考研英语必备语法全突破(第2版)
考研英语语法总结(完美版)
考研英语语法总结(完美版)从2002年起,研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等基础知识的考查,将此部分改考为听力。
但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要。
根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议,他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础,其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查,但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解,有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式,这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解,而且有助于学生做好英译汉,写好作文。
(一)情态动词一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。
在这两个方面must/mustn’t,; can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t; ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1.表示已经发生的情况。
1)must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。
如:My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetic ally:” Are you feeling all right?” [A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be (答案为C)2)can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。
如:Mary my letter; otherwise she woul d have replied before now. [A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received (答案为A)3)may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。
关于考研英语二真题的图书排行榜
关于考研英语二真题的图书排行榜想考研英语类的伙伴们都很想知道,考研英语二真题的图书有哪些呢?要怎么样才能完胜考研英语二呢?以下是店铺推荐给大家的考研英语二真题的图书排行榜,还没看的捉紧时间看。
考研英语二真题的图书排行榜NO.1 《考研圣经》(2007-2016)考研1号的《考研圣经》是目前考研图书市场上质量最好、最受认可的英语二真题书。
该书的知名度自不必说,其堪称“极致”的解析实在是令人惊叹,非常适合系统复习之用。
第一,《考研圣经》定位非常清晰——专为基础薄弱者一次过关编著。
围绕这一定位,作者逐句剖析了历年英语二(包括英语二考试前身的MBA试题在内,共十套真题)的真题文章,并在逐句讲解中重点突出词汇和句法的讲解,有效克服了英语基础薄弱者的两大基础(词汇和语法),针对性非常强,使用的过程中复习效果也非常明显,随着复习的一天天进展,你会扎扎实实地感受到自己每天在进步。
《考研圣经》一本书在手,历年真题中的每一个词汇、每一个句式结构和语法点,你都能无师自通,自己搞定——你无须再去购买专门的词汇书和语法书,不用再去反复查词典和语法书,再复杂的句子都能在该书中一次性弄清楚。
第二,《考研圣经》创新力度最大——该书创立了很多独特、有效的解析方式,对于拓宽考生解题思路、提升考生复习质量很有好处。
比如,首创真题文章“逐词逐句逐题精解”模式,阅读“答案定位+选项表析”模式,写作“模板范文+创新范文”模式,翻译“逐层拆译+雕梁画栋”模式等等。
总之,强烈推荐考研圣经这本书,因为它不仅是解析最为详尽的,而且是解析最为用心、思路最为有效的英语真题书。
第三,《考研圣经》配套视频最给力——该书配有与书籍解析同步进行的名师精讲的配套视频,同样是一句一句讲解,十分给力,完全可以给考生省却报辅导班的高额费用。
NO.2 《考研英语(二)历年真题老蒋详解》(2008-2016)蒋军虎的《考研英语(二)历年真题老蒋详解》一书具有一定知名度,解析也比较详细,各个板块讲解的程度也比较均衡,在同类真题解析书中算是比较好的。
英语语法【考研】英语二总结
成分/组成
位置
成分&分类
难点分析
主语 句子所陈述的对象
名词 代词 非谓语动词 从句:引导词+句子
谓语
主语发出的动作。一般是有动作意 义的动词。
动词:实义动词、系动词
宾语
名词
分为动词宾语和介词宾语,属于动 代词
作的承受者。
非谓语动词
从句:引导词+there be:“有”相关含义; 3.被动:人称代词做主语。以下情况无被动:
1.一句话中除了主干和定语,其他都可以是状语 。 2.在句子中见到以下词,都是状语:副词,比较 、条件、结果、原因、让步、目的、方式、伴 随状语。 3.分析长难句,名词后是时间、地点需区分是定 语还是状语:①无法区分时,定语优先原则② 若翻译为定语不通顺时才翻译为状语。 4.四步走:找谓语动词(主谓宾)--连词--定语 --状语。
略;
连词前有无逗号均可,其他逻辑关系词(副词、介
如何找省略内容:
短)前用句号或and
2.1省略一定在连词后,不会在连词前;
2.2 连词后面有的成分,连词前通常也有(只
有一个对应前面多个时,前面不一定都有,但
至少有一个) ;
2.3 连词前有,后面没有的部分便是省略内容
2.地点状语从句:where 3.原因状语从句:because、as、since、in that 、seeing that 、considering that 、now that 、given that 、for 、because of 、due to、owing to、thanks to、for the sake of 、as a result of 4.目的状语从句:so that、in order that 5.结果状语从句:so…that、 such…that 6.让步状语从句:although、though、even though、even if 、as、 while 7.方式状语从句:as、 the way、as if / though、by/through/by means of、 in…way/manner
考研英语语法总结经典版
考研英语语法总结经典版一、句子成分1.主语:句子中起名词或代词作用,通常位于句子的开头。
例:Tom likes to play basketball.(主语是Tom)2.谓语:句子中表示动作、状态或存在的部分,通常位于主语之后。
例:She is reading a book.(谓语是is reading)3.宾语:句子中接在动词后面的成分,回答“谁”或“什么”。
例:He bought a new car.(宾语是a new car)4.表语:句子中用来描述主语的成分,通常是形容词、名词或介词短语。
例:The weather is sunny.(表语是sunny)5.定语:句子中用来修饰名词或代词的成分,通常是形容词、数字、名词短语等。
例:The old man lives in the small house.(定语是the small house)6.状语:句子中用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的成分,通常是副词或介词短语。
例:She works hard.(状语是hard)7.同位语:句子中用来解释、说明或补充前面名词或代词的成分。
例:My best friend, Alice, is a doctor.(同位语是Alice)二、时态和语态1.时态:表示动作发生的时间或状态的时间。
-现在时:表示现在正在进行的动作或状态。
例:I am reading a book.-过去时:表示过去发生的动作或状态。
例:He bought a new car.-将来时:表示将来要发生的动作或状态。
例:I will go to the beach tomorrow.-过去完成时:表示过去一些时间之前已经完成的动作或状态。
例:She had finished her homework before dinner.2.语态:表示动作的主体和受体。
-主动语态:表示主语执行动作或状态。
例:He cleans the room every day.-被动语态:表示主语承受动作或状态。
英语二规定了总共有八个语法点
(1)语法英语二规定了总共有八个语法点,具体的语法点是要考的。
只要把这八点做到了,语法部分复习计算完整。
①名词、代词它的用法,数和格。
②形容词。
③动词,动词包括时态、语态,时态是最常见的,例如一般现在、一般将来等,语态就是主动和被动。
④常用连词。
⑤非谓语动词,就是不定式和名词。
⑥虚拟语气。
⑦从句,列了宾语从句、主语从句和表语从句。
⑧同谓语从句(2)词汇英语一和英语二的大纲规定考察词汇附录表完全一致,但考察深度不一样,英语二的考研要求为考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(3)阅读理解A关于阅读理解A部分的考察。
英语二没有英语一中规定的阅读理解中会出现3%的超纲单词。
英语一除要求理解文字展现意义外,还要求能够理解文章中概念性的含义,而英语二基本不会出现一些特别抽象的,特别复杂的费解的概念。
此外,英语二的阅读量要相对英语一略小一些。
(4)阅读理解B英语一这部分规定了三种备选题型,一种是七选五。
第二种是搭配,第三个是排序。
最近几年一直考的是七选五,是比较成熟的题型。
英语二阅读理解B部分,就是新题型部分也规定了三种题型,这三种题型跟英语一非常不一样,第一种题型就是它给一篇文章,让你看,看完了以后让你做一个配队,左边有一系列小短句子,右边有一系列补全这个句子的成份,七个选五个,配比下来,有两个选不到,这个难度比较低,只要对文章有一个整体的大概的理解应该都可以做。
第二种就是小标题,也叫搭配题,就是用标题和文章段落进行搭配,这个跟英语一是完全一致的。
第三种,是让考生先读文章,有五个句子,然后根据文章的意思判断正误,这个难度更低了。
(5)阅读理解C英语一翻译题型是给考生一篇文章,有五个划线的句子,一般是比较令人费解的长难句,翻译起来不仅句子本身就比较结构复杂,而且还要将句子放在整篇文章中,结合文章的概念性推理进行翻译,难度颇高,大部分考生在此题型上失分较多。
《李阳疯狂英语_突破语法》全文-.pdf
just like You grammar We for 造Li new 概念;practical Just away Put 懂Wethey enjoy their job?);她喜欢她you know how late the store is open;第三人称单数Person;一个开朗外向的人is a very outgoing person.She of time with her friends.;(1)爱丽丝的人。
很多时间她和她的朋友to parties.She goes to movies.to nightclubs.;她去聚会,去电影a Crazy English class every 语的课everyone in her class.She's 她认识班里的每个人,她很受欢also likes sports very much.She She plays baseball.;(2)她也很她打篮球、打棒球、volleyball.And she also plays athletic and she loves being 户外生活。
doesn't stay home alone very read many books.;(3爱丽丝家里。
她不怎么读书,watch T V .She doesn't listen to doesn't talk on the phone.She's 她很活跃。
like to waste her time inside.;内。
can see,Alice is a very outgoing 爱丽丝是个非常开朗and healthy.She has a lot of 她有很多朋her company very much.Everyone 人人都喜欢这里面既有第也有其他人称,操练时一定要注;sister and I are very different.I'm a a doctor.;(1)我姐姐和我是两个完她是个医生。
英语二重点知识点归纳总结
英语二重点知识点归纳总结一、语法1. 动词时态和语态英语中有多种时态,包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时等。
在使用时态时,需要根据句子的语境和时间关系选择合适的时态。
2. 名词的单复数形式英语中,大部分名词的复数形式是在词尾加上-s或-es。
但也有一些特殊名词会有不规则的复数形式,例如man变为men,woman变为women等。
