托福独立写作技巧之因果法
巧用因果论证法搞定托福口语TASK1
巧用因果论证法搞定托福口语TASK1因果论证是一种很实用的论证方法,在托福口语TASK1中合理使用因果论证可以帮助我们更好的增强托福口语表达的逻辑性,进而提升托福口语水平。
那么什么是因果论证?如何将它应用到我们的托福口语备考中?因果论证:任何现象的发生都是有一些现象引起的,因果论证通过分析事理,揭示论点和论据之间的因果关系来证明论点。
因果论证可以用因证果,或以果证因,还可以因果互证。
因果论证方法介绍:标志词、词组或者句型:1. 原因:as, since, because, because of now that , due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, in virtue of…2. 结果:so, hence, thus, therefore, thereby, as a consequence, as a result, consequently, accordingly, so that…示例:1. Books are important to me because it gave me a lot of practical guidance.2. Since books have a lot of illustrations to help me understand the world better, I like to read various kinds of books.3. Due to his hard work, he was quickly promoted by his boss.Place话题实例体现因果论证题目:Your university plans to open a café inside the campus library. Do you think this is a good idea? Explain why or why not.(TPO34)范文:Well, if you ask me whether it is a good idea to open a café inside the campus library, I would like to say definitely yes. I have two reasons to name.First, it’s a good place for us to take a break and get refreshment. We go to the library to do research or study for finals, which are quite intense and complex work. ① Sometimes my head gets a little dizzy from staring at the books for too long. In that case I would like to get a cup of coffee and clear my mind for a while.What’s more, it’ll also be more convenient for us to grab something to eat.② I mean, sometimes when we are in a hurry, we go to the library without having breakfast,especially during the final week. ③ So it’ll be fantastic if we can order a muffin and a cup of Capo-chino inside the library.论证方法分析:其中①为举例论证方法,②为解释论证方法。
托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证
托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证在托福写作中,有一种方法是因果论证法,这种方法在很多写作题目上都是非常有用的,那么今天就为大家带来托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证,告诉大家怎样用因果论证法。
托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证首先明确,在托福独立写作中怎样的论证称得上一个“好论证”呢?如果你的论证可以说服考官,那么这就是一个成功的论证。
如果考官读完你的论证,觉得言之无理甚至还想反驳,那就是一个比较失败的论证,你的写作分数也就只能拿到20分左右。
如果你的论证整体符合逻辑,仅仅有一些小的论证瑕疵,那么写作分数会拿到25分左右,也就是大部分同学的目标写作分数段。
这5期音频课,我会为大家讲解如何做好独立写作中的“论证”。
首先介绍独立写作中常用的论证方法:因果论证;对比论证;举例论证;数据论证;多事例论证。
今天先介绍第一种论证方法:因果论证。
因果论证的逻辑关系非常直白:因为……所以……。
但是很多同学都难以构建合理的因果逻辑链条。
比如这道题:Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.如果你的topic sentence是“每天布置作业可以提高学生的学习成绩”,后面的论证就是要解释这句话成立的原因。
很多考生的的逻辑论证是:每天做作业有利于复习,因此考试可以取得高分。
这是一个中规中矩的论证,只能被评价为“说得通”,但是不会让考官赞同为“很有道理”。
那么怎样的因果逻辑才会得到考官的青睐呢?首先来讲一个最简单的逻辑论证套路:三段论。
这是逻辑学上最简单的一个逻辑判定过程,分为大前提、小前提以及结论三部分。
举个例子:大前提:胖子都爱吃肉;小前提:小明是个胖子;结论:小明爱吃肉。
这就是一个三段式逻辑论证链条。
这种逻辑方式成立的前提是:大前提和小前提都要在普遍认知里是基本正确的。
那我们来验证一下以上的这个论证逻辑。
大前提“胖子都爱吃肉”的论断不够有说服力;小前提“小明是个胖子”是一个合理的判断;最后得出的结论“小明爱吃肉”的说服力也就不足。
托福写作四大论证方法-智课教育旗下智课教育
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福写作四大论证方法-智课教育旗下智课教育在托福写作过程中,用论证地解题方法完成托福写作文章是托福考试一直以来的要求。
本文和大家分享托福写作四大论证方法。
关于英语作文的写作,最重要的是提出论点,然后进行论证。
一篇作文大部分内容都是在论证作者的观点。
因此,灵活使用托福写作论证方法对于考生来说非常重要。
