管理经济学英文缩写与解释
西方经济学英文缩写名词解释
西方经济学英文缩写名词解释第一章略第二章D Demand 需求S Supply 供给P Price 价格Q Quantity 数量Ed Price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性EM income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性M money 收入EAB Cross price elasticity of demand 需求交叉价格弹性Es Price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性第三章TU Total utility 总效用 TU=f(Q)MU Marginal utility 边际效用MRSXY Marginal rate of substitution 商品边际替代率第四章L Labour 劳动K Capital 资本TC total cost 总成本 TC=f(Q) 4.1AC average cost 平均成本MC marginal cost 边际成本FC Fixed cost 不变成本 FC=常量 4.4VC Variable cost 可变成本 VC=f(Q) 4.5TR Total revenue 总收益TR=f(Q)=P×QAR Average revenue 平均收益MR Marginal revenue 边际收益π利润π＝TR-TC 4.6TP Total product 总产量 TP=f(L) 4.7AP Average product 平均产量MP Marginal product 边际产量MRTSLK Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率STC Short-run total cost 短期总成本 STC=f(Q)=FC+VCSTFC（FC） Short-run total fixed cost 短期总不变成本（固定成本） STFC=常量STVC(VC) Short-run total variable cost 短期总可变成本（可变成本） STVC=f(Q) SAC(ATC) Short-run average cost 短期平均成本SAFC(AFC) Short-run average fixed cost （短期）平均固定成本SAVC(AVC) Short-run average variable cost （短期）平均可变成本SMC Short-run marginal cost 短期边际成本LTC Long-run total cost 长期总成本 LTC=f(Q)LAC Long-run average cost 长期平均成本LMC Long-run marginal cost 长期边际成本第六章VMP Value of marginal product 边际产品价值MRP Marginal revenue product 边际收益产量W Wage 工资第九章GDP Gross demestic product 国内生产总值C Consumption 消费 C=f(Y)=C0+bY 9.1I Investment 投资G Government payment 政府购买NX Net export 净出口 NX=X-MX export 出口M import 进口NDP Net domestic product 国内生产净值NI National income 国民收入PI Personal income 个人收入PDI Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入GNP Gross national product 国民生产总值第十章Y 总量APC Average propensity to consumption 平均消费倾向MPC marginal propensity to consumption 边际消费倾向S Save 储蓄APS Average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向MPS marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向AD Aggregate demand 总需求 AD=C+I+G+XAS Aggregate supply 总供给 AS=C+S+T+MT tax 税收K multiplier 乘数第十一章MEC Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率L Demand for money 货币需求 L=L1(Y)+L2(R)R Rate 利率M Money supply 货币供给第十三章CPI Consumer price index 消费物价指数第十四章KG Government expenditure multiplier 政府购买支出乘数KTR Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数 14.2TR transfer 转移支付KT Tax multiplier 税收乘数KB Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数第十五章Mh Money base 基础货币（高能货币） Mh=M0+RE 15.1 Ke Deposit expansion multiplier 存款乘数Km Money multiplier 货币乘数第十六章M import 进口 M=M0+mYKX Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数第十七章G rate of growth 经济增长率Gt 实际增长率Gw Warranted rate of growth 合意增长率Gn Nature rate of growth 实际增长率。
管理经济学中英文术语及其解释
管理经济学中英文术语及其解释Ability-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAccounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit costAdverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyAgent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalArrow ‟s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAverage fixed cost平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage revenue平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity soldAverage tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total incomeAverage total cost平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of outputAverage variable cost平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of outputBenefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBudget constraint预算约束the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit预算赤字an excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余an excess of government receipts over government spending Business cycle经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Capital资产the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unisonCircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsCoase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共源goods that are rival but not excludableComparative advantage比较优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补性商品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论）the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost staysthe same as the quantity of output changesConsumer surplus消费者剩余 a buyer‟s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost成本the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodCost-benefit analysis成本收益分析 a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodDeadweight loss无谓损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines．