高级英语第二册第三课背景知识
高级英语第二册第三课背景知识
2、按说明文的语言风格，说明文可以分为平实语言的说明文和 生动语言的说明文（文艺性说明文）两种。
The History of Britain and Language
1、 The native people in Britain Celts （凯尔特人） —Celt 2、Roman Conquest 43 AD, ruled for 400 years —Latin 3、In 449 Angles, Saxon and Jutes from Northwest of Germany, conquered the most part of England —Old English 4、9th century, Scandinavian conquest . —Danish
★说明文三要素：内容的科学性、说明的条理性和语言的准确性。 ★常见的说明文：解说词、说明书、科普小品、商品介绍、旅游
指南、操作规程等。
★说明方法
1、定义法(Definition)：就是用准确的、简明的语言来说明事物的 特征、揭示事物的本质，使这种事物和另一种事物区分开来的一种 说明方法。 2、罗列法（Listing):在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然 后常用first, second, …and finally 加以罗列说明。 4、举例法（Examples)：就是用实际的事例把抽象、复杂的事物说 得具体形象、生动的一种说明方法。
5 、11th century Norman Conquest (诺曼征服）for 400 years. —French 6 、British people conquered the conquest again. —English won its recognition
高级英语第三课背景简介
introduction of the text
1.type of literature: a piece of exposition
2.the purpose of a piece of exposition:
to inform or explain 3.ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition: illustration,definition,comparison,contrast,analogy, identification,analysis,ect
The shrinking of the Aral Sea has been called "one of the planet's worst environmental disasters". The region's once-prosperous fishing industry has been essentially destroyed, bringing unemployment and economic hardship. The Aral Sea region is also heavily polluted, with consequent serious public health problems. The departure of the sea has reportedly also caused local climate change, with summers becoming hotter and drier, and winters colder and longer.
Formerly one of the four largest lakes in the world with an area of 68,000 km2 (26,300 sq mi), the Aral Sea has been steadily shrinking since the 1960s after the rivers that fed it were diverted by Soviet irrigation projects. By 2007, it had declined to 10% of its original size, splitting into four lakes – the North Aral Sea, the eastern and western basins of the once far larger South Aral Sea, and one smaller lake between the North and South Aral Seas. By 2 0 0 9 , t h e s o u t h e a ste r n lak e ha d d is a p pe a r e d a n d t he southwestern lake had retreated to a thin strip at the extreme west of the former southern sea; in subsequent years, occasional water flows have led to the southeastern lake sometimes being replenished to a small degree. Satellite images taken by NASA in August 2014 have revealed that for the first time in modern history the eastern basin of the Aral Sea had completely dried up.The eastern basin is now called the Aralkum desert.
pub talk 高英二册第三课
pub or making pub friends?
British Pub
You have to be 18 years old to order a drink in a pub. Some pubs will allow people over 14 years old to go inside if they are with someone who is over 18, but they are not allowed to
Detailed study of the text
pub talk --- conversation held in the public house The King's English --- standard English
II. Textual Structure Part I (para.1-3): General ideas about what is and what makes a good conversation Part II ( para. 4-17): Illustration of a good conversation on “the king’s English” in a pub talk Part IV (para.18-21): Resuming to the topic of a good conversation
2. What is the first topic the writer puts forward? 3. Do you think the writer sticks to this topic?
4. What makes a good conversation?
5. Why does the writer like bar conversation so
高级英语第二册课件03
Conceit is the enemy of progress. Why is the phrase something to say put in question marks? What is the difference between conversation and argument ? What does the writer try to say in the second paragraph? What does the first sentence of the third paragraph talk about? Do you think it is relevant or not? What function does it have? What makes companions and intimates different? the musketeers of Dumas Analyze the first sentence of paragraph 4. alchemy
So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. Can you find a similar indicator of time in this essay? on such an occasion the other evening What can we detect about the arrangement of this essay? What is this part mainly about? the actual goings-on of the conversation the direct or indirect account of the situation and sequence utterances By reading the first sentence of paragraph 12, can you guess what the following will be about? the author's own exploration of the origin of this phrase That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. That (if the phrase is in Shakespeare) would prove that the term "the King's English" was in general use at that time.