智课教育小编主要和大家分享四种托福写作的论证方法,帮助考生丰富自己的文章内容。
托福写作论证方法之例证法所谓例证法,就是我们最常用的举例的方法。
这种方法是考生使用最多,也是比较简单的一种方法。
这里给大家介绍四种例证方法,第一种是列举数据的方法,引用报纸或新闻界对某一种潮流的统计,来说明人群整体的动向。
这种方式具有权威性,也很有说服力;第二种是事例,用—个具体的事件对观点进行一个印证,这种方式的作用就是可以很详细、生动地论证观点;第三种例证方法是名人事例,这类事例能够引起读者共鸣,更有说服力。
>>点击阅读更多关于托福写作例证法的内容托福写作论证方法之反证法反证法和我们平时常说的让步式写作方式是一样的。
也就是说,考生从反面来例证观点。
一般的文章结构式“观点+支持句+反证”,最后一点的反正就是我们的让步式表达。
这样的论证方式,可以让我们在正面思路不足的时候,拓展思路,从而更好地拓展写作思路。
反例法和例证法结合的方式,能够更加充分地表达自己的观点。
>>点击阅读托福写作反证法的更多内容托福写作论证方法之分类法对于分类法的论证方式是指利用题目中的关键词进行分类或者是找角度的方式来论证。
例如:Universities offer scholarships and tuition waiver.就这个题目而言,我们可以按照人物的角度,分成学生角度、家长角度以及学校角度来写;按照经济角度来说,可以按照家庭富裕的学生、家庭贫困的学生来分。
因此,利用这种拆分关键词的分类方法来论证观点,会使文章的逻辑性更强,思路更加清晰。
托福写作论证方法之因果例证法-智课教育旗下智课教育
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福写作论证方法之因果例证法-智课教育旗下智课教育托福写作的论证方法主要有四种:反证法、分类法、例证法和因果例证法。
本文智课教育小编和大家分享托福写作论证方法中的因果例证法。
我们从高中学习英语开始,英语老师就一直在跟我们喋喋不休的嘱咐英语写作的方法。
要有论点,还要有充分的论据支撑。
虽然那时候还不是很开窍,但是,也稍微知道,托福写作就好比是一个人打官司。
想要证明自己是正确的,除了要把理由说出来,法律最讲究的还是证据。
法律中的证据就好比英语作文中的论据是一样的,想要别人信服,就得给出充分的证明。
那么,针对托福写作问题,我们如何有力地论证自己的观点呢?接下来智课教育小编从托福写作论证方法中“因果例证法”给大家介绍。
因果例证法:1、因果链第一弹:往前找原因题目:Parents are a major resource for a regular supply of tuition.1)大学生不能给自己赚学费University students finance themselves for tuition2) 大学生不能给自己赚学费的原因是什么?→时间紧Time is limited3) 时间和精力紧的原因是什么?→学习紧,压力太大,继续教育目标带来的压力They live under high pressure from further educationLive under the pressure of attainment offurther近一步education4) 学习压力大的原因是什么?→竞争太激烈The competition is severe/stiffThe competition is stiff观点句:学生们没有人际交往的经验。
Students lack interpersonal expert1年轻,缺乏社会经验They are short of socialthey are in the lack of the social experience because of young age.2与社会接触少 they seldom engage in social affairlittle contact with the society3主要在学习They spend most time on learningsStudents proved to suffer from lack of social skills.1) They withdraw into themselves.2) They get few chances to communicate with other peers.3) They spend too much time on PC game and TV.2、因果链的第二弹:往后找结果TS:工业化对公民身体不好 lead to/bring about/ result in/ contribute to/ give rise to/ attribute to/ mean/ yield/ generate/ triggerIndustrialism-Freon-ozone-ova-skin-health工业发展➡️需要大量氟利昂➡️导致臭氧空洞➡️人体被紫外线直射➡️容易得皮肤癌➡️市民健康受损 human skins are exposed to the UVA, which make people fall prey to cancer of skinHave negative impact of citizensAccordingly 于是industrialism exerts an negative effect on the health of citizens. because industrial development necessitates a huge amount of Freon—the main source of the ozone hole. Accordingly, human skins are exposed to the ultraviolet, which make people fall prey to the cancer of skin.TS:搬去新城市会失去老朋友搬去新城市➡️无法与老友见面➡️沟通变少➡️没有共同话题➡️感情疏远➡️失去老朋友Moving to new city means we get few chance to communicate with less common topic and experiences. theybecome alienated with each other. Therefore, their friendship comes to it end.Moving to a new place means that we seldom have chances to spend time with our old friends. With lack of sharing and chatting, good friends become alienated. Therefore, the friendship comes to its end.以上就是智课教育小编在整理的关于托福写作四大论证方法中的因果例证法。