3. 代词的用法代词用于代替名词,包括人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、相互代词等。
在使用代词时需要注意人称、性别、数与格的一致性。
4. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形容词和副词可以有不同程度的比较级和最高级形式。
比较级通常在原级形式后面加上-er,最高级则是在原级形式前面加上the。
但也有一些不规则的形容词和副词,如good 变为better,bad变为worse等。
5. 介词的用法介词是连接词与词之间关系的词,常见的介词包括in、on、at、over、under等。
在使用介词时需要注意其后面接哪些词或短语。
6. 非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
不定式通常用于表示目的、原因和结果;动名词通常用作宾语、主语和表语;现在分词通常用于表示进行中的动作。
7. 并列连词的用法并列连词用于连接两个相同或相似的句子或短语,常见的并列连词有and、but、or、so 等。
8. 从句的用法从句是一个句子的一部分,可以作为主语、宾语、表语或定语。
常见的从句有名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句。
二、词汇1. 同义词和反义词在英语中,有很多词语有相同或相近的意思,这些词语就被称为同义词。
而反义词则是指意义相反的词语。
2. 词性转换在英语中,有些词语可以在不改变词根的情况下,通过添加前缀或后缀来改变词性。
例如,词语create是动词,但在添加后缀-ion之后,可以变为creation,成为一个名词。
3. 常用短语和习惯用法英语中有很多常用的短语和习惯用法,掌握这些短语和习惯用法可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语。
胡小平考研英语词汇突破班讲义
考研英语词汇专项讲义I. V ocabulary Usage Analysis:例11) Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such b ehaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well. [05]21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by[A] posing a contrast.[B] justifying an assumption.[C] making a comparison.[D] explaining a phenomenon.2) 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. [98]45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely3) … This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38, they can help studentsacquire a sense of commitment.[A] On the contrary [B] On the average[C] On the whole [D] On the other hand4) A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints o n improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is. [09-T4]35. According to the last paragraph, development of education[A] results directly from competitive environments.[B] does not depend on economic performance.[C] follows improved productivity.[D] cannot afford political changes.例2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.55. W e learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so例3But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise例4Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring; burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.例5In1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and inf irm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.58. The author's attitude to ward Richard Lamm's remark is one of[A] strong disapproval. [B] reserved consent.[C] slight contempt. [D] enthusiastic support.例6It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess:“We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.From the second paragraph we learn that[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries.[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia.[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law.[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage.II. V ocabulary Exercises:1.1) At first, the ______ of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A] transaction [B] transmission [C] transformation [D] transition2) …inaccurate or indefinite words may make it difficult for the listener to understand the 8_which is being transmitted to him.[A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning3) The parcel you post must be well packed. Inadequate packing can mean delay, damage or loss[A] [B] [C]at your expenses.[D]2.1) Emma said in her letter that she would appreciate ______ (hear) from you soon.2) I appreciated ______ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.[A] having been given [B] having given [C] to have been given [D] to have given3) As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate _____ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.[A] hearing [B] to hear [C] to be hearing [D] having heard ……….. 略胡小平浙江大学外国语言文化与国际交流学院(SIS)E-mail: shopin@版权所有严禁翻印。
考研英语二必备知识点归纳
考研英语二必备知识点归纳考研英语二,即全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语科目的第二类考试,主要面向非英语专业考生。
以下是考研英语二必备知识点的归纳:词汇量考研英语二要求考生具备较高的词汇量,通常在6000-8000词左右。
考生应重点掌握高频词汇、词组搭配以及词汇的多义性。
语法知识语法是英语表达的基础。
考生需要掌握各种时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词、从句等语法知识,并能够灵活运用。
阅读理解阅读理解是考研英语二的重点,考生需要培养快速阅读和深度理解的能力。
这包括对文章主旨大意的把握、细节信息的捕捉、逻辑关系的分析等。
完形填空完形填空考查考生对文章整体结构和上下文逻辑的理解。
考生需要在掌握文章大意的基础上,选择最合适的词汇填空。
翻译翻译部分要求考生将中文翻译成英文或将英文翻译成中文。
这不仅考查语言转换能力,也考查对文化差异的理解。
写作写作部分包括小作文和大作文。
小作文通常为应用文写作,如书信、通知等;大作文则为议论文写作,要求考生就某一话题发表观点,并进行论证。
听力虽然考研英语二不包含听力部分,但考生在备考过程中也应加强听力训练,以提高英语综合运用能力。
真题训练通过历年真题的训练,考生可以熟悉考试题型和难度,了解命题规律,提高应试技巧。
模拟考试定期进行模拟考试,可以帮助考生检验学习效果,调整备考策略。
心态调整保持良好的心态对于考研英语二的备考至关重要。
考生应合理安排时间,避免临近考试时的紧张和焦虑。
结束语考研英语二的备考是一个系统工程,需要考生在词汇、语法、阅读、写作、翻译等多方面下功夫。
通过不断的练习和总结,相信每位考生都能够在考试中取得理想的成绩。
祝愿所有考生考研顺利,实现自己的学术梦想。
英语二级语法归纳
英语二级语法归纳英语二级考试中,英语二级语法是相当重要的一个知识点。
那么你知道英语二级语法有哪些吗?下面由店铺为大家整理的英语二级的语法,希望大家喜欢!英语二级的语法一、名词1.可数名词可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词,包括个体名词和集体名词,有单、复数形式。
复数名词构成法如下:以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-es(除stomach)。
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要变y为-ies。
但以元音字母加y结尾时直接加-s。
以f或fe结尾的名词须直接加-s的,如:beliefs,roofs,proofs,gulfs,chiefs,safes,serfs。
变f或fe为-ves的,如:knives,leaves,halves,wives,lives,thieves.wolves,shelves,loaves。
以o结尾直接加-s,如:zoos,pianos,kilos,photos,autos,radios。
加-es,如:Negroes,heroes,potatoes。
复数不规则的名词,如:man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,goose—geese,ox—oxen,child—children,tooth—teeth等。
单复数形式一样的名词,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,means,works等。
2.不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。
以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。
某些以-s结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。
3.名词的所有格(1) “’s”所有格。
一般名词后加“’s”。
如:Tom’s brother’s bag。
以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,在名词右上方加“’”。
如:the workers’organization。
以-s结尾的专有名词所有格,若以读音[Z]结尾,一般可在名词右上方加“’”,也可加“’s”。
语法讲义--长难句分析完整版