As the quantity of the input increasesDiscrimination歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDominant strategy占优策略 a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costsEconomics经济学the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEconomies of scale规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costElasticity弹性 a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium均衡 a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity平等the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it Explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmExports出口goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality外部性the uncompensated impact of one person‟s actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and servicesFixed casts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedFree rider免费搭车者 a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it Game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGiffen good吉芬商品 a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded Horizontal equity横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital人力资本the accumulation of investments in people, such as education andon-the-job trainingImplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmImport quota进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports进口goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect收入效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers‟ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndifference curve无差异曲线 a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good低档物品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation通货膨胀an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyIn-kind transfers实物转移支付transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality外部性的内在化altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsLaw of demand需求定理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand需求与供给定理the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceLiberalism自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism自由至上主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person‟s lifeLump-sum tax定额税 a tax that is the same amount for every personMacroeconomics宏观经济学the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes边际变动small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production Marginal product边际产品the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input Marginal product of labor劳动的边际产品the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution边际替代率the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldMarginal tax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeMarket市场 a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceMarket economy市场经济an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion极大极小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem中位选举人定理 a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMicroeconomics微观经济学the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsMonopolistic competition垄断竞争 a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly垄断 a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesMoral hazard道德风险the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorNash equilibrium纳什均衡 a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenNatural monopoly自然垄断 a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsNegative income tax负所得税 a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNormal good正常商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statements规范性表述claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Oligopoly寡头 a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsOpportunity cost机会成本whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complements完全互补品two goods with right-angle indifference curvesPerfect substitutes完全替代品two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPermanent income持久性收入 a person‟s normal incomePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPigovian