英国诗歌鉴赏

b. Assonance (元音韵，或腹韵 ： 两 元音韵， 元音韵 或腹韵)： 个或两个以上的词有相同的元音， 个或两个以上的词有相同的元音，但 元音前后辅音不同。 元音前后辅音不同。
Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save, From the cradle to the grave, Those ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat-nay, drink your blood? （Shelley, “Song to the Men of England”）
二﹑ Rhyme
英诗的音乐性还表现在音韵上。 英诗的音乐性还表现在音韵上。常见的音韵形 式可以分为两大类： 式可以分为两大类： 1. End rhymes(尾韵 ：行尾押韵单词最后的重读 尾韵)： 尾韵 元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同， 元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同，而元音前 面的辅音则不能相同。 面的辅音则不能相同。这种韵又被称为全韵 （perfect rhyme）。 ）。 根据音节的数量，可分为单音节尾韵(single 根据音节的数量，可分为单音节尾韵 rhyme)、双音节尾韵 、双音节尾韵(double rhyme)和三重音 和三重音 节尾韵(triple rhyme)。 节尾韵 。 •
She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes; Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. (G. Byron, “She Walks in Beauty”)
Anapestic
•Anapestic: two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. (“Anapest”)
For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And the stars never rise but i see the bright eyes Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And so, all the night - tide, i lie down by the side Of my darling, My darling, my life and my bride, In her sepulcher, there by the Sea – In her tomb by the side of the Sea. (E. Allan Poe, “Annabel Lee”)
其他类型的格律
1. Spondaic: two successive syllables with approximately equal strong stresses. (“spondee”) 2. Pyrrhic: a foot composed of two successive syllables with approximately equal light stresses. (“pyrrhic”) 备注：音步也有完整和不完整之分。 备注：音步也有完整和不完整之分。诗行中每个音 步的格律都相同，则为完整音步； 步的格律都相同，则为完整音步；如果诗行最 末一个音步缺少一个音节，则为不完整音步。 末一个音步缺少一个音节，则为不完整音步。
Trochaic
•Trochaic: a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable. (“trochee”)
Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky. (Jane Taylor, “Star”)
—— 以上均摘自 H. Abrams ed., A Glossary of 以上均摘自M. Literary Terms, 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2010. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，
The four standard feet in English
•Iambic foot: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. (The noun is “iamb”)
第一章 英语诗歌赏析基本知识
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
一、Rhythm and Meter
• Rhythm is a regularly patterned flow of sounds or of movements. • 思考：中文诗歌的节奏和韵律是怎样的？ 思考：中文诗歌的节奏和韵律是怎样的？
• 一首诗（a poem）包括若干个诗节 一首诗（ ） ），每节又分为若干行 （stanza），每节又分为若干行（line or ），每节又分为若干行（ verse），每行由若干音步 ），每行由若干音步 组成， ），每行由若干音步(foot)组成，音 组成 步则是由一定数目的重读音节(stressed 步则是由一定数目的重读音节 syllable)和非重读音节 和非重读音节(unstressed 和非重读音节 syllable or light syllable)按照一定规律排 按照一定规律排 列而成。 列而成。音步的排列方式则构成英诗的格 律（meter）。 ）。
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• • • •
My lusts they do me leave, My fancies all be fled, And tract of time begins to weave Gray hairs upon my head.
(Thomas, Lord Vaux)
Discussion: What effects do the variations have on our interpretation of the verse?
确定诗行中重音的方式
• “word accent” in words of more than one syllable • There are also may monosyllabic words in the language, and on which of these — in a sentence or a phrase — the stress will fall depends on the grammatical function of the word (we normally put stronger stress on nouns, verbs, and adjectives, for example, than on articles or prepositions), and depends also on the emphasis we give a word because we want to enhance its importance in a particular line. • Stress pattern
音步数
• A metric line is named according to the number of feet composing it: • Monometer: one foot • Dimeter: two feet • Trimeter: three feet • Tetrameter: four feet • Pentameter: five feet • Hexameter: six feet • Heptameter: seven feet • Octameter: eight feet
Dactylic
•Dactylic: a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. (“dactyl”)
Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley’d and thunder’d; (Alfred Tennyson, “The Charge of the Light Brigade”)
2. Internal rhymes (行中韵 ：单个音素的重复按照 行中韵)： 行中韵 其出现位置不同可分为头韵、元音韵和辅音韵。 其出现位置不同可分为头韵、元音韵和辅音韵。 a. Alliteration（头韵）：一行诗或一个句子中， ）：一行诗或一个句子中 （头韵）：一行诗或一个句子中， 较为邻近的两个或者两个以上的词以相同的辅 音开始称为头韵。 音开始称为头韵。头韵是古英语诗歌的明显特 直到15世纪 世纪， 征，直到 世纪，英国诗歌才开始将头韵改为 尾韵， 尾韵，但古英语的头韵体诗歌对后来的诗人影 响很大. 响很大 I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance, Among my skinning swallows. (Alfred Tennyson， “The Brook”) ，
The Night is Darkening Around Me
• The night is darkening round me, The wild winds coldly blow ; But a tyrant spell has bound me, And I cannot, cannot go. The giant trees are bending Their bare boughs weighed with snow ; The storm is fast descending, And yet I cannot go. Clouds beyond clouds above me, Wastes beyond wastes below ; But nothing drear can move me : I will not, cannot go. 5
c. Consonance (辅音韵，或假韵 ：两个或两个以 辅音韵， 辅音韵 或假韵)： 上的词有相同的辅音结尾， 上的词有相同的辅音结尾，但其前面的元音不相 同。如：wild bird, some warm nook d. Reverse Rhyme (倒尾韵 ： 两个以上不同词的 倒尾韵)： 倒尾韵 起首重读音节由相同的辅音和相同的元音组成。 起首重读音节由相同的辅音和相同的元音组成。 如：great - grazed, student-studio, soul – sold, painting – patience等。 等 e. Pararhyme (类尾韵 ：较邻近的两个或两个以上 类尾韵)： 类尾韵 的词起首辅音和词尾辅音（或辅音连缀）相同时， 的词起首辅音和词尾辅音（或辅音连缀）相同时， 虽然两个词的元音不同，但仍能产生一定的音韵。 虽然两个词的元音不同，但仍能产生一定的音韵。 如： send – sold, sweet – sweat等。 等
多种步格在一首诗歌中的同时运用
Woman wants monogamy; Man delights in novelty. Love is woman’s moon and sun. Man has other forms of fun. Woman lives but in her lord. Count to ten, and man is bored. With this the gist and sum of it. What earthly good can come of it? (Dorothy Parker: General Review of the Sex Situation)