I don’t think people are capable of that anymore. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
断开长难句 – 考场攻略 攻略 1:先找从句,但先看主句
攻略 2:不要纠结从句
… when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. (2015, Translation)
On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
断开长难句: 标点/连接词 – 练习 Twenty‐seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty‐seven were told only that some were electrified. (2018, Use of English)
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after பைடு நூலகம்e has turned it on. (英语一, 2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
考研资料英语二核心词汇.doc
accomplish vt.完成(任务等)goal n.目的,目标;得分进球,球门tendency n.趋势,倾向managerial a.经理的,管理人的;管理上的,经营上的 implement vt.实现;完成;履行suboptimizationn.局部最优化,次优化achievement n.完成,达到;成就,成绩multiple a.多样的,复合的 n.倍数n.强制;强制因素,制约条件constraint计划,策划scheme n.计划;方案 vt./vi.attain vt.达到;完成define vt.解释,给…下定义;限定,规定 accompany vt.伴随,陪同;为…伴奏n.正确,正确性correctnessbudget n.预算 vt.把…编入预算;安排,预定 organizationala.组织(上)的maker n.制造者;制造商optimal a.最适宜的;最理想的precedent n.先例,前例争辨,争论,辩论;说服argue vt./vi.预言;预示predict vt./vi.slimplify vt.简化objective n.目标,目的 a.客观的;无偏见的n.赚钱,获得profitabilityn.(对不能同时兼顾的因素)权衡;物物交 trade-offspeechless a.不会说话的;不说话的candidate n.候选人,候补者;应试者interviewer n.接见者;面谈者entity n.存在,实体;统一性community n.社区;共同体unintended a.非计划中的,非故意的ongoing a.进行中的,前进的to make a guess at 猜测in part 部分地,在某种程度上n.冷漠;不感兴趣(to)indifferencevague a.含糊的;不明确的skilled a.熟练的;有技能的等等,诸如此类and the likeprospect n.展望,景象;[常pl.]前景,前程n.澄清,阐明clarificationcriticismn.批评;评论notion n.概念;想法,看法n.个性;人格;品格personalityinterview vt./n.面谈,采访;面试,口试 correspondence n.符合,一致;通信 prospective a.预期的;未来的a.无吸引力的;不引人注意的 unattractivein the way 挡路;碍事观点point of view追求,争取to seek to日常工作day to day workexert vt.尽(力);施加(压力等);行使(职权等) miniskirt n.超短裙astronomer n.天文学家photocopy vt./n.复印,影印;照相复制本请求,向…要;寻找to ask forto turn down 拒绝;调小或调低;翻下逃跑;避免 n.逃跑;逃路,出口 escape vi./vt.对某人有利to one's advantagepunk n.(俚)阿飞;朋克 a.颓废派的intimidate vt.恐吓,恫吓抓住,握紧clutch vt./vi.to make sure 查明,弄确实;确信grip vt./n.紧握,紧夹;掌握,控制 conservative a.保存的,防腐的;保守的,守旧的不辞劳苦,费力to take the trouble toto apply for 申请rephrase vt.重新措辞,改用别的话表示in hand 手头上有painful a.痛苦的;费力的at a disadvantage处于不利地位n.无效;效能差inefficiencyresume n.摘要,梗概;个人简历panel n.专门小组neat a.整洁的;简洁的;整齐的gravity n.严肃,认真;重要性;[物]重力 convincing a.有说服力的,使人信服的galaxy n.[天]星系,[G-]银河系boundary n.分界线,边界implication n.含意,暗示;牵连,涉及,卷入 constant a.永恒的,经久不变的;经常的 n.常数 companion n.同伴,同事;[天]伴星(=~star) neutron n.[物]中子launch vt.发射;使(船)下水 n.发射,(船)下水 dwarf n.矮子;[天]矮星twin a./n.双胞胎(的)[Twins][天]双子座 binary a.二,双;二进制的 n.双(体);联星 speculation n.推测,猜测;投机basis n.基础,根据;主要成份;军事基地 observer n.遵守者,奉行者;观察者,监视者a.可交换的;可互换的 interchangeabledaytime n.白天,日间observatory n.天文台;了望台collapse vt./vi./n.(使)倒塌,(使)崩溃;瓦解measurement n.衡量,测量explode vt.使爆炸 vi.爆炸;突发supernova n.[天]超新星density n.密集度,稠密度;[物][化]密度收缩;缩小;退缩,畏缩shrink vt./vi./n.marble n.弹子;大理石 a.大理石的,大理石般的a.令人激动的;颤动的,震颤的thrillingStar of Bethlehem 圣诞星outer a.外部的mankind n.[用作单或复]人类Milky Way 银河;银河系(=Milky Way galaxy)Albert Einstein爱因斯坦(美籍德国理论物理学家) operate v.运转,起作用;动手术;操作;经营研究to research intomicroscopic a.显微镜的;微观的;微小的,细微的关于…猜测speculation aboutconcerned a.有关的;关切的,担心的largely ad.大量地;主要地astronaut n.宇航员unlikely a.未必可能的;靠不住的swallow vt.吞咽 n.燕子solar a.太阳的,日光的;利用太阳光的vi.闪闪发光,闪烁 n.闪光glitterwhereas conj.而,却;反之revolve vi.旋转;绕转to swallow up 吞没,耗尽cloudless a.无云的,晴朗的lesser a.较小的;更少的;次要的planet n.行星White Dwarf [天]白矮星to make use of利用crowd n.群,人群 vi.聚集,群集plateau n.([复]plateaus或plateaux)高原通常;一般说来as a ruleweaken vt.削弱,减弱 vi.变弱parliament n.议会,国会;[P-]议会whilst conj.(=while)当…时;然而;虽然,尽管 above all 首先,首要debate vt./n.争论,辩论 vi.对…进行争论,辩论 injectionn.注射;注射剂,针剂n.标准,准则criterionprosecute vt.对…起诉,告发euthanasia n.无痛楚的死亡;安乐死nationwide a.全国性的 ad.在全国范围内使)恶化vt./vi.(deteriorateDutch a.荷兰人的;荷兰语的 n.荷兰人;荷兰语request vt./n.请求,要求a great many 很多lethal a.致死的tropical a.热带的;炎热的coloured a.有色的legal a.法律上的;合法的Dutchman n.([复]Dutchmen)荷兰人religion n.宗教;宗教信仰circumstance n.[pl.]情况,环境;境遇ensure vt.保证,担保oppose vt.反对,反抗;使相对,使对抗(to)a.敏感的;灵敏的,感光的sensitiveopt vi.抉择,选择(for),在…之间选择要求…to make request forcouncil n.理事会;委员会healthcare n.保健burden n.负担;责任,义务 vt.使负重担;麻烦n.传统;惯例traditionhospice n.(晚期病人)收容所moving a.活动的,移动的;动人的,令人感动的 prohibitionn.禁止;禁令be opposed to 反对elderly a.较老的,人过中年的 n.近老年人n.考虑;体谅,照顾considerationdisabled a.伤残的;使失去战斗力的缩短,缩小;减少shorten vt./vi.vulnerable a.易受伤的,弱小的;易受…攻击的a.家长式统治的;家长作风的 paternalisticfounder n.创始者;缔造者患有…疾病to be affected with考虑到to take...into account关于…进行辩论to debate onneed for 对…的需要individual n.个人,个体,独立单位 a.个人的;个别的 to open up 打开;开办,开辟,开发;坦诚地谈话conspiracy n.阴谋,密谋;阴谋集团,阴谋帮派appoint vt.任命,委任(as);约定,指定The Netherlands 荷兰(=Holland)威尔弗雷德·范·奥仁(人名)Wilfred van Oijenunfair a.不公平的,不公正的entry n.进入;入口;登记,条目,账目privilege n.特权 vt.给予…特权齐思·范·万德尔·德·尤德(人名) Cees van Wendel de Joode决定不参加…,决定(从…)退出to opt out (of)Andrew Ferguson 安德鲁·福格森(人名)merit n.优点,长处;功绩,功劳senior a.年长的;大学四年级的 n.年长者graduate v.(使)(大学)毕业 n.大学毕业生,研究生bias n.偏见 v.[常用被动语态]有偏见private a.私人的;私营的;秘密的,私下的escalator n.自动扶梯对某事十分关心to have...at heartheadmaster n.(中学或小学的)校长Cicely Saunders 茜西莉·桑德斯(人名)employment n.使用;雇佣;职业,工作profession n.职业(尤指脑力劳动或受过专业训练的) network n.[纺]网眼织物;网状物,网络leading a.领导的,指引的;最重要的,主要的publish vt.出版,刊印;公布,发表old-boy n.老同学;(招呼用)老朋友,老弟,老兄prime a.最初的,基本的;主要的;最好的fiercely ad.凶猛地,凶残地;猛烈地on average 平均vision n.想像力,幻觉;视力,视觉;眼光n.杰出人物 a.杰出人物(统治论)的elitistivy n.常青藤applicant n.申请人,请求者to blame...for 为…责备某人remedial a.治疗的,治疗上用的;补救的elite n.精英,杰出人物 a.杰出的,精英的excellence n.优秀,杰出a.无阶级的;不属于任何阶级的classlessto amount to 达到,总计;相当于,等于by nature 生来,天生,就其本性而言competitive a.竞争的,比赛的academic a.学院的,学会的;学术的equivalent a.相等的;等价的 n.等价(物);对应词a.附加的,追加的;另外的additionalbe worth doing 值得做…abolish vt.废除(法律,习惯等);取消entrance n.进入;入口,门口;入场,入会,入学 performance n.执行;表现,工作性能;演出,演奏征募(新兵),吸收;补充 n.新成员 recruit vt./vi.vt.重复;复制replicateaccessible a.易接近的;易受影响的(to);可理解的 Clare Bolderson 克莱尔·博尔德森(人名)folk n.人们;[口]家属,亲属 a.民间的Don Claxton 唐·克莱克斯顿(人名)punishment n.处罚,罚,刑罚;折磨,损害n.不满disaffectioninhumane a.不人道的,残忍的civil a.国民的,民用的;国内的,民间的union n.工会,协会;结合,联合a.与其他不同的,独特的;明显的distinctmusician n.