tax庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityPositive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isPoverty line贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the …poverty linePrice ceiling价格天花板（上限） a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price discrimination价格歧视the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity supply供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor价格地板I下限） a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal委托人 a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act Prisoners‟ dilemma囚徒困境 a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate goods私人物品goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller‟s cost Production function生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier生产可能性曲线 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity生产率the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker‟s timeProfit利润total revenue minus total costProgressive tax累进税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProportional tax比例税 a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomePublic goods公共产品goods that are neither excludable nor rivalQuantity demanded需求数量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase Quantity supplied供给数量the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell Regressive tax累退税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersRivalry竞争the property of a good whereby one person‟s use diminishes other people‟s use Scarcity稀缺性the limited nature of society‟s resourcesScreening筛选an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationShortage短缺 a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Signaling信号显示an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to anuninformed partyStrike罢工the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a unionSubstitutes替代品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherSubstitution effect替代效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution Sunk cost沉淀成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredSupply curve供给曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply schedule供给表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSurplus过剩 a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedTariff关税 a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyTax incidence税收归宿the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketTotal cost总成本the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productionTotal revenue (for a firm)总收益the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputTotal revenue (in a market)总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldTragedy of the Commons公共地的悲剧a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeTransaction costs交易成本the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargainUnion工会 a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditionsUtilitarianism功利主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyUtility效用 a measure of happiness or satisfactionValue of the marginal product边际产品价值the marginal product of an input times the price of the outputVariable costs可变成本costs that vary with the quantity of output producedVertical equity纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsWelfare福利government programs that supplement the incomes of the needyWelfare economics福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingWillingness to pay支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodWorld price世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good。
管理经济学(英文)Ch02 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium Prices
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc.
2.6
Demand Curves
Figure 2.1
P1 P2 0
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc.
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc.
2.15
Non-Price Factors Influencing Supply
State of technology Input prices
Prices of goods related in
production
Future expectations
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc.
2.20
Changes (Increase) in Supply Figure 2.5
S1 S2 P1 0
A change in supply occurs when one or more of the factors held constant in defining a given supply curve change
A B
The demand curve shows the relationship between price of a good and quantity demanded, all else constant
Demand Q1 Q2 Quantity
