock-outs and the customer losses due to high price levels. They decompose the network problem into single- day subproblems by using these daily arrival rates. Our study has several distinguishing features compared with the earlier work. To begin with, we focus on the multiple day problem and propose several decomposition methods to attack theproblem. In particular, our aim is to find a dynamic capacity allocation policy that takes into account the advance bookings and the stay-over customers. We first study advance bookings and propose day-based decomposition methods. We work on a fare-allocation strategy where the reservation fares are allocated on day basis depending on the time of the booking. Our method is based on dynamic programming formulations for the single-day revenue management problems, hence it can capture the temporal dynamics of the reservation requests more accurately compared with the static models. We also present alternate solution methods to improve the computational time for the large-scale problems. Later, we study stay-over requests in hotel RM and propose a pair-based dynamic programming method. To the best of our knowledge, the dynamic model of stay-over customers in a network setting has not previously been studied in the literature. We also discuss the applicability of the proposed models to several cases, such as late checkout and overbooking. Finally, our computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed methods can generate significantly higher profits than the well-known benchmarks in the literature. The performance gaps are especially significant when the daily hotel capacity is tight and the stay-over probability is high. In addition, day-based decomposition methods perform significantly better when the hotel controls the fares on a per-day basis and does not offer discount for long-term stays.ConclusionIn this study, we work on the dynamic room allocation problem in hotel revenue management. Due to the complexity of this problem, we concentrate on several approximation methods. We analyze the structural properties of the problem and present day- and pair-based decomposition approaches that can handle the walk-in and the stay-over customers. First, we work on the day-based decomposition methods. Day-based decomposition generates independent subproblems for each day and, hence, it cannot store the number of reserved rooms for each product. Therefore, incorporating the stay-over customers becomes a challenge. In the second part, we work on the stay-over extension. To the best of our knowledge, the dynamic programming model that includes the stay-over customers has not been proposed inthe literature before. We first focus on the single-day stay-over problem. By extending the work of Birbil et al. (2014), we propose a solution method. Second, we consider the multi-day stay-over problem and present a two-period approximation, which combines the pair-based decomposition with the deterministic linear programming. We conduct a thorough computational study and investigate the performances of our proposed models along with some well-known approaches used in the literature. Our computational experiments indicate that the proposed policies perform well. The performance gaps are especially significant when the hotel’s daily capacity is tight and the stay-over probability is high.As we mentioned in Section 5.2, our stay-over models can be extended to several other applications in hotel RM. Recently, hotel reservation systems have started to offer late checkout option to their customers. Late checkout requests can be considered as a special case of stay-over problem where the customers can extend their stay until the allowed time specified by the hotel. Following the same construction as for the stay-over model, we can obtain the reservation policies for late checkouts. Another important issue in hotel revenue management is overbooking. Similarly, the overbooking option can be incorporated in the multi-day stay-over model and it can also be solved in two stages. However, it is important to note that preallocating the hotel capacity to even more pairs and determining the individual overbooking limit for each pair may poorly affect the control of hotel capacity network-wide. Incorporation of the overbooking option is a potential topic for future research.译文酒店收益管理中动态客房分配的解决方法摘要长期住宿在酒店行业中很常见。

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中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Hotel Management System Integration Services1.IntroductionIt is generally accepted that the role of the web services in businesses is undoubtedly important. More and more commercial software systems extend their capability and power by using web services technology. Today the e-commerce is not merely using internet to transfer business data or supporting people to interact with dynamic web page, but are fundamentally changed by web services. The World Wide Web Consortium's Xtensible Markup Language (XML) and the Xtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) are standards defined in the interest of multi-purpose publishing and content reuse and are increasingly being deployed in the construction of web services. Since XML is looked as the canonical message format, it could tie together thousands of systems programmed by hundreds of programming languages. Any program can be mapped into web service, while any web service can also be mapped into program. In this paper, we present a next generation commercial system in hotel industry that fully integrates the hotel Front Office system, Property Management System, Customer Relationship Management System, Quality Management system, Back Office system and Central Reservations System distributed in different locations. And we found that this system greatly improves both the hotel customer and hotel officer’s experiences in the