音乐家;作曲家n.摇滚乐,摇滚舞rock'n'rollmusically ad.在音乐方面;好听地;悦耳地blues n.布鲁斯;慢四步舞liberty n.自由,自由权;冒昧,失礼;特许权,特权rhythmic a.有韵律的;有节奏的n.变化,转化;改造,改革transformationAlvin Bronstein 阿尔文·布朗斯坦(人名)Alabama 阿拉巴马(美国州名)to call up 打电话;使想起,使忆起to watch over 看守,照管,监视argument n.争论,辩论;论据,理由Huntsville 亨茨维尔(城市名,位于阿拉巴马州北部) Georgia 佐治亚(美国州名)Arkansas 阿肯色(美国州名)in unison 完全一致地deny vt.否定,否认;拒绝接受,拒绝给予toilet n.盥洗室;厕所eyewitness n.目击者;见证人United Kingdom 联合王国weed n.杂草,野草 vt.除草,拔草ditch n.沟,沟渠 vt./vi.开渠;筑渠circus n.马戏团,杂技团;马戏场,杂技场a.[主美]州际的interstateunison n.一致;协调gap n.裂口,裂缝racial a.种族的racist n.种族主义者 a.种族主义的;种族歧视的 shackle n.[常pl.]镣铐;[pl.]束缚,枷锁 Singapore 新加坡岛;新加坡;新加坡市 spokesman n.发言人;代言人n.种植园,大农场;植树造林plantationBBC 英国广播公司correspondent n.对应物;新闻通讯员,记者,通信者 gang n.一队,一族;一群,一帮菲律宾(国);菲律宾群岛The Philippinesn.重新采用,重新引入re-introductionLydia Garcia 莉迪亚·加西亚(人名)Kumari 库马里(人名)Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡degrade vt.降级,贬低;堕落;退化concession n.让步;特许权;租界,租界地 immigration n.移居;外来的移民证明…有罪,宣判…有罪to convict...ofbreadwinner n.养家糊口的人to bring over 把…带来;使转变be deserving of值得;应得应该be supposed toshelf n.(壁橱,书橱内)搁板;架子deserving a.应得的,值得的(of)immigrant a.移民的,侨民的 n.移民,侨民 kingdom n.王国;领域Filipino n.菲律宾人(语) a.菲律宾人的;菲律宾的 convict vt.证明…有罪(of);宣判 n.罪犯execute vt.实行,执行,完成,贯彻;将…处死 foreigner n.外国人Saudi n.沙特阿拉伯人 a.沙特阿拉伯(人或语)的 n.小叶,嫩叶;传单,活页leafletmaid n.少女;侍女,女仆incidence n.影响程度,影响范围;发生率despite prep.尽管,任凭deport vt.驱逐出境employee n.雇员,雇工status n.情形,状况;地位,身份minimum n.最小量;最低限度 a.最小的;最低的 guilt n.有罪;内疚Stanford (美国)斯坦福大学沃尔特·埃利斯(人名)Walter EllisOxford 牛津;牛津大学passport n.护照Oxbridge 牛津大学和剑桥大学;该校之学生 Harvard (美国)哈佛大学Cambridge 剑桥;剑桥大学domestic adj.家庭的,家务的;国内的n.家仆,佣人 sexually ad.在性方面Briton n.大不列颠人;英国人abuse vt./n.滥用,妄用;虐待,凌辱John Rae 约翰·雷(人名)diplomat a.外交家;外交官n.统计数字,统计资料;[用作单]统计学 statisticsexploit vt.开发,开采;利用;剥削abroad ad.到国外;在国外Princeton (美国)普林斯顿大学lvy League 常春藤联合会;名牌大学的Yale (美国)耶鲁大学campaign n.战役;运动 v.参加运动,参加竞选活动 Berkeley 伯克利;加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校 Westminster 威斯敏斯特France 法兰西,法国John Major 约翰·梅杰(前英国首相)slavery n.奴隶制度,奴役;奴隶身份eclecticismn.折衷主义imitator n.模仿者guitar n.六弦琴,吉他jazz n.爵士乐Negro n.黑人 a.黑人的amplifier n.放大器n.[复][用作单]电子学electronicsa.电子的electronicyouthful a.反战的readily ad.乐意地;很快地,容易地sentiment n.感情,情绪;感伤lighting n.照明,照明设备studio n.工作室;播音室,演播室;电影制片厂发源;发生,发起originate vi./vt.synthesis n.结合,合成consciousness n.意识,知觉;觉悟instrument n.仪器;乐器passive a.被动的;消极的n.参加者 a.参与的participanta.无限制的,无限的limitlessballroom n.舞厅spontaneous a.自发的,本能的,自动的;出自自然的a.穿透的,贯穿的;深刻的,透彻的 penetratingthereby ad.由此,从而multimedia a.多种手段的;多媒体的 n.多媒体具有;担任(工作等);雇佣to take onthematic a.题目的,主题的;主旋律的symphony n.交响曲,交响乐;交响乐队,交响音乐会a.有成果的,有收获的fruitfulBob Dylan 鲍伯·狄伦n.传统主义者;因循守旧者traditionalistpainstaking a.苦干的;费力的接管,接任;把…从一处运到另一处to take overinvariably ad.不变地San Francisco 旧金山(或称三藩市)inspire vt.鼓舞;使产生灵感creative a.创造性的]披头士摇滚乐队Beatle [the Beatlespreliminary a.预备的;初步的 n.初试;预赛 conception n.概念,观念improvise vt.即兴创作;临时准备,临时凑成output n.产量;输出杰弗逊飞机(美国摇滚乐队名) Jefferson Airplanehandle n.柄,把手 vt.运用,操纵;经营,管理 notebook n.笔记本composer n.作曲家theme n.题目,主题;主旋律发生to take placewell-establisheda.固定下来的;得到确认的a.建设的,建设性的constructiveconventional a.惯例的,常规的;(艺术等)因袭的at a stretch 连续不断地for the sake of 为了…之好处;为了…的目的a.多样化的diversifiedsonority n.响亮,洪亮in advance 在前面;预先to serve as 适合Palestrina 帕莱斯特里纳(意大利作曲家)temper vt.[治]使回火,锻炼;调合clavichord n.(音)击弦古钢琴in a sense在某种意义上Hugo Wolf 沃尔夫(奥地利作曲家)experimental a.实验的;经验的sake n.缘故summarize vt./vi.概述,总结应归入(类别、范畴等)to belong inFranz Schubert 舒伯特(奥地利作曲家)换句话说in other wordsBeethoven 贝多芬(德国作曲家)completeness n.完整,圆满;完成,结束well(-)tempered脾气好的;(键盘乐器)调到平均律的不言而喻,理所当然It goes without saying thatevident a.明显的,明白的mold n.(=mould)模子;模型 vt.用模子做,浇铸 harmony n.协调,和谐;融洽,一致automotive a.自动的,机动的;汽车的ad.不断增加地increasinglycalculatorn.计算者;计算器reduction n.减少,减小;降级,降职;归纳,归并 frame n.构架,框架expose vt.使暴露,使面临;揭露,揭发appliance n.应用,适用;用具,器械Edgar Varese 瓦雷兹(法裔美国作曲家)Debussy 德彪西(法国作曲家)Moussorgsky 穆索尔斯基(俄国作曲家)robotics n.机器人学,机器人技术robot n.机器人;自动控制装置spray n.水花;喷雾 vt.喷;喷涂 vi.喷;溅散n.效率;功效,效能,实力efficiencyprevalent a.流行的,普通的cast vt.投,扔;投射;铸造 n.投,掷;模具weld vt./n.焊接radiation n.放射,发光;放射物,辐射线,辐射能personnel n.全体人员,全体职员;人事(部门)(巴赫)《平均律钢琴曲集》Well Tempered ClavichordGesualdo 杰苏阿尔多(意大利作曲家)Bach 巴赫(德国作曲家)a.[原]放射性的;放射引起的 radioactivevt.安装installBerlioz 柏辽兹(法国作曲家,指挥家及音乐评论家) in between 在中间;每间隔;在…期间shade n.荫,阴影 vt.遮蔽,遮光fireman n.消防队员light-sensitivea.光敏的正被谈论的in questiona.批评(性)的;紧要的,关键性的, 危急的 criticaldigital a.手指的,指状的;数字的,计数的 housekeeper n.管理家务的主妇;女管家plenty of 大量的;丰富的specific a.特有的,特定的;具体的,明确的暴露;面临;曝露to expose tobrightness n.明亮,晴朗;聪敏,机灵automatic a.自动的;无意识的,机械的grayscale 灰度attendant n.侍者,服务员;出席者assemble vt.集合;装配 vi.集合n.计算,计算结果;仔细考虑 calculationcamera n.照相机,摄影机reprogramme v.再次(重新)设定程序in that 在于,原因是scale n.刻度,表度;规模;比例(尺);天平switch n.开关,转换器 v.转换;接通或切断…电流defective a.有缺点的;有缺陷的n.强烈,剧烈intensitycompletion n.完成,结束;完满n.可靠性reliabilityforecast vt.预测,预报;预示speculate vi.思索;推测vt.投机;思索,推测radon n.氡fault n.缺点,毛病;错误,过失;[地]断层subside vi.沉淀;沉降;平静下来,平息,减退 arthquake n.地震警戒,处于戒备状态on the alertseismic a.地震precede vt.先于…,比…优先 vi.在前面,领先 giant n.巨人;巨物,巨大的动物 a.巨大的设立,建立;建立,提出to set upGuatemala 危地马拉radium n.镭datum n.([复]data)资料,材料;数据Chile 智利up-to-date a.最新的,现代化的;直至目前的 earning n.警告;警报 a.警告的eastern a.东方的,东部的;向东方的,来自东方的 to work on 从事…;对…有影响partial a.偏袒的,偏心的,对…偏袒;部分的 underground a.地下的;秘密的 ad.在地下;隐蔽地替换;转移 n.转换,转移;轮班shift vt./vi.使)腐朽,腐烂;衰变 n.腐烂;衰败 decay vi./vt.(analyze vt.分析occupation n.占领;占有;职业n.满意,满足satisfactionrecognition n.认出;承认,公认positive a.确实的;积极的,肯定的;正的,阳性的 Garm 加尔姆(俄国城市)underlie vt.支撑;构成(理论,政策,行为等)的基础stressfula.紧张的,压力重的renewal n.更新;重新开始impart vt.把…分给;给予(to)attach vt.固定住,系;附加,隶属;使喜爱Charles Richter 查尔斯·里克特leadership n.领导;[总称]领导人员Haicheng 海城(中国辽宁省城市)urban a.城市的,都市的research n.研究,调查 vi.调查,研究loom vi.隐隐呈现;逼近portray vt.描绘;描写;描述possession n.有,拥有;[常pl.]占有物;财产n.松弛,放松;缓和,减轻;休养 relaxationCalifornia 加利福尼亚(美国州名)(美)圣安德烈亚斯断层San Andreas faultrelevant a.贴切的,中肯的;与…有关的(to) desirable a.称心的,合意的,理想的acquire vt.获得,得到motivate vt.作为…的动机,激发overestimate vt.过高估计;过高评价elusive a.躲避的;难以捉摸的,难以理解的 wayside n.