提升托福写作技巧,善用因果关系的词组和句式
提升托福写作技巧,善用因果关系的词组和句式前阵子最火的一部剧莫过于《琅琊榜》了,《琅琊榜》这么受大家欢迎,是因为......。
上面这个句式也常常用在英文写作中,只会用"because"、"because of"、"for"以及"as"表示“因为”?本文将给大家总结一下能够用来表达“因果关系”的词组和句式,让大家的写作表达丰富起来。
表示“因为/由于”的单词1.because:因为,由于,后面接句子。
2.as:意义同上,后面接句子。
3.for:意义同上,后面可接名词或名词性短语,也可接句子(连接并列分句,对前面分句进行说明)。
【例句1】The ground is wet because it rained last night.(因为昨天下了雨,所以地很湿。
)【例句2】Surely it rained last night,for the ground is wet.(准是昨天下了雨,因为现在地很湿。
)表示“导致/引起/造成”的单词4.make:引起,导致,后可接名词或名词性短语。
5.let:意义、用法同上。
6.cause:意义、用法同上。
7.produce:意义、用法同上。
8.trigger:意义、用法同上。
【例句3】The medicine produced a violent reaction.(这药物引起了剧烈的反应。
)表示“导致/引起/造成”的短语9.lead to:导致,造成,后接名词或名词性短语。
10.result in:意义、用法同上。
【例句4】This misprint led to great confusion.(这个印刷错误造成很大的困惑。
)表示“由于/因为”的短语11.due to:由于,归功于,后接名词或名词性短语。
12.because of:意义、用法同上。
13.on account of:意义、用法同上。
新托福独立写作 常见论证方式之举例&因果实例
常见论证方式之举例&因果实例1.举例实例:Title: The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers’ salaries.解题思路:disagree让步转折法。
让步段:增加老师工资对于提高教学质量的确有好处,特别是在不发达的地区。
举例论证如下:This point can be confirmed by the example of my friend Li, a teacher i n a small town with a salary of 1,500 yuan a month.In order to make ends meet, he has to do some part-time jobs after work and even on weekends. It is usually the case that when he comes back home in the evening every day, he is too tired to make full preparations for the classes next day. If he had a higher salary, he could spend more time in preparing for his teaching rather than taking so many odd jobs, which would undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of the education quality in the long run.2.因果实例:More and more people are spending money on their pets, even though there can be other good ways to spend money.解题思路:让步转折。
托福独立写作段落拓展-因果推理法
托福独立写作段落拓展-因果推理法为了帮助大家掌握到托福写作段落拓展的技巧,下面小编给大家带来托福独立写作段落拓展- 因果推理法,希望大家可以灵活运用到自己的写作中!托福独立写作段落拓展 - 因果推理法独立写作主要由同意反对、选择较优等题型组成。
看似简单的独立写作题目,想拿高分却不是易事。
成功的写作不外乎满足以下一些条件:观点合理、论点适宜、用词用句准确且多样化、各种修饰部分交替使用等。
那么今天我来和大家分享下独立写作的一种基本论证方法-因果推理法。
所谓“因果推理法”,就是分析事情来龙去脉、深入探索事物间因果关系的论证方法。
巧妙运用“因果推理法”可以使文章逻辑连贯、论证透彻严密。
我们以下题为例:Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement?Teachers should be paid according to how much theirstudents learn. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.考生拿到这个题目的第一步就是大概确定一下自己的观点。
大多数学生都会想到反对面更好写一点。
然后经过头脑风暴,大家可以很轻易地得出几个分论点,比如:学生能力不一致、评价学生学到多少很费事等。
那么我们就以“评价学生学到多少很费事”这段文字为例,进行讨论和展开:|关于“段落中心句”段落分论点很容易想,但是要使论证得到阅卷人的信服却不是一件容易的事情。
论证段第一步经常是表明支撑自己观点的分论点,但前面说到的写长难句,并不代表“段落中心句”也应该写的很“曲折”,很“修饰”;相反,要直接明确地表明考生立场,如:It isvery difficult and low efficient to decide how much students have learnt.但要注意一点,独立写作评分标准当中有用词造句一项,因此大家可以把一些用到烂大街的difficult,decide之类的单词“华丽变身”一下,再把句型稍加调整,加一点修饰部分,就可得到如下“段落中心句”:T o start with, the low efficiency in standardizing the evaluation methodsof teachers’incomes would be another formidable obstacle.王老师小贴士针对很多学生遇到的,不会写“高大上”词汇的问题,大家在练习的时候完全可以输入中文,然后记下对应的各种同义英文,累积之后,就能慢慢熟练运用啦。
实用英语写作技巧 第十七单元 推展段落方法之九——因果法(Ⅰ)