2.7
More About Demand Curves
P1
DB DA 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quantity DM = DA + DB
与经济管理有关的 几个m单词
与经济管理有关的几个m单词经济管理涉及各种各样的概念和术语，其中有许多以字母"M"开头。
下面是与经济管理有关的几个以"M"开头的词语，以及对它们的详细解释。
1. 市场经济（Market Economy）：市场经济是一种经济体系，其中资源的分配和生产决策是由市场上的供需关系和价格产生的。
在市场经济中，生产、消费和投资决策是由个体和企业自主决定的，而政府的干预仅限于维持市场顺利运转和提供公共产品。
2. 货币政策（Monetary Policy）：货币政策是指中央银行通过调整货币供应量和利率等手段来影响经济活动和稳定物价的政策。
货币政策的目标通常是维持价格稳定、促进经济增长和就业。
3. 营销（Marketing）：营销是指企业根据市场需求和竞争状况，通过市场调研、产品定位、市场推广等手段来满足顾客需求、促进销售和提高品牌价值的管理活动。
营销包括市场营销、品牌营销、数字营销等各个方面。
4. 管理（Management）：管理是一种协调和组织资源来实现组织目标的活动。
经济管理是在特定的经济环境下，对资源分配和利益协调进行决策和操作的过程。
它包括计划、组织、领导和控制等各个方面。
5. 宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）：宏观经济学是研究经济体整体表现和宏观变量（如国内生产总值、失业率、通货膨胀等）的学科。
它关注整体经济运行的规律和宏观经济政策的制定。
6. 人力资源管理（Human Resource Management）：人力资源管理是企业或组织通过招募、选用、培训、绩效评估等手段来管理和开发人力资源的过程。
它旨在提高员工的工作效能，促进组织目标的实现。
7. 国际贸易（International Trade）：国际贸易是指不同国家之间的商品和服务的交换活动。
它可以促进资源的有效配置和经济增长，并加强国家之间的经济联系。
8. 竞争策略（Competitive Strategy）：竞争策略是企业根据市场竞争和自身资源优势，制定并实施的长期发展方向和竞争优势的计划。
《管理经济学》英文缩写与解释
AFC(Average Fixed Cost)：平均固定成本
AP(Average Product)：平均产量
AR(Average Revenue)：平均收益
AVC(Average Variable Cost)：平均可变成本
C(Cost)：成本
CBA(Cost Benefit Analysis)：成本收益分析
P(Price)：价格
PEP(PriceExpansionPath)：价格扩展线
PEL(Production Expansion Line)：生产扩展线
PS(Producer Surplus)：生产者剩余
FP(Fact数量
r(rate)：利率
TVC(Total Variable Cost)：总可变成本
U(Utility)：效用
VMP(Value of Marginal Product)：边际产品价值
W(Wage)：劳动价格(工资)
Game Theory：博弈论
《管理经济学》缩写名词
MC(Marginal Cost)：边际成本
MFC(Marginal Factor Cost)：边际要素成本
DC(Demand Curve)：需求曲线
DM(Diminishing?Marginal)：边际递减
MTR(Marginal Tax Rate)：边际税率
EP(Economic Profit)：经济利润
MR(Marginal Revenue)：边际收益
MRP(Marginal Revenue)：边际收益产品
MRS(Marginal Rate ofSubstitution)：商品边际替代率
MRTS(MarginalRateof
Bwdaaxu管理经济学知识点
七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。
吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。
情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风”罢。
是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲《尘缘》，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。
乃书于纸上。
毕而卧。
凄然入梦。
乙酉年七月初七。
-----啸之记。
绪论：一．管理经济学与微观经济学的异同同：前者与后者都是研究企业的行为，都要根据对企业目标的假设，再结合企业内外的环境来研究。
异：（1）后者是一门理论科学，研究的是抽象的企业，而前者则是一门应用科学，研究的是现实的企业（2）后者是以企业的唯一目标是追求最大利润为假设的，而前者则认为实现企业的目标从短期看，只能是有条件地谋求尽可能多的利润，从长期看，则是追求企业价值的最大化（3）后者是以企业所处环境的全部信息已知为假设的，据此来研究企业行为的一般规律，而前者则认为企业的环境信息是不确定的，因而需要依靠多种学科的知识对有关数据进行预测和估计，在不确定条件下进行具体决策。
二、管经的理论和支柱主要有：建立经济模型，边际分析法，需求弹性原理，关于市场机制和市场竞争的基本原理，边际收益递减规律，机会成本概念和资金的时间价值。
三、管经的决策准则1、企业目标：企业分为短期目标和长期目标。
短期目标是多样化的，长期目标是实现企业长期利润的最大化。
2、利润的种类及其在决策中的作用：可分为会计利润和经济利润，经济利润是决策的基础。
几种特殊情况下的机会成本：（1）业主用自己的资金办企业——把这笔资金借出可得到的利息。
（2）业主自己兼任经理——他在别处从事其他工作可得到的薪水。
（3）机器原来闲置，现在用来生产某种产品——零。
（4）机器原来生产A，可得利润X元，现在改生产B——生产A可得到的利润X元。
（5）过去买进的物料，现在市价变了，其机会成本——按市价计算。
（6）按目前市价购进的物料、雇用的职工以及贷入的资金——与其会计成本一致。
（7）机器设备折旧——该机器设备期初与期未可变卖价值之差。
常用的经济术语的英文缩写及简要解释
常用的经济术语的英文缩写及简要解释经济学术语解释1、什么是CPI、通货膨胀、PPI和GNP缩减指数？消费者物价指数(Consumer Price Index)，英文缩写为CPI，是反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。
如果消费者物价指数升幅过大，表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素，央行会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险，从而造成经济前景不明朗。
因此，该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。
例如，在过去12个月，消费者物价指数上升2。
3%，那表示，生活成本比12个月前平均上升2。
3%。
当生活成本提高，你的金钱价值便随之下降。
也就是说，一年前收到的一张100元纸币，今日只可以买到价值97。
70元的货品及服务。
一般说来当CPI>3%的增幅时我们称为Inflation，就是通货膨胀；而当CPI>5%的增幅时，我们把他称为Serious Inflation，就是严重的通货膨胀。
主要价格指数有三个：消费者价格指数CPI(Consumer’s Price Index)，生产者价格指数PPI(Producer’s Price Index)，GNP缩减指数(GNP Deflator)。
三种价格指数的计算方法基本一样，即各种商品的价格变化程度的加权平均。
不过，每一种价格指数计算中选择的商品篮子不一样。
计算消费者价格指数时，商品篮子中包含的典型市民的消费篮子。
所以，消费者价格指数也被称为生活成本指数。
生产者价格指数计算时，选取的商品篮子中包含的是生产资源。
GNP缩减指数则是一个更具综合性的指数，其计算中选取的商品篮子既包含消费品，也包含生产资源。
可以这样说，CPI是一个同步经济指标，PPI是一个先行经济指标。
一般来说生产者价格指数领先于经济3个月到半年，消费者滞后于经济3个月到半年。
CPI 可以显示目前经济状况，而PPI可以显示未来经济状况。
PPI计算的是厂商出售的价格，而CPI计算的是消费者购买的价格。
《管理经济学》英文缩写与解释
AFC(Average Fixed Cost)：平均固定成本
AP(Average Product)：平均产量
AR(Average Revenue)：平均收益
AVC(Average Variable Cost)：平均可变成本
C(Cost)：成本
CBA(Cost Benefit Analysis)：成本收益分析
P(Price)：价格
PEP(Price Expansion Path)：价格扩展线
PEL(Production Expansion Line)：生产扩展线
PS(Producer Surplus )：生产者剩余
FP(Factors of Production)：生产要素
Q(Quantity )：数量
MC(Marginal Cost)：边际成本
MFC(Marginal Factor Cost)：边际要素成本
DC(Demand Curve)：需求曲线
DM(Diminishing Marginal)：边际递减
MTR(Marginal Tax Rate)：边际税率