路边 a.路边的关于,涉及;忙于…;关心,关切 be concerned withoversupply vt./n.过多供应tricky a.狡猾的,耍花招的;难以处理的 adjustment n.调整flexible a.柔韧的,柔顺的;可变通的,灵活的 attainment n.达到,到达;[常pl.]成就,造诣slip vi.滑动,滑过;溜,溜走 vt.使滑动a.现实的,实际的;现实主义的realisticunderestimate vt.低估;看轻weekly a.每周的ad.每周(一次) n.周刊,周报使用;利用to put...to useto attach importance to 认为…很重要n.参加,参与participationto take to 开始从事;养成…的习惯;培养对…的爱好project n.设计,规划;项目 vt.方案,计划;投射与…有关be relevant toquicksand n.流沙readjustment n.再整理,再调整就…而言on the part ofappointment n.任命;约会communicator n.传播者,传播工作者把…作为目标to set...as objectiveto hang up 把…挂起来;挂断(电话);延迟,拖延 lag vi.走得慢,落后 n.落后,滞后freshman n.新手,生手;大学一年级学生向前看;展望未来to look ahead toroutine n.日常工作 a.日常的;例行的;常规的 deem vt.认为,相信jet n.喷射;喷嘴;喷气式飞机,喷气发动机a.不可弯曲的;不可改变的,固执的 inflexibleflight n.飞行,飞翔;航班,班机;逃跑,溃退a.生理的,生理学的physiologicalkid vt./vi./n.戏弄,开玩笑;欺骗,哄骗最新的,新式的;切合目前情况的up to date分配给…;配给to allocate...forregulatory a.规章的;调节的assignment n.分配,委派;任务,(课外)作业 crash a.紧急的,速成的半途而废,中途退出to fall by the waysideto work out 作出;制定出欺骗…去做…to kid...into doingtemptation n.引诱,诱惑ad.忠诚地;如实地faithfullyto throw off扔掉;摆脱adjust vt.调整,调节;校准to stick with 坚持;继续emergency n.紧急情况;突发事件reset vt./n.重新安排,重调sweat n.汗 vi.出汗 vt.使出汗regulate vt./n.管理;调节external a.外在的,在外的discrepancy n.差异;不一致internal a.内部的,内在的;国内的n.周期性,间发性periodicityexcretion n.排泄;分泌hormonal a.荷尔蒙的,激素的palm n.手掌instantaneouslyad.瞬间地;即刻地rhythm n.韵律,格律;节奏transport vt.运输 n.运输mechanism n.[机]机构,机制;作用过程timer n.计时员,定时器n.目的地,终点destinationtiming n.时间的选择;计时,定时secretary n.秘书;书记;部长,大臣cortisoln.[生]皮质(甾)醇alarm n.警报;惊恐 vt.向…报警;打扰a.超(染色体)交叉的 suprachiasmaticn.谈判,协商negotiationbodily a.身体的,肉体的proceeding n.程序,进程;项目,活动,会议文集 overcome vt.战胜;克服Vichy 维希(法国中部城市)expectation n.期待;估计寿命unlovable a.不可爱的;不讨人喜爱的对…的阻力resistance toupwards ad.向上;趋向上升Sweden 瑞典与…接近to approximate towealthy a.富裕的;丰富的infant n.婴儿,幼儿 a.婴儿的,幼儿的lovable a.可爱的,讨人喜欢的esteem vt./n.尊敬,尊重Austria 奥地利parenting n.父母对孩子的养育Northern 北爱尔兰revision n.修订,修改to the fore 在前面,到前面;在显著地位manageable a.易管理的slippery a.滑的;圆滑的lengthen vt.使延长 vi.变长,延伸neglect vt.忽视,忽略;疏忽 n.忽略;疏忽cope vi.对付,妥善处理(with)continued a.继续的,连续的demographer n.人口学家tone n.音调,音色;腔调,语气;声调,语调 Wales 威尔士acknowledge vt.承认;表示感谢paradox n.似非而可能是的论点;自相矛盾的话 classify vt.把…分类,把…分等级;把…列为 proportion n.比率,比例 vt.使成比例,使相称四分五裂;崩溃to fall apartexperientiala.经验的;凭经验的n.重新定居,重新安置resettlementn.欣赏,鉴赏;正确评价;感激,感谢 appreciationsalient a.突出的,凸起的;显著的n.出生率birthraten.责任,义务;债务,负债;不利条件 liability改变,改动alter vt./vi.dependency n.从属;依赖(on)gathering n.聚集;集会advantageous a.有利的,有助的inactive a.不活动的;不活跃的符合于…,对…适用be true ofto date 到目前为止fore ad.在前面 a.先前的;在前部的 n.前部aged a.年老的,老的elsewhere ad.在别处;向别处northwestern a.在西北的,向西北的;来自西北的 approximate a.近似的,大约的 v.近似,接近;使接近demography n.人口统计学to attend to 专心;注意;照顾pharmacological a.药物学的,药理学的as fresh as paint 精神饱满John Foster Dulles 杜勒斯(美国国务卿)now that (连词)既然,由于不管,不理;听其自然to leave...aloneassumption n.假定,设想;承担,采取to advantage 有利地,有效地n.波动,起伏fluctuationpromote vt.促进,发扬;提升,升级;发起,创办 mid-afternoon a.下午三点左右的feasible a.可行的,可能的span n.指距,跨距;一段时间neutral a.中立的;中性的White House 白宫(美国总统官邸),美国政府in time 及时;终于Guam 关岛(美国在西太平洋的重要海、空军基地) synchronize vi.同时发生,同步 vt.使同步 Washington D.C. 华盛顿(市)[美国首都]effect on 对…的作用wakefulness n.觉醒,不眠Aswan Dam 阿斯旺水坝Johnson 约翰逊(美国第36任总统)vi.波动,起伏;动摇 vt.使波动,使起伏 fluctuate步伐不一致;不协调out of step把…归咎于to blame...onfocal n.焦点的contrary a.相反的,相对的,与…相反(to) illusionn.错觉;幻觉n.说明;例证,插图illustrationinfrequent a.很少发生的a.无效的;效率低的inefficientmislead vt.把…带错路,使…错或做错n.精神涣散,精神不集中;消遣,娱乐distractionretention n.保持;保留finance n.财政,金融;经费,资金vt.分散(注意,心思等);使人分心distractappreciate vt.欣赏,鉴赏;正确评价,鉴别;感激duration n.持续;持续时间trick n.诡计;恶作剧moderate a.中等的,适度的;温和的,有节制的hinder vt.阻止;妨碍(from)exceptional a.例外的;异常的,特殊的n.分散注意力的东西distractormotivation n.动机;动力remedy n.治疗;补救(法) vt.治疗,补救 adversely ad.相反地;不利地,有害地typical a.典型的,代表性的fade vi.凋谢,枯萎;(颜色)褪去vt.使褪色n.生产率;丰饶,多产productivityfearful a.可怕的,吓人的;害怕的,胆怯的 monopoly n.垄断;专卖statisticallyad.在统计方面打碎;结束;驱散;散开;分解to break upfoolproof a.连傻子都懂的;不会出毛病的 overturn vt./n.打翻;推翻,颠覆,毁灭 vi.翻身参赛,参加竞选in the runningad.自动地;习惯性地 automaticallycompetitor n.竞争者;对手temporarily ad.暂时地,临时地monopolize v.垄断;专卖转移;改变 n.转移,传输,变换 transfer vt./vi.moderation n.温和,适度;缓和,减轻经营,进行;继续to carry onto come into power 上台;开始掌权majority n.多数,大半;多数党,多数派opposition n.反对,反抗;对立,意见相反 dominant a.占优势的;支配的peaceful a.平静的,安宁的;和平的,和平方式的 running n.跑,赛跑;竞选out of power 丧失权力n.麻醉学anaestheticsin favour of 赞成,支持;为…的利益,有利于in power 掌权的,执政的a.不可避免的,必然(发生)的inevitablen.立法;法律,法规legislationrivalry n.竞争;对抗ad.不可避免地,必然地inevitablyimpact on 对…之影响詹姆斯·卡维尔James Carvillecongressman n.([复]congressmen) (美)国会议员 George McGovern 乔治·麦戈文Ohio 俄亥俄州(美国州名)assault n.攻击,袭击;(军)冲击,突击,强击 Warren Harding 沃伦·哈定George Bush 乔治·布什ad.总体地;集体地collectivelynominate vt.提名;任命;命名Jimmy Carter 吉米·卡特Ross Perot 罗斯·佩罗George Wallace 乔治·华莱士parliamentary a.议会的,国会的Clinton 比尔·克林顿(Bill Clinton)n.全体选民;选区electorateRonald Reagan 罗纳德·里根Little Rock 小石城(美国阿肯色州首府)dominance n.优势,控制,统治contest n.竞争,比赛;争夺,竞争;争论,争辩 John Anderson 约翰·安德森(美) (D.C.)哥伦比亚特区District of Columbiadozen n.一打,十二个;十来个,十几个poll n.选举;民意测验 vt.得到选票 vi.投票a.选举的electoral把…看成to identify...asimpact n.冲击,碰撞;影响 vt.装紧,压紧decline vi.下降;衰退vt.拒绝 n.下降;衰落provision n.供应,供应品;条款,规定;给养rating n.等级,规格; (电视)收视率voter n.选举人,投票人a.宪法上规定的;组成的,构成的 constitutionaln.代表,代表人 a.典型的,有代表性的 representativepresidency n.总统(或校长)职务(职权,任期);管辖 headquarters n.司令部,指挥部;总部,总店pursue vt.追赶;追求,寻求;进行,从事congress n.国会,议会;参议院,上院ad.战略上地,颇具策略地strategicallyHouse n.[英]议院stir vt.搅拌;激起 vi.走动;活动 n.惊动strategy n.战略;策略n.区,行政区;地区,区域districtn.战略家strategisteconomy n.经济;节约overwhelming a.压倒之势的democrat n.民主主义者,民主人士;民主党党员 representationn.描写,表现;代表,代理没有可能;没有希望to stand no chancevote n.选举,投票;票,选票 vi.投票,选举 withdraw vt.收回,提取;撤退 vi.撤退;退缩 reinforcement n.增强,加固;强化loyalty n.忠诚;忠心利用;占…便宜to take advantage ofcrisis n.危机;决定性时刻tangible a.可触摸的,可感知的;确实的,真实的折叠;对折 n.褶(痕)fold vt./vi.republican a.共和国的;共和党的 n.共和党党员 outcome n.结果,结局;出路,出口对付;处理to cope withelection n.选举;选举权no other...than 除…外没有,只有;正是,就是worthless a.无价值的,无用的;不足道的,不可取的 appropriate a.适合的,恰当的,相宜的to act out 将…表演出来;(用行动)表示出来a.