实用英语写作技巧第十七单元推展段落方法之九——因果法(Ⅰ)17.1因果法因果法(cause and effect)段落通常回答“why?”的问题。
大多数人认为在自己或别人生活中发生的事情必然事出有因,因此总要知道为什么会发生这样或那样的事情。
原因(cause)指的是导致结果的发生在过去的事情,结果(effect)指的是已发生的事情将会产生的后果。
17.2结果法解释一个原因(cause)的几个结果(effects)的段落,可能以下面两种顺序之一出现:或者以原因开头,接着指出一个一个结果,如下面示范段落17-1所示;或首先摆出结果,然后指出原因。
示范段落17-1Many people are worried about what television has done to the generation of American children who have grown up watching it.For one thing,recent studies tend to show that TV stifles creative imagination.Some teachers feel that television has taken away the child's ability to form mental pictures in his own mind,resulting in children who cannot understand a simple story without visualillustrations.Secondly,too much TV too early tends to cause children to withdraw from real life experiences.Thus,they grow up to be passive spectators who can only respond to action,but not initiate it.The third area for concern is the serious complaint frequently made by elementary school teachers that children exhibit a low tolerance for the frustrations of learning.Because they have been conditioned to see all problems resolved in 30 or 60 minutes on TV,they are quickly discouraged by any activity that promises less than instant gratification.But perhaps the most serious result is the impact of television violence on children,who have come to regard it as an everyday thing.Not only does this increase their tolerance of violent behavior in others,but most authorities now concede that under certain conditions,some children will imitate anti-social acts that they witness on television.17.3示范段落分析主题句:Many people are worried about what television has done to the generation of American children who have grown up watching it.因果模式(cause and effect pattern):原因(cause):television结果(effects):1.TV stifles creative imagination.2.TV causes children to withdraw from real life experiences.3.Children exhibit a low tolerance for the frustrations of learning.4.Children have come to regard violence as an everyday thing.17.4关于如何写因果法段落的建议1)段落一开始就表明目的在段落一开始就陈述你所关心的原因或结果是什么。
凤凰国际英语雅思写作5因果法写段落
Tree diagram of single-cause-many effects
Cause
Effect one Effect two Effect three
Outline 1: (side-by-side pattern)
1. The cause: I went back to college after ten years of being a housewife. 2. Negative effects: a. My husband feels worried; b. My children have less care from their mother than before; c. I do not have enough time to take care of the family. 3. Positive effects: a. My husband is learning to look after his children; b. My children are learning to be more independent; c. I am learning a lot and becoming more intelligent.(1)Fra bibliotek段落扩展
主题句
science does good, does evil
can do good to mankind, but it can do evil as well. (2)When it is wisely used, it will bring benefit. (3)For example, atomic energy can help us generate electricity. (4)However, if it is wrongly used, its destructive power will be uncontrollable and terrible. (5)It can claim thousands and thousands of lives in a split second.
