毕业设计中英文摘要
毕业设计英文摘要双语
本文主要采用接触反应法制备了TiC/Al和TiC/Al-12Si-4Cu复合材料；使用光学显微镜(OM)，扫描电镜(SEM)对材料的微观组织形貌及颗粒分布进行观察分析，通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了复合材料相的组成。
200℃-1000℃的温度区间的差热分析曲线表明：TiC-Al粉末体系在加热过程中没有发生反应，并且改变Al粉含量对于曲线是无影响的。
（TiC-Al）粉末体系烧结产物的XRD结果表明，TiC与Al发生了化学反应，产物是AlTi3和Al4C3。
Ti-Al粉末体系制备纯铝基体复合材料时，反应体系会发生原位反应生成TiAl3组织；TiC-Al粉末体系制备纯铝基体复合材料时，即使熔体温度发生改变，铝熔体中TiC颗粒也是稳定的；TiC-Al粉末体系制备Al-12Si-4Cu基体复合材料时，铝熔体中TiC颗粒是不稳定的。
关键词：TiC/Al复合材料，TiC颗粒，稳定性Study on stability of TiC particles in moltenaluminumAbstractIn this paper，TiC / Al and TiC/Al-12Si-4Cu composites were prepared by contact reaction method；The microstructure and particle distribution of the materials were observed and analyzed by using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of the composite phase was analyzed by X ray diffractometer(XRD).The differential thermal analysis curveof the temperature range at 200 -1000℃indicateed that:TiC-Al powder systemdid not reactin the heating process，and the change of Al contenthad no effect on the curve，XRD results of the sintered product of TiC-Al powder system showed that TiC could reactwith Al，and the products were AlTi3 and Al4C3，When the preparation of pure aluminum matrix composites in Ti-Al powder system,the reaction system will generate reaction and occured TiAl3organization.WhenTiC-Al powder system for the preparation of pure aluminum matrix composites, even if the melt temperature changes, the TiC particles in the aluminum melt are stable.When TiC-Al powder system to prepare Al-12Si-4Cu matrix composites，the TiC particles in the aluminum melt are unstable.Key Words: the TiC/Al composite materials，TiC particles，Stability。
毕业设计说明书中英文摘要范本--南京理工大学
毕业设计说明书（论文）外文摘要
TitleThree-dimensionalModeling of the Computer Case
Abstract
As scientific technologies and living conditions advance, more and more people use computer to socialize, shop online, and stay tuned to news events. Computers have greatly enriched people’s lives. As an essential component of an operating desktop computer, the computer case not only carries other important components of the computer, but also helps the computer ventilate as well as blocking radiations from reaching the users. This paper discusses the sheet metal forming processes and the calculation of the key process parameters of the computer case as a sheet metal product.By usingSolidWorkssoftware and relevant information regarding sheet metal and 3D modeling, the project designs and assembles case parts on a 3D platform under the premise of ensuring the functionality of the case. The engineering drawings of the design are also produced.
【优质】word)毕业设计说明书中英文摘-word范文 (6页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==word)毕业设计说明书中英文摘篇一：毕业设计说明书中英文摘要湖南大学毕业设计第 I 页X4市给水工程初步设计摘要本设计的主要内容包括：取水构筑物设计；净水厂设计；输配水管网设计；工程总概算与制水成本分析四部分。
经用水量计算知，新水厂近期供水规模为5.4万m3/d，远期为11万m3/d，以地表水为水源。
取水工程由菱形箱式取水头部、自流管以及取水泵房组成。
取水泵房内径16.5m，近期1台300S19型水泵（Q=612-935m3/h，H=22-14m，N＝103kw,n=970r/min）和2台500S22A型水泵（其中1台为备用泵）（Q=1400-2020m3/h，H=20-14m，N＝S22A型水泵，并再增设一台185kW,n=970r/min）。
远期将300S19型水泵换成500500S22A型水泵，即3台500S22A工作，1台500S22A备用。
净水工程常规工艺采用折板絮凝池、平流沉淀池、V型滤池、液氯消毒工艺，絮凝剂选用碱式氯化铝。
絮凝池与沉淀池合建，采用2组，每组设计水量为q?2.7万m3/d。
絮凝池设计絮凝时间为19.9min，絮凝池尺寸：L?B?H?15.6m?8.20m?3.50m，有效水深为3.20m。
m平流沉淀池设计停留时间为2h，尺寸：L?B?H?86m?8.2m?3.6，有效水深：H?3.3m，池内平均水平流速：v?11mm/s，弗劳德数：Fr?1.18?10?5（在10?5～10?4范围内），雷诺数：Re?14880（一般为4000－15000）。
V型滤池设两组，每组设计水量为q?2.7万m3/d，共四格，单格池宽B?3.0m，池长L?10.5m，面积为42m2。
设计滤速采用v?9m/h，强制滤速v?＝11m/h。
滤池采用单层石英砂均粒滤料，有效粒径在0.95～1.35m，不均匀系数K80?1.30。
毕业论文写作中的英文摘要总结
毕业论文写作中的英文摘要总结AbstractWriting an effective abstract is crucial for a graduation thesis as it serves as a concise summary of the entire paper. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to write an English abstract for a graduation thesis, focusing on the key components and tips to ensure a well-structured and informative summary.1. IntroductionThe introduction of an English abstract should briefly state the background and significance of the research topic. It should also include the main objectives and research questions addressed in the thesis.2. MethodologyThis section summarizes the research methodology employed in the graduation thesis. It outlines the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques utilized to obtain meaningful results. Additionally, any limitations or challenges encountered during the research process should be mentioned briefly.3. ResultsThe results section of the English abstract highlights the key findings and outcomes of the research. It should provide a clear and concise summary of the data analysis, emphasizing the most significant findings and their implications. Statistical information or numerical data can be included to support the results, but should not be overwhelming or overly-detailed.4. DiscussionIn the discussion section, the English abstract should provide a concise analysis and interpretation of the research findings. It should outline the main arguments and conclusions drawn from the results, highlighting their theoretical and practical implications. Any recommendations for further research or practical applications should also be mentioned.5. ConclusionThe conclusion of the English abstract should summarize the main points discussed in the thesis and highlight the overall contribution of the research to the field. It should reiterate the significance of the findings and their potential impact on future studies or real-world applications.6. Key WordsIncluding a list of key words at the end of the English abstract is essential for indexing and search purposes. These key words should accurately reflect the main concepts, methodologies, and findings of the graduation thesis.7. Formatting and Language ConsiderationsWhen writing the English abstract, it is important to adhere to proper formatting guidelines. Use clear and concise language, keeping sentences and paragraphs well-structured. Avoid using jargon or technical terms that may be unfamiliar to a general audience. Proofread for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors to ensure a polished and professional abstract.8. Length ConsiderationsThe ideal length of an English abstract for a graduation thesis is typically between 150 and 250 words. However, it is essential to adhere to any specific guidelines provided by the university or academic institution. Carefully review the word count requirements and make necessary revisions to ensure compliance.In conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is a crucial aspect of the graduation thesis writing process. By following the guidelines provided in this article, students can create a well-structured and informative summary that accurately reflects the main aspects and contributions of their research.。
毕业论文标题中英文摘要关键词和目录的格式
毕业设计（论文）新民本主义：传统民本思想与现代民主理念的契合（字体:黑体小一）专业年级学生学号学生姓名指导老师评阅人二○○年月中国·南京摘要（“摘要”两字的字体为黑体三号,居中。
）正文字体均为：宋体小四号，行距为倍（不低于400字）关键词：民本；民主；新民本主义（“关键词”三字字体为黑体，内容(3-5)个，宋体小四号。
各关键词之间用；）注意：摘要和关键词只能单独一页.Abstract（“Abstract”一词用Times New Roman字体三号,加黑,居中。
）Thought of people as the center is the marrow of our traditional culture and the core of the theory of managing state affairs. It germinates in the early state of antiquity society and is based on patriarchal clan system. It is also a kind of value seeking for the realization of the ethic reason and moral justice. Its basic thinking is that the monarch is defined by people and conversely people are defined by the monarch. At first appearance, its purpose is to value people’s suffering,fate and interest on the ruler’s position. However, its real intention is to fool the people so as to strengthen and consolidate the ruler’s rule. The theory of “people-oriented concept” includes nine topics such as “the theory of people is being the root of the monarch’s rule”, “the theory of people is being more valuable than the monarch”, “the theory of the monarch is being people’s servant”and so on. People –oriented means “value the people ”in essence, which sees “people”as its foundation of politics rule, ranking official, and administration.（正文字体为：Times New Roman字体，小四号，且行距为单倍或倍。