EP(Economic Profit)：经济利润
ES(Economies of Scale)：规模经济
DS(Diseconomies of Scale)：规模不经济
CM(Competitive Market)：竞争性市场
MC(Monopolistic Competition)：垄断竞争
OC(Oligopoly Competitive)：寡头竞争
MP(Marginal Product)：边际产量/产品
TFC(Total Fixed Cost)：总固定成本
经济管理及财务知识分析词汇
经济管理及财务知识分析词汇经济管理相关词汇1.市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济系统，由供求关系决定价格和资源配置，政府对经济活动的干预较少。
2.社会主义市场经济（Socialist Market Economy）：中国特色的经济制度，基于社会主义基本制度，发挥市场在配置资源方面的决定性作用。
3.宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）：研究经济系统整体运行的经济学分支，关注国民经济的总体变化、经济增长、通货膨胀等宏观现象。
4.微观经济学（Microeconomics）：研究个体经济代理人（如家庭、企业等）的行为和决策，以及市场机制的运作等，强调个体效用最大化。
5.经济周期（Economic Cycle）：经济发展的周期性波动，包括繁荣、衰退、萧条和复苏等阶段。
6.边际效应（Marginal Effect）：指在某一决策单位增加或减少一单位的资源或产品时，所引起的最后一单位变动对应的效果或成本。
7.供需关系（Supply and Demand）：市场上供给和需求之间的关系，决定了产品的市场价格及数量。
8.经济增长（Economic Growth）：国民经济总体产出（如国内生产总值（GDP））在一定时期内的增加。
9.毛利润（Gross Profit）：销售收入减去直接成本（如原材料成本）后的余额，用于衡量企业的盈利能力。
10.税负（Tax Burden）：纳税人在一定时期内所负担的各项税费的总和，包括直接税和间接税。
财务知识相关词汇1.会计准则（Accounting Standards）：对企业会计信息采集、处理和报告的规范规定，旨在保证会计信息的真实、准确和可比性。
2.财务报表（Financial Statements）：反映企业财务状况、经营成果和现金流量的报表，包括资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表。
3.资产负债表（Balance Sheet）：反映企业在某一特定日期上的资产、负债和所有者权益的状况。
西方经济学英文缩写名词解释
西方经济学英文缩写名词解释第一章略第二章D Demand 需求S Supply 供给P Price 价格Q Quantity 数量Ed Price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性EM income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性M money 收入EAB Cross price elasticity of demand 需求交叉价格弹性Es Price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性第三章TU Total utility 总效用 TU=f(Q)MU Marginal utility 边际效用MRSXY Marginal rate of substitution 商品边际替代率第四章L Labour 劳动K Capital 资本TC total cost 总成本 TC=f(Q) 4.1AC average cost 平均成本MC marginal cost 边际成本FC Fixed cost 不变成本 FC=常量 4.4VC Variable cost 可变成本 VC=f(Q) 4.5TR Total revenue 总收益TR=f(Q)=P×QAR Average revenue 平均收益MR Marginal revenue 边际收益π利润π＝TR-TC 4.6TP Total product 总产量 TP=f(L) 4.7精选文库AP Average product 平均产量MP Marginal product 边际产量MRTSLK Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率STC Short-run total cost 短期总成本 STC=f(Q)=FC+VCSTFC（FC） Short-run total fixed cost 短期总不变成本（固定成本） STFC=常量STVC(VC) Short-run total variable cost 短期总可变成本（可变成本） STVC=f(Q) SAC(ATC) Short-run average cost 短期平均成本SAFC(AFC) Short-run average fixed cost （短期）平均固定成本SAVC(AVC) Short-run average variable cost （短期）平均可变成本SMC Short-run marginal cost 短期边际成本LTC Long-run total cost 长期总成本 LTC=f(Q)LAC Long-run average cost 长期平均成本LMC Long-run marginal cost 长期边际成本第六章VMP Value of marginal product 边际产品价值MRP Marginal revenue product 边际收益产量W Wage 工资第九章GDP Gross demestic product 国内生产总值C Consumption 消费 C=f(Y)=C0+bY 9.1I Investment 投资G Government payment 政府购买NX Net export 净出口 NX=X-MX export 出口M import 进口NDP Net domestic product 国内生产净值NI National income 国民收入PI Personal income 个人收入PDI Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入GNP Gross national product 国民生产总值第十章精选文库Y 总量APC Average propensity to consumption 平均消费倾向MPC marginal propensity to consumption 边际消费倾向S Save 储蓄APS Average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向MPS marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向AD Aggregate demand 总需求 AD=C+I+G+XAS Aggregate supply 总供给 AS=C+S+T+MT tax 税收K multiplier 乘数第十一章MEC Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率L Demand for money 货币需求 L=L1(Y)+L2(R)R Rate 利率M Money supply 货币供给第十三章CPI Consumer price index 消费物价指数第十四章KG Government expenditure multiplier 政府购买支出乘数KTR Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数 14.2TR transfer 转移支付KT Tax multiplier 税收乘数KB Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数第十五章Mh Money base 基础货币（高能货币） Mh=M0+RE 15.1Ke Deposit expansion multiplier 存款乘数Km Money multiplier 货币乘数第十六章M import 进口 M=M0+mYKX Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数第十七章精选文库G rate of growth 经济增长率Gt 实际增长率Gw Warranted rate of growth 合意增长率Gn Nature rate of growth 实际增长率。
管理经济学术语(中英文)