雅思大作文因果论证
因果论证因果论证较常见于议论文和说明文。
在议论文中,因果论证往往用来强调做出某个选择的好的影响或者不良影响。
比如,我们在论述孩子应不应该使用电脑时,可以对电脑的不良影响展开说明,以此证明孩子不应该使用电脑;当然也可以对电脑的优点展开说明,以此证明孩子可以使用电脑。
总之,在议论文中,因果论证更多时候是论述影响。
在说明文中,因果论证往往占据很大篇幅,比如,谈谈污染的原因和影响,谈谈私家车的影响等等。
我们需要大段的论述原因或影响。
因果论证简单说,包括两部分:某事如何发生(原因)和导致什么问题出现(结果)。
因果论证在组织观点,分析问题时是一种很常见的方法。
在实际生活中,存在一因一果,更存在一果多因或一因多果的现象。
对于不同的原因,最主要的最深刻的原因要先谈,要深谈,要重点论述,而相对不重要的原因要后论述,或简单提及即可。
对于不同的结果也是一样,最严重的,最要紧的结果要先讨论,相对不那么严重的结果要后论述。
下面举出记住因果例子:A 一果多因Causesa. liked business in high schoolb. salaries in the field are highc. have an aunt who is an accountantd. good with numbersEffecta. choose to major in accountingB 一因多果Causea. reduce work hoursEffectsa. less incomeb. employer is irritatedc. more time to studyd. more time for family and friends论述因果的逻辑顺序上文我们简单谈及多因或多果时的顺序安排,下面我们详细展开说明:1 按照时间发展顺序(Chronological order):这种安排方法以时间为逻辑顺序,按照事情发生的先后去阐述原因或影响,会比较有条理。
托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题
托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题托福阅读实际上有许多做题技巧的,利用因果逻辑词解题就是其中一种,下面小编给大家分享一下具体操作方法,希望对你们有所帮助。
托福阅读如何利用因果逻辑词快速定位解题?审题首先通过审题,利用因果逻辑词能确定是因果类事实信息题,比如下面的题干:1. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?2. According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because3. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?4. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?通过why, because, reasons, response for这些词(短语),可以确定原文中会有相应的因果逻辑句(群)的表述。
接下来我们只需要从原文中找出因句果逻辑表述的句(群),通过分析逻辑承接对象,匹配选项找出正确答案。
实战练习例1.(tpo23p1q5)Paragraph 3The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released atnight. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.5. According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?○ The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.○ Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.○ In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.○ Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.· 分析通过原文找出因果逻辑词我们发现有两处:第一处“Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.”第二处“But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground.”细节题陷阱中有一种叫做偷换概念,需要考生们仔细审题,题干问的是“why do materials in the countryside have a lower heatcapacity than materials in cities do?第一处表达的是“the higher overall temperature in cities”的原因,显然不是我们要找的答案;第二处说的是“in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity”,很明显答案在第二处,匹配选项答案是 D.实战练习例2.(OG: Lascaux Cave Painting)Paragraph 6Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?○ Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.○ The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.○ Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.○ Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.· 分析这道细节题本身不难,但是出错率很高,很多学生选择A,为什么?因为C选项和原文“but their mystique only adds to their importance.”表达的意思一样。
托福写作 因果关系
因果关系Advertisement is a waste of company's money and money, because consumer's know what they want to buy.Agree.:因果关系成立原因如何导致结果分论点:原因对结果的促进作用1.忠诚Consumer's loyalty to the products they know they want to buy makes ads a waste of money.2.定期用Consumers' insistence on a fixed number of products that they are sure to buy makes ads useless.3.不推广Consumers' refusal to make any recommendation of the product in ads they are sure to buy makes ads none sense.Disagree:因果关系不成立1.原因不成立Consumers don't know what they are going to buy.2.原因无法导致结果1)不忠诚2)增加数量3)到处推荐3.替代性的原因导致题目结果1)inappropriate spokesman makes ads a waste2)Broadcasting too frequently makes ads a waste.3)Ads of no creativity and imagination will waste a company's money.4) All good things are worthy to wait.It is a bad thing to move to a new place because people sill lose old friends.。