毕业设计英文
毕业设计英文篇一：毕业设计英文翻译附录中南大学本科生毕业论文（设计）英文译文及原件题目Ove rlayNetwo rks a nd th e Fut ure o f the Inte rnet学生姓名迪丽努尔.阿不来提指导教师杨淑平学院数学科学与计算技术学院专业班级信息与计算科学0504班完成时间 2017年6月覆盖网和互联网的未来摘要近年来，我们在互联网上看到多种类型的所谓的“覆盖”网络的出现。
这样的覆盖网络有许多不同的例子，其中包括容量分发缓存网络，被公司生效像Akam ai公司一样，点对点文件共享网络与应用软件，如Bi tTorr ent公司，IP语音服务通过S kype和各种试验网络，如Pl anetL ab 。
这种覆盖具有重要的技术和政策影响下一代互联网架构的发展。
本文提供如此的互联网架构重叠，工业结构和政策的第一次尝试理解的影响。
我们介绍了一种分类的思考这些规模和日益重要的互联网的一些覆盖例子，并提出一些工业结构和政策的覆盖当中所产生的初步的观点。
关键词：网络结构，覆盖网络，互联网服务供应商，互联网的政策。
互联网最早是以政府资助的研究网络上运行的顶部的公共交换电信网（ PST N ）而出现的。
互联网是一个数据的应用，主要是不受管制，这是支持顶部的公共电话网络实用规范。
互联网是一个“覆盖网” ，是基本基础设施的补充，是增加新功能的PS TN网（分组交换数据网）来支持研究团体的特殊需要（点对点计算机通信）。
大部分的增量投资，路由器，服务器和接入设备（电脑）进行了新类型的供应商（互联网服务供应商或互联网服务供应商）和最终用户（用户端设备或设备），来补充已在坐标上的PST N基础设施。
毕业论文中英文摘要及目录(供参考)
密级：立体停车库的PLC控制系统设计Design of PLC Control System forParking Garage学院：专业班级：学号：学生姓名：指导教师：2018年6月摘要随着我国国民经济的不断发展及城市现代化要求，汽车在我国越来越普及，而这将导致大中等城市“停车难”问题日益凸显。
在现有的土地资源条件下，多层的机械式立体停车库可以很好的提高现有土地资源的利用率，充分发挥土地资源的空间优势，使得汽车的存放数量得以优化，从而快速有效地解决大中等城市“停车难”问题。
本论文以一个三层三行三列二十一车位的升降横移式自动化立体停车库为主要研究对象，在深入分析了立体停车库运行原理的基础上，采用可编程控制器（PLC）为主要控制单元对该立体停车库控制系统进行设计。
论文研究的主要内容为：1、针对机械式立体停车库类型、国内外发展现状以及我国行业发展中存在的问题等进行研究。
2、选定以三层三行三列6+6+9结构二十一车位升降横移式立体停车库为研究模型，研究该立体停车库的总体结构设计及车库运行原理等。
3、对升降横移式立体停车库的硬件系统进行设计。
内容包括：主回路设计，手动控制系统设计，PLC外围硬件设计，绘制了车库主电路图，手动控制电路图和PLC外围电路接线图等。
4、对升降横移式立体停车库的软件系统进行设计。
内容包括：PLC总体介绍，PLC编程语言的选择，设计了程序主框架流程图，各基本功能程序流程图，按要求编写了梯形图程序等。
5、采用S7-200仿真软件对升降横移式立体停车库进行在线仿真与调试。
本论文重点对升降横移式立体停车库总体结构和控制系统的硬件、软件系统进行设计。
设计过程采用模块化设计思路，结构灵活，通过对PLC软件系统设计及优化，使得本立体停车库具备智能化控制的功能，实现了立体停车库停车位能够安全、稳定、准确、快速的移动至人车交接处进行存取车操作。
该立体停车库充分发挥土地资源的空间优势，大大提升了土地资源的空间利用率，是应对大中等城市停车难问题的有效解决方案。
毕业设计论文 摘 要(中英文翻译)
摘要正文：南水北调移民新居将解决南水北调移民的住房安置问题，完善基础设施，在政府划分的耕地上设计处一个从无到有，从有到好的新型农村。
重点突出民居的外观设计，突出移民当地的历史文化，传统文化。
所有的建筑外观都依据当地和移民搬迁地的历史古建提取而来，结合新居所在地的自然地貌，建设一个现代化的，可持续发展的新型农村。
对于本案我们用块状分布，分为商铺区，住宅区，休闲广场三大类，重在围绕河堤打造一个拥有自然风光，接近自然，回归自然的新型农村。
商铺区位于方案的西北方，有两个主干道围绕，交通便利，住宅区围绕河流而建，使居住着坐在室内就能看到沿河的自然风光，休闲广场一十字交叉排列穿插在整个设计内部，休闲广场上附有景观小品，使整个方案画龙点睛。
本次设计我们的目的是把所有居民合理安置，保证每户居民都住得舒心，目标是因地取材，建设一个新型的现代化和可持续发展的新型农村。
关键词：南水北调移民新居传统文化可持续发展新型农村AbstractContent: South-South migration new home will solve the immigration resettlement housing, improve infrastructure, the government divided the land on the design at a scratch, from there to a good new rural. Focused residential design, highlighting the migration of local history and culture, traditional culture.All of the exterior of the building are based on local and relocation to extract from ancient history, combined with new home where the natural landscape, building a modern, sustainable development of new rural areas.For this case we use the distribution block, divided into commercial areas, residential, leisure plaza three categories, focusing on building anembankment around with natural scenery, close to nature, back to nature in new rural areas.Shops in the northwest area scheme, there are two main around, the transportation is convenient, the residential area around rivers and build, make living room sat can see the natural scenery along the river, leisure square a cross into the arrangement in the whole design internal, leisure square attached in landscape sketch, make whole scheme make the finishing point.Keywords:South migration of new new homes in rural areas for sustainable development of traditional culture。
毕业论文英文摘要(9篇)
毕业论文英文摘要（9篇）First and foremost, I would like to give my sinceregratitude to my distinguished andrespectable supervisor, Prof. Qi Yuanfang, for his all-along supports during not only theresearch process, but the whole post-graduate year. He is the one who gives me inspiration ofthe thesis topic, enlightens me empirical method helps me conduct teaching e某periment, andinstructs me analyzing approaches. I have to say that this thesis is born from his insightfulinstructions and warm encouragement.Secondly, I also own my appreciation to Prof, Gongrong who gives me a lot ofinspiration, insightful advice and instructions.Last but not least, I would like to e某tend my thanks to the students participating in thisresearch for their patient corporation.Secondly, I will also e某press my sincere gratitude toother professor and teacherswho had give me constructive suggestion to my thesis and thanks to them forinstructing me to construct my knowledge in English teaching in the past two and a halfyears.Thirdly, I want to thank all my affectionate classmates and friends. During the twoa half years' study and the writing ofthis thesis, they have given me a lot of support andencouragement in their own ways.At last, I will give the deepest gratitude to my family for their regretless supportand love to me.Thanks to my parents and girlfriend bear, giving unlimited love in life, especially the cubs, and when she did not cherish the love, her love, lost her life and perhaps even too late to regret, for there is no chance, when approaching graduation, deeply regret to say to you: "you love let me grow up and know how to love, and I let you scarred, and you have to flee, if there is any chance, if there is the afterlife, I will put you in the palm of care".Thank you for working life in the prevention center colleagues, Dr. Zhang Dehua, Dr. Liu Xiangning, Dr. Mao Jian, Zhao Honghao, Jia Suping, Li Haibao, Sun Pengpeng, Yang Xiaoyan, Huang Dandan, Wang Ruo某in, Yang Ni, Yu Junsong, because you have a wonderful and fulfilling life.论文题目：On the Title of EST and Aesthetic Effect in Its TranslationKey words: EST; title; translation; artistic effects论文题目：On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of Functional EquivalenceIn our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to e某press the ideas of the original works and realize the goalfor sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.Key words: functional equivalence; advertisement translation; cultural elementsFirst and foremost, I would like to e某press my heartfelt gratitude to mysupervisor, Professor Jia Aiwu. I have benefited tremendously from her criticalthinking and insightful viewpoint. Through his patient instruction,I finally focusedon the object studied in this thesis, and obtained valuable advice on aspects rangingfrom frame work constructing and data collection to elaborated analysis.Secondly, I'm profusely grateful to my respected predecessors and teachers.Moreover, I owe my thanks to my family and friends, who have always supportedme with their generous encouragements and praises.Last but not least, I sincerely thank my fellow classmates. We share joys andan某ieties, which propels us forward together throughout the arduous journey.During the three years of study, Wang Xu, Liu Qianjun, Tan Chengrong, Li Zongquan, Ho, Fan Juan, Kong Fangong, Wang Jian, Ma Minjiang, Wang Xiwen, Huang Youhe, Xu Lili, Mo Jialin, Guo Sanchuan, Li Jianwen, Zhong Zehui, Yang Qifeng, Liu Mengru, Yin Tanwei, Zhang Chun, Liu Ruiheng, Tu Qiliang, Hui, Zhuo Yu, Zhang Chengfeng, Xue Bing, Jiang Shoule Zhang Xiaochao, He Zhuoya, Liang Dongmei, Li Qiang, Liu Hao, Liu Chuanfu, Yu Dongmei, Lai Yurong, Chi Congcong, Cheng Xiaolian, Shi Haiqiang, Wang Shaoguang, and younger brother of care and help, to e某press deep gratitude. Without their help and support, there is no way to finish my Ph. D. Thesis. Friendship between students willlast forever.论文题目：On Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability in Chinese Version of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe from Perspective of FunctionalismAbstract:This thesis is an attempt to apply functionalism to literary translation and prove its feasibility by analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps. Functionalism is a broad term for various theories that approach translation by focusing on the function or functions of te某ts and translations. And the four importantrepresentatives of functionalism are Katharina Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer, Justa Holz-Mnttri and Christiane Nord. This thesis attempts to apply the core rules of Skopostheorie –？to analyze the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe which is caused by cultural gaps, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of literary translation from the perspective of functionalism.ABSTRACTKey words: Anna; Jane Eyre; female doctrine。