《管理经济学》中英文术语Chapter I The Fundamentals Managerial Economics accounting cost 会计成本accounting profits 会计利润constraints 约束条件consumer-consumer rivalry 消费者-消费者竞争consumer-producer rivalry 消费者-生产者竞争economic profits 经济利润economics 经济学ex-dividend date 分红期前explicit cost 显性成本five forces framework 五力构架模型future value(FV) 将来值implicit cost 隐性成本incentives 激励incremental cost 增量成本incremental revenue 增量收益manager 管理者managerial economics 管理经济学marginal analysis 边际分析marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal net benefit 边际净收益net present value(NPV) 净现值opportunity cost 机会成本perpetuity 永续年金present value (PV) 现值producer-producer rivalry 生产者-生产者竞争profit 利润time value of money 货币的时间价值value of a firm 企业价值Chapter 2 Market Forces: Demand and Supplyad valorem tax 丛价税change in demand 需求的变动change in quantity demanded 需求量的变动change in quantity supplied 供给量的变动change in supply 供给的变动comparative static analysis 比较静态分析complements 互补品consumer expectations 消费者预期consumer surplus 消费者剩余decrease in demand 需求的减少demand 需求demand function 需求函数demand shifters 影响需求变动的因素equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡数量excise tax 消费税full economic price 完全经济价格increase in demand 需求的增加inferior good 劣等品informative advertising 信息型广告inverse demand function 反需求函数inverse supply function 反供给函数law of demand 需求定律law of supply 供给定律linear demand function 线形需求函数linear supply function 线形供给函数non pecuniary price 非金钱价格normal good 正常品persuasive advertising 诱导型广告price ceiling 最高限价price floor 最低限价producer expectation 生产者预期producer surplus 生产者剩余shortage 短缺stockpiling 储备存货substitutes 替代品supply 供给supply function 供给函数supply shifters 影响供给变动的因素Chapter 3 Quantitative Demand Analysiscross-advertising elasticity 交叉广告弹性cross-price elasticity 交叉价格弹性econometrics 计量经济学elastic demand 需求富有弹性elasticity 弹性income elasticity 收入弹性inelastic demand 需求缺乏弹性least squares regression 最小二乘回归linear demand 线形需求log-linear demand 对数线形需求own price elasticity of demand 需求的自价格弹性perfectly elastic demand 需求完全弹性perfectly inelastic demand 需求完全无弹性regression analysis 回归分析regression line 回归直线standard error 标准差unitary elastic demand 需求单位弹性Chapter 4 The Theory of Individual Behaviorbudget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集“ buy one, get one free” deals “买一赠一”交易completeness 完全性consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减income effect 收入效应indifference curve 无差异曲线more is better 越多越好substitution effect 替代效应transitivity 可传递性Chapter 5 The Production Process and Costsaverage fixed cost 平均固定成本（AFC）average product 平均产量（AP）average total cost 平均总成本(ATC) average variable cost 平均可变成本(AVC) capital 资本constant returns to scale 固定规模收益cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本最小化decreasing ( or diminishing ) marginal returns 边际报酬递减diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率递减diseconomies of scale 规模不经济economies of scale 规模经济economies of scope 范围经济fixed costs 固定成本increasing marginal returns 边际报酬递增isocost line 等成本线isoquant 等产量线long run 长期long-run average cost curve 长期平均成本曲线marginal ( incremental ) cost 边际（增量）成本（MC）marginal product 边际产量（MP）marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率（MRTS）negative marginal returns 负边际报酬production function 生产函数profit-maximizing input usage 利润最大化的投入使用量short-run 短期short-run cost function 短期成本函数sunk costs 沉没成本total cost 总成本（TC）total product 总产量(TP) value marginal product 边际产品价值variable costs 可变成本variable factors of production 可变生产要素。
经济学中的英文词缩写.docx
经济学中的英文词缩写.docx微观经济学术语的英文及缩写第一章导论理性人（ Rational man）微观经济学（Microeconomics ）、微观经济学（ Macroeconomics ）消费者 (Consumer)生产者 (Producer)企业(Enterprise 企（事）业单位；establishment 企业；business 商业；company 公司/ 商号corporation) 厂商（ Firm/Manufacturer ）第二章需求、供给和价格需求（ demand）缩写D供给（ Supply )缩写S弹性（ elasticity）缩写E或e需求的价格弹性（ price elasticity of demand）E d或 e d或E d P 需求的收入弹性（ Income elasticity of demand）E或eM m需求的交叉弹性（ Cross-price elasticity of demand)）E或eXY xy 供给价格弹性 ( Price elasticity of supply)E S或e s或 E s P简称价格弹性简称供给弹性均衡价格 ( Equilibrium price)(均衡数量( equilibrium quantity;balance quantity;balanced quantity)第三章效用论基数效用论 ( Cardinal utility)序数效用论： ( Ordinal utility总效用（Total utility）缩写TU边际效用（ Marginal utility）缩写MU无差异曲线 ( Indifference curve)缩写I商品之间的边际替代率（marginal rate of substitution)缩写MRS12第四章生产论厂商（ Firm ）交易成本（ transaction cost)生产要素 (Factors of Production)劳动（ labour ）缩写 L资本（ capital）缩写k土地（ Iand ）指一切自然资源（ Natural resources）缩写 N 企业家才能 (Entrepreneurship )缩写 EC-D 生产函数 (Cobb- Douglas production function)短期（ short-run）、长期（ long-run）总产量 ( Total Product )缩写 TP 或 Q劳动的总产量TPL平均产量（ Average Product）缩写AP劳动的平均产量AP L 边际产量 / 产品（ Marginal Product）缩写MP劳动的边际产量MPL边际技术替代率（ Marginal rate of technical substitution）缩写MRTS LK 规模报酬，也叫规模收益（return of scale）分 increasing returns of scale、 constant