不替别人考虑的;不体谅人的 inconsideratenomination n.提名;任命n.属性,特征;vt.把…归因与(to)attributea.总统(校长)的;总统(校长)职务的 presidentialdemocratic a.民主的,民主主义的nominee n.被提名者;被任命者ultimately ad.最后,最终地n.一定;必定certaintywinner n.获胜者,优胜者;成功者 misleading a.引入歧途的;使人误解的dose n.(一次)剂量thalidomide n.[药]萨立多胺cell n.细胞;小房间,单人牢房replace vt.把…放回(原处);更换,以…替代 tube n.管;电子管,真空管;[英]地铁 suitable a.合适的;适当的a.无责任感的,不负责任的 irresponsiblevaccine n.牛痘苗;疫苗 a.牛痘的;疫苗的 replacement n.复位,复职;替换,代替 eventual a.最后的,结局的a.不相干的,离题的,与…不相干 irrelevantdevelopmental a.发展的,开发的;促使成长的 partly ad.部分地;在一定程度上rabbit n.兔biomedical a.生物医学的refinement n.精炼,精制unethical a.不合伦理的;不合道德的disorder n.混乱;失调,紊乱 vt.使混乱;使失调 simulate vt.假装,冒充;模仿,模拟ethics n.伦理学;伦理观,道德标准toxicity n.毒性polio n.[医]脊髓灰质炎,小儿麻痹症undergo vt.经历,经受;忍受diabetes n.糖尿病reproduce vt.繁殖;再生产;复制;再现,重现be central to 对…极为重要的to do experiment on 用…做实验to aim for 瞄准;以…为目标David Morton 大卫·莫顿(人名)to sacrifice to向…献祭;为…而牺牲;为…而失去 对…进行试验to test onColin Blackmore 科林·布莱克默(人名) Birmingham 伯明翰(英格兰中部城市)与…不相干;不切题be irrelevant tohumanity n.个性,博爱,仁慈;人类negative a.否定的;负的,阴性的 n.底片;负数提纯,精制;使改进,变优雅refine vt./vi.a.精确的,如实的;逐字的,字面的literalgoing n.进行状况 a.进行中的;现行的 regenerationn.新生,再生,复兴说,评论,议论 n.评论,看法 remark vt./vi.a.令人高兴的;讨人喜欢的delightfulpet n.宠物,爱畜 a.宠爱的,表示亲昵的进行…的研究to do research intoparalyse vt.使麻痹,使瘫痪;使无力,使气馁 regrow vt.再生长,重新生长coming a.正在到来的,即将来到的 n.来到,到达 n.干草;杂乱无章;一窝(仔畜) vt.铺草littertouching a.动人的,使人感伤的prevail vi.胜过;流行,盛行unreasonable a.不讲道理的;不合情理的,过度的a.个人主义(者)的individualisticcontemplate vt.注视,凝视;沉思vt.使苦恼,折磨afflictstarve vi.饿死;挨饿;极需,渴望 vt.使挨饿grant vt.同意;准予 n.同意,授予;拨款imperative a.绝对必要的;命令的,强制的;祈使的 sustain vt.支撑,承受住;供养,维持stricken a.被打中的,被击伤的;受灾的,受侵袭的 使显现,显示;生产,使产生to bring out认为真实;视为当然to take...for granted使…与…相关,把…附加到to attach...todeficiency n.缺乏,不足relief n.(痛苦,压迫等)减轻,宽慰;救济。
考研英语二完形填空技巧
考研英语二完形填空技巧第一:并列关系并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系词。
常考的标志词:and, and or so, not onlybut also, neither nor, that is to say. 我们看一个真题,1996(41):They do not provide energy, ___do they construct or build and part of the body. [A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never观察一下这句话,有一个显著的特点是在横线后面的语序采纳的是倒装语序,那么回忆一下语法中哪些状况可以引起句子倒装呢?肯定有否定词前置引起句子倒装。
同时,在本句中,逗号之前的句子有否定词,因此,横线上选择的词汇必定要满足两个条件,第一可以前面的否定呼应,第二,可以引起句子倒装。
所以,纵观四个选项,只有nor 满足两个条件,为正确答案。
第二:因果关系因果关系词是比较容易推断的一种逻辑关系,前面表达原因,后面表达结果,反之亦然。
但是,在历年考研完型填空中,常常出现广大考生不熟悉的词组,为了帮助考生识别,我将这些短语列出如下:because, for, so that, such that , in order that, due to, thanks to, in response to , considering that. 考生看到这样的短语就要想到是因果关系,反过来,推断出上下句逻辑关系是因果,要能够从选项中选出这些短语。
第三:转折关系常用逻辑连接词有but, yet, however, on the contrary, on the other hand.下面我们看一道真题。
看看这样的问题我们应该怎样解决。
1996(50)Many people ,___,believe in being on the safe side and thus take extra vitamins. [A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile我们看这道题的四个选项,就是让我们选择逻辑关系词,所以,我们首先要推断前后两句的逻辑关系。
考研英语语法大全(适合打印)
考研英语十二大基础语法体系对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。
其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。
著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。
因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。
一、英语动词的时态(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:英语的词类与汉语的不同。
汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化.英语就不同了,book,books 仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类.有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。
同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。
(二)英语动词的形式:英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的.因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。
英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:(1)动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变.主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况.(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况.(5)过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
与名词变复数形式相同,读音也相同。
动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成,这是规则动词.规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。
如:weep→wept,sleep→slept,sweep→swept为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。
2023年考研英语(二)阅读 text 2 精读精讲
2023年考研英语(二)阅读 text 2 精读精讲The 2023 Postgraduate English (II) Examination is a crucial milestone for many aspiring graduate students in China. Among the various sections of the test, the reading comprehension portion has always been a significant challenge for test-takers. In this essay, we will delve into the in-depth analysis of Reading Text 2 from the examination, exploring its key elements, potential pitfalls, and effective strategies for mastering this critical component.Reading Text 2 is often considered the most demanding section of the Postgraduate English (II) Examination due to its complexity and the depth of understanding required. The text typically covers a wide range of academic or professional topics, requiring candidates to demonstrate not only their language proficiency but also their ability to comprehend and analyze intricate information.One of the primary challenges in tackling Reading Text 2 is the density of the content. The passages often feature high-level vocabulary, intricate sentence structures, and a wealth of technical or specialized terminology. Candidates must be well-versed in theselinguistic elements to grasp the overall meaning and nuances of the text effectively.Furthermore, the questions accompanying the reading passage are designed to test the test-takers' critical thinking skills. They may require the identification of the main idea, the inference of implicit information, the recognition of the author's tone or attitude, or the evaluation of the logical flow and coherence of the text. Successful navigation of these questions demands a deep understanding of the passage, the ability to synthesize information, and the capacity to think critically.To effectively tackle Reading Text 2, test-takers must employ a strategic approach. Firstly, it is crucial to