托福写作要掌握因果推理的方法
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福写作要掌握因果推理的方法在授课的课程中,许多同学都在苦恼同一个问题,explanations即主体段的说理部分翻来覆去都在说同一个意思,别说阅卷官了就是自己读了都觉得绕组饶舌,可是搜肠刮肚也想不出来还有什么要说的,先不提语言闪光一鸣惊人,首先思路上自己就文思枯竭,那种纠结的滋味可真不好受。
那么怎么解决这个问题呢,我们的利器就是因果推理。
因果推理是即根据事物的原因和条件,通过逻辑思维进行判断并导出结果,这种推理方法令我们的说理部分严谨而又富有逻辑,最大的优点是这种说理方法非常容易掌握也正是对付文思枯竭的对症良药。
下面我们通过具体的例子来讲解这种方法。
我们来看一下这道题,Governments should focus its budgets more on environmental protection than on economic development.题目的意思是政府应该把更多的预算花在环境保护上而非经济发展上。
我们先选择一种思路,比如我同意这种观点,因为环境污染问题实在是太严重了。
我们的思路可以这样展开。
假如我们就举身边的例子,北京的雾霾问题,也就是空气污染。
那么造成雾霾的重要原因是什么呢,汽车的尾气排放。
汽车多的原因是什么呢,人有钱买车。
这样我们就把原因往前推了三层。
再看结果,尾气排放会造成什么问题呢,影响人的身体健康,很多人都患了呼吸道疾病,那政府采取了哪些措施呢,比如说汽车限号啊,投入4000亿来提高空气质量等等,那么我们看看这条线到底是什么样的。
经济发展&科技进步à人民生活水平提高à越来越多的私家车à环境污染问题严重à对人的身体造成严重伤害à北京市政府重视环境污染à投入更多资金这条线是不是很清晰,说理也避免了在同一层面的反复重复,下面我们按照这条线写出一个段落看看情况怎么样。
With the fast-changing development of economy and technology, people’s living standard has progressed remarkably, which means more and more people is able to afford private cars. Not only do cars bring convenience to us, but also severe air contamination, as a result of which many people suffer from various respiratory diseases. Consequently, governments distributes more budgets on environmental protection. An apt example is Beijing. So severe is haze in Beijing that residents have to wear masks whenever they take outdoor activities. Since the september,2012, Beijing Municipal government has invested over 750 billion RMB to solve this problem. Hence it is reasonable to say that governments should focus its budgets more on environmental protection.按照这种逻辑线写出来的主体段还没有举例就已经有100多字,又怎么会存在没有话可说的问题呢?而且这种推理也很简单是不是?所以说,同学们在课下一定要注意积累.推荐新闻:名师指点:托福口语典型的常见失误名师指导:托福口语考试段落朗读法小马名师指导:写作就是给阅卷官讲故事相关字搜索:托福名师。
托福写作因果逻辑四步法
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福写作因果逻辑四步法摘要:托福写作因果逻辑四步法。
今天小马托福老师张同珍和大家分析托福写作因果逻辑四步法,以下先介绍其中之一,希望对大家的托福写作提高有所帮助。
今后更多托福写作之因果逻辑的方法,敬请期待小马托福官网。
托福写作之因果逻辑Step1:Distinguish between cause and effect.(首先要区分开何为因?何为果?何因致此果?)一. 因果逻辑之表达原因的基本词汇Causes :due to, because of, owing to, as a result of, on account of, for, on the ground of, through, because, since, as, on the ground that例如:(我们可以做做以下的翻译练习来帮助我们理解事物的原因,即原因这一概念。
)1.据报道,因为处于这位新领导人管理的目前形势下,残疾人面临抑郁和财政困难。
译文:Disabled people are reported to face depression and financial difficulties owing to the current situation under a new leader's governing.2.由于他亲身父母的对其的放任不管,这个极富天赋的小孩被酒精和毒品给毁了。
Such a gifted child was ruined by alcohol and drugs because of the ignorance of his biological parents.二. 因果逻辑之表达结果的基本词汇effects:therefore, so, as a result, consequently, accordingly, because of, thus, hence, for this reason, result in例如:他不断出现抑郁症状,结果只好咨询心理医生了。
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托福独立写作技巧之因果法
托福独立写作有技巧吗?经常有学生抱怨说,托福独立写作很少能找到比较好的范文,去看美国本土的杂志又觉得文体和词句相对托福来说太难了,也不知道美国本土学生遇到托福这样的essay会如何写。
其实聪明的学生往往会发现,真正美国人要求的300字以上的独立写作文章往往可以参考综合写作的阅读和听力文章的结构及论证方法,而不用舍近求远。
以下,托福老师将给大家分析一下如何从综合作文中提取老外要求的思维逻辑。
在这里为托福考生带来一种论证方法——因果法。
因果法用于topic sentence和中间的supporting details都可以,首先我们来看一看综合作文中是如何运用的。
一、对于topic sentence
1.TPO 第一篇topic sentence:
The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work.