毕业设计的中文与英文摘要
摘要摘要本设计的建筑为16层的宾馆，给排水工程设计包括了室内生活给水系统设计、室内消防给水系统设计以及室内排水系统设计。
生活给水系统分为两个区：一、二、三层为低区，采用市政给水管网直接供水；四层至十六层为高区，采用变频机组加压供水。
消防给水系统分为消火栓给水系统和自动喷淋灭火系统，本建筑为宾馆，而其高度超超过50m，按《高层民用建筑防火设计规范》规定，室内消火栓用水量和室外消火栓用水量分别取40L/s和30L/s，自动喷淋系统用水量取30L/s。
排水系统采用污废合流制，通气帽高出屋顶2.00m。
梯间顶安装一个18m3消防水箱。
给水系统采用给水塑料管，消火栓给水系统和自动喷淋灭火系统采用无缝钢管，排水系统立管采用UPVC塑料排水管，各层排水支管采用普通的UPVC排水管。
在地下室设置泵房和贮水池，泵房内设置排水沟、集水井，集水井中安装有潜污泵，保证污水及时排出。
关键词：建筑；给水；消防；喷淋；排水ABSTRACTA BSTRACTThe architecture in this design is a 16-floor guest house, and the design of this building’s water supply and drainage system mainly include: The indoor water supply system, The indoor drainage system and The indoor fire control system. The indoor water supply system is divided into two blocks: the low district including the fist floor ,the second floor and the third floor is supplied by the municipal water supply system ,the floor between the fourth and the sixteenth is the high district. The Fire control system include the sprinkling system and the fire hydrant system. This building is guest house and the elevation is more than 50 metres . According to the regulation of "high-rise civil architecture fire prevention design specifications ", the design flow of the indoor and outdoor sprinkler system is 40L/s and 30L/s, and the design flow of the indoor fire hydrant system is 30L/s. Drainage system with sewage waste Combined ventilation cap of 2.00 meters above the roof . The staircase roof to install a 18 m3 fire water tank . The pipe of the water supply system is plastic pipe for clean water, water supply system for fire hydrant extinguishing and the auto sprinkling system adopt seamless steel pipe. The pipe of the drainage system is UPVC pipe. A pump house is built outside the building , a latent filth pump was set in the collection puddle to guarantee discharging the foul water in time.Keywords: Building；Water supply；Fire-fighting；Sprinkler system；Drainage。
大学本科毕业设计--英文原文+中文翻译
Library of C the CNC industrialdeveloped tens of thousands and educational field, he hasNUMERICAL CONTROLNumerical Control technology as it is known today, emerged in the mid 20th century. It can be traced to the year of 1952, the U.S. Air Force, and the names of John Parsons and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cam-bridge, MA, USA. It was not applied in production manu-facturing until the early 1960's. The real boom came in the form of CNC, around the year of 1972, and a decade later with the introduction of affordable micro computers. The history and development of this fascinating technology has been well documented in many publications.In the manufacturing field, and particularly in the area of metal working, Numerical Control technology has caused something of a revolution. Even in the days before comput-ers became standard fixtures in every company and in many homes, the2machine tools equipped with Numerical Control system found their special place in the machine shops. The recent evolution of micro electronics and the never ceasing computer development, including its impact on Numerical Control, has brought significant changes to the manufacturing sector in general and metalworking in-dustry in particular.DEFINITION OF NUMERICAL CONTROLIn various publications and articles, many descriptions have been used during the years, to define what Numerical Control is. It would be pointless to try to find yet another definition, just for the purpose of this handbook. Many of these definitions share the same idea, same basic concept, just use different wording.The majority of all the known definitions can be summed up into a relatively simple statement:Numerical Control can be defined as an operation of machine tools by the means of specifically coded instructions to the machine control systemThe instructions are combinations of the letters of alpha-bet, digits and selected symbols, for example, a decimal point, the percent sign or the parenthesis symbols. All in-structions are written in a logical order and a predetermined form. The collectionNUMERICAL CONTROLof all instructions necessary to ma-chine a part is called an NC Program, CNC Program, or a Part Program. Such a program can be stored for a future use and used repeatedly to achieve identical machining re-sults at any time.♦ NC and CNC TechnologyIn strict adherence to the terminology, there is a differ-ence in the meaning of the abbreviations NC and CNC. The NC stands for the older and original Numerical Control technology, whereby the abbreviation CNC stands for the newer Computerized Numerical Control technology, a modem spin-off of its older relative. However, in practice, CNC is the preferred abbreviation. To clarify the proper us-age of each term, look at the major differences between the NC and the CNC systems.Both systems perform the same tasks, namely manipula-tion of data for the purpose of machining a part. In both cases, the internal design of the control system contains the logical instructions that process the data. At this point the similarity ends. The NC system (as opposed to the CNC system) uses a fixed logical functions, those that are built-in and perma-nently wired within the control unit. These functions can-not be changed by the programmer or the machine opera-tor. Because of the fixed4wiring of the control logic, the NC control system is synonymous with the term 'hardwired'. The system can interpret a part program, but it does not al-low any changes to the program, using the control features. All required changes must be made away from the control, typically in an office environment. Also, the NC system re-quires the compulsory use of punched tapes for input of the program information.The modem CNC system, but not the old NC system, uses an internal micro processor (i.e., a computer). This computer contains memory registers storing a variety of routines that are capable of manipulating logical functions. That means the part programmer or the machine operator can change the program on the control itself (at the ma-chine), with instantaneous results. This flexibility is the greatest advantage of the CNC systems and probably the key element that contributed to such a wide use of the tech-nology in modern manufacturing. The CNC programs and the logical functions are stored on special computer chips, as software instructions, rather than used by the hardware connections, such as wires, that control the logical func-tions. In contrast to the NC system, the CNC system is syn-onymous with the term 'softwired'.NUMERICAL CONTROLWhen describing a particular subject that relates to the numerical control technology, it is customary to use either the term NC or CNC. Keep in mind that NC can also mean CNC in everyday talk, but CNC can never refer to the older technology, described in this handbook under the abbrevia-tion ofNC. The letter 'C 'stands for Computerized, and it is not applicable to the hardwired system. All control systems manufactured today are of the CNC design. Abbreviations such as C&C or C'n 'C are not correct and reflect poorly on anybody that uses them.CONVENTIONAL AMD CNC MACHININGWhat makes the CNC machining superior to the conven-tional methods? Is it superior at all? Where are the main benefits? If the CNC and the conventional machining pro-cesses are compared, a common general approach to ma-chining a part will emerge: Obtain and study the drawingSelect the most suitable machining methodDecide on the setup method (work holding)Select the cutting toolsEstablish speeds and feedsMachine the part6This basic approach is the same for both types of machin-ing. The major difference is in the way how various data are input. A feedrate of 10 inches per minute (10 in/min) is the same