develop a strong foundation in English vocabulary and grammar. Systematic vocabulary building, focusing on academic and subject-specific terms, can greatly enhance one's comprehension of complex passages. Additionally, a thorough understanding of English grammar structures and their usage can aid in navigating the intricate sentence constructions often found in the reading texts.Secondly, practicing active reading techniques can significantly improve one's performance in this section. This includes carefully reading the passage, actively identifying key information, and taking notes or annotations to facilitate better understanding. Activelyengaged reading, as opposed to passive skimming, enables candidates to capture the nuances and subtleties of the text, which are often crucial in answering the accompanying questions.Another essential strategy is to familiarize oneself with the typical question types and formats encountered in the Postgraduate English (II) Examination. By understanding the patterns and expectations of the test, candidates can better prepare and develop effective approaches to tackle each question efficiently.Furthermore, time management is a critical factor in the Reading Text 2 section. Candidates must learn to strike a balance between thoroughly understanding the passage and completing the questions within the allotted time frame. Developing techniques to quickly identify the main ideas, scan for relevant details, and efficiently answer the questions can greatly improve one's performance.In addition to the aforementioned strategies, test-takers should also consider the importance of regular practice and self-evaluation. Frequent exposure to sample reading passages, followed by a critical analysis of one's own performance, can help identify areas for improvement and refine one's approach. Seeking feedback from experienced teachers or mentors can also provide valuable insights and guidance.In conclusion, the Reading Text 2 section of the 2023 Postgraduate English (II) Examination presents a formidable challenge for test-takers. However, by developing a comprehensive understanding of the linguistic and analytical skills required, adopting effective reading and problem-solving strategies, and consistently practicing, candidates can enhance their chances of success in this crucial component of the examination. With dedication and a strategic mindset, test-takers can unlock the key to mastering Reading Text 2 and achieve their academic and professional aspirations.。
2023考研英语突破英语翻译的方法
2023考研英语突破英语翻译的方法考研英语突破英语翻译的方法:了解英语语法系统建议实行四步翻译法,帮助你快速提高翻译。
第一步,在不借助任何词典的情况下根据自己的理解翻译一遍;第二步,对自己的第一遍译文进行修改,从词语搭配到句子通顺、逻辑方面都要进行修改;第三步,查出生词,并且再根据自己对翻译新的理解写出一遍翻译并进行润色;最后一步,对照答案,找出自己的译文与标准答案的区别,并写出为何译文要这样翻译,这样翻译有什么优点,而自己的译文差在哪里,以后要如何注意。
只有通过一步步的不断修改,才能在这个渐进的过程中得到进步。
真正认认真真弄懂一道题,比模模糊糊做完10道题收获更大,希望同学们不要急躁,不要认为时间不够用了,多做几道题,做而不会,所耗费的时间做的都是无用功。
考生们切记要注意。
最后,希望同学们反复回看自己翻译的句子,记忆其中出现的生词、短语,某些语句的翻译方法等,不断加强巩固,直到达到提到这个句子便能说出全部知识点,并且翻译成标准的译文为止。
[考研英语突破英语翻译的方法]考研英语突破英语翻译的方法:四步翻译法首先暑假初期,各位考生应当对英语语法有大概系统的了解,熟悉5种简单句型,三大从句以及特殊结构,这样我们才能在遇到翻译真题时分清句子的结构,从而采取相应的翻译方法。
如果有同学仍然没有自己复习一遍语法,需要在复习翻译前大致了解基本语法知识点,作一个铺垫。
在了解了基本的语法知识后,我们正式进入复习。
首先,我们的全部联系要以真题为基础,这一阶段分析句子的范围在1990-。
在最初阶段,一定不要盲目追求速度,我们可以一天只翻译一个句子。
但是这种翻译并不是查出所有的词语然后翻译成句就草草了事,因为很多同学基本是在“看”翻译,看到一句话,在头脑中思考一遍,思考出大概的翻译内容,然后就直接对照答案了,在这里想提醒各位考生,这种方式是很难进步的.,翻译是一定要落实到笔头的,只有写出来才能发现自己的问题出在哪里。
而且只“看”翻译会给学生造成虚假的印象,认为自己差不多都能翻译出来,但实际上如果落实到笔头就会发现很多语句并不通顺,所以建议考生,如果想在翻译上有进步,一定要踏踏实实的写下来,不要怕费时间。
考研英语二 语法
考研英语二语法The Importance of Grammar in the CET-4 ExamThe CET-4 (College English Test-4) is a standardized English proficiency exam that is widely recognized in China. It is a crucial step for many students who are pursuing higher education or seeking employment opportunities. One of the key components of the CET-4 exam is the assessment of grammar skills. In this essay, we will explore the significance of grammar in the CET-4 exam and discuss strategies for effectively preparing for this crucial aspect of the test.Firstly, it is important to understand the role of grammar in the CET-4 exam. The exam assesses a wide range of English language skills, including reading comprehension, listening comprehension, vocabulary, and grammar. Grammar is a fundamental aspect of language proficiency, as it governs the structure and syntax of the English language. Strong grammar skills are essential for accurately conveying meaning, effectively communicating ideas, and demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of the language.In the CET-4 exam, grammar is tested through various question types,such as error identification, error correction, and sentence completion. These questions assess the test-taker's ability to recognize and correct grammatical errors, as well as their understanding of grammatical structures and their appropriate usage. The ability to identify and correct grammatical errors is particularly important, as it demonstrates a deep understanding of the language and the ability to apply grammatical rules accurately.Furthermore, strong grammar skills are not only essential for performing well on the CET-4 exam but also crucial for success in academic and professional settings. In the academic realm, students are expected to produce well-written essays, reports, and research papers that adhere to proper grammatical conventions. Employers also value candidates with strong communication skills, which includes the ability to communicate clearly and effectively using correct grammar.To effectively prepare for the grammar section of the CET-4 exam, students should adopt a comprehensive and systematic approach. This includes thoroughly reviewing and practicing the various grammatical concepts and structures covered in the exam, such as parts of speech, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and