returns of scale、decreasing returns of scale 等成本线（ Isocost line）等产量线（ Isoquant line）第五章成本论成本 ( cost )缩写 C费用 ( expense ）机会成本（ Opportunity cost）显成本（ Explicit cost）隐成本（ Implicit cost）正常利润（ Normal profit)超额利润 (Excess profit) 或叫经济利润 (Econormic profit）经常用π 表示、利润最大化（ profit maximization）利润最大化原则 (principle of profit maximization)短期总成本（ Short-run total cost）缩写 STC 或 TC总固定成本（ Total fixed cost）缩写TFC或 FC总变动成本（ Total variable cos t ）缩写TVC或 VC平均固定成本（ Average fixed cost)缩写AFC平均可变成本（ Average variable cost)AVC短期平均成本（ Short-run average cost)SAC或 AC短期边际成本（ Short-run marginal cos t)SMC或 MC长期总成本（ Long-run total cost）LTC或 TC长期平均成本（ Long-run average cos t)LAC或 AC长期边际成本（ Long-run marginal cost)LMC或 MC规模经济（Economies of scale）、规模不经济（ Diseconomies of scale）外在经济（The external economy）、外在不经济（External diseconomy）收益（ Revenue） R总收益 ( total revenue； gross earnings； gross income) TR 平均收益（average revenue ） AR边际收益（ marginal income） MR第六章完全竞争市场市场结构（ Market structure)完全竞争市场（ perfect competition market）长期供给线 (Long-run supply curve)LS消费者剩余（Consumer’ s surplus） CS生产者剩余(Producer ’ s surplus)PS(Producer surplus)看不见手的原理（ Invisible hand theorem）第七章不完全竞争市场（ Imperfect competition market）完全垄断市场 ( Complete monopoly market (Monopoly)：卖方垄断（Monopoly ）/ 买方（Monopsony）垄断竞争（Monopolistic Competition）/ 垄断竞争市场（Monopolistic Competition Market）寡头垄断（Oligopsony ）/ 寡头垄断市场（Oligopsony market）价格歧视 ( Price discrimination)一级价格歧视 (First-degree price discrimination)二级价格歧视 (Second- degree price discrimination)三级价格歧视(Third － degree price discrimination)博弈论（ Game theory ）纳什均衡 (Nash equilibrium)囚犯困境( prisoners’ dilemma )第八章生产要素边际收益产品（ Marginal Revenue Product）MRP边际产品价值 (Value of marginal product)VMP边际要素成本（ Marginal Factor Cost）MFC工资 ( Wage)w最低工资 minimum wage实际工资（ Real wages ）名义工资（ Normal wages ）地租 / 租金（ rent)R利息 (Interest)、利率（ Interest rate）缩写 r实际利率（ Real Interest rate）、名义利率（ Normal Interest rate）洛伦慈曲线（ Lorenz curve）基尼系数 ( Gink coefficient )缩写 G第十章一般均衡和福利经济学（这一章不用看）埃奇沃思盒（Edgeworth’s Box ）帕累托最优 (Pareto-optimality)帕累托最优状态帕累托效率（Pareto efficiency）、帕累托改进（Paretoimprovement）福利经济学 (welfare economics)福利经济学第一定律（ First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics）福利经济学第二定律（Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics）边际生产转换率（ the marginal rateof product transformation）MRTS XY边际转换率（marginal rate of transformation）MTS XY =MRTS XY =Y/X第十一章微观经济政策市场失灵（market failure)外部影响 (External effects)、外部效应 Externalities外部经济（external economies）、外部不经济（external diseconomies）私人成本(private cost；personal cost)、社会成本（social cost ）科斯定理（Kos's theorem）the Coase theorem (科斯定理 )共有财产（community of goods； joint property）私人物品 (private goodst)、公共物品 (Public goods)搭便车( Free ride / Free-Riding)或thumb a lift [or ride]；hitchhike ； pick up; hitch a ride)搭便车者 pick up a hitch-hiker 竞争性 (Competitive)、非竞争性 non-competitive/ non-rival排他性 (Exclusive)、非排他性 non-exclusive /nonexcludable公共选择 (Public choice)完全信息(Complete information) 、不完全信息( Imperfect information;incomplete information)不对称信息 (Asymmetric Information)逆向选择（ Adverse Selection）道德风险 (Moral hazard)次品市场(lemon market)：柠檬市场（lemon market），lemon market problem也叫 asymmetricinformation problem (信息不对称问题 )次品（ substandard [shoddy] products;substandard）。
西方经济学微观部分字母缩略含义大全
西方经济学（微观部分）字母缩写含义大全
按字母表顺序排列AC：平均总成本
AFC：平均不变成本
AP：平均产量
AR：平均收益
A VC：平均可变成本
C：成本
CS:消费者剩余
D：需求
e：弹性
ed：需求的价格弹性
es：供给的价格弹性
exy:需求的交叉价格弹性
E：均衡（或期望）
K：资本
L：劳动力
LAC：长期平均成本
LMC：长期边际成本
LTC：长期总成本
MC：边际成本
MFC：边际要素成本
MP:边际产量
MR：边际收益
MRP：边际收益产品
MRS：商品的边际替代率
MRTS:边际技术替代率
MU：边际效用
P：价格
PEP：价格扩展线
PS：生产者剩余
Q：数量
r：利率
S：供给
SAC：短期平均成本
SMC：短期边际成本
STC：短期总成本
TC：总成本
TFC：总不变成本
TP:总产量
TR：总收益
TU：总效用
TVC：总可变成本
U：效用
VMP：边际产品价值W：劳动价格。
企业管理常用缩写术语中英文对照之欧阳科创编
企业管理常用缩写术语中英文对照•5S: 5S管理•6σ：六西格玛管理A•ABC: 作业制成本制度(Activity-Based Costing)•ABB: 实施作业制预算制度(Activity-Based Budgeting)•ABM: 作业制成本管理(Activity-Base Management)•APS: 先进规划与排程系统(Advanced Planning andScheduling)•ASP: 应用程序服务供货商（Application ServiceProvider）•ATP: 可承诺量 (Available ToPromise)•AVL: 认可的供货商清单(Approved Vendor List)B•BOM: 物料清单 (Bill OfMaterial)•BPR: 企业流程再造(Business ProcessReengineering)•BSC: 平衡记分卡(Balanced ScoreCard)•BTF: 计划生产 (Build ToForecast)•BTO: 订单生产 (Build ToOrder)C•CPM: 要径法 (Critical PathMethod)•CPM: 每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨(Complaintper Million)•CRM: 客户关系管理(Customer RelationshipManagement)•CRP: 