in manual or CNC applications, but the method of applying it is not. The same can be said about a coolant - it can be activated by turning a knob, pushing a switch or programming a special code. All these actions will result in a coolant rushing out of a nozzle. In both kinds of machin-ing, a certain amount of knowledge on the part of the user is required. After all, metal working, particularly metal cut-ting, is mainly a skill, but it is also, to a great degree, an art and a profession of large number of people. So is theappli-cation of Computerized Numerical Control. Like any skill or art or profession, mastering it to the last detail is neces-sary to be successful. It takes more than technical knowl-edge to be a CNC machinist or a CNC programmer. Work experience and intuition, and what is sometimes called a 'gut-feel', is a much needed supplement to any skill.In a conventional machining, the machine operator sets up the machine and moves each cutting tool, using one or both hands, to produce the required part. The design of a manual machine tool offers many features that help the process of machining a part -NUMERICAL CONTROLlevers, handles, gears and di-als, to name just a few. The same body motions are re-peated by the operator for every part in the batch. However, the word 'same 'in this context really means'similar 'rather than 'identical'. Humans are not capable to repeat every process exactly the same at all times - that is the job ofma-chines. People cannot work at the same performance level all the time, without a rest. All of us have some good andsome bad moments. The results of these moments, when*applied to machining a part, are difficult to predict. There will be some differences and inconsistencies within each batch of parts. The parts will not always be exactly the same. Maintaining dimensional tolerances and surface fin-ish quality are the most typical problems in conventional machining. Individual machinists may have their own time 'proven' methods, different from those of their fellow col-leagues. Combination of these and other factors create a great amount of mconsistency.The machining under numerical control does away with the majority of inconsistencies. It does not require the same physical involvement as manual machining. Numerically controlled machining does not need any levers or dials or handles, at least8not in the same sense as conventional ma-chining does. Once the part program has been proven, it can be used any number of times over, always returning consistent results. That does not mean there are no limiting factors. The cutting tools do wear out, the material blank in one batch is not identical to the material blank in another batch, the setups may vary, etc. These factors should be considered and compensated for, whenever necessary.The emergence of the numerical control technology does not mean an instant, or even a long term, demise of all man-ual machines. There are times when a traditional machin-ing method is preferable to a computerized method. For ex-ample, a simple one time job may be done more efficiently on a manual machine than a CNC machine. Certain types of machining jobs will benefit from manual or semiauto-matic machining, rather than numerically controlled ma-chining. The CNC machine tools are not meant to replace every manual machine, only to supplement them.In many instances, the decision whether certain machin-ing will be done on a CNC machine or not is based on the number of required parts and nothing else. Although the volume of partsNUMERICAL CONTROLmachined as a batch is always an important criteria, it should never be the only factor. Consideration should also be given to the part complexity, its tolerances, the required quality of surface finish, etc. Often, a single complex part will benefit from CNC machining, while fifty relatively simple parts will not.Keep in mind that numerical control has never machined a single part by itself. Numerical control is only a process or a method that enables a machine tool to be used in a pro-ductive, accurate and consistent way.NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGESWhat are the main advantages of numerical control?It is important to know which areas of machining will benefit from it and which are better done the conventional way. It is absurd to think that a two horse power CNC mill will win over jobs that are currently done on a twenty times more powerful manual mill. Equally unreasonable are ex-pectations of great improvements in cutting speeds and feedrates over a conventional machine. If the machining and tooling conditions are the same, the cutting time will be very close in both cases.Some of the major areas where the CNC user can and should expect improvement:10Setup time reductionLead time reductionAccuracy and repeatabilityContouring of complex shapesSimplified tooling and work holdingConsistent cutting timeGeneral productivity increaseEach area offers only a potential improvement. Individ-ual users will experience different levels of actual improve-ment, depending on the product manufactured on-site, the CNC machine used, the setup methods, complexity of fixturing, quality of cutting tools, management philosophy and engineering design, experience level of the workforce, individual attitudes, etc.Setup Time ReductionIn many cases, the setup time for a CNC machine can be reduced, sometimes quite dramatically. It is important to realize that setup is a manual operation, greatly dependent on the performance of CNC operator, the type of fixturing and general practices of the machine shop. Setup time is unproductive, but necessary - it is a part of the overhead costs of doing business. To keep the setupNUMERICAL CONTROLtime to a mini-mum should be one of the primary considerations of any machine shop supervisor, programmer and operator. Because of the design of CNC machines, the setup time should not be a major problem. Modular fixturing, standard tooling, fixed locators, automatic tool changing, pallets and other advanced features, make the setup time more efficient than a comparable setup of a conventional machine. With a good knowledge of modern manufacturing, productivity can be increased significantly.The number of parts machined under one setup is also important, in order to assess the cost of a setup time. If a great number of parts is machined in one setup, the setup cost per part can be very insignificant. A very similar re-duction can be achieved by grouping several different oper-ations into a single setup. Even if the setup time is longer, it may be justified when compared to the time required to setup several conventional machines.Lead Time ReductionOnce a part program is written and proven, it is ready to be Bsed again in the future, even at a short notice. Although the lead time for the first run is usually longer, it is virtually nil for any subsequent run. Even if an engineering change of the part design12requires the program to be modi tied, it can be done usually quickly, reducing the lead time.Long lead time, required to design and manufacture sev-eral special fixtures for conventional machines, can often be reduced by preparing a part program and the use of sim-plified fixturing. Accuracy and RepeatabilityThe high degree of accuracy and repeatability of modern CNC machines has been the single major benefit to many users. Whether the part program is stored on a disk or in the computer memory, or even on a tape (the original method), it always remains the same. Any program can be changed at will, but once proven, no changes are usually required any more. A given program can be reused as many times as needed, without losing a single bit of data it contains. True, program has to allow for such changeable factors as tool wear and operating temperatures, it has to be stored safely, but generally very little interference from the CNC pro-grammer or operator will be required. The high accuracy of CNC machines and their repeatability