sentence structure. Additionally, students should practice identifying and correcting grammatical errors, as this skill is crucial for performing well on the exam.One effective strategy for improving grammar skills is to regularly read high-quality English literature, such as newspapers, magazines, and books. This exposure to well-written English can help students internalize the correct usage of grammar and develop a deeper understanding of the language. Furthermore, students should practice writing exercises, such as essays and short stories, to apply their grammar knowledge and receive feedback on their writing.Another valuable resource for CET-4 exam preparation is the use of practice tests and sample questions. By working through a variety of practice questions, students can become familiar with the types of grammar-related questions they may encounter on the exam and develop strategies for effectively addressing them.In conclusion, grammar is a crucial component of the CET-4 exam, and strong grammar skills are essential for academic and professional success. By adopting a comprehensive and systematic approach to grammar preparation, students can improve their performance on the CET-4 exam and enhance their overall language proficiency. Through consistent practice, exposure to high-quality English, and the use of targeted resources, students can develop the necessary grammar skills to succeed in the CET-4 exam and beyond.。
英语二语法(课堂笔记)
*背单词:带入句子,语境背诵法BBC音标教学视频长元音(共20个)单元音长元音:/ɑ://ɔ:/ /ɜ:/ /i:/ /u:/短元音:/ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/双元音:/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ 辅音(28个)清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/轻辅音/ʃ/ /h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/浊辅音/ʒ/ /r/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/鼻音/m/ /n/ /ŋ/半元音/j/ /w/边音/l/句子成分主谓宾定状补表同句法目的句子分类简单句(5)结构并列句复合句状语从句一、构词法1、派生词:前缀决定意思,后缀决定词性。
2、合成词:多个词在一起,可以理解其几个词的意思总和3、转化词:词形不变,词性变(在句子中的词性不同)二、*词性(五六大题):共10个;我要代表世界(介)告诉你,行(形)动要名副其实,速(数)度要连贯(冠)有序。
感叹词啊!!!!!(一)、名词(n)1、名词的数(可数n而言)单-复(黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿)规则变化不规则变化(1)内部元音变化的名词:foot-feet goose-geese man-men woman-women mouse-mice Policewoman-policewomen tooth-teeth(2)单复数形式相同的词:deer-deer grouse-grouse plaice-plaice salmon-salmontrout-trout sheep-sheep craft-craft Chinese-Chinese Swiss-Swiss 2、名词的格’s/s’属格=adj= n’s+n 意思是……的,形容词修饰名词of属格A of B 结构,翻译为(B的A)作宾语(成分):置于谓语v(动词)之后的成分作主语,表语?adj n / adj n adj adj n(二)、冠词(art)虚词-不作为成分*定冠词the不定冠词a/an +nthe/a/an+adj +n(book)(三)、代词(pron)1.人称代词2.*物主代词3.反身代词4.*指示代词:指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或物this/that +n单those/these +n复5.相互代词:6.疑问代词:用来提出问的的代词成为疑问代词who/whom/whose/what/which8.不定代词:不指明所代替的名词或形容词。
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第一编考研必备语法精要速览一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点:1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时,同样不用于完成进行时:(1)表示感知的动词:hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell;(2)表示意愿、情感的动词:desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate;(3)表示思考、看法的动词:believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose;(4)表示所有、占有的动词:belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容纳);(5)其他动词:cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
如:I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.(1997年考研题,belong表示归属,不用于进行式)He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.(1990年考研题,see表示结果,不用于进行式) 2. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式:(1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图;(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作;(3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事,如:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.(4)be about to (do)表示将要(做),如:Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”,一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用;(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件,如:If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.(画线部分一般不用will be)(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时,但要注意区别从句的类型,如:I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪儿。
(宾语从句)I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。
(宾语从句)比较:I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。
(状语从句)(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中,谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时,如:See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式) 3.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句,主句用过去完成时。
如:We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。
如:By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。
如:The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时。
如:It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中,主句常用过去完成时。
(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语:all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。
如:The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.时态、语态答题思路:(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态,然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语,缩小选择范围,进而选出正确答案;(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
二、不定式1.不定式做主语(1)做形式主语的代词:不定式做主语, 通常用it充当形式主语, 把做主语的不定式短语后置。
如:It took me only five minutes to finish the job.To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.(2)引导逻辑主语的介词:不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。
如:Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.(3)不定式做主语补足语:掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。
注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。
如:saidreportedthoughtbe to do sth.believedknownsupposedByron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.2.不定式做宾语(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词:掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove,resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。