高级英语张汉熙第三版第二册第三课Inaugural Address 中英对照 多知识点
Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会，而是一次自由的庆典。
这是一个承先启后、继往开来的大事件。
因为刚才我已依照我们的先辈在将近一又四分之三个世纪以前拟好的誓言在诸位和全能的上帝面前庄严宣誓。
inaugural (adj.) : of an inauguration就职(典礼)的signify (v.) : be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味almighty (adj.) : having unlimited power；all-powerful有无限权力的；全能的forebear (n.) : an ancester 祖先，祖宗prescribe (v.) : set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.当今的世界已与往昔大不相同了。
高级英语第二册第三课背景知识
Type2:
Conversation for some other purposes
Politicians, preachers, salesmen, lobbyists, etc. practice this type.
Tips for General Conversation
General conversation should conform to the following principles: The topic must be of general interest. Each person must do his share AND NO MORE. There should be no periods of silence. No topic should be dragged out. The tone should be kept good-natured. No one should be offended by anything said.
Part II: Para. 4-17
Main idea: What is and what makes a good conversation. Para.4-11: The topic “the king‟s English” was discussed unwares during a pub talk.
Written text
Personal experiences are crucial because they determine both what a person thinks and how he or she thinks about the world.( academic thesis)
高级英语第二册第三课课文翻译对照(修订版)
第三课酒肆闲聊与标准英语1人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。
动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。
2闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。
它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。
要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。
闲聊不是为了进行争论。
闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。
闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。
事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。
也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。
3或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。
酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。
他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。
他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。
4有一天晚上的情形正是这样。
人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。
谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。
可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。
我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。
5“几天前，我听到一个人说…标准英语‟这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。
”6此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。
有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。
最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。
于是，问题便解决了。
最新文档-【ppt课件】张汉熙高级英语的第二册的第3课课件the_king's_english-PPT精品文档
The Queen’s English:
(old-fashioned) the form of spoken and written British English that is considered correct by most people (Macmillan English Dictionary)
Summary Justice Shallow, Master Slender, and Sir Hugh Evans enter, discussing
Shallow's anger at Sir John Falstaff. Evans changes the topic to the young Anne Page, whom he would like to see Slender marry. They arrive at Master Page's door, where Shallow confronts Falstaff and his entourage. The men enter to dine, but Slender drifts around outside, trying unsuccessfully to converse with Anne Page until he goes inside. //Falstaff and his entourage settle in at the Garter Inn, whereFalstaff reveals his plan to seduce Mistress Page and Mistress Ford, both of whom have control over their husband's money, which he desires. He sends Pistol and Nim to deliver letters to the women, but they refuse. Instead they plot to stymie Falstaff's plans by telling Page and Ford of his intentions.
高级英语2 unit3
Section 2: Global Reading
Main Idea Structural Analysis
Decide which of the following best states the author’s purpose. A. To criticize over-advertisement of pain-killers. B. To enlighten the public on the causes and mechanisms of pain. C. To illustrate traditional misconceptions about pain and pain-killers. D. To recommend solutions for pain and the painrelated illiteracy.
Section 2: Global Reading
Main Idea Structural Analysis
Part IV (Paragraph 13) Conclusion In Paragraph 13, the author calls upon all the parties concerned to take action to educate people about pain and pain-killing drugs.
QUESiled Reading
the United States is so widespread or costly as ignorance about pain—what it is, what causes it, how to deal with it without panic. Almost everyone can rattle off the names of at least a dozen drugs that can deaden pain from every conceivable
高英第三课背景介绍
Pub Talk and the King's English
Background information
• Pub culture in Britain • The Washington Post
PUB CULTURE IN BRITAIN
What do you know about a pub?