allows high quality parts to be produced consistently time after time. Contouring of Complex ShapesNUMERICAL CONTROLCNC lathes and machining centers are capable of con-touring a variety of shapes. Many CNC users acquired their machines only to be able to handle complex parts. A good examples are CNC applications in the aircraft and automo-tive industries. The use of some form of computerized pro-gramming is virtually mandatory for any three dimensional tool path generation.Complex shapes, such as molds, can be manufactured without the additional expense of making a model for trac-ing. Mirrored parts can be achieved literally at the switch of a button. Storage of programs is a lot simpler than storage of patterns, templates, wooden models, and other pattern making tools.Simplified Tooling and Work HoldingNonstandard and 'homemade' tooling that clutters the benches and drawers around a conventional machine can be eliminated by using standard tooling, specially designed for numerical control applications. Multi-step tools such as pilot drills, step drills, combination tools, counter borers and others are replaced with several individual standard tools. These tools are often cheaper and easier to replace than special and nonstandard tools.Cost-cutting measures have forced many tool suppliers to keep a low or even a nonexistent inventory, increasing the delivery lime14to the customer. Standard, off-the-shelf tooling can usually beob-tained faster then nonstandard tooling.Fixturing and work holding for CNC machines have only one major purpose - to hold the part rigidly and in the same position for all parts within a batch. Fixtures designed for CNC work do not normally require jigs, pilot holes and other hole locating aids.♦ Cutting Time and Productivity IncreaseThe cutting time on the CNC machine is commonly known as the cycle time - and is always consistent. Unlike a conventional machining, where the operator's skill, experi-ence and personal fatigue are subject to changes, the CNC machining is under the control of a computer. The small amount of manual work is restricted to the setup andload-ing and unloading the part. For large batch runs, the high cost of the unproductive time is spread among many parts, making it less significant. The main benefit of a consistent cutting time is for repetitive jobs, where the production scheduling and work allocation to individual machine tools can be done very accurately.The main reason companies often purchase CNCma-chines is strictly economic - it is a serious investment. Also, having a competitive edge is always on the mind of every plant manager. The numerical control teclmology offers excellent means to achieve a significant improvement in the manufacturing productivity and increasing the overall quality of the manufactured parts. Like any means, it has to be used wisely and knowledgeably. When more and more companies use the CNCtechnology, just having a CNC machine does not offer the extra edge anymore. Thecom-panies that get forward are those who know how to use the technology efficiently and practice it to be competitive in the global economy.To reach the goal of a major increase in productivity, it is essential that users understand the fundamental principles on which CNC technology is based. These principles take many forms, for example, understanding the electronic cir-cuitry, complex ladder diagrams, computer logic, metrol-ogy, machine design, machining principles and practices and many others. Each one has to be studied and mastered by the person in charge. In this handbook, the emphasis is on the topics that relate directly to the CNC programming and understanding the most common CNC machine tools, the Machining Centers and the lathes (sometimes also called the Turning Centers). The part quality consideration should be very important to every programmer and ma-chine tool operator and this goal is also reflected in the handbook approach as well as in the numerous examples.TYPES OF CNC MACHINE TOOLSDifferent kinds of CNCmachines cover an extremelylarge variety. Their numbersare rapidly increasing, as thetechnology developmentadvances. It is impossible toiden-tify all the applications,they would make a long list.Here is a brief list of some ofthe groups CNC machines canbe part of: *Mills and Machining centersLathes and Turning CentersDrilling machines CNC machining centers andlathes dominate the number ofinstallations in industry. Thesetwo groups share the marketjust about equally. Someindustries may have a higherneed for one group ofmachines, depending on their □ Boring mills and Profilers □ EDM machines □ Punch presses and Shears □ Flame cutting machines □ Routers □ Water jet and Laser profilers □ Cylindrical grinders □ Welding machines □ Benders, Winding and Spinning machines, etc.needs. One must remember that there are many different kinds of ladies and equally many different kinds ofma-chining centers. However, the programming process for a vertical machine is similar to the one for a horizontalma-chine or a simple CNC mill. Even between differentma-chine groups, there is a great amount of general applica-tions and the programming process is generally the same. For example, a contour milled with an end mill has a lot in common with a contour cut with a wire.♦ Mills and Machining Centers Standard number of axes on a milling machine is three - the X, Y and Z axes. The part set on a milling system is al-ways stationary, mounted on a moving machine table. The cutting tool rotates, it can move up and down (or in and out), but it does not physically follow the tool path.CNC mills - sometimes called CNC milling machines - are usually small, simple machines, without a tool changer or other automatic features. Their power rating is often quite low. In industry, they are used for toolroom work, maintenance purposes, or small part production. They are usuallydesigned for contouring, unlike CNC drills.CNC machining centers are far more popular and effi-cient than drills and mills, mainly for their flexibility. The main benefit the user gets out of a CNC machining center is the ability to group several diverse operations into a single setup. For example, drilling, boring, counter boring, tap-ping, spot facing and contour milling can be incorporated into a single CNC program. In addition, the flexibility is enhanced by automatic tool changing, using pallets to minimize idle time, indexing to a different side of the part, using a rotary movement of additional axes, and a number of other features. CNC machining centers can be equipped with special software that controls the speeds and feeds, the life of the cutting tool, automatic in-process gauging and offset adjustment and other production enhancing and time saving devices.There are two basic designs of a typical CNC machining center. They are the vertical and the horizontal machining centers. The major difference between the two types is the nature of work that can be done on them efficiently. For a vertical CNC machining center, the most suitable type of work are flat parts, either mounted to the fixture on the ta-ble, or held in a vise or a chuck. The work that requires ma-chining on two or more faces m a single setup is more de-sirable to be done on a CNC horizontal machining center. An good example is a pump housing and other cubic-like shapes. Some multi-face machining of small parts can also be done on a CNC vertical machining center equipped with a rotary table.The programming process is the same for both designs, but an additional axis (usually a B axis) is added to the hori-zontal design. This axis is either a simple positioning axis (indexing axis) for the table, or a fully rotary axis for simul-taneous contouring. This handbook concentrates on the CNC vertical ma-chining centers applications, with a special section dealing with the horizontal setup and machining. The program-ming methods are also applicable to the small CNC mills or drilling and/or tapping machines, but the programmer has to consider their restrictions.