产能需求规划(Capacity RequirementsPlanning)•CTO: 客制化生产(Configuration To Order) D•DBR: 限制驱导式排程法(Drum-Buffer-Rope)•DMT：成熟度验证(DesignMaturing Testing)•DVT: 设计验证(DesignVerification Testing)•DRP: 运销资源计划(Distribution ResourcePlanning)•DSS: 决策支持系统(Decision Support System) E•EC：设计变更／工程变更 (Engineer Change)•EC：电子商务 (ElectronicCommerce)•ECRN: 原件规格更改通知(Engineer Change RequestNotice)•EDI: 电子数据交换(Electronic DataInterchange)•EIS: 主管决策系统(Executive InformationSystem)•EMC: 电磁相容(ElectricMagnetic Capability)•EOQ: 基本经济订购量(Economic Order Quantity)•ERP: 企业资源规划(Enterprise ResourcePlanning)F•FAE: 应用工程师(FieldApplication Engineer)•FCST: 预估(Forecast)•FMS: 弹性制造系统(Flexible ManufactureSystem)•FQC: 成品质量管理 (Finishor Final Quality Control)I•IE: 工业工程师 (IndustrialEngineering)•IPQC: 制程质量管理 (In-Process Quality Control)•IQC: 进料质量管理(Incoming Quality Control)•ISO: 国际标准组织(International Organizationfor Standardization)•ISAR: 首批样品认可(InitialSample Approval Request) J•JIT: 实时管理 (Just InTime)K•KM：知识管理(Knowledge Management) L•L4L: 逐批订购法 (Lot-for-Lot)•LTC: 最小总成本法 (LeastTotal Cost)•LUC: 最小单位成本 (LeastUnit Cost)M•MES: 制造执行系统(Manufacturing ExecutionSystem)•MO: 制令(ManufactureOrder)•MPS: 主生产排程 (MasterProduction Schedule)•MRO: 请修(购)单(Maintenance RepairOperation)•MRP: 物料需求规划(Material RequirementPlanning)•MRPII: 制造资源计划(Manufacturing ResourcePlanning)N•NFCF: 更改预估量的通知（Notice for ChangingForecast）O•OEM: 委托代工 (OriginalEquipment Manufacture)•ODM: 委托设计与制造(Original Design &Manufacture)•OLAP: 在线分析处理 (On-Line Analytical Processing)•OLTP: 在线交易处理 (On-Line Transaction Processing)•OPT: 最佳生产技术(Optimized ProductionTechnology)•OQC: 出货质量管理(Out-going Quality Control) P•PDCA: PDCA管理循环(Plan-Do-Check-Action)•PDM: 产品数据管理系统(Product Data Management)•PERT: 计划评核术 (ProgramEvaluation and ReviewTechnique)•PO: 订单(PurchaseOrder)•POH: 预估在手量(Product on Hand)•PR: 采购申请（Purchase Request）Q•QA: 质量保证(QualityAssurance)•QC: 质量管理(QualityControl)•QCC: 品管圈 (QualityControl Circle)•QE: 质量工程(QualityEngineering)R•RCCP: 粗略产能规划(Rough Cut CapacityPlanning)•RMA: 退货验收ReturnedMaterial Approval•ROP: 再订购点 (Re-OrderPoint)S•SCM: 供应链管理 (SupplyChain Management)•SFC: 现场控制 (ShopFloor Control)•SIS: 策略信息系统(Strategic InformationSystem)•SO: 订单(Sales Order)•SOR: 特殊订单需求(Special Order Request)•SPC: 统计制程管制(Statistic Process Control)•SQE:供应商质量工程师（Supplier QualityEngineer）T•TOC: 限制理论 (Theory ofConstraints)•TPM: 全面生产管理TotalProduction Management•TQC: 全面质量控制 (TotalQuality Control)•TQM: 全面质量管理 (TotalQuality Management)W•WIP: 在制品 (Work InProcess)BOM(Bill Of Material，物料清单)BOM的概念物料清单（Bill Of Material 简称BOM）是MRP的重要文件，几乎所有的管理部门都要到它。
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MRP(Marginal Revenue)：边际收益产品
MRS(MarginalRate ofSubstitution)：商品边际替代率
MRTS(MarginalRateof
Technical Substitution)：边际技术替代率
MU(Marginal Utility)：边际效用
MC(Marginal Cost)：边际成本
MFC(Marginal Factor Cost)：边际要素成本
DC(Demand Curve)：需求曲线
DM(Diminishing?Marginal)：边际递减
MTR(Marginal Tax Rate)：边际税率
EP(Economic Profit)：经济利润
AC(Average Cost) ：平均总成本
AFC(Average Fixed Cost)：平均固定成本
AP(Average Product)：平均产量
AR(Average Revenue)：平均收益
AVC(Average Variable Cost)：平均可变成本
C(Cost)：成本
CBA(Cost给
SAC(Short-runAverageCost)：短期平均成本
SMC(Short-run Marginal Cost)：短期边际成本
STC(Short Total Cost)：短期总成本
TC(Total Cost)：总成本
FC(Fixed Cost)：固定成本
TFC(Total Fixed Cost)：总固定成本
ES(Economies of Scale)：规模经济
DS(Diseconomies of Scale)：规模不经济
CM(Competitive Market)：竞争性市场
MC(Monopolistic Competition)：垄断竞争
OC(Oligopoly Competitive)：寡头竞争
MP(MarginalProduct)：边际产量/产品
P(Price)：价格
PEP(PriceExpansionPath)：价格扩展线
PEL(Production Expansion Line)：生产扩展线
PS(Producer Surplus)：生产者剩余
FP(Factors of Production)：生产要素
Q(Quantity)：数量
r(rate)：利率
CS(Consumer Surplus)：消费者剩余
D(Demand)：需求
E(elasticity)：弹性
ED(elasticity of Demand)：需求的价格弹性
ES(Elasticity of Supply)：供给的价格弹性
CPE(Cross-price Elastic)：交叉价格弹性
CPED(Cross-price elasticity of demand)：需求交叉价格弹性
TVC(Total Variable Cost)：总可变成本
U(Utility)：效用
VMP(Value of MarginalProduct)：边际产品价值
W(Wage)：劳动价格(工资)
Game Theory：博弈论
《管理经济学》缩写名词
Exy( Elastic)：交叉弹性的系数xy
E(Equilibrium)：均衡
K(Capital简称, C被Cost占用)：资本
L(Labour)：劳动力
LAC(Long-run Average Cost)：长期平均成本
LMC(Long-run Marginal Cost)：长期边际成本
LTC(Long-run Total Cost)：长期总成本
EC(Explicit Cost)：显性成本
IC(Implicit Cost)：隐性成本
AP(Accounting Profit)：会计利润
EP(Economic Profit)经济利润
TP(Total Production)：总产量
TR(TotalRevenue)：总收益
TU(Total Utility)：总效用