hotel business work flow. Because current technologies are quite mature, it seems no difficulty to integrate the existing system and the new coming systems (for example, web-based applications or mobile applications). However, currently in hotel industry there are few truly integrated systems used because thereare so many heterogeneous systems already exist and scalability, maintenance, price, security issues then become huge to be overcome. From our study on Group Hotel Integration Reservation System (GHIRS), there are still challenges to integrate Enterprise Information System (EIS), Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM) together because of standardization, security and scalability problems, although GHIRS is one of few integration solutions to add or expand hotel software system in any size of hotel chains environment.We developed this system to integrate the business flow of hotel management by using web services and software integration technologies. In this paper, firstly we describe a scenario of hotel reservation and discuss the interaction between GHIRS and human. Secondly we analyze details of design and implementation of this system. The result and implications of the studies on the development of GHIRS are shown in the later part. Finally we discuss some problems still need to be improved and possible future directions of development.2. Hotel Reservation: A Business Case StudyOur initial thinking to develop GHIRS is to minimize the human interaction with the system. Since GHIRS is flexible and automated, it offers clear benefits for both hotel customers and hotel staff, especially for group hotel customers and group hotel companies. Group hotel companies usually have lots of hotels, restaurants, resorts, theme parks or casinos in different locations. For example, Shangri-La group has hundreds of hotels in different countries all over the world. These groups have certain customers who prefer to consume in hotels belong to the same group because they are membership of the group and can have individual services.The first step of a scenario of hotel reservation is that the consumer plans and looks for a hotel according the location, price or whatever his criteria and then decides the hotel. Then he makes a reservation by telephone, fax, internet, or mail, or just through his travel agent. When hotel staff receives the request, they first look ifthey can provide available services. If there is enough resource in the hotel, they prepare the room, catering and transportation for the request and send back acknowledgement. At last the guest arrives and checks in. The business flow is quite simple; however, to accomplish all these tasks is burdensome for both the consumer side and the hotel side without an efficient and integrated hotel management system.Telephone may be a good way to make a reservation because it is beyond the limit of time and space. Guests can call hotels at any time and any place. However, it costs much when the hotel is far away from the city where guest lives; especially the hotel locates in a different country. Moreover, if there is a group of four or five people to make reservation together, it would take a long time for hotel staff to record all the information they need. Making reservation by travel agent saves consumers’ time and cost, but there is still millions of work for agent to do. They gather the requirements from consumers, then distribute to proper destination hotels. Because these hotels don’t use a same system (these thousands of hotels may use hundreds of management systems), someone, agent or hotel staff, must face the problem how to handle information from different sources with different hotel management systems to different destinations.Web service becomes the tool to solve these problems. Our web services integrate the web server and hotel management system together, and everyone gets benefit. Booking a room easily anywhere and anytime becomes possible by using GHIRS. Consumer browses websites and finds hotel using his PC, PDA or mobile phone (WAP supported), after his identity is accepted, he can book a reservation. Two minutes later he can get the acknowledgement from the hotel by mobile phone text message or multimedia message, or email sent to his email account or just acknowledgement on the dynamic web page, if he hasn’t leave the website. The response time may take a little longer because when the hotel receives the quest, in some circumstance, hotel staff should check if there is clean and vacant room left. The web service is a standard interface that all travel agents can handle, gather and distribute the reservation information easily through internet. When the reservation request is acknowledged, hotel staff prepares the room, catering, and transportationfor guests. Since the information already stored in the database, every part in the hotel chains can share it and work together properly. For example, staff in front office and housekeeping department can prepare room for guests according to the data, staff in back office can stock material for catering purpose and hotel manager can check business report in Enterprise Information Portal integrated with GHIRS by his browser. Then room rent-ratio reports, room status reports, daily income reports and other real time business reports are generated. Managers of the group can access any report of any hotel by the system. In the later part of this paper, we will show how consumers, agents, and hotel staff can efficiently work together by GHIRS.GHIRS is scalable for small-to-large hotel chains and management companies, especially good for hotel group. It truly soars with seamless connectivity to global distribution systems thereby offering worldwide reservation access. It also delivers real-time, on line reservations via the Internet.3. Integration of Hotel Management System3.1 Existed