♦ Lathes and Turning CentersA CNC lathe is usually a machine tool with two axes, the vertical X axis and the horizontal Z axis. The main feature of a lathe that distinguishes it from a mill is that the part is rotating about the machine center line. In addition, the cut-ting tool is normally stationary, mounted in a sliding turret. The cutting tool follows the contour of the programmed tool path. For the CNC lathes with a milling attachment, so called live tooling, the milling tool has its own motor and rotates while the spindle is stationary.The modem lathe design can be horizontal or vertical. Horizontal type is far more common than the vertical type, but both designs have their purpose in manufacturing. Sev-eral different designs exist for either group. For example, a typical CNC lathe of the horizontal group can be designed with a flat bed or a slant bed, as a bar type, chucker type or a universal type. Added to these combinations are many ac-cessories that make a CNC lathe an extremely flexible ma-chine tool. Typically, accessories such as a tailstock, steady rests or follow-up rests, part catchers,pullout-fingers and even a third axis milling attachment are popular compo-nents of the CNC lathe. ?CNC lathe can be veiy versatile - so versatile in fact, that it is often called a CNC TurningCenter. All text and program examples in this handbook use the more traditional term CNC lathe, yet still recogniz-ing all its modern functions.中文翻译：数控正如我们现在所知，数控技术出现于20世纪中叶。
桥梁工程专业毕业设计中英文摘要
桥梁工程专业毕业设计中英文摘要本桥为跨狮狸沟而设，本桥上部结构为二联2-40m+一联3-50mT梁，T梁采用先简支后连续结构。
本桥位于直线上，纵向位于+0.8%上坡段，设计荷载为一级，桥面宽度为净9附2×2.0m人行道，设计洪水频率为1/100，基本地震烈度为Ⅶ级。
墩台方向均按路线方向布置。
桥面采用15cm混凝土铺装，FYT-1防水层，9cm沥青混凝土。
上部结构进行了截面尺寸的拟定，梁桥自重和二期恒载的横载内力计算，活载内力计算，最不利荷载组合等，为下部结构的检算奠定基础。
下部结构采用钢筋混凝土柱式墩，板式空心墩。
基础采用挖孔灌注桩和钻孔灌柱桩。
本设计采用容许应力法对此桥下部结构进行设计并检算。
对基础，承台按刚性承台板进行设计计算，对桩分别按土的阻力和桩身材料强度计算单桩轴向容许承载力，检算外荷载作用下桩身稳定性和材料强度，检算桩的抗裂性。
并对桥墩进行基础沉降和墩顶水平位移检算。
最终的计算结果表明，上述所有各项检算均符合各相关规定要求。
关键词：桥梁下部结构桥墩桩This bridge supposes for the cross lion fox ditch, The bridge structure for the combined 2-40m + a joint 3 - 50m beam，T-beam used in simple and continuous support structure. The bridge is located in straight line, vertical +0.8% at the uphill, Design of a load, the bridge deck width of the net with two 9 ×2.0m sidewalks, design flood frequency of 1 / 100, for the basic seismic intensity Ⅶ level. A pillar direction presses the route direction arrangement. The bridge floor uses the 15cm concrete paving, the FYT-1 waterproof layer, the9cm asphalt concrete.The superstructure carried on section size drawing up, the beam bridge has been self-possessed with two issue of deadloads lateral load endogen force computations, the live load endogen force computation, the most disadvantageous load combination and so on ,examined for the substructure calculated laid the foundation。
毕业设计中英文摘要范本
1 the leveling desktop can also can be transferred to arbitrary Angle, so in addition to apply the notebook computer, also can eat, drink, reading, placed snacks writing, etc.; Can be placed on the bed of a bed, sofa, the car, outdoor, etc.
通过不断地调研分析从众多方案中选中了一个最有发展潜力的方案，它具有以下亮点：
1桌面可以调平也可以调到任意角度,所以除适用笔记本电脑外，还可以用餐、放置零食饮料、阅读、写作等；可以放置在床上床头、沙发、车内、室外等。
2、可以同势；
3、桌腿跨度大于桌面跨度,给使用者身体或腿部更大空间；
4、在不用时桌腿可以完全收到桌面，与桌面成一平面,可以随手放在室内一角，再次使用时搬下桌腿即可使用，不用反复拆卸，非常方便简单；
5， 结构简单，操作方便，式样美观，实木质地，宜家风格，适合白领人群，小资阶层，成功人士； 使用方法 坐在床上，或者靠在床头，把笔记本电脑放在桌子上，双腿从桌面下穿过。根据个人喜好，调整桌面的高度和倾斜角度到合适位置，以便舒适的使用笔记本电脑。桌面高度和倾斜角度的调节方式各有不同，需根据不同的电脑桌的要求操作。
abstract
This design program is the content of total more than can computer desk.
毕业论文中英文摘要互译（合集5篇）
毕业论文中英文摘要互译（合集5篇）第一篇：毕业论文中英文摘要互译随着轻轨的发展,噪声的污染越来越严重。
声屏障作为一种降低交通噪声有效而经济的方法,将会在一定程度上得到发展。
现在,人们对轻轨噪声关注程度的增加,如何有效地设置轻轨声屏障,使其更好地发挥降噪效果已经成为一个亟待研究的课题。
从分析声屏障的降噪原理出发,研究声屏障的高度、位置、敷设的吸声材料等对轻轨降噪效果的影响。
本文初设两套方案,声源为无限长线声源,采用德国shall 03类型（轨道中心线）,用直立型单侧吸声型声屏障,隔声材料为钢及钢化玻璃,吸声材料为纤维多孔吸声材料超级玻璃棉。
方案一,声屏障高4m,一楼到七楼插入损失为19.41dB（A）～15.97dB（A）；方案二,声屏障高4.5m,一楼到七楼插入损失19.97dB（A）～15.99dB（A）。
由降噪效果和经济性,确定方案一为最佳方案。
通过分析得出：在尽量靠近声源处设置声屏障,增加声屏障的高度,在声屏障内侧敷设吸声材料,都将有利于取得更好的降噪效果。
最后,介绍声屏障的设计目标值及计算方法并对其主要承重部件-立柱进行强度和连接校核。
要求With the development of the light railway,the noise pollution becomes very important problem.Sound barrier,an effective and comparatively inexpensive measure of controlling noise,will be developed to some degree.Recently,people pay more attention to the light railway noise.How to install the sound barrier effectively so as to make the noise reduction more effective has become an urgent research topic.Starting with the analysis of the noise reduction principle,this paper studied the influence of light railway sound barrier on light railway’s noise reduction effect in the three aspects：height,position,sound absorbing material.Thia page have worked out two precepts,the source is infinite line source,which use shall 03 shape of Germany(the centye of the railway);this two precepts use englong shaped andabsorbing noise barrier,insulate material is steel and glass, absorbing material is super glass cotton with fibre holes.The first precept,the hight of noise barrier is 4m,the insert loss from the first floor to the senventh floor is 19.41dB（A）～15.97dB （A）;the second precept,the hight of noise barrier is 4.5m,the insert loss from the first floor to the senventh floor is19.97dB （A）～15.99dB（A）.the first precept is better,because the effect of noise reduction and the economy effect.From the analysis,we can achieve:the effect of noise reduction will more better,when the noise barrier is installed as near as the source,enhight the barrier, sound absorbing material is laid the inside of the barrier.At the last,this page introduces the design object and the calculate method of the barrier,and checks the main bearing assembly’s intension and connection if satisfied the require of using.第二篇：5、毕业论文中英文摘要某某大学2008届毕业论文互动——广播新闻发展的必然选择摘要：在当今时代，互动已成为构成传播意识的重要元素，并逐渐成为各类媒体的发展趋势。
中英文摘要
摘要本次毕业设计题目为暨南大学旅游学院教学楼设计，总建筑面积7248.53m2，采用钢筋混凝土框架结构，层高3.6m，总高22.6m，抗震设防烈度7度，场地类别Ⅱ类。
本次设计分为建筑设计、结构设计。
建筑设计部分包括总平面设计、平面设计、立面设计、剖面设计，并考虑节能、无障碍、防火等要求，绘制施工图8张。
结构设计部分主要有结构选型、结构布置及结构内力分析、构件设计。
包括结构抗侧刚度验算、横向风荷载、水平地震作用下内力分析及位移验算、竖向荷载框架内力分析、内力组合、框架梁柱截面设计及配筋、基础设计、楼梯、楼板设计。
其中，水平荷载内力分析采用D值法，竖向荷载采用MIDAS建模进行有限元分析，内力组合考虑延性设计，楼板按双向板，采用塑性方法计算。
在手算的基础上，还使用pkpm结构设计软件进行了电算校核，并对手算及电算结果进行了分析比较，分析表明，结构设计方案满足规范要求。
关键词：教学楼、建筑设计、结构设计、钢筋混凝土框架结构abstractThe graduation design topic for Tourism College of Jinan University teaching building design, using reinforced concrete frame structure with a total construction area of 7248.53m2, 3.6m height, total height 22.6m, seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees, the site category II class.This design is divided into the architectural design, structural design. Architectural design part includes the site plane design, plane design, elevation design, section design, and taking into account requirements such as energy conservation, accessibility,fire prevention, drawing eight sheet of working drawings.The structural design mainly has the structure type selection, the structure layout and the structure internal force analysis, the component design. It includes structural lateral stiffness calculation, analysis of internal force and displacement calculation under the action of lateral wind load and horizontal seismic internal force , frame internal force analysis under the action of vertical load, internal force combination, the framework design and reinforcement of column section and beam section, foundation design, stair and floor design. Among them,the internal force analysis of lateral load D value method is used, using MIDAS modeling of vertical load for finite element analysis, internal force combination considering ductility design, floor according to the two-way plate, using the plastic method.In the hand is on the basis of, also using PKPM structure design software in the computer, the count of the opponent and computing results are analyzed and compared, and analysis showed that structure designs can meet regulatory requirements.Key words:teaching