(缩短的周工作日可以提高公司的利润,因为员工可以感觉到更多的休整并且机警了,结果就是他们工作上犯错率减少了。
)
For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates.
(对于整个国家来说,因为可以减少失业率,所以缩短周工作日是个好事。
)
分析:
这是一篇TPO中的两个分topic sentence, 不难看出都用了一个因果逻辑,那为什么写topic sentence要用因果法呢?
我们再来回顾一下topic sentence的要求:每个分topic sentence都是要求能够论证总
的topic sentence的,比如说:总论点是赞同广告的好大于坏,分论点是广告的好处之一是通过能够给消费者提供信息,从而能够帮助消费者购买到合适的产品,那么为了能证明是好处,就一定会写结果带来什么好处,因此因果法在写分topic sentence的时候会大量使用。
再回到这个两个topic sentence中就不难发现,为了说明缩短的工作日带来更多的好处,我们要说带来好处的原因(更多休整)或是结果(犯错率少),因果法就恰到好处地写到了这一点。
2.TPO 第六篇topic sentence:
First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases.
(首先,网上百科全书的贡献者通常缺少学术认证资质,因此使得他们的贡献最多部分正确,或者许多情况下完全不正确。
)
Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not.
(第三,网上百科全书太频繁、太深入地关注很琐碎、很流行的话题,因此给人们产生了一种不知道哪些重要哪些不重要的错误概念。
)
分析:
从这篇的topic sentence中也不难发现作者为了证明网上百科全书的问题,在写分论点句时,作者直接写出了因为网上百科全书的缺陷(贡献者缺少学术能力,关注得太琐碎等)导致了种种问题(内容不准确,没有重点等),用了因果逻辑完成了topic sentence。
总结:独立作文当中,大家可以适当用因果法写写topic sentence,这样能够准确地论证总论点。
二、对于supporting details
1.TPO 第七篇主体段:
First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the ecocertification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled “new” or “improved”, American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general.
(首先,美国顾客目前接触到太多的广告,因此他们不会再珍惜或注意到这个生态认证标识,因为有太多的中庸产品被贴上了“新的”或者“改善的”标识,美国顾客就不太信任广告所声称的内容。
)
Second, ecocertified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn ecocertification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain ecocertification.
(其次,生态认证的木头比非生态认证的木头更贵,因为为了获取这样一个认证,木材公司要付费给证书代理检验费用。
这额外的开支就要转嫁到非常注重价格的顾客身上,因此他们会选择便宜的非认证的木材。
因此,美国木材公司将更加趋向于保持他们的价格低廉,而不是获取证书。
)
分析:
这两段主体段除了主题句(主题句实际上也是用了因果逻辑法来完成的)以外,supporting details只用了因果论证方法,推一推原因,再推一推结果,很快就能把一段很好地论证出来,简洁、调理清晰、逻辑紧凑。
总结:托福独立作文中也可以通过想想主题句的原因和结果来论证主题句。