SystemGHIRS is developed on the base of an existed hotel management system called FoxhisTM. FoxhisTM shares the largest part of software market in hotel industry in China. FoxhisTM version 5 has distributed Client/Server architecture that the server runs SCO-UNIX and client runs Microsoft Windows and it use Sybase database on UNIX. The system includes Front Office system, Property Management system, Quality Management system, Human Resource Management system, Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM).This system is largely based on intranet environment. Most of the work is done in a single hotel by the hotel staff. It’s no customer self-service. If a consumer wants to book a room, hotel staff in local hotel must help the guest to record his request, although FoxhisTM system already done lots of automatic job.When the systems are deployed in different hotels that are parts of a group,sharing data becomes a problem. Just as an example, if the group has ten hotels, there would be at least ten local databases to store the consumers’ data. Because hotels need real time respond of the system, so these ten hotels can’t deploy a central database that does not locate in the same local network. Thus one guest may have different records in different hotels and the information cannot be shared. By web services as an interface, these data can be exchanged easily.3.2 DesignRecall that our initial thinking to deploy GHIRS is to save hotel staff, travel agents and consumers’labor work the system is to link all the taches of hotel business chains. Figure1 shows how consumers, agents, hotel staff cooperate together efficiently with the system.Consumers could be divided into two categories. One is member of hotel group, who holds different classes of memberships and gains benefits like discount or special offers. These consumers usually contribute a large part of the hotel’s profit then are looked as VIP. The hotel keeps their profiles, preferences and membership account status. The other category is common guest. All these two kinds of guests and travel agents who may trade with many other hotels face the web-based interface that let them to make a reservation. For common guest, the system just requires him to input reservation information such as guest name, contact information, arrival and departure the system. The central processing server then distributes the information to appropriate hotel. Since web services technology is so good for submitting documents to long running business process flows, hotel staff could easily handle this data in and out of database management system and application server. As the membership of hotel, a user just inputs his member id and password, room information, arrival and departure date, then fin ish the request. Because hotels keep members’ profile, and systems exchange profile across all hotels of the group by web services, hotel staff in different hotels could know the guest’s individual requirement and provide better services.The agents work for consumers get benefits from GHIRS as well. They may also keep the consumers’ profile and the web services interface is open to them, it is easy to bridge their system to hotel management system. Before GHIRS is deployed, the agents should separate and process the reservation data and distribute them to different hotels, which is an onerous job. But now the agents could just press one button and all the hotel reservation is sent to destination.Hotel staff receives all request from different sources. Some policies are applied to response the request. For example, some very important guest’s request is passed automatically without confirmation, the guest could get acknowledgement in very short time. The request triggers all chains of the hotel business flow and all the preparation work is done before his arrival. But for the common customer, hotel staff would check on the anticipate date if there is vacant and clean rooms available. Because all the FoxhisTM components are integrated together, staff users needn’t change computer interface to check he room status. If it is a valid request with enough guests’ information and there is enough room left, a confirmation is sent back. If there is not enough vacant room, hotel staff will ask if guest would like to wait a time or transfer to other hotels in the hotel group or alliance hotels. In order to transfer guest’s request, data flows from local database to the central server through local web server, then it is passed to another hotels database by web services interface.3.3 ImplementationToday there are lots of platforms that could provide capabilities to integrate different system and offer other features such as security and work load balancing. The two main commercial products are Java2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) and . They offer pretty much the same laundry of list of features, albeit in different ways. We choose .NET platform as our programming environment, however, here we don’t advocate which platform is better or not. Our target is to integrate these decentralized and distributed systems together. In fact, both of these platforms support XML and SOAP to accomplish our task.We use Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) as web server and Sybase database server. The firewalls separate the local networks from the public networks. This is very important from the security point of view. Each hotel of the group has a database server, an application server and a web server to deploy this multi-tier system that includes the user interface presentation tier, business presentation tier, business logical tier, and the data access tier. C# is adopted as the programming language for the core executable part. XML is the data exchange standard format.酒店管理系统集成服务1.简介人们普遍认为，网络服务角色在企业中无疑是重要的。

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