building, architectural design, structural design, reinforced concrete frame structure有道：In this paper, both in English and ChineseThe graduation design topic for tourism college, jinan university teaching building design, with a total construction area of 7248.53 m2, with reinforced concrete frame structure, the height of 3.6 m, total 22.6 m high, seismic fortification intensity of 7 degrees, site category Ⅱclass.This design is divided into the architectural design, structural design. Architectural design part includes the total plane design, plane design, elevation design, profile design, and considering energy-saving, accessibility, such as fire prevention requirements, drawing construction drawing eight.Structure design of a structure type selection, structure arrangement and structural internal force analysis, component design. Including structural lateral stiffness calculation, the horizontal wind load, under the action of horizontal seismic analysis of internal force and displacement calculation, vertical load frame internal force analysis, internal force combination, the framework design of column section and beam section and reinforcement, foundation design, stair, floor design. Among them, the horizontal load internal force analysis of the D value method, the vertical load modeling using MIDAS finite element analysis, internal force combination consideration ductility design, floor according to the two-way plate, using the plastic method.In the hand is on the basis of, also using PKPM structure design software in the computer, analyses and compares the count and the opponent and computing results, analysis shows that the structure design scheme satisfies the requirement of specification.Key words: teaching building, architectural design, structural design, reinforced concrete frame structureChinese and English abstractThe graduation design topic for Tourism College of Jinan University teaching building design, using reinforced concrete frame structure with a total construction area of 7248.53m2, 3.6m height, total height 22.6m, seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees, the site category II class.This design is divided into architectural design, structure design. The architectural design includes the total graphic design, the plane design, the facade design, the section design, and the energy saving, barrier free, fire and other requirements, drawing the construction plan 8.The structural design mainly has the structure selection, the structure layout and the structure internal force analysis, the component design. It includes analysis of the lateral stiffness of the structure is checked, lateral wind load and horizontal seismic internal force analysis and displacement calculation, vertical load frame internal force, internal force combination, frame beam column section design and reinforcement, foundation design, staircase, the floor design. Among them, the horizontal load internal force analysis use d value method, the vertical load by Midas modeling finite element analysis, combination of internal forces, consider the ductility design of floor as two-way slabs by plastic method to calculate.In hand count based, PKPM structure design software of computer check, and rival operators and electric calculation results are analyzed and compared, analysis shows that, the structural design scheme to meet regulatory requirements.Keywords: teaching building, architectural design, structure design, reinforced concrete frame structureEnglish abstractsThe graduation design topic for the Institute for tourism studies, JinanUniversity teach ing building design with total floor area of 7248.53m2,using reinforcedconcrete frame structure, high 3.6m, high 22.6m, seismicintensity 7, site II.This design includes architectural design, structural design. Architecturaldesign section includes the total elevation of graphic design, graphicdesign, design, de sign, taking into account requirements such as energyconservation, accessibility, fire, draw construction plans 8.Design of the main structure ofthe selection, arrangement and structuralanalysis, component design. Includes checkin g the structural rigidity andlateral wind load, checking, analysis of internalforce and displacementunder horizontal earthquake action frame stress analysis of vert ical loadand internal force combination, section design of beam-columnjoints andreinforcement, Foundation design, staircase and floor design. Among them,the internalforce analysis of lateral load d value method is used, usingMIDAS modeling of vertic al load for finite element analysis, internalforcecombination considering ductility design, floor slabs, plastic method isused.In hand, on the basis, also uses a computerized structural design softwarepkpm checki ng, and opponents and the computer calculated results arecompared and analyzed, and analysis showed that structure designs meetspecifications.Keywords: buildings, architectural design, structural design, reinforced concrete frame structure。
毕业论文中英文摘要
毕业论文中英文摘要毕业论文中英文摘要我国大部分高校都要求英语专业的学生撰写毕业论文摘要，其作用是对所写论文进行简要概述，包括研究论题、方法、意义以及由此得出的结论。
下文是毕业论文中英文摘要范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业论文中英文摘要【1】摘要《喜福会》是华裔作家谭恩美于20世纪80年代末创作的，小说讲述了四位中国移民母亲与他们在美国成长的女儿们的故事。
本文主要研究米切尔的女性理论在作品《喜福会》中的体现，以女性在家庭和社会中的地位为切入点，深入分析了女性所承受的压迫。
本文从三个方面进行描写，米切尔的“妇女的领地”理论，《喜福会》中的女性地位及增强的自我意识感在喜福会中的体现。
得出女性在家庭中承受男性给予的压迫是不可避免的，而且只有女性自己才能解放自己的结论。
关键词：女性;家庭;压迫;米切尔“妇女的领地”AbstractThe Joy Luck Club is written by famous Chinese American writer Amy Tan in the end of 1980s.It is about the experience of four mothers immigrating from China and their four American born daughters living in the United States.This paper mainly discusses the application of Mitchell’s Women’s Estate in The Joy Luck Club.Based on the position of women in society and family, writer thoroughly analyzes the oppressions on women.The paper includes three chapters, theory of “Women’s Estate”, the position of women in The Joy Luck Club and consciousness-raising reflected in the Joy Luck Club.Accordingly, it is reveals that the oppressions given by men on women in families are inevitable, only can women have the ability to liberate themselves.Key Words: women; families; oppressions; Mitchell’s “Women’s Estate”毕业论文中英文摘要【2】AbstractAs an applied language, English advertisement has its own linguistic style and features.Its language is original, beautiful and full of connotations.English advertisemet, using the simplest language to express the most complex meanings, stimulat es people’s desire for shopping.The skillful use of puns makes advertising language more vivid and humourous.Therefore, puns have been applied much in the field of English advertisements to attatch more attention.Accordingly the effective translation of puns in this field becomes more and more important.This thesis has studied certain so as to make the Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements complete.Based on differences in language, lexicon and sentence structure of puns, this paper explain puns in detail from three respects including homophone, homograph and parody puns.This study plays the solid foundation for the translation of puns in English advertisements.Moreover, under the guide of the theory of “functional equivalence”, this th esis proposed three translation principles which provide theory supports for the Chinese translation of puns in this field.Furthermore, this paper studies the Chinese translation of puns in this field combining large amount of English advertisements with puns, and proposed five translation skills.This paper gives originality, flexibility and humorousness of puns better expression in Chinese translation textsKey words: Puns, English advertisements, Translation Principles,Translation skills摘要英语广告作为一种应用语言，有着自己独特的语言风格和特点。
毕业设计中英文说明
LD型套：固定车轮轴，避免车轮轴晃动，变形
间隔套：轴向定位作用
防尘盖：防止进入尘埃颗粒车轮配作，固定车轮、轴套
主动车轮：主动车轮装置的主体部分
毕业设计（论文）外文摘要
Title：××××××××（4号宋体）
Abstract：
×××××××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××.