Between you and your friends
• Normally people go to a pub with other people, and it’s common for one person to offer to buy drinks for the others at the beginning. • If one of your British friends or business contracts buy the first round, you should be quick to offer the next.
Between you and the customers
• Don’t ever introduce yourself with an outstretched hand and a big smile.
• Talk generally about the weather, the beer or the pub and at a suitable moment, offer to your new friends a drink.
True or False
1. You can get table service and pay for your bill after drinking in most pubs. 2. It is common to offer a tip to the bar staff.
高级英语第二册Lesson 3
4. Writing style
Writing Style
• a piece of exposition
• Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional.
Henry Fairlie(1924—1990)
Fairlie was born in London, the fifth of seven children in a family of Scottish descent. He was a British political journalist and social critic. He spent 36 years as a prominent freelance writer on both sides of the Atlantic, appearing in The Spectator, The New Republic, The Washington Post, The New Yorker, and many other papers and magazines. He was also the author of five books, most notably The Kennedy Promise, an early revisionist critique of the U.S. presidency of John F. Kennedy
The Three Musketeers
The Three Musketeers is a marvelous journey and should be appreciated foremost for its engaging story.
高级英语第二册第三课课文翻译对照（修订版）
第三课酒肆闲聊与标准英语1人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。
动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。
2闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。
它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。
要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。
闲聊不是为了进行争论。
闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。
闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。
事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。
也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。
3或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。
酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。
他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。
他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。
4有一天晚上的情形正是这样。
人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。
谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。
可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。
我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。
5“几天前，我听到一个人说…标准英语‟这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。
高级英语2第三课inaugural address
高级英语2第三课inaugural addressTitle: The Inaugural Address of 2021Text:Ladies and gentlemen,On March 4, 2021, I stood before this Great People"s House, symbol of our nation"s power and unity, and took the oath of office as the 46th President of the United States. It was a moment of great pride and responsibility, and I knew that I would do everything in my power to serve our nation and uphold the values that bind us together as a people.Since that day, I have worked tirelessly to protect our security, promote our economy, and advance the interests of our people. I have spoken out against injustice and inequality, and I have committed myself to the cause of social and economic justice. I have been a leader who listens to the voices of our people, and I have spoken with compassion and determination on their behalf.Today, I stand before you to deliver the most important speech of my presidency. This speech is not just a statement of my beliefs and values, but a message of hope and inspiration for all Americans. I believe that this great nation is capable of greatness, and that we can achieve anything we set our mindsto. We must come together as a people, put aside our differences, and work together to build a brighter future for all.As President, my top priority is to ensure the well-being of our people. We must work to improve our schools，增大就业机会，and provide for the needs of our sick and elderly. We must also work to address the pressing issue of climate change, and work to create a clean and green future for our children.In the words of the great American poet, Bob Dylan, "The times they are a-changin"," and we must adapt to the new challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. We must be brave and bold in our approach, and work to build a brighter future for all.Thank you, and God bless America.拓展:The Inaugural Address is a significant speech given by a newly inaugurated leader of a nation. It is a chance for the new President to outline their vision for the future, as well as to express their values and beliefs. The Inaugural Address is always a symbolic and historic event, as it marks the beginning of a new era in the life of a nation.The 2021 Inaugural Address was given by President Biden, who took office on January 20, 2021. It was a significant speech,as it marked the first time that a sitting President had been able to address the nation following the COVID-19 pandemic. Biden used the speech to express his gratitude to the American people, and to outline his plans for the future.Overall, the 2021 Inaugural Address was a hopeful and inspiring speech, which emphasized the potential of America to overcome challenges and achieve greatness. It was a message of unity and progress, and it served as a reminder of the importance of working together to build a better future for all.。
高级英语课程教案第二册（项目）第三课
5. Dekker
Thomas Dekker ‘s date of birth is guessed to be between 1570 and 1577. Almost nothing is known of his life, but his individuality is so distinctly reflected in his plays that he seems one of the most de finite figures of his time -- a sunny light- hearted nature, full of real, even if somewhat disorderly genius. The Shoemaker’s Holiday (1600), perhaps his earliest play, is his best. It is a delightful domestic comedy concerning the success of Simon Eyre, a master shoemaker who becomes the lord mayor of London. The play is notable for its
3
3. Dumas referring to Alexandre Dumas (1802-70), known as Dumas Pere, French novelist and dramatist. Dumas delighted readers in many countries with his highly romantic novels immortalizing the adventures of the three musketeers and the Count of Monte Cristo. The Three Musketeers was published in 1844 and Count of Monte Cristo in 1845. Both these novels have had enormous popularity and have been translated into nearly every language.
高级英语第二册第三版 第三课Inaugural Address修辞汇总
1.Metaphor（暗喻）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans.2) .. those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.3) But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4)And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.5)..we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective to strengthen its shield f the new and the weak.6)And if A beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion.7)The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world2.Antithesis（对照）A)United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture Divided, there is little we can do.2)If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.And So, my fellow Americans; ask not what your country can do for you;ask you can dofor your country.3.Parallelism（排比）1)..that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by hard and biter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, andunwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed.2)Together let us explore the stars, conquer the-deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.3) .. a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.4.Repetition（重复）1).. symbolizing an end As well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.2)For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.3)Let us never negotiate gut of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate:4).. and bring the absolute)power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.5.Alliteration（头韵）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike...2)... whether it wishes us well or ill. that we shall pay any price bear any burden...,3)... both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...4)...ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.6.Rhyme（尾韵）...whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden ..7.Synecdoche（提喻）...both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...8.Climax（渐升）All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.。
Lesson 3 (复旦高级英语第二册)
Tenet
a religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof One who believes in and follows the tenets of naturalism.
Platitude
A comment or statement that have been very often before and is therefore not Interesting. It‘s no more than a platitude. Applause is the echo of a platitude.
mediocrity
ordinariness as a consequence of being average and not outstanding His plays are distinguished only by their stunning mediocrity. Caricature is the tribute that mediocrity pays to genius.
inability of a part or organ to function properly Legal Capacity - To have the legal capacity to enter a valid contract, a person must have reached the age of majority and be free of mental impairment or incompetence.
preponderant
having superior power and influence adj. However coal as the major consumption has hindered exploration of preponderant water energy and gas energy. Melancholy is the preponderant mood of the poem. weigh more heavily v. Christians preponderate in the population of that part of the country. Oaks and maples preponderate in our woods.
外研版高一英语必修第二册(2019版)_Unit3_单元背景探索阅读
Unit3 单元背景探索阅读阅读提示：中国篮协主席姚明着力为“校篮球”计划摇旗呐喊，表现出他对“校篮球”的重视。
Utilizing his position as a member of National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference（中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会），Yao called for more cross-departmental cooperation and better coaching to further expand a school basketball program launched last year.“Sports participation，as part of all-around education，should be given a more prominent role on campus，whereas now academic excellence seems to be the main priority in our country,” Yao told China Daily on Sunday in Beijing during the annual session of the country's top political advisory body.“Building organized and accessible sports competitions with tailor made（专门设置的）programs and adequate facilities is the key to involving as many students as possible,” said Yao，who is chairman of the Chinese basketball association（中国篮球协会）“It has to be a collaborative effort between the sports and education departments,” said Yao .To make it campus-based means we don't count on it to cultivate future pro（专业的）players.We believe participation in team sports help children grow stronger as individuals physically and mentally.。
高一英语必修第二册(2019版)_Unit3_单元背景探索阅读课件
答
A. In 1969.
B. In 1984.
案
解
C. In 1991.
D. In 1989.
析
词汇积累
1. accessible 2. consist of 3. as well 4. go down 5. come up with 6. fromthat moment on 7. work as
读有所获
The World Wide Web (the web) is a computer network that allows computer users to access information from millions of websites via the Internet. ①At the moment, about 80 percent of web traffic is in English, but this percentage is going down. ② By 2020, much web traffic could be in Chinese.