毕业设计（论文）中文摘要
主动车轮装置由车轮轴、轴端挡板、LD型套、间隔套、防尘盖、齿圈、主动车轮组成
主动车轮装置由车轮轴、轴端挡板、LD型套、间隔套、防尘盖、齿圈、主动车轮组成；
关键词：车轮轴、轴端挡板、LD型套、间隔套、防尘盖、齿圈、主动车轮
车轮轴：车轮轴不但传递旋转运动和扭矩，而且是回转精度的基础，是车轮的关键零件之一。
（空2行）
Keywords ：××××××××××××（小4号宋体）
（小4号黑体）
本科毕业论文英文摘要怎么写
本科毕业论文英文摘要怎么写Writing an Abstract for an Undergraduate ThesisAbstracts are concise summaries of research papers or academic articles that provide a brief overview of the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. They serve as a standalone text and enable readers to quickly understand the main points of the paper without having to read the entire document. This article aims to guide undergraduate students on how to write an effective abstract for their thesis.1. IntroductionThe abstract section is a vital component of any research paper. It should accurately represent the content of the thesis, enticing readers to continue reading. When crafting an abstract, it is essential to consider its length, organization, and the specific elements to include.2. Content of the AbstractTo ensure a comprehensive and accurate summary, an abstract should typically include the following elements:2.1. Background and Purpose: Briefly explain the context of the research and state the objectives or questions addressed in the study. Highlight the significance of the research topic and its relevance to the field.2.2. Methodology: Describe the research approach, including the study design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques employed. Mention any specific tools, software, or equipment used.2.3. Results: Summarize the main findings of your research. Provide the key quantitative or qualitative results obtained and emphasize their significance. Avoid including excessive details or statistical analyses.2.4. Conclusion: State the main conclusions drawn from the study. Highlight the implications of the findings and their potential impact on the research field or practical applications.3. Structure and FormattingTo ensure clarity and conciseness, follow these guidelines when structuring your abstract:3.1. Length: Typically, undergraduate thesis abstracts range from 150 to 350 words. Check if your university or department has specified any word limit requirements.3.2. Language and Tone: Use clear and straightforward language to convey your research effectively. Avoid jargon, abbreviations, or technical terms that may be unfamiliar to a broad audience. Maintain an objective tone throughout the abstract.3.3. Organization: Arrange the content logically and coherently. Start with an introduction, followed by the methodology, results, and conclusion sections. Consider the specific requirements of your discipline or department.3.4. Grammar and Style: Ensure proper grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. Use active voice and past tense to describe the research conducted and results obtained.4. Seeking Feedback and RevisionsAfter drafting your abstract, seek feedback from your advisor, professors, or peers. Incorporate any suggested revisions to enhance theclarity, accuracy, and overall quality of your abstract. Pay attention to word choice, grammar, and the appropriateness of the content.5. Checking for Accuracy and ClarityBefore finalizing the abstract, carefully review it to ensure its accuracy and clarity. Verify that the content provided aligns with your thesis, and all necessary details are included. Focus on maintaining a concise yet informative summary.6. ConclusionThe abstract serves as a condensed version of your undergraduate thesis, making it essential to capture the main points effectively. By adhering to the guidelines outlined above, you can write a clear, concise, and accurate abstract that provides readers with a comprehensive overview of your research. Remember, mastering the art of writing an abstract is crucial not only for your undergraduate thesis but also for future research endeavors.。
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摘要
本毕业设计选取的题目是东天山小区2-1楼工程造价与施工组织设计。
本工程负一层为半地下车库，地上六层，外加一阁楼层，建筑高度26.15m，建筑面积9119.7m²，结构形式为砖混结构。
本毕业设计由工程造价、施工组织设计、工程项目管理、专题设计等四个部分组成。
第一部分工程造价。
通过福莱一点通软件计算工程量，综合分析现行建筑市场的人工、材料、机械等市场价格，编制设计任务书规定范围的工程量定额报价和工程量清单报价。
第二部分施工组织设计。
根据工程特点划分施工段，确定合理的施工顺序，选择主要分部分项工程施工方法和主要施工机械，根据工期要求编制合理施工进度计划表，并绘制施工平面图，以及采取有效的质量、安全等保证措施，例如安全文明施工措施、季节性施工措施等。
第三部分工程项目管理。
包括工程进度、质量、造价三大控制以及工期索赔和项目管理机构设计。
根据工期要求，在工程进度调整条件下，绘制调整后进度计划表并依据索赔程序，编制工期索赔文件。
另外根据工程特点，确定本工程的质量、进度、造价等控制要点，进行项目管理机构设计。
第四部分专题设计。
根据工程特点进行外脚手架计算和模板设计。
并绘制脚手架设计图和模板设计图。
关键词：工程量计算；工程造价；施工方案；脚手架设计
Abstract
The graduation design subject is Easten sky mountain district 2-1# building project cost and the construction organization design.The -1 layer of the project is a underground garage,there are 6 layers overground and a attic, the building is 26.15 meters tall and it’s construction area is 9119.7 square meters, the structure form is brick and concrete structure. the graduation design consists of four parts which are construction cost ,the construction organization design, project management and scaffolding template special design
The first part is construction cost .The cost of construction project is calculated by Fly. Analysis the current price of labor, materials, machinery in the construction market and work out the Fixed price and the detailed list of engineering quantity price.choose construction measures of main component project and major machine, The second part is construction organization design. Devide the construction period according to the features of the project, make sure a reasonable construction sequence, Prepare the reasonable construction progress schedule on the basis of construction time limit, draw the construction plan chart and make some measures to protect the quality and safety of the project like safety civilized construction measures and seasonal construction measures.
The third part is project management. It includes progress,quality and cost control,claim for extension of time and project management institutions desigh. Draw adjusted progress schedule in the progress of the projects under the condition of adjustment, Draw the construction plan chart, and prepare period claim document depend on the claim program. Make sure the project quality, progress, cost and control points and desigh project management mechanism.
The fourth part is project design.Desigh the scaffold and template according to engineering characteristics and draw their figures.
Key words: Quantity calculation ;Construction cost ; Construction method;Scaffold design。