读有所获
Berners Lee made it possible for everyone to use the Internet, not just universities and the army. He designed the first “web browser”，which allowed computer users to access documents from other computers, ④From that moment on, the web and the Internet grew. Within five years，the number of Internet users rose from 600,000
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The ideal conversationalist is:
Well-informed Sympathetic Interested in life Attentive
Always in good humor Doesn't preach Doesn't take himself too seriously Not argumentative Never contradict or flatly disagree with the other person Never too forceful or emphatic in stating your opinions
• The voiced fillers er and erm, for example, are useful delaying devices, so that we are able to continue holding the floor while we think of what next to say
Why are our personal experiences so crucial? I can give you two important reasons. First, our experiences determine what we think. Second, they determine how we come to think about the world. ( lecture)
Type2:
Conversation for some other purposes
Politicians, preachers, salesmen, lobbyists, etc. practice this type.
Tips for General Conversation
General conversation should conform to the following principles: The topic must be of general interest. Each person must do his share AND NO MORE. There should be no periods of silence. No topic should be dragged out. The tone should be kept good-natured. No one should be offended by anything said.
• 3. Syntactic anomalies （不规则）
Often we fail to keep control of the syntax of what we are saying, and produce anomalous constructions which, if they are not entirely ungrammatical, would nevertheless be regarded as awkward and unacceptable in written composition eg. "We've got... you've got to take".
Personal emails
Legal and political documents
Formality of Spoken English
Very formal Very informal
Public speech
Classroom lecture
Talk between lovers
Spoken text
Advanced English
Book Two
Unit 3 Pub Talk and the King’s English
Background Knowledge
Global ReI: Para. 1-3
of
the
text
Part III: Para. 18-21
Conversation is of two basic types:
Type 1: Conversation for its own sake( general conversation) aims: Companionship The exchange of ideas Entertainment
Original Broad-minded Charitable( ready to help) Unselfish Considerate Flexible Poised( controlled and relaxed) Enthusiastic
The Characteristics of Spoken English
How to become a good conversationalist? While one fault will make a person a bad conversationalist, one virtue will not make him a good one. He must possess many qualities, some of them having to do with character, some with intellect, and some with training.
Writing style
The writer deliberately wrote this piece in a conversational style to suit his theme---bar conversation has its own charm. Organization is loose---title, abrupt transition, digression Highly informal language---abundance of simple idiomatic expressions cheek by jowl with copious literary and historical allusions The tone of the author is generally light-hearted and relaxed rather than very serious and forceful or satirical.
Elements of a good conversationalist?
Bane of Conversation
--- focus on one particular topic ---always interrupt others or argue stubbornly ---dominate the topic and the conversation ---impose on others to accept your ideas or opinions ---talkative, self-centered ---don’t like to be a good listener
Formality of Written English
Very formal
Academic texts Business letters Quality newspapers (broadsheet s) Popular press Personal letters
Very informal
General characteristics of these two manifestations of human language
spoken immensely ancient the primary form of language modifies rapidly written comparatively recent the secondary form modifies more slowly
Main idea: The writer
resumed to the topic of how to make a good conversation.
Para.12-17: Study or reflections done about the king‟s or queen‟s English.
In dialogue about half your time should be spent listening unless it is clear that the other person wishes you to talk more. The advantages of listening are: You conceal your own weakness. You learn the other person's attitude. You give the other person enjoyment. You store up emphasis for the statement you eventually make. In times of trouble a sympathetic ear is more valuable to most people than anything that can be said to them.
paralinguistic features reduced to punctuation, handwriting or typeface
largely pre-meditated no immediate opportunity to monitor reader feedback and effect repair